155

Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
1
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

DESIGN EXAMPLE 9 - BEAM WITH UNRESTRAINED COMPRESSION FLANGE
Design a staircase support beam. The beam is a single section channel, simply supported
between columns. The flight of stairs lands between A and C and provides restraint to the
top flange of this part of the beam. The top flange is unrestrained between B and C. The
overall span of the beam is taken as 4,2 m.

C A
restrained unrestrained
R
A
R
B
w
B B
e
a
m

3
D
o
w
n
1
,
2

m
1
,
5

m
2,2 m
1,5 m 2,7 m
1
,
5

m


Actions
Assuming the beam carries the load from the first run of stairs to the landing only:
Permanent actions (G): Load on stairs 1,0 kN/m
2
= (1,0 2,2 ) = 2,2 kN/m
Self weight of beam 0,13 kN/m
Variable actions (Q): Load on stairs 4 kN/m
2
=

(4,0 2,2) = 8,8 kN/m
Load case to be considered (ultimate limit state):

j
j j
G
k, G,
+
k,1 Q,1
Q
Eqn. 2.3

G, j
= 1,35 (unfavourable effects)

Q,1
= 1,5
ENV 1993 -
1-1:1992
Table 2.2
Factored actions:
Permanent action: Load on stairs = 1,35 2,2 = 2,97 kN/m
Self weight of beam = 1,35 0,13 = 0,17 kN/m
Variable action Load on stairs = 1,5 8,8 = 13,2 kN/m


Structural analysis
Reactions at support points
R
A
+ R
B
= (2,97 + 13,2) 1,5 + 0,17 4,2
= 24,97 kN
Taking moments about A
R
B
=
2 , 4
2
2 , 4
2 , 4 17 , 0 75 , 0 17 , 16 5 , 1 +
= 4,69 kN

R
A
= 24,97 4,69 = 20,28 kN

156
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
2
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Maximum bending moment occurs at a distance

,
_

2 , 4 2
5 , 1
1 5 , 1 = 1,23 m from A

M
max
=
2
23 , 1
17 , 0
2
23 , 1
17 , 16 23 , 1 28 , 20
2 2
= 12,58 kNm

Maximum shear occurs at A
F
Sd
= 20,28 kN

Material properties
Use material grade 1.4401
0,2% proof stress = 220 N/mm
2
Table 3.1
Take f
y
as the 0,2% proof stress = 220 N/mm
2
Section 3.2.4
E = 200 000 N/mm
2
and G = 76 900 N/mm
2
Section 3.2.4

Try a 200 75 channel section, thickness = 5 mm

Cross section properties
I
y
= 9,456 10
6
mm
4
W
el,y
= 94,56 10
3
mm
3

I
z
= 0,850 10
6
mm
4
W
pl,y
= 112,9 10
3
mm
3

I
w
= 5085 10
6
mm
4
A
g
= 1650 mm
2

I
t
= 1,372 10
4
mm
4


Classification of the cross-section
= 1,01 Table 4.2
Assume conservatively that c = h 2t = 200 10 = 190 mm for web
Web subject to bending: 38
5
190

t
c

Table 4.2
For Class 1, 56
t
c
, therefore web is Class 1

Outstand flange subject to compression: 15
5
75

t
c

Table 4.2
For Class 3, 9 , 11
t
c
= 12,0, therefore outstand flange is Class 4

Therefore, overall classification of cross-section is Class 4

157
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
3
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Calculation of effective section properties
Calculate reduction factor for cold formed outstand elements
2
231 , 0 1
p p

but

1
Eq. 4.1b

k
t b
4 , 28
/
p
where b = c = 75mm
Eq. 4.2
Assuming uniform stress distribution within the compression flange,
=
1
2

= 1
Table 4.4
k

= 0,43 Table 4.4

797 , 0
43 , 0 01 , 1 4 , 28
5 / 75
p




891 , 0
797 , 0
231 , 0
797 , 0
1
2


c
eff
= 0,891 75 = 66,8 mm Table 4.4
A
eff
= ( ) t c A 1
g
= ( ) 5 75 891 , 0 1 1650 = 1609 mm
2


Calculate shift of neutral axis of section under bending
Centroidal axis of
effective cross-section

Non-effective zone
Centroidal axis of
gross cross-section
y
y - y




( ) ( )
1609
2
5
200 5 75 891 , 0 1
2
200
1650
2
1
2
eff

,
_

,
_

A
t
h t c
h
A
y
g



53 , 97 y mm

Shift of neutral axis position,
y y
= 47 , 2 53 , 97
2
200
2
y
h
mm



158
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
4
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Calculate I
eff,y

I
eff,y
=
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

2
2
3
2 2
1
12
1
y y eff y
A
t h
t c
t c
I

I
eff,y
=
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3
6
47 , 2 1609
5 , 2 100 5 75 891 , 0 1
12
5 75 891 , 0 1
10 456 , 9






= 9,06 10
6
mm
4
W
eff,y
=
3
6
y - y
y eff,
10 4 , 88
47 , 2
2
200
10 06 , 9
2

+

+
h
I
mm
3



Shear lag Section 4.4.2
Shear lag may be neglected provided that c L/20 for outstand elements
L = distance between points of zero moment = 4200 mm
L/20 = 210 mm, c = 75 mm , therefore shear lag can be neglected

Flange curling Section 4.4.3
w =
z t E
b
2 2
4
s
2
a
3 , 2
Eq. 4.6

a
= average longitudinal stress in flange
= 220 N/mm
2
(maximum possible value)
b
s
= (75 5) = 70 mm
z = (100 2,5) = 97,5 mm
w =
5 , 97 5 200000
70 220 3 , 2
2 2
4 2


= 0,0274 mm

Flange curling can be neglected if w < 0,05 200 = 10 mm
Therefore flange curling is negligible


159
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
5
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Partial safety factors
The following partial safety factors are used throughout the design example:

M0
= 1,1 Table 2.1

M1
= 1,1

Moment resistance of cross-section Section 4.7.4
For a class 4 cross section
M
c,Rd
=
1 y eff M
f W
Eq. 4.34
M
c,Rd
=
6
3
10 1 , 1
220 10 4 , 88

= 17,7 kNm

Design moment = 12,58 kNm, cross-section moment resistance is OK

Cross-section resistance to shear Section 4.7.5
V
Rd
= ( )
M0 y v
3 f A Eq. 4.35
A
v
= h t = 200 5 = 1000 mm
2

V
Rd
=
1000 1 , 1 3
220 1000

= 115,5 kN

Design shear force = 20,28 kN, therefore shear resistance of cross-section is OK
Check that shear resistance is not limited by shear buckling
Assume that h
w
= h 2t = 200 10 = 190 mm
t
h
w
=
5
190
= 38, shear buckling resistance needs to be checked if 2 , 43
t
h
w
Section 5.4.3
Shear resistance is not limited by shear buckling.

Resistance to lateral torsional buckling Section 5.4.2
Compression flange of beam is laterally unrestrained between B and C. Check this
portion of beam for lateral torsional buckling.

M
b,Rd
=
M1 y y pl, y W, LT
f W
Eq. 5.11

W,y
=
y pl, effy
W W for Class 4 cross - section

W,y
= 9 , 112 4 , 88 = 0,783

LT
=
[ ]
1
1
5 , 0
2
LT
2
LT LT

+

Eq. 5.12

LT
= ( ) ( )
2
LT LT LT
4 , 0 1 5 , 0 + +
Eq. 5.13

160
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
6
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

LT
=
E
f
y W, y
LT
1

Eq. 5.14
Determine lateral torsional buckling slenderness: Appendix B

LT
= [ ]
5 , 0
cr y pl,
2
/ M W E Section B.1
( )
( )
( ) ( )

,
_

1
1
]
1

+ +

,
_

j 3 g 2
2 / 1
2
j 3 g 2
z
2
t
2
z
z
w
2
w
z
2
z
z
2
1 cr
z C z C z C z C
EI
GI L k
I
I
k
k
L k
EI
C M

C is simply supported, while B approaches full fixity. Assume most conservative case:
k
z
= k
w
= 1,0.

C
1
, C
2
and C
3
are determined from consideration of bending moment diagram, and end
conditions.

From bending moment diagram, = 0
C
1
= 1,77, C
2
= 0 and C
3
= 1,00 Table B.1
z
j
= 0 for a cross-section with equal flanges
( )
( )

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

5 , 0
6 2
4 2
6
6
2
2
6 2
cr
10 850 , 0 200000
10 372 , 1 76900 2700 00 , 1
10 850 , 0
10 5085
00 , 1
00 , 1
2700 00 , 1
10 850 , 0 200000
77 , 1

M


M
cr
= 41,9 kNm

LT
=
5 , 0
6
3 2
10 9 , 41
10 9 , 112 200000

,
_

= 72,9

LT
=
200000
783 , 0 220 1
9 , 72

= 0,68

Using imperfection factor
LT
= 0,34 for cold formed sections Section 5.4.2
= ( ) ( )
2
68 , 0 4 , 0 68 , 0 34 , 0 1 5 , 0 + + = 0,779

LT
=
[ ]
5 , 0
2 2
68 , 0 779 , 0 779 , 0
1
+
= 0,863

M
b,Rd
= 0,863 0,783 112,910
3
220 10
-6
/ 1,1
= 15,3 kNm
From bending moment diagram, maximum moment in unrestrained portion of beam =
12,0 kNm

Thus member has adequate resistance to lateral torsional buckling.

161
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
7
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Deflection Section 5.4.6
Load case (serviceability limit state):

+
j
j
Q G
1 , k , k

Eq. 2.8
Secant modulus is used for deflection calculations - thus it is necessary to find the
maximum stress due to unfactored permanent and variable actions.

The secant modulus E
S
=
,
_

+
2
S2 S1
E E
, where E
S,i
=
1
y
1

,
_

+
n
i
f
k
E

Appendix C
From structural analysis calculations the following were found:
Maximum moment due to permanent actions = 1,90 kNm
Maximum moment due to imposed actions = 6,68 kNm
Total moment due to unfactored actions = 8,58 kNm
Section is Class 4, therefore W
eff
is used in the calculations for maximum stress in the
member.
Assume, conservatively that the stress in the tension and compression flange are
approximately equal, i.e. E
S1
= E
S2
.
The following constants are used to determine the secant moduli:

k = 1,82, n (longitudinal direction) = 7,0 Table C.1
Maximum stress, = 1 , 97
10 4 , 88
10 58 , 8
3
6
y eff,
max

W
M
N/mm
2

E
S
=
1 7
220
1 , 97
82 , 1 1
000 200

,
_

+
= 197 000 N/mm
2


Maximum deflection due to patch loading occurs at a distance of approximately 1,9 m
from support A.

Deflection at a distance x from support A due to patch load extending a distance a from
support A is given by the following formulae:

When x a [ ]
2 2 2 3 2
4
) 4 ( 6 2
24
n n m m m n
I aE
waL
S
+ +
Steel
Designers
Manual
(5
th
Ed)
Where m = x/L and n = a/L
When x = 1,9 m, and a = 1,5 m: m = 1,9/4,2 = 0,452, n = 1,5/4,2 = 0,357
Patch load (permanent+variable unfactored actions) w = 11,0 kN/m
Uniform load (permanent action) w = 0,128 kN/m


162
Job No.
OSM 466
Sheet
8
of
8
Rev
A
Job Title
ECSC Stainless Steel Valorisation Project
Subject
Design Example 9 Beam with unrestrained
compression flange
Made by
SMH
Date
Aug 2001
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944

CALCULATION SHEET
Client

ECSC Checked by
NRB
Date
Dec 2001

Deflection due to patch loads at a distance of 1,9 m from support A,
1

1
=
( ) [ ]
2 2 2 3 2
6
4
357 , 0 357 , 0 4 452 , 0 452 , 0 6 452 , 0 2 357 , 0
10 06 , 9 000 197 1500 24
4200 5 , 1 11000
+ +

= 7,11 mm
Deflection at midspan due to self weight of beam,
2

2
=
6
3 3
S
3
10 06 , 9 000 197
4200 ) 2 , 4 10 128 , 0 (
384
5 ) (
384
5

I E
L L w
= 0,291 mm
Total deflection
2
+
2
= 7,11 + 0,291 = 7,40 mm

limiting
8 , 16
250
4200
250
span
mm
ENV 1993-1-
1:1992
Table 4.1
Therefore deflection is acceptably small.