REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace Work Fatherland GTHS KUMBO/ ELECT DPT

FIRST SEQUENCE EXAM Class: F37 Option: Electrotechnology Duration: 2H Coefficient: 2

TECHNOLOGY
No document is allowed except the one given to the candidates by the examiners I 1. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Name three types of new and renewable energies used in the generation of

electrical energy. 2. Give the power in MW of the following generating stations: a. Hydroelectric generating stations at Song Loulou, Edea , Lagdo, and Lom Pangar; b. The coal fired thermal station at Oyomabang; c. The thermal generating station in Douala Bassa; d. The heavy oil fired thermal station at Limb; e. The gas fired thermal station at Kribi. 3. 4. Give three advantages renewable energies over conventional energies. Give the symbol of : a. Nuclear power station, b. Hydropower station; c. Thermal power station. 5. In the Cameroonian electrical system, give an example of: a. An interconnection substation; b. A 225kV line; c. A 90kV line. 6.

A medium water fall hydropower station has the following characteristics: Height of the water fall: 40m Number of turbo-alternator groups: 10

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

Pressure of the water in one penstock: 400m3/s Acceleration of the gravity: 9.81m.s-2

a. Calculate the total power of the water fall, b. Give the type of turbine suitable, c. Determine the electrical power sent to the network knowing that the efficiency of each turbo-alternator group is 0.76 (it is assumed that the efficiency of the step up transformer is equal to 1). II POWER ELECTRONICS

Consider the following figure:

uo(t)
R

u(t)

uT

1. 2. 3.

Give the name of component T. Give the condition that should be fulfilled for the firing of T. With the aid of a simple diagram, show how T is protected in the following
u (t ) = 10 sin 2ft . Draw in synchronism with u(t) the waveforms of uT(t) and

cases: a) Against fast turn on. b) Against fast turn off. 4. uo(t). 5. Give the differences: a. Between the thyristors and the diode; b. Between the TRIAC and the DIAC. 6. BJT. Sketch the characteristics of the following components: diode, DIAC, TRIAC,

Proposed by Mr. NGOUNE Jean-Paul, PLET Electrotechnics, GTHS KUMBO.

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

PROPOSITION OF SOLUTION

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

1. 2.

New and renewable energies used in the generation of electrical energy: solar energy; wind energy; fuel cells (fueled by hydrogen) geothermal energy; tidal energy; biomass; biogas Power in MW of generating stations: Song Loulou Edea Hydropower plants Lagdo H-O fired Limb Gas fired Kribi Logbaba Thermal power plant Oyomabang Bafoussam Bassa Mefou (Yaound) Djamboutou (Garoua) Lom Pangar storage dam (started) 384 MW 264 MW 72 MW 85 MW 150 MW 17.6 MW 35.5 MW 14.4 MW 15 MW 10.9MW 20Mw 170 MW ( generating

30MW) 280 MW 280 MW 200 MW

Hydropower plants in project

Nachtigal Song Dong Mvembel

3.

Advantages of renewable energies over conventional energies: Non polluting processes are used; Perpetuity and renewability of cthe main source;

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

Low running cost (since the primary source of energy is very cheap, almost free of charge)

4.

Symbols for electrical power stations:

Nuclear power station

5.

Hydro power station

Thermal power station

In the Cameroonian electrical system: a. Example of interconnection substation: Mangomb substation.

b. Examples of 225kV lines:

Mangomb Logbaba line; Mangomb Oyomabang line; Logbaba Bekoko line.

c. Examples of 90kV lines:

Bekoko Bafoussam line; Bekoko limb line; Oyomabang Mbalmayo line; Bafossam Bamenda line. Study of a medium water fall for hydropower generation.

6. Data:

H = 40m; N = 10 (Number of T.A. groups); q = 400m3/s; g = 9.81m/s2;

a. Power of the water fall.

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

P = n. .q.g .h = 10 1000 400 9.81 40 = 1569600000W P = 1569.6 MW

b. Type of turbine suitable: H = 40m; 30m < H < 200m. The type of turbine suitable is Francis hydraulic turbine. c. Electrical power sent to the network:

Water fall

T.A. groups.

Step up Xformer

Pelect

Pw

nTA

nXfo

Pelect = Pw TA Xfo Pelect = 1569.6 0.76 1 Pelect = 1192.896 MW

II

POWER ELECTRONICS

Let us consider the following figure:

uo(t)
R

u(t)

uT

1. 2.

T is a thyristor. Conditions to be fulfilled for the firing of T. A positive voltage superior to the forward voltage of the thyristors should be applied across it: uT > V0 (V0 being the forward voltage of the thyristors).

A sufficient gate current should be sent to the gate: IG > Igm (Igm being the minimal current that can fire the thyristors).

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

3. Protection of the thyristor. a. Against fast turn on:

di is too high. dt

Remark: An inductor is a currents inertia; it does not allow a rapid variation of electric current through it. Therefore, when connected in series with a device it reduces the gradient of current through that device with respect to time.

b. Against fast turn off:

dv is too high. dt

Remark: A capacitor is a voltages inertia; it does not allow a rapid variation of voltage across it. Therefore, when connected in parallel with a device, it reduces the gradient of voltage across that device with respect to time. 4. u (t ) = 10 sin 2ft . Let us draw in synchronism with u(t) the waveforms of uT(t) and uo(t).

Analysis of the functioning:

We assume that the firing angle of T is [0 ] , in such a way that the firing signal
T occurs at an instant t0 0 (positive half cycle of the supply voltage u(t). 2

a. During the positive half cycle: For t [0 t0 [ , T is not yet fired, therefore, it is OFF. The equivalent diagram of the system can be drawn as follows.
0A

u(t) u(t) 0V

u T = u ( t ); u o (t ) = 0

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

For t t0

T T is ON. The equivalent diagram of the system can be drawn 2

as follows:

u(t)

0V

u(t)

u T (t ) = 0 u 0 (t ) = u (t )

b. During the negative half cycle: u(t) < 0. T is therefore OFF. The equivalent diagram of the system is as follows.
0A

u(t) u(t) 0V

u T = u ( t ); u o (t ) = 0

Waveforms:
u(t)

T/2

uT(t)

uo(t)

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

5. a. The difference between the thyristor and the diode is that thyristors are controlled unidirectional devices meanwhile diodes are non controlled unidirectional devices. b. The difference between TRIAC and DIAC is that TRIAC are bidirectional controlled devices meanwhile DIAC are non controlled bidirectional devices.

6 Characteristics of power electronic components:

ID I+

Vbr
0

V- - Vbo Vf VD
0

+Vbo V+

I-

Diode Characteristics
Vce2>Vce1 I+ Vce1

TRIAC Characteristics
Ic Ib7>Ib6 Ib6>Ib5 Ib5>Ib4 Ib4>Ib3 Ib3>Ib2 Ib2>Ib1

Ibo+ VVbo0 IboVbo+ Vce1 Vce2>Vce1 V+ Ib 0 Ib1 Ib2>Ib1 Ib1 Vce

I-

Vbe

DIAC Characteristics

BJT Characteristics

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011

ABOUT THE AUTHOR NGOUNE Jean-Paul is a teacher in the electrical department in GTHS KUMBO. He is teaching this year in the following subjects: Power electronics, Electrical Machines, Digital Circuits, Electricity-Electronics, and Automation. Any suggestion or critic is welcome

NGOUNE Jean-Paul, PLET, DEA. P.O. Box: 102 NSO, Kumbo, Cameroon. Phone: (+237) 7506 2458. Email : jngoune@yahoo.fr Web site : www.scribd.com/jngoune

GTHS KUMBO_Electrical Department_First sequence examoct.2011