Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.

1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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Directions Please Write your name on all of the papers on your table, NOW! Test time Resources 8:10-10:40 Calculators, and Formulas for the National Test in Mathematics Courses A & B, and the formula sheet for Physics A, FYANV-College. You may also use one page of your own formula sheet. The page must have your name and no calculations or solution to any problem are supposed to be on the paper. The test consists of a total of 18 problems. For the problems short answers are not enough. They require: that you write down what you do, that you explain your train of thought, that you, when necessary, draw figures. When you solve problems graphically/numerically please indicate how you have used your resources. Problem 17 and 18 are larger problems which may take up to 60 minutes to solve completely. These problems are of the greatest importance for the highest grade, MVG. It is important that you try to solve them. A description of what I will consider when evaluating your work, is attached to the problem. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions.

The test:

Score The maximum score is 87 points 4 o6f them VG points and 3 Problems. mark levels The maximum number of points you can receive for each solution is indicated after each problem. If a problem can give 2 Pass-points and 1 Pass with distinction- point this is written (2/1). Some problems are marked with , which means that they more than other problems offer opportunities to show knowledge that can be related to the criteria for Pass with Special Distinction in Assessment Criteria 2000. Lower limit for the mark on the test Pass (G): 29 points Pass with distinction (VG) : 58 points of which at least 15 Pass with distinction points (VG). Pass with special distinction (MVG): 60 points of which at least 46 VG Pass with distinction points. The requirements for Pass with distinction must be well satisfied. Your teacher will also consider how well you solve the problems. Have Fun Behzad
P G VG G VG P G VG MVG G VG MVG 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 2 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 2 10 2 11 1 1 12 2 1 13 1 2 14 2 2 15 2 1 Sum 18 21

16a 2

16b 2

17 2

18a 2 1

18b 2 1

19 2 2

20a 2 1

20b 2 4

21a 2 2

21b 2 4

21c 1 4

21d 0 2

22 2 4

Sum 23 25

87 41 46 10

Grade

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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In the multiple choice problems below, circle the correct alternative and write clearly the correct answer in the space provided as Alternative: 1. A jumbo jet cruises at a constant velocity of 12 000 km / h . In such situations the engine of the jumbo jet exerts a thrusting force of 120. kN . The acceleration of the jet, and the force of air resistance on the jet are: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
a =0, a = 12 000 km / h ,

a = 9.82 m / s 2 ,
a = 12 000 km / h ,
2

Fresis tan ce = 120. kN in the opposite direction of its motion. Fresis tan ce = 120. kN in the same direction of its motion. Fresis tan ce = 120. kN perpendicular direction of its motion. Fresis tan ce = 120. kN up in the opposite direction of its weight.
Answer: Alternatives: ______________________ [2/0] [0/2]

Why? Explain in the space provided below!

Suggested Explanation: Answer: Alternative (a), and (e): Alternative (a):The velocity of the jumbo jet is constant. Therefore, its acceleration must be zero: a = 0 . [0/1] Alternative (e)Due to the fact that a = 0 , the total force acting on the r jumbo jet must be zero, i.e. Fnet = 0 . Therefore, the air resistance must be exactly equal to the thrusting force of its engine. Therefore, Fresis tan ce = 120. kN in the opposite direction of its motion.

2. Martina walks 9 blocks north, and then 12 blocks west. Her displacement is a) 15 blocks north of west. b) 21 blocks north of west. c) 3 blocks north of west. d) 9 blocks north. e) 12 blocks west. Answer: Alternative _______________ Why? Explain in the space provided below! [1/0] [0/1]

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (a): 15 blocks north of west. Displacement:

9 2 + 12 2 = 15 blocks .

[0/1]

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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3. An object is thrown upwards at 25 m / s . Its acceleration at the top of its motion is: a) b) c) d)

a = 9.82 m / s 2 downwards. a = 9.82 m / s 2 upwards. a =0. a = 25 m / s downwards.

[1/0] [0/1]

Alternative: ______________ Why? Explain in the space provided below! Suggested explanation: Alternative (a): a = 9.82 m / s 2 downwards. The gravitational

acceleration of the Earth at sea level is constant and is a = 9.82 m / s 2 downwards. All free objects projected to the air, if the air resistance is ignored, accelerate at the rate of a = 9.82 m / s 2 downwards at all points of their motion, including at the top. no matter where the object is on the air. [0/1]

Base your answers to the questions 4 to 6 on the information and the diagram below. Note that the VG-points are given to your explanations that give you the opportunity to demonstrate the depth of your understandings of the physics of the problem. The explanations must be written clearly in the space provided. 4. The applied force on the object is represented by the vector: [1/0] a) C b) D c) B d) A Why? Explain. Explanations:

B
C

[0/1] Answer: Alternative _______________

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (c): The applied force on the object is represented by the vector B . This is due to the fact that friction force is always smaller than the applied force. Therefore B can not be the friction force, and it must therefore be the external force. Therefore the object must be accelerating up the incline, and the applied force on the object is represented by the vector B . [0/1]

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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5. The object is [1/0] a) at rest. b) moving up at constant velocity. c) moving down at constant velocity. d) accelerating up the incline in the direction B . e) accelerating down the incline in the direction A . f) depending on the magnitude of the friction force it could be at rest, moving down or going up. Answer: Alternatives: ______________________ [1/0] Why? Explain in the space provided below! [0/1]

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative d: The object is accelerating up the incline in the direction B . It is due to the fact that friction force is always smaller than the applied force. B is the applied force and it is larger than the force A which is the sum of the friction force and the component of the weight parallel to the surface of the incline: A = mg sin + mg cos r r Fnet = ma B A = ma Therefore, there is the net force on the object and according Newtons second law of motion the object, therefore, will accelerate upwards. [0/1]

6. The angle of the incline is increased. The friction force on the object a) increases as the angle of the incline increases. b) is constant and is independent of the angle of the incline. c) decreases as the angle of the incline increases. d) first increases for a while, and then decreases. Answer: Alternative(s): ______________________

[1/0]

Why? Explain in the space provided below! [0/2] Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (c) The friction force on the object decreases as the angle of the incline increases. The friction force is part of the vector A , and due to the fact that the only normal force is that of FN = mg cos and the friction force is
always proportional to the normal force, i.e. f f = FN = mg cos , and due to the fact that the cosine function is a decreasing function of the angle in the first quadrant, 0 90 , the friction force decreases as the angle of the incline increases. The friction force is negative for a vertical wall, i.e. = 90 . [0/2]

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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Base your answers to the questions 7 to 9 on the information given below. Note that the VG-points are given to your explanations that give you the opportunity to demonstrate the depth of your understandings of the physics of the problem. The explanations must be written clearly in the space provided. An object suspended from a dynamometer is lowered into a container filled with water. When the object is completely immersed into the water, volume of the water in the container increases by 250. cm 3 . The dynamometers reading on the air is 21.805 N . You may need the following information: g = 9.8 m / s 2 , and density of water w = 1.0 10 3 kg / m 3 7. The object is made of a) gold. b) lead c) cupper d) iron e) wood Answer: Alternative(s): ______________________

[1/0]

Why? Explain your reasoning and necessary calculations in the space provided below! [0/1] Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (c) cupper Due to the fact that 250. cm 3 of water is spilled over, the volume of
the object must also be 250. cm 3 , and its mass is 21.805 m= kg = 2.225 kg 9 .8 V = 250. cm3 = 250 10 6 m 3 = 2.50 10 4 m 3 m 2.225 The density of the object is: = = = 8900 kg / m 3 Cu 4 V 2.50 10

[0/1]

8. If the water container was on an scale, and it was showing 450. g before immersing the object into it, after the object is immersed into the water, the scale will read a) 700. g b) 450. g c) 250. g FN d) 21.805. N e) 22.055 N Answer: Alternative(s): ___________ [1/0] M Why? Draw a free-body diagram and explain your reasoning in the space provided below! [0/1] Mg F Suggested solutions: Alternative (a). N = 700 g Ww = mW g = FB m The reading of the scale is increased by the weight of the displaced water, i.e. by m = 0.25 kg . The scale will therefore, read FN FN = mg + mdisp .water g = (0.450 + 0.250 ) 9.8 N = 0.700 9.8 N

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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We may converting the apparent weight FN = 0.700 9.8 N to its F equivalent mass m = N = 0.700 kg = 700 g [0/1] g Therefore, the scale reads m = 700 g .

9. As the object is immersed into the water the reading of dynamometer a) increases and finally stops at 21.805 N when the object is completely immersed into the water. b) decreases and finally stops at 19.355 N when the object is completely immersed into the water. c) 21.805 N d) increases and finally stops at 24.255 N when the object is completely immersed into the water. e) decreases and finally stops at 2.45 N when the object is completely immersed into the water. Answer: Alternative(s): ____________________ [1/0] Why? Draw a free-body diagram and explain your reasoning and solutions in the space provided below! [0/2] Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative b The mass of the displaced water is m = 0.25 kg : m FT = mW = W V = 1000 2.50 10 4 m 3 = 0.25 kg V Buoyant force on the object in the water is the weight of the displaced water: FB FB = mW g = 0.25 9.8 = 2.45 N M Therefore, reading of the dynamometer, FT is: FT = m g FB = 21.805 2.45 = 19.355 N [0/1] Therefore: As the object is immersed into the water the Mg reading of dynamometer decreases and finally stops at 19.355 N when the object is completely immersed into the water. [0/1]

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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10. Philip is floating in fresh water. His density is 900 kg / m 3 How many percent of his body is above the water surface. a) 10% . b) 20% . c) 30% d) 50% . e) 80% . f) 90% Answer: Alternative(s): ____________________ [1/0] Why? Draw a free-body diagram and explain your reasoning and solutions in the space provided below! [0/2] Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (a) [1/0] Due to the fact that Philip floats on the water, the Buoyant force must be exactly equal to his weight mg . The Buoyant FB force is equal to the weight of the displaced water. Lets assume his total volume is V and the part of his body that is under water surface is Vdisplaced

V g = w Vdisplaced g / / Vdisplaced = V w
Vdisplaced V = 900 = 0.9 = 90% 1000 Vdisplaced

[0/1]

Mg

[Free-body-diagram:0/1] Answer:
= 90% of Philips volume is inside the water, and the V rest, i.e. 10% is above the surface of the water.

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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Base your answers to the questions 11 to 12 on the information and the diagram below. Note that the VG-points are given to your explanations that give you the opportunity to demonstrate the depth of your understandings of the physics of the problem. The explanations must be written clearly in the space provided. Maximilian stands on a digital bathroom scale in an elevator. The elevator does not have any window and is in general very quiet and is very difficult without hearing the bell and seeing the floor-number to know if it is moving or not. Maximilian has designed an experiment which by using it, you can calculate not only the magnitude of the acceleration of the elevator, but you can say if it is accelerating up or down. Maximilian weights 70.0 kg . 11. The scale reads 80.0 kg . a) The elevator accelerates upwards at the rate of a = 9.8 m / s 2 b) c) d) The elevator accelerates downwards at the rate of a = 9.8 m / s 2 The elevator accelerates upwards at the rate of a = 1.4 m / s 2 The elevator accelerates downwards at the rate of a = 1.4 m / s 2 Answer: Alternative(s): ____________________ [1/0]

Why? Draw a free-body diagram and explain your reasoning and solutions in the space provided below! [0/1]
Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (c) The object is made of cupper: FN Mg = Ma F Mg 80 70 98 = 9 .8 = a= N = 1 .4 m / s 2 70 70 M [1/0]
FN

+ a
M

[0/1]
Mg

12. The scale reads 70.0 kg . a) The elevator accelerates upwards at the rate of a = 9.8 m / s 2 b) The elevator accelerates downwards at the rate of a = 9.8 m / s 2 c) The elevator is stationary. d) The elevator is moving up at a constant velocity e) The elevator is moving down at a constant velocity Answer: Alternative(s): ______________________ Why? Explain your reasoning and necessary calculations in the space below!

[2/0] [0/1]

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative (c, d, e) The object is not accelerating. It can be going up or down at a constant velocity, or it is stationary and therefore not moving. According to Newtons laws of motion neither the scale nor us may notice if it is stationary or moving at a constant velocity. Newtons first, second and third law combined: r r Fnet = ma FN Mg = ma Using FN = 70 g = Mg FN Mg = 0 = ma [0/1]

a = 0.0 m / s 2

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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13. As illustrated below, two weights of 6.00 kg and 4.00 kg are suspended from the two ends of a 150. cm long light rod. The rod is uniform and its mass is 1.00 kg . may be assumed weightless. At what point should the beam be picked up if it is not going to have any tendency to rotate? a) 61.4 cm from the end 6.00 kg is suspended from. b) 60.0 cm from the end 6.00 kg is suspended from. c) 61.4 cm from the end 4.00 kg is suspended from. d) From the center of mass of the rod. Answer: Alternative _______________ [1/0] Why? Draw a free body diagram showing clearly all the forces and the pivot point. Explain and show the details of your calculations in the space provided below. [0/2]
FN

x m 6.0 kg
0.75 x

1.5 x m
4.0 kg

1.0 kg

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative a: The rod may be picked up from a point 61.36 cm 61.4 cm from the end 6.0 kg is suspended from. The equilibrium condition will require a point between the weights such that the torque causing the rotation to the right is equal to the torque causing rotation to the left. As illustrated below if this point is at x m from the 6.0 kg weight, then 1.5 x m from the 4.0 kg object, and 0.75 x m from the center of mass of the rod which is 1.0 kg . Static Equilibrium 6 g x = 4 g (1.5 x ) + 1 g (0.75 x ) [0/1] / / / 6 x = 6 4 x + 0.75 x 6 x = 6.75 5 x 6 x + 5 x = 6.75 11x = 6.75 6.75 x= = 0.6136 m = 61.4 m [0/1] 11

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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14. Three physics books each 2.10 kg lie on top of each other on a table as shown below. Draw the figure in your paper. Calculate and clearly show forces applied on the middle book on the figure. You may assume the gravitational acceleration g = 10 m / s 2 . Note that the forces must be proportional. [1/2]
Suggested solution: The weight of each book is W = mg = 2.10 10 = 21 N The upper book is pushing the middle book down with its weight W1 = 21 N . [1/0] On the other hand the lowest book is pushed down with the weight of the books above, i.e. W2 = 2mg = 2 2.10 10 = 42 N Therefore, the middle book is pushed down back with the same force FN 2 = 42 N . [0/1]

FN 2 = 42 N

W1 = 21 N

[0/1]

15. Suggest an experimental method to measure the static and kinetic coefficient of friction. Explain in sufficient detail why the method suggested may give reasonably correct result. Can you suggest another alternative method to measure the kinetic coefficient of friction? If so explain the alternative method also. [2/1]
Suggested Answer: We may use an incline to obtain experimentally the static as well as the kinetic energy of the surfaces under investigation: We may raise the angle of the incline (surface where the object is) gradually until the object starts moving. The tangent of the inclined angle is that of the static friction: s = tan C sin C [0/1] = tan C mg sin C s mg cos C = 0 s = // // cos C The kinetic friction can be measured in a plenty ways. For example we use the same incline as above but this time we lower the angle until the object stops. The tangent of the angle is now the coefficient of kinetic friction. Another alternative would be giving the object an initial velocity on a horizontal surface, and letting the object slide until it comes to a stop. The distance traveled may then be measured which in turn gives information regarding the deceleration of the object. The deceleration is proportional to that of the friction force and therefore the kinetic coefficient of friction: v2 2 2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax 0 = v0 + 2ax a = 0 2x On the other hand, f f = ma f and f f = k FN = k mg which yields k mg = ma f . / / Therefore:
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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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k =

af g

2 v0 2 xg

Answer: On a horizontal surface k =

2 v0 where v 0 is the initial velocity of 2 xg the object and x is the stopping distance. Just use your imagination. There are a lot of ways to determine the coefficient of kinetic friction. We may use a dynamometer to measure instantly the coefficient of static and kinetic friction. We pull the object by a dynamometer on a horizontal surface until it starts moving. The force measured by the dynamometer is exactly equal to that f of the friction force: f f = s FN = s mg s = f mg The coefficient of the static friction is just the force measured by the dynamometer divided by the weight of the object. [2/0]

16. A Saturn V rocket has a mass of 2.75 10 6 kg and exerts a force of 3310 6 N on the gases it expels. Assuming that the gravitational acceleration is constant and independent of the elevation F = 33 10 6 N of the rocket for the first few kilometers of the elevation and the mass of the ejected gas is negligible compared to the mass of the rocket itself, calculate a. the initial vertical acceleration of the rocket. [2/0] b. the force exerted on 62 kg Astronaut Pannos.[2/0] Suggested solutions: Answer: a = 2.2 m / s 2 ; FNP = 744 N
Data: mS = 2.75 106 kg , F = 3310 6 N , Problem: a = ? , mPannos = 62 kg , FNPannos = ?
mS = 2.75 106 kg
a

mS g = 2.75 106 9.8 = 26.95 106 N 2.7 107 N

mS g 2.7 107 N

mS g 2.7 107 N FNP = 744 N If the direction of the acceleration is taken to be positive, Newtons second r r law: F = m a implies: mPannos = 62 kg a = 2.2 m / s 2 6 6 6 F mg = ma 33 10 26.95 10 = 2.75 10 a
mPannos g 808 N 33 26.95 = 2.75 a 6.05 = 2.75 a 6.05 a= m / s2 Answer: a = 2.2 m / s 2 2.75 The force on Pannos is the normal force applied by the seats on Pannos. Free-body-diagram illustrates the forces on Pannos: Newtons second law: FNP mP g = mP a FNP = mP g + mP a = mP ( g + a ) = 62 (9.8 + 2.2 ) = 744 N
Answer: FNP = 744 N

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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17. The force of gravity on a 10 kg metal block is ten times as great as that on a 1 kg wooden block of the same shape and design. Why then doesnt the heavier block fall faster? Explain. [2/0] Suggested Explanation: Because the gravitational acceleration is the same for all freely-falling objects, regardless of their masses, they fall as fast and gain identical speed in a given time of the free fall. Even in the air, due to the fact that their shape and design are identical no difference may be observed in the resisting force for the objects. Newtons second law dictates that for a freely falling object (ignoring the resistance of the air) the only applied force is that of the gravitational force, i.e. their weight: r r Fnet = ma mg = ma a = g independent from the mass of the object! / /

v = v0 + g t : velocity of a freely falling object , t : falling time

2 velocity of a freely falling object, , x : falling distance v 2 = v0 + 2 g x : Due to the fact that none of the relationships above is a function of the mass of the object, the speed of any free-falling object is independent from their respective masses.

18. A 3.0 kg object hangs from a rope which passes over a frictionless and very light pulley as shown below. The pulley is supported by another rope connected to a dynamometer as shown. 36 Ignoring the mass of the pulley, calculate: a. the value which the dynamometer A shows. B [2/1] A b. the value which the dynamometer B shows. [2/1]
Suggested solution: Data: m = 3.0 kg The object weights W = mg = 3.0 10 = 30 N Due to the fact that the system is in equilibrium, the total force on y the system is zero: Fy = 0 Ay mg = 0 Fx = 0 Ax B = 0 30 B = Ax = A sin 36 = sin 36 = 30 tan 36 = 21.8 NB = 21.8 N cos 36

36

A = 37.1 N

Ay = A cos 36 = mg A =

30 N = 37.1 N cos 36

Answer: A = 37.1 N , B = 21.8 N

W = mg = 30 N

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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19. A diving board is a cantilever. A cantilever is a beam that projects beyond its support. Find the forces exerted by the two supports of the 5.0 m cantilever diving beam that has a mass of 8.0 kg when Per who is 90.0 kg stands at its end. [2/2] 1 .5 m Suggested solutions: Answer: F1 3.7 kN , 1.0 m 4 m F2 4.6 kN
Data: mbeam = 8.0 kg , mPer = 90.0 kg , mPer g = 882 kg The condition of static equilibrium requires that

up

= Fdown

r F = 0 and

= 0 . i.e.:

Clockwise

= counter

clockwise

Lets name the forces as F1 , F2 , mbeam g , and mPer g as illustrated in the figure below, and then apply the conditions of static equilibrium to the situation, i.e. The sum of all forces up is equal to the sum of all forces down. The sum of all clock-wise torques is equal to the total torque counterclockwise about a given point, for example about point A : F2 = F1 + mbeam g + m Per g [0/2] 4mPer g + 1.5mbeam g = 1.0 F1 We may solve this simultaneous equation by substitution technique: Find F1 from the second equation and substitute it into the first one to find F2 F1 = 4mPer g + 1.5mbeam g = 4 90 9.8 + 1.5 8 9.8 = 3645.6 N 3.7 kN [1/0]

F2 = F1 + mbeam g + mPer g = 3645.6 + 8 9.8 + 90 9.82 = 4607.8 N 4.6 kN

Answer: F1 3.7 kN , F2 4.6 kN

[1/0]

F2 4.6 kN

A
mbeam g
1 .0 m 1 .5 m 4 m

m Per g = 882 kg

F1 3.7 kN

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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When assessing your work I am going to consider: How well you have presented your work. How systematic and general your presentation, your solution and your reasoning are. If your calculations are correct. Your analysis of the results and your conclusions. How well you are using the mathematical and physical language in your presentation.

20. In the figure below, the heavier mass is 750 g , and the other two identical mass are each 200 g . The string may be assumed weightless, and the pulley frictionless. a) Draw free-body diagram for each mass. [2/1] b) Calculate the acceleration of the system after it is released from rest. [2/4/] c) Calculate the tensions in each string.
Suggested solution: Answers: a =
Mg 2mg ; (M + 2 m )

[2/2]
FT 1 = ?

4 Mmg FT 1 = (M + 2m ) F = 2 Mmg T 2 (M + 2 m ) Data: M = 750 g = 0.750 kg , m = 200 g = 0.20 kg Problem: a = ? FT 1 = ? , FT 2 = ?

[1/0]

a=? +

Mg

FT 1 = ?

Note that due to the fact that the strings are inelastic and + unstretchable, and the pulley is frictionless, the tension in m a=? a given string is the same, and all masses move at the mg same acceleration. The free-body-diagrams illustrated for all three masses involved in the system are illustrated in the figures to the FT 2 = ? left. In the free-body-diagram all forces involved as well as the mass and acceleration of the mass must be plotted. Using Free-body-diagram, Newtons second law [0/1] of motion can be written easily. Traditionally direction of acceleration for FT 2 = ? the mass involved is taken as positive: + Mg FT 1 = Ma m a=? [0/2/] FT 1 FT 2 mg = ma mg F mg = ma T2
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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

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FT 1 = Mg Ma = M ( g a ) FT 1 FT 2 mg = ma F = mg + ma = m( g + a ) T2

[1/0]

We may add all three equations together to eliminate two of the three unknowns. Mg FT 1 = Ma F F mg = ma Mg 2mg (M 2m ) T2 T1 Answer: a = = g [0/1/] ( M + 2 m ) (M + 2 m ) FT 2 mg = ma add Mg 2mg = (M + 2m )a Substitute the value of the acceleration in the equations systems above, and find the tensions in the string Mg + 2mg Mg + 2mg Mg 2mg FT 1 = M FT 1 = M ( g a ) = M g (M + 2m ) (M + 2m ) [1/1] Mg + 2mg + Mg 2mg Mg 2mg / F = m ( g + a ) = m g + F = m T2 T2 (M + 2 m ) (M + 2 m ) 4 Mmg FT 1 = (M + 2m ) [] 2 Mmg F = T 2 (M + 2 m ) (0.750 0.400 ) 9.8 = 2.98 m / s 2 , a 3.0 m / s 2 [1/0] a= (0.750 + 0.400 ) 4 Mmg 4 0.75 0.2 2 Mmg FT 1 = = 9.8 = 5.11 N , FT 2 = = 2.56 N (M + 2m ) (0.750 + 0.400 ) (M + 2 m ) FT 1 = 5.11 N [2/2] FT 2 = 2.56 N Alternatively, we may calculate the tensions directly as: FT 1 = M ( g a ) = 0.75(9.8 3) = 5.1 N FT 2 = m( g + a ) = 0.2(9.8 + 3) = 2.56 N Note that according to a =

(M 2 m ) g (M + 2 m )

it is the difference between the

weight of the larger block and the sum of the other two masses, i.e. (M 2m )g that accelerates the total mass of the system (M + 2m) Note also that the tension on the string connecting the masses together is larger (twice) than the tension on the string connecting the two smaller masses. []

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

NV-College

21. A M = 1.00 kg wooden block on a plain inclined at = 54 is connected to an empty m = 565 g bucket by a light cord running over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static and friction between the block and the surface of the block are s = 0.50 and k = 0.30 respectively. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until the system just begins to move. a) Assume a proper scale for the forces. Draw free-body diagram for the masses involved. [2/2] [2/4] b) Calculate the mass of sand added to the bucket. [1/4/] c) Calculate the acceleration of the system. [0/2] d) Calculate the tension in the cord.
M

Suggested solution Data: M = 1.00 kg , m = 565 g = 0.565 kg , = 54 , s = 0.40 , Problem: msand = ? , a = ? , FT = ?

FT = ? M = 1.00 kg
FT = ?

s Mg cos ( )

m + m sand

(m + msand )g
Mg sin ( )

gradually increases to its maximum value s Mg cos ( ) in the opposite direction of the intended motion. Just before, the last grain of the sand is added to the bucket, the total force on the wooden block, as well as the total force on the bucket containing sand is zero, according to the Newtons first law: FT = (m + msand )g FT (m + msand )g = 0 s Mg cos( ) + Mg sin ( ) = (m + msand )g s Mg cos( ) + Mg sin ( ) FT = 0
M ( s cos ( ) + sin ( ))g = (m + m sand )g m + m sand = M ( s cos ( ) + sin ( )) / / m sand = M ( s cos ( ) + sin ( )) m m sand = 1.00(0.40 cos (54 ) + sin (54 )) 0.565 m sand = 0.479 kg 480 g and therefore, the tension in the string is: FT = (m + m sand )g = 9.8(0.565 + 0.479 ) = 10.23 N 10.2 N , FT = (m + m sand )g 10.2 N

As the sand is added to the bucket, it gets heavier and heavier. The friction force, f f

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

NV-College

Immediately after the last grain of the sand is added to the bucket, the kinetic friction takes over, reducing the resistance force in the opposite direction of the motion. This results in the acceleration of the system. The situation will be as in the figure below

FT

FT

(m + msand )
a
Mg sin ( )

k Mg cos( )

(m + msand )g

r r Taking the direction of the acceleration positive, the second law of Newton, Fnet = ma may be written as: (m + msand )g FT = (m + msand )a FT ( k Mg cos( ) + Mg sin ( )) = Ma Adding the equations together results in the cancellation of the tension:

/ (m + m sand )g FT = (m + m sand )a FT ( k Mg cos( ) + Mg sin ( )) = Ma / (m + m )g ( Mg cos( ) + Mg sin ( )) = (m + m )a + Ma sand k sand

a=

FT FT = (m + msand )( g a ) This means that the difference between the weight of the bucket including the sand and that of the parallel component of the weight of the wooden block and opposing kinetic friction force, i.e. the force Fnet = (m + m sand )g Mg ( k cos ( ) + sin ( )) accelerates the total mass of the

(m + msand )g Mg ( k cos ( ) + sin ( )) (M + m + msand ) = (m + m sand )g (m + m sand )a = (m + m sand )( g a )

system (M + m + msand ) . 9.8(0.565 + 0.479 ) 1.0 9.8(0.2 cos (54 ) + sin (54 )) a= = 0.0575 m / s 2 5.8 10 2 m / s 2 (1.00 + 0.565 + 0.479 ) FT = (M + m + m sand )( g a ) = (1.00 + 0.565 + 0.479 )(9.8 0.057 ) = 10.17 N
a 5.8 10 2 m / s 2 , FT = 10 .17 N

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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

NV-College

22. A 128 .0 g of necklace is suspected of being gold-plated lead instead of pure gold. If it is dropped into a full glass of water 10.5 g of water spills over. What proportion of the necklace is pure gold? Density of pure gold is gold = 19.0 g / cm 3 , and that of lead is

lead = 11.0 g / cm3

[2/4/]
Suggested solutions: Answer: Only 36.5% of the bracelet is made of the pure gold. The rest, i.e. 63.5% is made of lead. Data: mnecklace = 128.0 g , mw = 10.5 g , V = 10.5 cm 3 First method : m 128.0 necklace = necklace = = 12.19 g / cm 3 Vnecklace 10.5 mlead + mgold = 128.0 g mlead = 128.0 mgold g

[0/1]

Vlead + Vgold = 10.5 cm 3

mlead

ead

m gold

gold
+

= 10.5 cm 3

[0/1]

Using gold = 19.0 g / cm 3 , lead = 11.0 g / cm 3 , and mlead = 128 mgold g :

= 10.5 11 19 19 128 m gold 11 m gold + = 10.5 19 11 11 19 19 (128.0 mgold ) + 11mgold = 10.5 11 19

128 m gold

m gold

[0/1] [0/1]

2432 19m gold + 11m gold = 2194.5 8mgold = 2432 2194.5 = 237.5 m gold =
m gold =

237.5 g = 29.69 g 8

[1/0]

29.69 g = 0.23 = 23% [1/0] mnecklace 128 g Answer: Only 23% of the bracelet is made of the pure gold. The rest, i.e. 77% is made of lead.
Second method: Lets assume : x Vgold , and y Vlead . Therefore, we may construct a two equation two unknown equation system as: 19 x + 11 y = 128 [0/2] x + y = 10.5 To solve this equation system, we may multiply both sides of the second equation by 11 and subtract the results from the first one so y is eliminated: 19 x + 11 y = 128 11x + 11 y = 115.5
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Solutions V1 FyANVC08 Ch 3, 4, 8.4, 9.2-5, 10.1-6 Vectors, Newton's laws, Torque, Pressure

NV-College

19 x 11x = 128 115.5 = 12.5 8 x = 12.5 12.5 x= = 1.56 cm 3 8 mgold = 19 x = 19 1.56 = 29.69 g
m gold =

[1/0] [0/1] [1/0]

29.69 = 0.23 = 23% [0/1] mnecklace 128 Answer: Only 23% of the bracelet is made of the pure gold. The rest, i.e. 77% is made of lead. Note that this is the percentage weight, while the percentage volume is: Vgold 1.56 = = 0.14 = 14% Vnecklace 10.5 It is customary to use the mass percentage rather than volume percentage of gold in jewelry. Why?

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