A.

Phn m u
1.L do chn ti Cng vi danh t, ng t l hai thc t c bn nht trong h thng t loi ting Vit cng nh ting Anh. ng thi, ng t c coi l v t hon chnh v ni dung v cu trc to nn cu trn vn, y hai thnh phn ch ng v v ng. Trong h thng th vng ting Vit v ting Anh, ng t chim s lng ln, c s dng vi tn s rt cao trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy bi n gn lin vi cc hot ng, trng thi, cm xc ca con ngi. n c coi l mt ng t tiu biu nh vy, v n c xp vo nhm t ch hot ng ca con ngi. y c coi l hot ng ch o ca con ngi, c ngha quan trng v quyt nh s tn ti ca con ngi. Vic i chiu ng t n trong ting Vit v ting Anh trc ht nhm hiu r hn kh nng kt hp, nguyn tc hot ng ca n throng mi ngn ng, qua rt ra mt s nhn xt v s ging v khc nhau gia hai ngn ng. 2. i tng v phm vi nghin cu Nh trn ni, i tng nghin cu y l ng t n trong ting Vit v ting Anh. Tuy nhin, t n c 11 ngha ( theo t in Ting Vit) nn khng th kho st ht tng ngha mt. Trong tiu lun ny ti ch kho st t n vi nt ngha: ch hot ng cho thc n vo ming v nut nui dng c th. Vi nt ngha ny, ting Anh c 4 nt ngha tng ng l: eat, have, take, feed. Ta s tm hiu t trn hai phng din cu trc v ng ngha. 3. Mc ch nghin cu

Tm hiu c ch hot ng ca t n trong ting Vit v ting Anh, ng thi so snh v i chiu s tng ng v khc bit v cu trc, ng ngha tng ngn ng throng vic s dng t ny. 4. Phng php nghin cu Da trn l thuyt v ngn ng hc tng phn (contrastive linguistcs) hoc l ngn ng hc so snh i chiu so snh. Tiu lun ny s dng phng php nh: miu t, i chiu, so snh, thng k, phn loitrong phng php i chiu l trng tm nht. - Xc lp c s i chiu: + i tng i chiu: ng t n trong ting Vit v ting Anh - Xc nh phm vi i tng + cp t + Bnh din i chiu: cu trc v ng ngha ca t + Phng thc i chiu: l phng thc i chiu mt chiu. Tin hnh i chiu trn c vn bn ting Anh ln ting Vit tin cho vic quan st, so snh.

B. Phn ni dung
I. Mt vi vn l thuyt 1. Khi qut chung v mi quan h gia hai ngn ng ting Vit v ting Anh trong phm vi ti Ting Vit v ting Anh thuc cc loi hnh ngn ng khc nhau v khng h c quan h h hng vi nhau. Mt khc, khong cch gia hai quc gia l rt xa nhau nn c nhng c im lch s, vn ha, phong tc tp qun, li sng rt khc nhau. Do , vic i chiu v mt ngn ng ni chung, i chiu ng t n ni ring s cho thy nhng c im khc nhau kh r gia hai ngn ng ny. 2. Mt s khi nim lin quan 2.1. Ngn ng hc i chiu l g? Thut ng so snh ( compare) v i chiu (contracstive) nh ngha ca t in Hong Ph - So snh l xem xt tm ra nhng im ging, tng t, hoc khc bit nhau v mt s lng, kch thc, phm cht. - i chiu l so snh hai s vt c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. nh ngha ca i t in (Nguyn Nh ch bin) - So snh l xem xt ci ny vi ci kia thy s ging nhau v khc nhau hoc l s hn km nhau (nh l so snh bn dch vi bn nguyn, bn gc) - i chiu l so snh gia cc c th vi nhau, trong c mt ci lm chun tm ra nhng ch ging, khc nhau gia chng. nh ngha ca t in Oxford

- Compare: to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they diffirent ( xem xt ngi hoc vt thy s ging v khc nhau ca chng nh th no) - Contracstive: a diffience between two or more people or things that you can see clearly when they are compare or put close together, the fast of comparing two or more things in order to show the diffirences between them ( S khc nhau gia hai hoc hn hai ngi hoc vt m chng ta c th nhn thy r rng khi chng c em ra so snh hoc t chng cnh nhau. Bn cht ca s so snh hai hay hn hai vt th cho thy s khc nhau). Thut ng i chiu thng dng ch phng php hay phn ngnh nghin cu, ly i tng ch yu l hai hay nhiu ngn ng. Mc ch ca nghin cu l lm sng t nhng nt ging nhau v khc nhau hoc ch lm sng t nhng nt khc nhau m thi. Nguyn tc ch yu l nguyn tc ng i. 2.2. ng t nh ngha ca i t in ( Nguyn Nh ch bin) ng t l t loi thc t biu th hnh ng, trng thi nh mt qu trnh, ch yu lm chc nng v ng trong cu. Trong ngn ng bin hnh, ng t c cc phm tr ng php ch ra cc quan h ca pht ngn vi thi im ni nng, vi thc t: nu r nhng ngi tham gia vo mt hnh vi ngn ngcc phm tr ng php l: thi, th, thc, dng, ngi, s, ging. ng t throng ngn ng bin hnh thng c h hnh thi v m hnh cu to t ring. Theo Nguyn Ln Ng php lp 7, B gio dc sn xut, H 1956

ng t l th t dng biu din mt ng tc hoc mt hnh vi, mt ngha hoc mt cm xc, mt trng thi hoc s pht trin, s bin ha ca mt trng thi. Theo inh Vn c Ng php ting Vit, NXB H v THCN, 1986, tr106 Cng vi danh t, ng t l mt trong hai t loi c bn. ng t th gn vi cc t thuc phm tr vn ng. 3. Cc nguyn tc khi i chiu Gm 13 nguyn tc c bn sau - Nguyn tc th 1: Hin tng em ra i chiu c miu t k trong ngn ng m chng ta a ra i chiu. - Nguyn tc th 2 : Phn tch hin tng chng ta a ra i chiu mi c miu t k trong mt ngn ng ri tin hnh i chiu. - Nguyn tc th 3 : Hin tng a ra i chiu trong c hai ngn ng u cha c miu t. - Nguyn tc th 4 : Tnh h thng ca hin tng i chiu: khng c php i chiu ty tin, ngu nhin m phi xem xt trong h thng cha n. - Nguyn tc th 5 : Tnh cht ch v trit trong vic s dng ngn ng - Nguyn tc th 6 : su sc v y ca nghin cu i chiu. - Nguyn tc th 7 : Tnh n mc thn thuc v s gn gi ca cc loi ngn ng. - Nguyn tc th 8 : Chuyn di tch cc v chuyn di tiu cc v kin thc ngn ng hc trong thao tc i chiu. - Nguyn tc th 9 : n gin trong vic nghin cu i chiu. 5

- Nguyn tc th 10 : Khi khu bit cc nguyn tc chc nng trong i chiu, phi ch n phn ti liu tham kho. - Nguyn tc th 11: KHng gii hn v khu vc a l trong i chiu. - Nguyn tc th 12: C ci nhn ng i, tc l nhn nhn ngn ng nh n vn c. - Nguyn tc th 13: Rt gn v gim bt trong nghin cu i chiu. II. Kho st ng t n trong ting Vit v ting Anh 1. ng t n trong ting Vit n l ng t thuc nhm thuc hot ng ca con ngi, c s dng rng ri trong giao tip hng ngy cng nh trong vn hc ngh thut. Trong cun a t in ting Vit. T n c tt c 11 ngha: 1. a thc n vo ming v nut nui dng c th. VD: n cm, n vt, 2. n nhn dp g VD: n ci, n hi, n c, n Tt, 3. (My mc, phng tin giao thng vn ti) tip nhn nhin liu, hng ha VD: xe my n xng, tu n than, 4. Nhn, tip nhn, hoc bn thn phi hng chu (t pha khc) VD: n nh, n mng, lm cng n lng, 5. (Trong thi u) ginh c v mnh phn hn, phn thng VD: n gii, 6. Thm, bt dnh vo nhau VD: gch n va, n phanh, 7. Hp to nn s hi ha VD: n nh, n ,

8. Lm tiu hoa, tn hi VD: nc n chn, 9. Ln rng hoc hng ti mt phm vi rng VD: sng n ra bin, 10. Thuc v VD: khu t ny n vo nh hng xm, 11. Tnh ra, quy ra (vi gi tr tng ng) VD: hm nay mt la n my nghn Vit Nam? Trong cc lp ngha trn th ngha th nht l ngha c bn, ngha gc. Trong khun kh ca bi tiu lun ny, ta ch kho st lp ngha th nht. 1.1. Trn bnh din cu trc Th hin kh nng kt hp ca t n vi cc nhm t khc Kt hp vi cc ng t tnh thi ng php VD: Mnh s n cm trong vng 30 pht na nh. Mnh nh n nhng li b n ly mt. Kt hp vi t ph nh VD: Tra mai m khng n cm nh. Sao gi ny m chu vn cha n cm? Con chng thch n mn ny. Kt hp vi nhng t ch ra kh nng din tin ca hnh ng trong quan h vi ch th VD: My hm nay, ba n cng ch n m tm. Hm nay li n u ? Mi ngi y u n nh nhau. Kt hp vi nhm t ch ra tnh thi ngn cm, khuyn bo

VD: ng n thc n sng. Cn phi n chn ung si. Ch n thc n khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. Kt hp vi danh t to thnh cm t ch ngha mi VD: n sng, n ph, tm n di, Kt hp vi tnh t to thnh mt cm t ch ngha mi VD: n mn, n nht, n nhiu, Kt hp vi ng t to thnh cm ng t VD: n xin, n bm, n qut, Kt hp vi h t VD: n ht, n ri, 1.2. Trn bnh din ng ngha n l mt t c bn trong h thng cc ng t, mang y nhng c trng ca ng t khng nhng v kh nng kt hp m c v mt ng ngha. Ng ngha ca ng t n th hin quan h vi ch th v vi tnh hung xc nh trong thi gian. Cc quan h ny l c s ca cc ngha ng php ca ng t bao gm c ngha hnh thi hc / t vng v c php. V quan h thi gian: Cc quan h thi gian trong cu c din t bng phng thc t vng v cc t ph c ngha tnh thi. Lin h ng t ch xut hin trong ci khung tnh thi v ng ca cu. Lin h thi v th gn rt cht vi c trng din tin ca cc dng vn ng. N lm hnh thnh mt quan h thi th: Mt quan h rt c bit, throng mt vn ng nht nh din ra trong thi gian lun c i vi thi im pht ngn v i vi cc vn ng khc xem n xut hin, kt thc hay cha. Quan h ny c th hin throng cu trc: cha?

VD: M n cm cha? Mai nh mnh s n lu nh? T ang n th n n. V quan h cch thc vn ng y l mt loi lin h khc vi cc t ph nh: cng, vn, c, u. li th hin c trng tnh trongng v tin trnh ca vn ng, hnh thi ca vn ng di con mt ngi ni. Quan h ny cng tham gia xc lp tnh thi throng cu. VD: Hm qua t cng n qun m sao khng gp cu? Con c n cm trc i, m v mun. Ni canh ny hi mn nhng vn n c. Ngha ca t n th hin r nht trong chc nng c php ca n - Gi chc v v ng l ch yu VD: Ti / n cm. My / n nhiu th? - Lm ch ng VD: n / l ng t thuc nhm ch s hot ng ca con ngi. n chn / rt tt cho sc khe. - Lm nh ng VD: nh n, bp n, phng n, - Lm b ng v trng ng VD: mi n, xin n, nu n, 1.3. Cc thnh ng, tc ng c ng t n - n cy no ro cy y - n chc mc bn

- n qu nh k trng cy - n cm nh vc t v hng tng - n khng ni c - C lm th mi c n Khng dng ai d em phn n cho - Ngi khn n ni na chng cho ngui dai na mng na lo - n cy to ro cy sung - Th rng n na qu hng Cn hn n c chm sung cht l - Th rng n na chm sung Cn hn n na tri hng d dang - n trng ni, ngi trng hng - n cho bt - n xi th - n c nhai, ni c ngh - n c i trc, li nc i sau - i cha n mn, i con kht nc - n chc ngi trn - Mun n som chn th vo rng xanh - Mun n sim chn th va rng xanh - K n c, ngi v - Kho n th no, kho lo th m - Lm ngi n ti mai lo Vic mnh h d ai o lng - ng n cm mi ni chuyn c

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- Ming n ni l - Mt con nga au, c tu khng n c - Cm n mi ba mi lng Hi u m ginj ngi dng thm gy - Ngi dng n hoang, m vng cng cn - Ngi mt n bt vng - Ngi n th c, ngi m th khng - Th rn n dao lt - Quen mui thy mi n mi - Mo no mo li n than Bi chng c m trn ln trn - C kh mi c ming n Khng dng ai d em phn n cho - Tru ng no n c ng y - Tri qu bo n cho gy rng - Va n cp va la lng 2. ng t n trong ting Anh Trong ting Anh, n l: eat, have, feed, take, getTuy nhin cc t ny cn c cc lp ngha khc, ta khng th kho sat tng t mt nn ch chn hai t c bn nht, c s dng thng xuyn nht vi ngha l n. l: eat v have 2.1. Trn bnh din cu trc Kt hp vi nhm t ch ra tnh thi ngn cm, khuyn bo VD: Dont have more ice cream. (Khng c n kem na.) Dont fit to eat! (Khng n c!) Dont to eat with ones fingers! (KHng c n bc!) 11

 Kt hp vi danh t VD: eat rice (n cm), eat bread (n bnh m), have lunch (n tra), have dinner (n ti), Kt hp vi gii t VD: to eat up ( n ht), to eat in (n nh), to eat out (n ngoi), to eat on the sly (n vng), Kt hp vi ng t VD: to eat standing up (n ng), to eat rice mixed with other cereals (n n), Kt hp vi tnh t VD: to eat more (n thm), to eat dirt (n bn), to eat savoury food (n ngt), to eat ravenoursly (n ngu nghin), 2.2. Trn bnh din ng ngha Eat, have ch yu ng vai tr l v ng trong cu trc: S + V ( eat, have) + O VD: They / eat rice. (H n cm) I / have dessert. (Ti n trng ming) Ng ngha th hin r qua cc phm tr - Phm tr s: gn lin vi phm tr ngi. - Phm tr ngi: th hin bng tr ng t (mt loi ng t b h ha) VD: She doesnt like to eat rice, because shes ding for bread.( C y khng thch n cm v c y thm n bnh m)

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Do you have dinner with me? ( Bn c tht n ti cng vi ti c khng?) He eats vegetarian food. (Anh y thng n cm chay.) - Phm tr thi: Biu th mi quan h gia hnh ng vi thi im pht ngn hoc vi mt thi im nht nh nu ra trong li ni. + Thi qu kh: VD: We didnt eat at home, yesterday. ( Ngy hm qua, chng ti khng n nh) He ate a dish of braised meat with out rice. ( Anh y n v c a tht xo.) + Thi hin ti: VD: Eat more meat. (n thm tht nh.) The pupils often eat between meals. (Hc sinh hay n qu vt.) + Thi tng lai: VD: I will eat in a restaurant, tomorrow. (Ngy mai ti s i n nh hng.) My brother shall have dinner with his friends.( Anh ca ti s i n ti vi nhng ngi bn ca anh y.) - Phm tr thc: Biu th quan h gia thc th vi hnh ng khch quan v vi ngi ni, nh: thc trn thut, thc mnh lnh, thc gi nh. VD: He would eat rice if he were enough healthy. (Anh y c th n cm nu anh y c sc khe.) Dont eat on credit! (Khng c n chu!)

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- Phm tr dng: Biu th mi quan h gia hot ng vi nhng s vt c ni ch ng v b ng ca ng t. C hai dng: ch ng v b ng. VD: Dng ch ng: Dng b ng: They eat bread. (H n bnh m.) This bread eaten. ( Ci bnh m ny c n.)

2.3. Nhng thnh ng ting anh c ng t eat, have vi ngha l n - Eaten breah is soon forgotten (n cho bt) - Eat at plesure, dring with measure (n c chng, chi c ) - Live not ti eat, but eat to live (Sng khng pi n, nhng n sng - Eat like a horse (n nh m khot) - Have a finger in pie (n vng khng bit chi mp) - The great fish eats small ( C ln nut / n c b) - Have enough and to spare (C bt n bt ) - Children have to suffer for their parents sins. (i cha n mn, i con kht nc) - He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree (Mun n sim chn th vo rng xanh) - Quen mui thy mi n mi (The appetite comes with eating)

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III. Nhng nhn xt ban u khi i chiu 1. Ging nhau 1.1. V cu trc: n, Eat, Have u c kh nng kt hp ln. Chng c th kt hp vi cc t tnh thi, danh t, ng t, tnh t th hin ni dung ngha ca cc cu. 1.2. V mt ng ngha n, Eat, Have ni bt nht throng vai tr l v ng, kt hp vi ch ng to thnh cu hon chnh. 2. Khc nhau 2.1. V mt cu trc im khc nhau r nht l ng t n trong ting Vit c th kt hp vi cc h t, nh: n xong, n ri,Cn ng t trong ting Anh th kt hp vi gii t l ch yu, nh: to eat up, to eat out, to eat in, Ngoi ra trong ting Vit, ng t c th kt hp vi cc t: khng, cha, chng, nu ln ph nh. Cn trong ting Anh th c dng ph nh nhng c chia theo tr ng t: doesnt, dont, didnt, wont, 2.2. V mt ng ngha - Ngoi chc nng chnh l v ng, n trong ting Vit cn m nhn vai tr ch ng, nh ng, b ng v trng ng. Cn Eat v Have ch yu gi chc v v ng ca cu. - Ting Vit khng c phm tr s nn t n vn gi nguyn khi kt hp vi danh t s t hay s nhiu. Cn ting Anh th ng t khi chia phi kt hp vi danh t. VD: Ti n cm. H n cm. Anh y n cm. I eat rice. They eat rice. He eats rice.

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- Ting Vit khng c phm tr ngi, khi th hin ngha ca vai giao tip phi kt hp vi i t nhn xng i km, ch ng t khng chia. Ngi ca ng t ting Anh c th hin bng tr ng t. VD: Ti n, anh n, chng ta n, h n, n n, c y n I dont eat, He doesnt eat, They have lunch, She has lunch, - Trong ting Anh, ng t Eat, Have l nhng ng t bt quy tc, c chia thnh Ate v Had khi biu th ngha qu kh. VD: Lc ti ti n ri. Hm qua lc t ang n cm th Lan n. She had breakfast. Tom ate. - Ting Vit khng c phm tr thc nh ting Anh nhng nhng ngha trn thut, gi nh, mnh lnhvn c thc hin nh mt s h t hay ng iu cu. VD: n cm i! Mi 10h ti qua ti mi c n cm. - Phm tr dng trong ting Vit cng khng r nh ting Anh, cn nhiu tranh ci. Xem hai t: b, c c phi l du hiu nhn dng khng? VD: V hm qua c nh b n m tm ri nn hm nay c n b rt nhiu mn ngon do m nu nh.

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C. Phn kt lun:
Qua miu t, so snh, i chiu gia ba ng t: Eat v Have (trong ting Anh) vi n ( trong ting Vit) mt ln na ta khng nh: bn cnh mt s nt tng ng v s phn b, kh nng kt hp, chc v ng php v ng ngha th chng cn c nhiu im khc bit kh r. iu ny hin nhin v ting Anh v ting Vit l hai ngn ng hon ton khc nhau, khng c quan h h hng vi nhau v a l cng rt xa nhau. Ting Vit khng c phm tr ng php ng t, thm ch danh t nh cc ngn ng bin hnh. l s khc nhau v loi hnh. Ting Vit vn c th biu t nhng ngha m cc ngn ng bin hnh c, nhng khng phi bng phng tin tnh thi m bng mt s phng tin t vng, h t, ng iu Vic i chiu y mi ch l bc u, hn na cng vic i chiu cn kh mi m, l lm nn khng trnh khi mc nhiu sai st. Tuy nhin qua bi tiu lun ny, ta dn tip cn c vi cc phng php lm i chiu, nht l i chiu cc ngn ng khc nhau hieur r hn cc c im ca ting Vit.

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