8085 MICROPROCESSOR SIMULATOR

INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. AIMS AND OBJECTVES

3. INTRODUCTION

4. METHODOLOGY

a. INTRODUCTION TO 8085

b. EVOLUTION

c. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
d. INSTRUCTION SET OF 8085

e. 8085 SIMULATOR

f. NEEDS AND BENIFITS OF 8085 SIMULATOR

g. SOFTWARES USED

5. FUTURE PROSPECTS

6. REFERENCES
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge our debt to those who have contributed significantly to this project. We
would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. A. K Ramani (Director,IIPS),Dr. K.N
Saxena (Coordinator MCA), ,Mr.Imroz Khan for their valuable guidance and support for
providing us a good working environment.
We would also like to thank them for the useful tips in improving the project
and also for pointing out our mistakes and also our shortcomings from time to time
which is still guiding us forward.
This acknowledgement would be incomplete without the name of our project
guide Ms. Richa Gupta Tiwari for her helpful solution and comments enriched by her
experience which improved our ideas for the betterment of the project and sincerely
acknowledge that without her support we would not have reached this stage.
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Our aim is to create a user friendly and intuitive Simulator under Windows, for the 8085
processor. It offers complete transparency at the Register, Flag and Stack level. Easy
coding through a Code Key Pad with complete input validation. Offers easy and
extensive debugging. User with no extensive knowledge of 8085 can effectively use this
tool.
The software is a very flexible, reliable, easy to use pedagogical tool which could be
very effectively used to supplement a course on microprocessor/computer organization
as a learning aid.

Our objective is to create a easy to use simulator by implementing

● Absolute Transparency in functioning of the Microprocessor at Register and Flag

levels.
● Constantly displays the contents of all the memory locations that are relevant to a
program.
● Quick assembly language programming saving great amount of time and efforts.
● Indispensably useful for Learning and Teaching purposes.
● Makes writing machine code programs really easy because in this Simulator you
just click at buttons for the mnemonics and everything else is done automatically.
● Extensive and user friendly Debugging facilities.
 ● Shows all Stack Activities and the status of Program Counter distinctly and even
permits the user to inspect the Stack Area of the memory dynamically at run time.
● The user is allowed to choose his own Start Address and Stack location as per his
requirement.
● Total input validation - The beginner is guided all along by this well designed and
intelligent Simulator, to a stage that we can say that it is almost impossible to
commit a mistake.

INTRODUCTION

MICROPROCESOR

When the components of a CPU can be integrated on a single chip then it is called a
microprocessor. Our project deals with the 8085 microprocessor.
The computers using the microprocessor and the additional peripherals is called as
microcomputer.

MICROPROCESSOR SIMULATOR

The 8085 Microprocessor Simulator is a total software solution to replace the

microprocessor kit from training and design labs. The Simulator executes the
instructions from the user entered program, instruction by instruction showing all the
register and flag status at the end of execution of each instruction

SOFTWARES
Visual basic – 6

Microsoft Visual Basic is probably the fastest and easiest way to create applications for
Microsoft Windows. Visual Basic provides you with a complete set of tools to simplify
rapid application development.

MS Access
A full- featured procedural programming language —preferably a subset of Visual
Basic. It is a powerful database-handling tool and acts as a efficient backend to most of
the front-end applications which include Visual Basic too.

METHODOLOGY

8085 MICROPROCESSOR SIMULATOR

Introduction to 8085

The 8085 is a complex IC of sequential circuits. The sequential circuits are designed to
do some operation depending on what is the input on their lines. The vital inputs on the
lines are what therefore determine what operation will be done by the sequential circuits
inside it. The operations can be very complex and therefore this chip is also called a
processor. Since we can find a way to put different values of inputs to the input lines of
the processor at different times, we can make it execute different operations in a
sequence that we desire. Thus, in other words we can make the processor execute a
program to do useful things for us. These inputs then could alternately, be called
instructions.

The program that we desire to be executed must be loaded into consecutive

locations of memory chips. The memory is not part of the 8085 processor. The memory
chips are again sequential circuits consisting of flip-flops that are capable of storing
digital values. Since we would be interested in storing a huge number of such digital
values, a large number of these memories are packed together with a scheme of
addresses, so that we can address them individually. Generally the memories are
arranged in large numbers of 8 bit bunches each. The 8085 has a address bus which is 16
bit wide. Therefore it can put 2^16 different digital values on it, and therefore it can
address a maximum of 2^16 different address locations. This is called the addressing
space and it is 64 kilobyte for the 8085, because 2^16= 65535. And then we ask the
processor to execute those instructions from a particular memory location onwards. It
goes on executing those instructions one after another.

The processor uses certain internal memory locations called

Registers in doing all the operations that we ask it to do. The contents of those memory
locations can be directly altered by the instructions that we give.

Evolution

INTEL Corp. is generally recognized as the company that introduced the microprocessor
successfully in the market. The first microprocessor, the 4004 was introduced in 1971.It
was a central component in the chip set, called MCS-4.

The microprocessors introduced between 1971 and 1973 were the first generation
systems. They used PMOS technology, which provided low cost, slow speed and low
output currents. After 1973-second generation microprocessors such as Motorola 6800
and 6809,Intel 8085 evolved. They were fabricated using NMOS technology. After 1978

The third generation microprocessors were evolved. They were 16 bit wide and
included Intel 8086/80186/80286.They were designed using HMOS technology. In
1980 the fourth generation microprocessors evolved. Since 1985,32 bit microprocessors
are fabricated using low power version of HMOS technology called HCMOS and they
include an on-chip RAM called cache memory to speed up program execution. So
extensive research is being carried out for the implementation of more on-chip functions
and for the improvement of the speeds of memory and I/O devices.

Programming Languages

Programming is basically running a set of well-defined instructions in a syntactical

manner to solve a particular task/problem. Microcomputer programming languages can
typically be segmented as:

1.Machine Language
2.Assembly Language

3.High-level Language

Machine Language:

A machine language program consists of either binary or hexadecimal OP(operation)

codes. Eight bit microcomputers can be programmed using machine language. A
microprocessor has a unique set of machine language instructions defined by the
manufacturer. No 2 microprocessors have same machine language instruction set.

Assembly Language:

Assembly Language uses semi-English statements for 8 bit microprocessors. Each

instruction in an assembly language comprises:

(a) Label Field

(b) Instruction, Mnemonic or Op-code field

(c) Operand field

(d) Comment field

Assembly language basically consists of programs written with the help of mnemonics

Mnemonic is a combination of letters to suggest the operation of an instruction. In

general an instruction has 2 components-operation code (OP-code) field and Address
field.

The OP-code field specifies how data is to be manipulated and the purpose of the
address field is to indicate the address of a data item.

.High- Level Language

Most 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in addition to assembly and machine language use a
more understandable human oriented language called high-level language. High level
language programs are composed of English language type statements .a no of high-level
language.

Regardless of what type of language is used to write a program, the microcomputers

understand only binary numbers. So the programs must eventually be translated into
their appropriate binary forms. An assembler is one such translator that translates a
program written in assembly language to machine language (object code). A compiler/an
interpreter converts a high-level language program into a machine language one. A
compiler translates the entire source code to object code and then executes it. On the
other hand, the interpreter performs line-by-line translation and execution
simultaneously like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, C++ are widely used these days.

INSTRUCTION SET

• DATA TRANSFER GROUPS:

These groups include the move, exchange, load, and store operations. Data transfer
instructions are among the most widely used of all microprocessor instructions. This
group of instructions transfers data to and from registers and memory.
None of the instructions of this group are the flag affecting instructions.
The instructions included in this group are MOV, MVI, LXI, LDA, STA, LHLD,
SHLD, LDAX, STAX, and XCHG
For e.g.:
MOV (A, B) will move the contents of register B to register A.

• ARITHEMATIC GROUPS:

This group includes the add, add with carry, subtract, subtract with borrow, increment,
decrement, and decimal adjust accumulator operations. This group of instructions
performs arithmetic operations on data in registers and memory. Unless indicated
otherwise all the instructions are flag affecting instructions. All subtraction operations
are performed via 2s complement arithmetic and set the carry flag to 1 to indicate a
borrow and clear it to indicate no borrow.
The instructions included in this group are ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, DAD, INR,
INX, DCR, DCX, and DAA.
For e.g.:
ADD B will add the contents of register B to the contents of register A and
store the result in A.

• LOGICAL GROUPS

This include AND, OR, XOR, compare, rotate and complement instructions. This group
of instructions performs
Logical (Boolean) operations o the data in registers and memory and on flags.
The instructions include in the group are ANA, XRA, ORA, CMP, AI, XRI, ORI,
CPI, RLC, RRC, RAR, RAL, CMA, STC and CMC.
For e.g.:
ANA C will logically AND the contents of register C with the contents of
register A and store the result in A.
• BRANCHING GROUPS:

This include jump, call, return and restart instructions. This group of instructions
alters the normal sequential program flow. The to types of branch instructions are:
-Unconditional
-Conditional
Unconditional transfers simply perform the specified operation o the
program counter.
Conditional transfers examine the status of one of the four MPU flags to
determine whether the specified
branch is to be executed.
The instructions include in the group are
Unconditional – JMP, RET, CALL, RST 0, RST 1, RST 2, RST 3, RST 4,
RST 5, RST 6, RST 7, PCHL.
Conditional - JNZ, JZ, JNC, JC, JPO, JPE, JP, JM, CNZ, CZ, CNC, CC,
CPO, CPE, CP CM, RNZ, RZ, RNC, RC, RPO, RPE, RP, RM.
For e.g.:
JMP 4000 will transfer the program flow to the memory location 4000.
• STACK, I/O AND MACHINE CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS:
This include push and pop, input and output, exchange, interrupt enables and disables,
no operation and halts, and multi – purpose read and set interrupt mask instructions.
This group of instructions performs inputs and outputs, manipulates the stack, alters the
internal control flags.
The instructions included in the group are:
Stack operations – PUSH, POP, XTHL, and PCHL
Control operations. – DI, EI, NOP, HLT, RIM, SIM
Input/output operations - OUT and IN
For e.g.:
PUSH B will push the contents the register B to the stack which is
initialised previously.

THE 8085 SIMULATOR

The 8085 Microprocessor Simulator is a total software solution to replace the
microprocessor kit from training and design labs. The Simulator executes the
instructions from the user entered program, instruction by instruction showing all the
register and flag status at the end of execution of each instruction. The input process is
fast and efficient, leading to better productivity. The Mnemonic Pad allows the user to
enter the code. This makes is impossible to enter a wrong Mnemonic. The Tool tips tell
you the syntax along with the operation performed by a particular Mnemonic. The Data
Entry Window allows you to enter the Data Segment of your code. This is provided to
enable the user to enter the data once and save it along with the code

Need for 8085 Simulator –Difficulties faced by microprocessor kit:

The 8085 Microprocessor is the basic microprocessor taught to students first all over
the world. The concepts of how microprocessor can be well understood in this basic
chip. The same concepts can be very easily extended to advanced processors like the
8086, 80286, 80386, 80486 or the Pentium processor.
Today, students write their code in machine code in a Microprocessor kit
which is a piece of hardware with keys that very often develop key debounce problems.
After an hour of painful machine code entry the program is executed and the student is
left clue less about where his problem just went on an infinite loop. Since he can not
save his program he goes home for the day and goes over the entire exercise again the
next day. It just steals away the fun from the Microprocessors.
In this simulator all that is History. He just clicks on the mnemonics
and the machine code is written for him. Then he can debug the program by executing
Step by Step. All the register states, flag states, memory dump, I/O Dump, Stack
Locations, M/c Cycle and T-States taken, are clearly shown in a tabular fashion at the
completion of each instruction.
This package eliminates the need for the expensive hardware setup.
Online facility to simulate programs helps students to have hands on experience of
programming.

Benefits Of Simulators:

1.Safety
While there are many things that can actually be done without needing a computer
simulation, there are also a large number of activities that are best left to computers
before physically doing them due to the risks involved. First of all, there are some things
like, surgery, which if extremely difficult, are best left to a computer to attempt the
procedure first before actually risking the life of another person.

2. Monetary Issues
Obviously, there is a lot of cost involved when implementing any actual real life
scenario, such as flying a plane, or building a new interstate highway system, so by using
computers, we are able to drastically undercut prices and costs of the activities

3.Visualisation
Large amounts of people are visual learners. That is important to keep in mind when
dealing with the benefits of computers, because they are primarily visual tools. Scientists
definitely use the visualization aspect in their research. In fact, scientists are able to look
at something as small as strands of DNA using a computer simulation program, which
make them big enough to really observe and study.

4.Projection
This aspect of computer simulation actually relates back to the visualization concept in
that because a computer simulation can speed up time, the user is able to determine
effects of any given variable on the control. The ability to speed up time is especially
beneficial because cause and effect relationships are much easier to demonstrate and
understand

5.Replication
As any researcher knows, it can be quite difficult to get the exact same situation more
than once. So, by using a computer model the user can replicate the exact same
conditions time after time. In real life situations, this attempt at replication is not viable,
so researchers and users do the best with what they have, but by using a computer, not
only is perfect repetition possible, but it is also practical.
 Disadvantages Of Simulators

1.Accuracy Of The Model

The problem with computer simulations is that their accuracy in determining what will
actually happen next in a real life situation, depends solely on how well he model was
made to begin with. If the model actually doesn't follow the real life situation closely,
then simulating it will do the user no good, but if the model closely resembles the "real
world", then it can be quite valuable. Because many if not all, models are based off of
assumptions, they can be very difficult to actually verify or qualify. Within this
framework, there is a very high chance for error, either mathematical, or personal, and
because of that computers are not perfect predictors. The problem is that it can be hard to
find or discover these errors, so many simulators or models could contain them, and no
one would know until the real life situation came along and the results are not the same
as predicted.

2.Computers Not Free From Error

The biggest problem is that people take computers to be somewhat "God-like" in that
whatever their answer is, that must be the truth, because computers don't lie. It is the
information given in these computers reports of simulations that people base so many of
their decisions. Decisions and choices that are more than just minor details, but also
decisions which affect millions of dollars, lives, or amount of production, to name a few.
People trust computers because they believe that anything a computer generates, must be
true because it is a machine, and therefore incapable of misinterpreting something, or
forgetting about something

Visual Basic 6
Microsoft Visual Basic is probably the fastest and easiest way to create applications for
Microsoft Windows. Visual Basic provides you with a complete set of tools to simplify
rapid application development.

The "Visual" part refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI).
Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of
interface elements, you simply add pre built objects into place on screen so you can put
in all your programming skills in the real application part.

The "Basic" part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code) language, a language used by more programmers than any other language in the
history of computing. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and
now contains several hundred statements, functions, and keywords, many of which relate
directly to the Windows GUI. Beginners can create useful applications by learning just a
few of the keywords, yet the power of the language allows professionals to accomplish
anything that can be accomplished using any other Windows programming language.
Whether your goal is to create a small utility for yourself or your work group, a large
enterprise-wide system, or even distributed applications spanning the globe via the
Internet, Visual Basic easily accomplishes using the following tools.

● Data access features allow you to create databases, front-end applications, and
scalable server-side components for most popular database formats, including
Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprise-level databases.

● ActiveX technologies allow you to use the functionality provided by other

applications, such as Microsoft Word word processor, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet,
and other Windows applications.

● Internet capabilities make it easy to provide access to documents and applications

across the Internet or intranet from within your application, or to create Internet
server applications.

● Your finished application is a true .exe (executable) file that uses a Visual Basic
Virtual Machine that you can freely distribute.
 Structure of a Visual Basic Application
An application is really nothing more than a set of instructions directing the computer to
perform a task or tasks. The structure of an application is the way in which the
instructions are organized; that is, where the instructions are stored and the order in
which instructions are executed.
Simple applications have a simple structure; organization isn't very important with a few
lines of code. As applications become more complex, the need for organization or
structure becomes obvious. In addition to controlling the execution of an application, the
structure is important to the programmer: how easily can we find specific instructions
within our application?
This is what we have tried to make sure that in our application that the user gets a clear
view of the different types of instructions in 8085 Microprocessor, and each set of
instructions has its own module.
Because a Visual Basic application is based on objects, the structure of its code closely
models its physical representation on screen. By definition, objects contain data and
code. The form that you see on screen is a representation of the properties that define its
appearance and intrinsic behavior. For each form in an application, there is a related
‘form module’ that contains its code. For each control on a form, there is a
corresponding set of event procedures in the form module. In addition to event
procedures, form modules can contain general procedures that are executed in response
to a call from any event procedure. There is also provision for code that isn't related to a
specific form or control so that code is not repeated in all the modules but easily called
from the common module. By default each project contains a single form module. We
can add additional form, class, and standard modules, as needed.

The Structure of a Visual Basic Project

Form modules contain the textual descriptions of the form and its controls, including
their property settings. They can also contain form-level declarations of constants,
variables, and external procedures; event procedures; and general procedures.
Class modules are similar to form modules, except that they have no visible user
interface. You can use class modules to create your own objects, including code for
methods and properties.
 Components

In addition to files and modules, several other types of components can be added to
the project.

ActiveX Controls
ActiveX controls are optional controls which can be added to the toolbox and used on
forms. Insertable Objects, such as a Microsoft Excel Worksheet object, are components
you can use as building blocks to build integrated solutions.

Standard Controls
Standard controls are supplied by Visual Basic. Standard controls, such as the command
button or frame control, are always included in the toolbox, unlike ActiveX controls and
insertable objects, which can be removed from or added to the toolbox.

How an Event-Driven Application Works

An event is an action recognized by a form or control. Event-driven applications execute
Basic code in response to an event. Each form and control in Visual Basic has a
predefined set of events. If one of these events occurs and there is code in the associated
event procedure, Visual Basic invokes that code.

Although objects in Visual Basic automatically recognize a predefined set of events, it is

up to us to decide if and how they will respond to a particular event.

The types of events recognized by an object vary, but many types are common to most
controls. For example, most objects recognize a Click event — if a user clicks a form,
code in the form's Click event procedure is executed; if a user clicks a command button,
code in the button's Click event procedure is executed. The actual code in each case will
most likely be quite different.

What is MS ACCESS
• A full- featured procedural programming language —preferably a subset of
Visual Basic
• A simplified procedural macro language unique to Access;
•A rapid application development environment complete with visual form and
 report development tools
•Various wizards and builders to make development easier.

The database file in Access

The term “database” means different things depending on the DBMS used. For example
in dBase IV, a database is a file containing a single table. Forms and reports are also
stored as individual files with different extensions. The net result is a clutter of files.
In contrast, an Oracle database has virtually no relationship to individual files or
individual projects. For instance, a database may contain many tables from different
projects/ applications and may also be stored split into one or more files
Access strikes a convenient balance— all the “objects” (tables, queries, forms, reports,
etc.) for a single project/ application are stored in a single file.Much larger than you
might expect given the amount of data. Compacting the database from time to time
eliminates fragmentation and can dramatically reduce the disk space requirement of your
database.

FUTURE PROSPECTS:

Our project does not only encompass the simulator but you can say that the
simulator is just one part of it.
Our project will give the comprehensive and detailed information of each and every
aspect of 8085 microprocessor
It would be including:
• Microprocessor architecture
It would present common microprocessor characteristics explaining
how actually the instructions are fetched, decoded and executed in the actual
8085 microprocessor, with the help of block diagrams and the pin outs of the
8085.

• Interfacing
This part of the project would elaborate as to how the peripherals
work in synchronization with the microprocessor thus sharing information.
The peripherals include the I/O devices as well as the memory (RAM and
ROM). This interconnection or linkage with the microprocessor is termed as
interfacing.

• Comprehensive help
The already implemented simulator would be enhanced so as to
provide an extensive help on all the instructions with a suitable warning on any illegal
operation so that the chances of errors are not only minimized but can be totally
eradicated. To make it more user friendly we would incorporate speech facility.
 REFERENCES:

● “8080A-8085 Assembly Language Programming” Lance A Leventhal

● "Microprocessors and Microcomputers--Hardware and Software" Fifth Edition by

Ronald J.Tocci ,Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

● “Microprocessor Fundamentals” Second Edition by Roger L. Tokheim

● “Access 2000 For Windows For Dummies –Quick Reference “by Alison Barrows

● “Mastering VB6 “ by Evangelos Petroutsos

● “The Complete Reference VB6” by Noel Joke

● “Murach’s VB76” by Ed Copp,Anne Prince and Joel Murach

URL’s
● www.vbcity.com

● www.vb-world.net

PARTICIPANTS

GARIMA GUPTA (MCA V SEM)

GARIMA MAHADIK (MCA V SEM)
KAPIL SETHI (MCA V SEM)