Telecommunication Systems

Assignment # II

NC Anonymous TE 45B

The Electromagnetic Spectrum of Radiation

All of these waves are electric and magnetic forces - forces which vary with time in direction and intensity. All have speed 186,000 miles per second = c = speed of light! They move through vacuum, and do not need a ' carrier'. Speed decreases after entering materials. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Other forms of electromagnetic radiation include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. All of these, known collectively as the electromagnetic spectrum, are fundamentally similar in that they move at 186,000 miles per second, (299,792 km/sec) the speed of light. The only

difference between them is their wavelength, which is directly related to the amount of energy the waves carry. The shorter the wavelength of the radiation, the higher the energy. The rainbow of colors that we see in visible light represents only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. On one end of the spectrum are radio waves with wavelengths billions of times longer than those of visible light. On the other end of the spectrum are gamma rays. These have wavelengths millions of times smaller than those of visible light. The following are the basic categories of the electromagnetic spectrum, from longest to shortest wavelength: Radio waves are used to transmit radio and television signals. Radio waves have wavelengths that range from less than a centimeter to tens or even hundreds of meters. FM radio waves are shorter than AM radio waves. For example, an FM radio station at 100 on the radio dial (100 megahertz) would have a wavelength of about three meters. An AM station at 750 on the dial (750 kilohertz) uses a wavelength of about 400 meters. Radio waves can also be used to create images. Radio waves with wavelengths of a few centimeters can be transmitted from a satellite or airplane antenna. The reflected waves can be used to form an image of the ground in complete darkness or through clouds. Microwave wavelengths range from approximately one millimeter (the thickness of a pencil lead) to thirty centimeters (about twelve inches). In a microwave oven, the radio waves generated are tuned to frequencies that can be absorbed by the food. The food absorbs the energy and gets warmer. The dish holding the food doesn't absorb a significant amount of energy and stays much cooler. Microwaves are emitted from the Earth, from objects such as cars and planes, and from the atmosphere. These microwaves can be detected to give information, such as the temperature of the object that emitted the microwaves Infrared is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the visible region to about one millimeter (in wavelength). Infrared waves include thermal radiation. For example, burning charcoal may not give off light, but it does emit infrared radiation which is felt as heat. Infrared radiation can be measured using electronic detectors and has applications in medicine and in finding heat leaks from houses. Infrared images obtained by

sensors in satellites and airplanes can yield important information on the health of crops and can help us see forest fires even when they are enveloped in an opaque curtain of smoke. Visible light. The rainbow of colors we know as visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 400 and 700 billionths of a meter (400 to 700 nanometers). It is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we see, and coincides with the wavelength of greatest intensity of sunlight. Visible waves have great utility for the remote sensing of vegetation and for the identification of different objects by their visible colors. Ultraviolet radiation has a range of wavelengths from 400 billionths of a meter to about 10 billionths of a meter. Sunlight contains ultraviolet waves which can burn your skin. Most of these are blocked by ozone in the Earth's upper atmosphere. A small dose of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial to humans, but larger doses cause skin cancer and cataracts. Ultraviolet wavelengths are used extensively in astronomical observatories. Some remote sensing observations of the Earth are also concerned with the measurement of ozone. X-rays are high energy waves which have great penetrating power and are used extensively in medical applications and in inspecting welds. X-ray images of our Sun can yield important clues to solar flares and other changes on our Sun that can affect space weather. The wavelength range is from about ten billionths of a meter to about 10 trillionths of a meter. Gamma rays have wavelengths of less than about ten trillionths of a meter. They are more penetrating than X-rays. Gamma rays are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions, and are used in many medical applications. Images of our universe taken in gamma rays have yielded important information on the life and death of stars, and other violent processes in the universe. Cosmic Rays. Despite their name, cosmic rays are not a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Instead of radiation, cosmic rays are high-energy charged particles that travel through space at nearly the speed of light. Their extremely high energies are comparable to those of gamma rays at the upper end of the electromagnetic spectrum. The highest-energy cosmic rays

originate outside our galaxy and provide information on distant objects such as quasars. Cosmic rays are detected when they hit the upper atmosphere, creating showers of particles in their interaction with atoms. These secondary particles can then be detected by instruments on the ground.

The Electromagnetic Waves

Frequency is 60 Hz, as their sources are any ELF WAVES alternating current, especially strong near high voltage transmission lines . AM frequency given by stations: 550 1600 kHz (= 1.6 MHz) RADIOWAVES FM frequency given by stations: 88 108 MHz AM = amplitude modulated , FM = frequency modulated TV stations use higher Fr waves to get better TV WAVES resolution = reception. 54 806 MHz , many channels CELLULAR PHONE WAVES: frequency 880 MHz =0.88 GHz , 'cell ' is the area covered by the antenna of( receiving or sending) company - therefore 'handoff'. MICROWAVE OVEN heat water ( in food ) ; 2.45 MICROWAVES GHz = 2,450 MHz RADAR: used ( in conjunction with the Doppler Effect ) in speed traps by police, in missiles to find airplanes, tanks, etc.; used by airports to guide airplanes, most 1 100 GHz ( G = giga ) Just below visible red, also called heat radiation . With special cameras used to find heat losses from INFRARED houses; by army to detect heat radiation from engines, people. VISIBLE RED, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET - no white or LIGHT black !!! White is the sensation for our brain when

primary colors ( red, blue and green) fall onto the retina at the same time . Black is the absence of any light . ALPHA- UV is energetic enough to cuase chemical reaction BETA UV causes damage to cell structure ULTRAVIOLET (tanning) and can cause genetic damage to cell DNA => possible cancer . SOFT - X rays = lower Fr range; used for taking xray pictures. X-RAYS HARD - X - rays = higher Fr range; used in cancer treatments to kill cancer cells. Frequency range overlaps with hard X-rays. Gamma rays originate though in the nucleus of atoms, not by GAMMA RAYS electron jumps between energy levels as frequencies higher than infraded do . Very high frequency, comes from sun, outer space = COSMIC RAYS universe to us.

EM Spectrum and Analytical Spectroscopy

Radiation Type gamma rays X-rays ultraviolet visible deuterium lamp Tungsten lamp Radiation Source Frequency Range (Hz) 1020 - 1024 1017 - 1020 1015 - 1017 4 - 7.5 x 1014 Wavelength Range <10-12 m 1nm - 1 pm 400 nm - 1 nm Type of Transitions nuclear inner electron

Outer electron. Electronic transitions, 750 nm - 400 nm vibrational fine structure outer electron molecular vibrations. Vibrational transitions, rotational fine structure outer electron, molecular vibrations. Vibrational transitions, rotational fine structure molecular rotations, electron spin flips*, Rotational transitions nuclear spin flips*

nearinfrared

Tungsten, dye laser

2500 nm - 750 1 x 1014 - 4 nm (2.5 um x 1014 750 nm)

infrared

nerst glower, globar, Xe,Ar, 1013 - 1014 discharge lamp

250,000 - 2,500 nm (25um - 2.5 um)

microwaves

3 x 1011 1013 <3 x 1011

250,000 1,000,000,000 nm (1 mm - 25 um) >1 mm

radio waves

* Energy levels split by a magnetic field.

The Bands of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Band MF medium frequency HF high frequency Radio FM ShortWave Microwave EHF extremely high frequency Far Infrared Near Infrared Visible Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Ultraviolet Soft XRay Hard XRay Gamma ray 20,000-100,000 nm 700-20,000 nm 400-700 nm 620-760 nm 570-620 nm 550-570 nm 470-550 nm 440-470 nm 380-440 nm 50-190-400 nm 1-20 nm 0.1-1 nm 0.1 - 0.000001 nm Highest 1020 - 1024 Hz 20 cm - 20 m 2.5-3.5 m 20 cm - 2.5 m 0.01-20 cm Wavelength Frequency 300-3000 kHz 3-30 MHz 15 MHz - 1.5 GHz 85-120 MHz 120 MHz - 1.5 GHz 1.5-3000 GHz 30-300 GHz 3000-15000 GHz 15000-430,000 GHz

430,000-750,000 GHz

1015 - 1017 Hz 1017 - 1020 Hz

EM Spectrum Applicaions
FREQUENCY Hz 0 16 50 60 400 KHz 10.5 10 - 20 10 - 150 150 - 535 535 - 1700 1700 - 30 MHz MHz 27 30 - 50 54 - 72 72 - 76 76 - 88 APPLICATION Hertz Earth magnetic field, DC power transmission Power supply for electric trains in Europe Power supply system in Europe Power supply system in the United States Power supply in airplanes kilohertz Door openers, intrusion alarms Anti-theft devices Military, government communication Long wave radio, beacons, maritime communication AM radio band Short wave radio band, government, military & commercial, amateur radio (27 MHz CB) Megahertz Amateur CB radio band Walkie-talkies TV channels Remote controls, eavesdropping bugs TV channels

88-108 108 - 148 173 150 - 174 174 - 216 222 - 225 225 - 420 420 - 450 470 - 700 728 798 806 - 821 821- 824 824 - 960 960-1610 1610-1616 1429 - 1850 1805 1990 1920 1930 1990 - 2110 2110 2170 2400 2500 2412 2462 2500 2690

FM radio Aeronautical, satellites, military and amateur radio LoJack car tracking system Law enforcement, weather and maritime TV channels Amateur radio Military and government Amateur radio TV channels New cellular band (2009), previously TV channels SMR uplinks Public safety uplinks Cellular phones (GSM, TDMA, CDMA) Aviation navigation, amateur, maritime and radio astronomie Iridium satellite phones Various satellite transmission, U.S. Government PCS Cellular phone band (GSM 1800, CDMA, UMTS) DECT 6 cordless phones Broadcast studio to transmitter link New cellular phone band (WCDMA 2100) Bluetooth, portable phone, remote controls WLAN (wireless local area networks) New cellular phone band (UMTS)

GHz 4-6 5.14 - 5.70 5.8 11.7 - 12.7 28 - 29 60

Gigahertz Future satellite TV WLAN New cordless phones Satellite TV, small dish Future wireless TV? Future short distance broadband wireless access