Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NG D THC
A.Tm tt cc kin thc c bn :
I/nh ngha : Cho m l s nguyn dng. Hai s nguyn a v b c gi
ng vi nhau theo module m, nu a - b chia ht cho m ( a - b )| m hay m\(a - b)
K hiu : a b (mod m) c gi l mt ng d thc.
V d : 3 - 1 (mod 4)
5 17 (mod 6)
18 0 (mod 6)
iu kin a 0 (mod m) c ngha l bi ca a m (a | m) hay m l c
ca a ( m \ a) .
Nu a - b khng chia ht cho m, ta vit a b (mod m)
II/ Cc tnh cht c bn :
1) Vi mi s nguyn a, ta c a a (mod m)
2) a b (mod m) => b a (mod m)
3) a b (mod m) v b c (mod m) => a c (mod m)
*Chng minh : Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m (m \ (a - b)
v b c (mod m) => b - c m (m \ (b - c)
V a - c = (a - b) + (b - c) => a - c m (tnh cht chia ht ca tng) hay
a c (mod m).
4) ) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a + c b + d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m => a - b = m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c d (mod m) => c - d m => c - d = m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : (a - b) + (c - d) = m.(q1 + q2)
<=> (a + c) - (b + d) = m.(q1 + q2) => (a + c) - (b + d) m
Hay a + c b + d (mod m)
H qu : a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an b1 + b2 + b3 + ... + bn(mod m)
5) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a.c b.d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a - b = m.q1 = > a = b + m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c - d = m.q2 => c = d + m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Nhn (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : a.c = (b + m.q1)(d + m.q2)
ac = bd + bmq2 + dmq1 + m2q1q2 <=> ac - bd = m(bq2 + dq1 + mq1q2)
=> ac - bd m => ac bd (mod m).
H qu : a) a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1.a2.a3. ... .an b1.b2.b3. ... .bn(mod m)
1
Vy A chia cho 5 d 2.
Bi 11 : Tm s d ca A = 32005 + 42005 khi chia cho 11 v khi chia cho 13 ?
Gii :
5
5 401
+Ta c : 3 1 (mod 11) => (3 ) 1 (mod 11)
V
45 1 (mod 11) => (45)401 1 (mod 11)
=> A = 32005 + 42005 2 (mod 11)
=> A chia cho 11 d 2
+Ta c : 33 1 (mod 13) => (33)668. 3 1.3 (mod 13) => 32005 3 (mod 13)
V
43 -1 (mod 13) =>(43)668 .4 1.4 (mod 13) => 42005 4 (mod 13)
=> A = 32005 + 42005 7 (mod 13)
=> A chia cho 13 d 7 .
Bi 12 : Gi s m l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng : Nu ac1 ac2 (mod
m) v (a, m) = 1 th c1 c2 (mod m)
Gii :
Ta c : ac1 ac2 (mod m) => m \ ac1 - ac2 => m \a(c1 - c2)
V (a, m) = 1 => m \ c1 - c2 => c1 c2 (mod m)
Bi 13 :
Chng minh rng : Nu p l mt s nguyn t v khng l c ca s
nguyn a th ap - 1 1 (mod p)
Gii :
Xt dy s 1; 2; 3; ... ; p - 1. Tt c cc s ny i mt khng ng d vi nhau
theo mun p. Do cc s a, 2a, 3a, ... ; (p - 1)a cng i mt khng ng d
vi nhau rtheo mun p. Bi v ngc li nu c r1a r2a (mod p) m (a, p) = 1
=> r1 r2 (mod p) - vi r1, r2 l hai s no ca dy s 1, 2, 3, ... , p - 1 (v l)
Hn na mi mt s ca dy a, 2a, 3a, ... , (p - 1)a ng d vi ng mt trong
cc s 1, 2, 3, ... , p - 1 theo mun p
=> a.2a.3a. ... .(p- 1)a 1.2.3. ... (p - 1) (mod p) hay (p - 1)!ap - 1 (p - 1)! (mod
p).
V (p, (p - 1)!) = 1 => ap - 1 1 (mod p)
Bi 14 : Chng minh rng : Nu c l s nguyn dng : a b (mod m) => ac
bc (mod c.m)
Gii :
a b (mod m) => a - b = m.q => ac - bc = mc.q => ac bc (mod c.m)
*nh l nh Fermat : Gi s p l s nguyn t bt k, khi vi mi s t
nhin n ta c np - n chia ht cho p.
Gii :
p
p-1
Ta c n - n = n(n - 1)
Nu n chia ht cho p => nh l c chng minh.
Nu n khng chia ht cho p th (n, p) = 1, nn np - 1 1 (mod p)
=>(np - 1 - 1) chia ht cho p.
5
Bi 15 :
Bn Thng hc sinh lp 6A vit mt s c hai ch s m tng cc ch
s ca n l 14. Bn Thng em s chia cho 8 th c s d l 4, nhng khi
chia cho 12 th c s d l 3.
a)Chng minh rng bn Thng lm sai t nht mt php tnh chia.
b)Nu php chia th nht cho 8 l ng th php chia th hai cho 12 c
d l bao nhiu ? Hy Tm s b chia.
Gii :
a)Gi s l n = ab
V n chia cho 8 d 4, nn n = 8p + 4
V n chia cho 12 d 3, nn n = 12q + 3
=> 8p + 4 = 12q + 3 (M 8p + 4 l s chn, cn 12q + 3 l s l). Do vy bn
Thng lm sai mt php chia.
b)V a + b = 14 => ab 2 (mod 3) => 4ab 8 (mod 12) (1)
Nu ab 0 (mod 4) => 3ab 0 (mod 12) (2)
T (1) v (2) => ab 8 (mod 12) => n chia cho 12 d 8
Do n = 8p + 4 l s chn m n = ab => b {0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
Nu b = 0 => a = 14 (loi - v a l s c mt ch s khc 0)
b = 2 => a = 12 (loi)
b = 4 => a = 10 (loi)
b = 6 => a = 8
b = 8 => a = 6
=> S cn tm l 86 hoc 68 => S b chia l 68.
Dng 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca mt s
a)Tm mt ch s tn cng ca an :
-Nu a c ch s tn cng l 0; 1; 5 hoc 6 th an ln lt c ch s tn cng ln
lt l 0; 1; 5 hoc 6.
-Nu a c ch s tn cng l 2, 3 hoc 7, ta vn dng nhn xt sau vi k Z
24k 6 (mod 10)
34k 1 (mod 10)
74k 1 (mod 10)
Do tm ch s tn cng ca an vi a c ch s tn cng l 2; 3; 7 ta
ly n chia cho 4. Gi s n = 4k + r vi r {0; 1; 2; 3}
Nu a 2 (mod 10) th an 2n = 24k + r 6.2r (mod 10)
Nu a 3 (mod 10) hoc a 7 (mod 10) th an a4k + r ar (mod 10)
V d 1 : Tm ch s cui cng ca cc s :
a) 62009 ,
b) 92008 ,
c) 32009 ,
d) 22009
Gii :
2009
a) 6 c ch s tn cng l 6 (v 6 khi nng ln lu tha vi s m t nhin
khc 0 vn bng chnh s 6)
b) 92008 = (92)1004 = 811004 = 1 c ch s tn cng l 1
91991 = 91990.9 = (92)995.9 = 81995.9 = (1).9 = 9 c ch s tn cng l 9
6