RAMSWAROOP SINGH T I.

ANIL KUMAR
E-mail: ram_fr_547@yahoo.co.in E-mail:ivaturianil@gmail.com
III/II CSE III/II CSE
ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGG ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGG
PATELGUDA PATELGUDA

Abstract

Mobile computing has been undergoing with infrared ports to allow communication
a bit of a renaissance lately. A few years ago with laptops. Then cell phones started to
it was a simple matter of finding a data- come with modems built in. The connecting
compatible mobile phone, a PC card methods of mobile computing, its
modem, and a matching cable and installing introduction, connection types, factors
it as a modem. Then people started to use affecting connections, mobile applications
PDA’s as well. Cell phones started to come and its limitations are explained.
 to be productive immediately by reducing
 Mobile Devices
the training requirements associated with
 Challenges in mobile
traditional automated data collection
computing
methods and provides a higher level of
 Merits and Demerits
portability than keyboard-based systems.
 Applications
Field-based users can access any
 Conclusion information available from the system at any
 Bibliography time to make critical business decisions.
This information is available at the point of
use, wherever and whenever they need it.
Portable devices like laptop and palm top
Introduction
computers give mobile users access to
diverse sources of global information
Wireless networking technology has
anywhere and at any time.
engendered a new era of computing, called

especially those involved with field-based data

collection into computer users. The market
potential and breadth of application requirements
for mobile computing has prompted numerous
hardware and software companies to focus their
efforts in providing solutions to the vertical, form-
oriented marketplace.

Distinction between "wireless" and "mobile."

Wireless refers to the method of transferring
information between computing devices, such as a
personal data assistant (PDA), and

a data source, such as an agency database server,

One of the most important and highly publicized
without a physical connection. Not all wireless
recent developments in the PC world has been the
communications technologies are mobile. For
introduction of the pen interface. By using a stylus
example, lasers are used in wireless data transfer
to replace the keyboard, mobile computers are
between buildings, but cannot be used in mobile
turning thousands of computer illiterate people
communications at this time.
Mobile simply describes a computing device that
is not restricted to a desktop. A mobile device may
be a PDA, a "smart" cell phone or Web phone, a
laptop computer, or any one of numerous other
devices that allow the user to complete computing
tasks without being tethered, or connected, to a
network. Mobile computing does not necessarily
require wireless communication. In fact, it may not
require communication between devices at all.
Laptops are typically used
and supported in the same
way as desktop PCs. In fact,
many organizations have
replaced desktops with their
portable cousins, as the workforce has grown
increasingly mobile.
PDA’s, however, are the least planned for and
supported devices. They are undergoing rapid
evolution and are being brought into organizations
in the same way the earliest PCs were. That is,
adventurous early adopters buy the devices for
their personal use and then ask IT departments to
integrate the devices into the corporate IT
environment.
Smart phones that allow users to access phone
calls, two-way radio transmissions, and paging and
data transmissions on one device are also finding
applications in hospitals and other situations that
 Mobile devices
Here we have seven different types of mobile
devices:
 Laptop computers
 PDA’s and handheld PCs
 Pagers
 Smart phones and cellular phones
 Task devices, such as bar code scanners
 Blue tooth
 Bridge
have intense and constant need for time sensitive
communications.
Pagers that support one- and two-way text
messaging are also used in similar situations. Third
party vendors most often provide support for these
devices.
Task devices such as the parcel tracking devices
used by Federal Express (FedEx) and the United
Parcel Service (UPS) delivery personnel are most
often bought as part of a complete system from a
third-party vendor. Because they are frequently
mission-critical, most corporations support task
devices as rigorously as desktop computers.
Bluetooth:- A short-range wireless standard that
specifies radio connections between devices within
a 10-meter range of each other. Bluetooth is
designed as a Personal Area Network (PAN, or
WPAN for "Wireless Personal Area Network")
technology with a wide variety of theoretical uses.
 Bridge:- A device that connects two local-area constraints become much more important, such as
networks (LANs), or two segments of the same device weight, battery power, screen size,
LAN. Bridges simply forward packets from one portability, quality of radio transmission, error
segment to another without analyzing or routing rates. Mobility brings additional uncertainties, as
messages. This allows them to connect dissimilar well as opportunities to provide new services and
networks (e.g., a bridge can connect an Ethernet supplementary information to users in the
and Token-Ring network). locations where they find themselves.
Challenges in mobile computing The major challenges in mobile computing are
Wireless and mobile environments bring different described including: low bandwidth, high error
challenges to users and service providers when rate, power restrictions, security, limited
compared to fixed, wired networks. Physical capabilities, disconnection and problems due to
client mobility.

 Low Bandwidth environment exhibits higher error rates,

Wireless networks deliver lower bandwidth which results in retransmission and affects
than wired networks. As a result, mobile the Quality of Service. By minimizing the
applications have to be carefully designed to usage of wireless transmission, the data is
control the bandwidth consumption. less exposed to transmission errors. In
Software techniques required to improve addition, error correction schemes can be
effective bandwidth usage include data employed to improve performance.
compression logging requests to combine However, these schemes also add to the
multiple short ones, lazy write back, communication overhead and reduce the
difference-based updates, caching, usable bandwidth.
prefetching, usage of proxy, priority  Power Limitations
scheduling, etc. Mobile computers are concerned with the
limited power supply, an issue that does not
 High Error Rate appear in distributed wired environment.
The network quality varies as the mobile Hardware improvements on batteries can
computer moves across the heterogeneous help to lengthen the life of a charge and
network connections. The wireless reduce battery weight. In addition, efficient
software operations can help to lower the
power consumption. Examples include:
shifting the processing to a fixed host,
aggressively caching and prefetching data to
reduce disk traffic, and transmitting less data
while receiving more
 Security
Security and privacy are of specific concerns
in wireless communication because of the
ease of connecting to the wireless link
anonymously. Common problems are
impersonation, denial of service and tapping.
The main technique used is encryption. In
personal profiles of users are used to restrict
access to the mobile units.

Merits  Reducing data backlog

 Improving information flow
The benefits of automating data collection  Allowing faster adaptation to changing
applications with mobile computing are the business conditions
reduction of hard and soft costs,  Increasing responsiveness and customer
enhancement of revenue potential, and a satisfaction
distinct competitive advantage through:
 Providing access to previously
 Improving the data collection process unavailable information
 Improving data accuracy
 Reducing paperwork Demerits
 Enforcing collection of more complete
The demerits of the mobile computing are
information
discussed as follows:
 Facilitating collection of more useful
information
 Information access via a mobile device
 Eliminating redundant data entry
is plagued by low available bandwidth,
 Reducing administrative costs
poor connection maintenance, poor
 Reducing billing errors
 security, and addressing problems.
Unlike their wired counterparts, design
of software for mobile devices must
consider resource limitation, battery
power and display size. Consequently,
new hardware and software techniques
must be developed. For example,
applications need to be highly optimized
for space, in order to fit in the limited
memory on the mobile devices.
 Mobility brings additional uncertainties,
as well as opportunities to provide new
 Day by day as the standard of the mobile
computing is increasing the boons of mobile
computing are changing to banes. Eg: The
most deadly terrorist attack occurred on sept
11, 2001.
 Applications
New technical and application
developments have established that mobile
systems can be a cost-effective, efficient,
and productive solution in several different
types of application environments. They
are:- a new generation of satellites,
especially Low-Earth Orbit systems
(LEOS) are under development with the
Internet in mind. Companies like Teledesic
services and supplementary information
to users in the locations where they find
themselves. In general, most application
software, operating systems, and
network infrastructures are intended for
more conventional environments, and so
the mobile, wireless user has great
difficulty exploiting the computational
infrastructure as fully as he or she might.
There is an emerging consensus among
researchers that a new architecture and
dynamic infrastructure is an appropriate
way to address this problem.
and Orbcomm are actively promoting
Internet access.
Vertical industries where mobile technology has
already been successfully adopted include
Consumer Goods, Delivery and Route Sales,
Government, Healthcare, Market Research,
Pharmaceuticals, Transportation, and Utilities.
Consumer Goods. Typical applications include
inventory, merchandising, order entry, and sales
automation. Features found in these applications
usually provide access to stock and pricing
information, monitor promotions, and perform
shelf space analysis including number of facings
and product age. Customer detail helps reps to act
more as consultants than order takers.

Delivery & Route Sales. With fierce competition
and an increasing inventory, having timely and
accurate information is more important than ever.
Government. Applications center around
assessments, inspections, and work orders. Most of
these applications involve auditing some sort of
facility or process (food service, restaurant,
nursing home, child care, schools, commercial and
residential buildings).
Healthcare. The focus in this industry has been on
automating patient records, medication dispension,
Transportation. Transforming freight
damage inspections from paper to mobile
computing greatly expedites the process and
reduces costs by providing on-line pre-
shipment inspections. This technology also
offers a more efficient means of storing and
transmitting maintenance inspection reports.
In conjunction with GPS (global positioning
systems), mobile computing allows
companies to provide better customer
service by being continually aware of
exactly where any given shipment is when in
transit.
Utilities. Eliminating the rekeying of data and
providing a means to perform on site analysis
and sample collection. A common goal is to
leverage mobile computing in the implementation
of positive patient identification.
Market Research. Automating the survey process
has enabled these companies to get their data more
accurately and quickly while being able to
customize their queries at will.
Pharmaceuticals. In addition to the reps need to
perform account management and call reporting
functions, the FDA’s requirement for physician
signatures for all drug samples dispensed was an
added complication that was eliminated through
the use of mobile technology.
are instrumental to an industry that is required
to perform inspections on a routine basis.
Conclusion
Mobile computing is rapidly becoming
popular, and user demand for useful wireless
applications is increasing.
Additionally, this paper shows how these
behavioral extensions serve as a powerful
abstraction for practical systems.
In this paper, we have looked at issues
related to portable devices, merits, demerits
and applications in mobile environment.
Because of the banes of mobile computing
the security level should be improved.
 Application design for wireless computing :
M-Mail: A Case Study of Dynamic
Application Partitioning in Mobile
Computing
Christine Julien and Gruia-Catalin Roman :
Bibilography
Active Coordination in Ad Hoc Networks
Raymond J. Brunsting : Quality of Service
Terri Watson. : Application design for
Issues in Wireless Networks
wireless computing.