18th and 19th CENTURY VILLAS

Asa Darmatriaji . 4053184

Hampshire, Portsmouth, The Arrival of the Fleet 18th century

Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/

V.1 18th and 19th Centurys Important Events and Social Condition
(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)

In late 18th century, Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution and in 19th century, Britain became the first industrial society and urban society; From18th until late19th century, population was increased from 6,5 to 41 million people; 15 million people left Britain in 1815-1914 emigrated to North America or Australia to escape poverty, which resulted in early 19th century Britain was dirty, unsanitary and overcrowded; In the 1890s, for the wealthy family, a new art and decoration appeared called Art Nouveau. It involved swirling and flowing lines and stylized plant forms; The industrial revolution transformed warfare. Railways meant armies could be transported much faster than before. The telegraph meant that messages could also be transmitted much faster.

V.II Few Inventions in 18th and 19th century In 1769 James Watt (1736-1819) patented a steam engine;

Source: http://laugalaekjarskoli.is/verk/declar2/Sida/Jamesw.html

In 1778 Joseph Bramah invented modern water closet;

Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/

Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone in 1876; and etc

Source: http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdbell.htm

V.III 18th and 19th Centurys Villa Architect Influences

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa)

Venetian architect, Andrea Palladio (15081580); Andrea Palladio,Villa Emo, Fanzia (1564)

Source: http://www.venetovaldo.de/index.php?page=2&lang=de

British architect, Inigo Jones, Queen House (July 15, 1573 June 21, 1652);

Source: http://llamabutchers.mu.nu/Queen%20House.gif

The earliest Neo-Palladians, Domenico Rossi, Church San Daniele (16571737) and Andrea Tirali, Chiesa San Nicolo (16571737);

Source:http://www.agenzialignano.it/images/san_daniele.jpg

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/a/a5/Chiesa_di_San_ Nicol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino_in_Veni ce1.JPG

V.IV NEO PALLADIAN (18th Century Villa)

(BRITISH PALLADIAN, IRISH PALLADIAN, AMERICAN PALLADIAN)

Stourhead house (1720 and 1724)

Chiswick House (1729)

Marble Hill House (1724-1729)

V.IV. I BRITISH PALLADIAN VILLA

Holkham Hall (1734-1764)

Woburn Abbey House (1744-1970)

In the 18th century a small minority of the population lived in luxury and owned comfortable upholstered furniture.

a) Stourhead House
(Sourcehttp://www.architecture.com/HowWeBuiltBritain/HistoricalPeriods/GeorgianWestAndIreland/PalladianismAndLandscapeGardening/StourheadHouse.aspx)

Architect: Colen Campbell (1720-1724) Site Area : 2,650 acre (11 km) Location: River Stour near Mere, Wiltshire, South West England Owner: Henry Hoare I Lawn View

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Library (1792-1804) Picture gallery (1792-1804) Original Square Block consisted bedrooms, kitchen, living, dining Entry

Lawn View

Library

Foyer

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Eight Statue Corinthian Columns/ Portico

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Square block Foyer and it has pediment supported by Corinthian columns;

Balustrades Picture Gallery

Building characteristics: Roofline was flat and crowned by the long balustrade; Symmetrical arrangement on elevation; Walls were mostly blank expanses part from rusticated blocks of the lower storey; Only few statues nudging above the strong horizontal; Deep portico, Attic storey; Entrance steps (built in 1841); On both side it has extension wings; The central block of the house was gutted by fire (built in 1902); - Green expanse of lawns (after 1900).

b) Holkham Hall
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_Hall)

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Marble Hall The Saloon Portico Chapel Statue Gallery Dining Room Library Apartments Kitchen Office Laundry Entry Dressing Room & Closet Bed Chamber
N

Architect: William Kent and Lord Burlington Site Area : Location: Village of Holkham, on the North Coast of the English county of Norfolk Owner: Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)

Great Dressing Room

Chapel & Service Block

Rustication Wall Base

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Six Vault Ionic door Columns/ Portico

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Main square block

Venetian Gable Windows end roof

Library & Apartment Wing

Building characteristics: Its severity of its design close to Palladio's ideals; The interior of the Hall is opulently decorated both private and state rooms in the same simple style; The main entrance is through the "Marble" Hall, which leads to the first floor, and state rooms; The most impressive of these rooms is the saloon, walls lined with red velvet; Each of the major state rooms is symmetrical; for some, false doors are necessary to achieve this effect.

c) Woburn Abbey House

( Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Abbey)

Architect: Henry Flitcroft and Henry Holland Site Area : Location: Woburn, Bedfordshire, England Owner: Russel Family and Dukes of Bedford

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Main Block Service Block

Venetian Windows

Roof/Attic Windows

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Four Ionic Columns/ Portico

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Balustrades

Hip roof

Building characteristics: On the roof level it used balustrade to strengthen the edge as a straight line; Plan was arranged of square central block and it has two wings that are serving as service function; Venetian windows being implemented on both wings; Portico and pediment were projected out slightly; No rustication concept on the base, generally walls made out of same material;

d) Chiswick House
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick_House)

Architect: Lord Burlington and William Kent as Landscape architect (16851748) Site Area : 65 acres (0.26 km2) Location: in Burlington Lane, Chiswick, in London Borough of Hounslow in England Owner: Cavendish family and William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire Entry Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Portico Bedroom Dining Room Drawing Room Central Mall Boudoir Library Garden Mall

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Obelisks Six Roof Corinthian Columns/ Portico

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Hip Roof

Building characteristics: It has Obelisks in the center and Venetian windows; Portico and Pediment served as an entry porch; Symmetry on plan and elevation; Two main entry steps.

e) Marble Hill House

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Hill_House)

Architect: Roger Morris, who collaborated with Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke Site Area : 66 acres (2.67 km) Location: River Thames in southwest London, situated halfway between Richmond and Twickenham. Owner: Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, mistress of King George II

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan

Portico Main Square Block

Entry

Hip roof

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Four Tuscany Rustication Columns/ Wall on the Portico ground floor

Building characteristics: The Great Room has five architectural capricci was abundantly covered by decoration and it is stored early Georgian furniture and paintings as well as the Lazen by Bequest Chinoiserie collection; Its compact plan and tightly controlled elevations; It is regarded as a model for plantation houses in the American colonies, where such a house was a "mansion; It is now owned by English Heritage, 1986. The function nowadays was added with modern facilities including a cricket pitch and nets, tennis courts, and a children's play area.

Castletown house (1722 )

Russborough house (1741-1755)

V.IV. II IRISH PALLADIAN VILLA

a) Castletown House
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown_House)

Architect: Alessandro Galilei and the wings were added by Edward Lovett Pearce Site Area : 550-acre (2.2 km2) estate Location: Celbridge County Kildare, Ireland Owner: William Conolly Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Kitchen Bedrooms Study, Drawing, State, Entry Entrance Hall, Dining, State Bedroom. Healy, Map Room

Main Block (Ground Floor)

Main Block (1st storey)

Hip roof

Ionic Columns

Balustrades Rustication Ionic Columns Wall on the ground floor

Ionic Columns

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Building characteristics: It has a grand staircase outside leading to a large Entrance Hall which was graced with Stucco gilding and pictures of the family. To the left is the Dining Room which was made out of two smaller rooms. To the right of the hall was the huge staircase itself. This was made of Portland Stone and is cantilevered. Straight on is the Green Drawing Room and was also known as the Saloon because of its position in the house. This was the room that the family used to receive their guests in before leaving and (staying on the left hand side of the house) entering the Red Drawing Room; Another fascinating room, although odd by today's standards, is the Print Room which was decorated by Lady Louisa and friends, following the fashion of the 1760s, with cut-outs of favorite images. This room is on the right side and is thought to be the only surviving example of this in Ireland from this period; Further on is the State Bedroom, which was never used by royalty as such, but by the various viceroys, based in Dublin. In it are chairs which were from Venice; Another feature of Castle town is the Long Gallery, an 80-foot (24 m) long room decorated in the Pompeian manner by O'Reilly in the 1770s in blue, red and gold.

b) Russborough House
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russborough_House)

Architect: Richard Cassels Site Area : frontage measuring 210 m/700 ft Location: Blessington Lakes in County Wicklow, Ireland Owner: Joseph Leeson

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Main Square Block Kitchen Bedrooms

Hip roof

Ionic Columns

Hip Roof

Rustication Ionic Columns Wall on the ground floor

Ionic Columns

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Building characteristics: Plasterwork on the ceilings by the Lafranchini brothers, who also collaborated with Cassels on Carton House; Russborough has housed two fine art collections,; Two paintings, Gainsborough's Madame Bacelli and Vermeer's Lady writing a Letter with her Maid; Amongst the paintings returned are four Claude Joseph Vernet paintings entitled Morning Midday Sunset and Night. These paintings were actually painted for Russborough in the 1750s and had remained in the house for most of the last 260 years. Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter With Her Maid and Goya's Portrait of Dona Antonia Zarate were recovered in 1993; February 7th, 2010, a fire severely damaged the west wing and caused part of the roof to collapse.

Barrington Hall

Monticello

Hammond Harwood

V.IV. III AMERICAN PALLADIAN VILLA

a) Barrington Hall
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Hall_%28Roswell,_Georgia%29)

Architect: Roswell Family Site Area : Location: Roswell, Georgia Owner: Barrington King

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Main Square Block consisted of bedrooms, bathrooms, Kitchen, and Foyer Entry

Gable end roof Textured Wall with Pediment on both ends

Entry Steps Rustication Ionic Columns Wall on the ground floor

Building characteristics: Antebellum architecture (sometimes spelled ante-bellum, meaning "pre-war", from the Latin ante, "before", and bellum, "war") is a term used to describe the characteristic neoclassical architectural style of the Southern United States, especially the Old South, from after the birth of the United States in the American Revolution, to the start of the American Civil War. Antebellum architecture is especially characterized by neoclassical and Greek revival style plantation houses and mansions.

b) Monticello House
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello)

Architect: Thomas Jefferson Site Area : 5,000 acres Location: Charlottesville, Virginia, United States Owner: Thomas Jefferson

Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Cellar House Servants Room Daisy Storage Ware Room Storage Cellar All weather passage House Servants Room Storage, Washing Room Carriage Ways Kitchen Entry Cooks Room

Service block

All weather passage

Ionic column Obelisk Entry Roof Steps

All weather passage

Service block

Building characteristics: It was based on the neoclassical principles ( Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio); The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonal dome, in place of a second-story portico; Mars yellow" walls and a painted green floor;

c) Hammond Harwood House

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond-Harwood_House)

Architect: William Buckland in 1773-74 Site Area : 5,000 acres Location: Annapolis, Maryland, United States Owner: Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel County Main Axis of Symmetry Arrangement for Faade and Plan Office Office A Hall Dining Room Drawing Room Reception Room Stair Hall Kitchen Service Entry

Office block

Foyer

Pediment

Ionic column

Foyer

Service block

Building characteristics: Architect William Buckland cleverly adapted Palladio's Villa Pisani design to satisfy the tastes of colonial Annapolis. He re-designed the plan to accommodate the tastes for asymmetrical regional preferences and modified the hyphens from Palladio's arched entries to more practical single storey connecting links. The Hammond-Harwood House is a five-part brick house with a five-bay two-story central block, two-story end wings and one-story connecting hyphens on either side. The central block has a shallow hipped roof. The wings project toward the street with three-sided hipped-roof bays; The hyphens are rendered as a blind arcade, with the central bay a door opening with a pediment above. There is little decoration, with plain rubbed brick flat arches over the windows; Ornament is confined to the central bay, whose door is framed by engaged Ionic columns and topped by a fanlight. Above the door the second floor window is framed with a surround and entablature; The interior presents the appearance of symmetry where it is in fact not symmetrical, using false doors where necessary to maintain the illusion;

V.V. 19th CENTURY VILLAS

V. V. 1 19th Centurys Villa

(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)

In the nineteenth century, villa was extended to describe any large suburban house that was free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and overuse. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien" in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. The Villenkolonie of Lichterfelde West in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the South of England. In France the Chteau de Ferrires is an example of the Italian NeoRenaissance style villa and in Britain the Mentmore Towers by John Ruskin.

a) Lichterfelde West
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichterfelde_West)

Lichterfelde West is part of Lichterfelde in the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough of Berlin. It was developed from 1860 through 1900 by a wealthy businessman Carstenn from Hamburg and is a remarkable example of 19th-century Villenkolonie, a German concept of settlements completely made up of mansion houses or villas. Lichterfelde West became part of Greater Berlin in 1920. Although some houses were destroyed in World War II and many have been converted into rentals, the quarter has kept its 19th century charm and pleases with a large assortment of villas in an often extravagant mix of architectural styles. It still features its original tree-lined and cobbled streets, small squares and working gas lights.

b) Chteau de Ferrires
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res)

Chteau de Ferrires built between 1855-1859 by Baron James de Rothschild in Gout Rothschild. It is sitting at the crest of a long entry drive, the chteau was designed by the British architect Joseph Paxton. The inspiration for the design of Ferrires was Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, England and also architecture of the Italian Renaissance, with square towers at each corner. The house sits on a formal terrace that gives way to 1.25 km of gardens in a parkland landscaped a langlaise that was part of a surrounding 30 km forest contained in the estate. The showpiece central hall is 120 feet (37 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) high, its roof a full glass skylight. The sculpting of the interior atlas columns and caryatids was by Charles Henri Joseph Cordier and the decorative painting supervised by Eugene Lami. The massive library held more than 8,000 volumes. Because lavish entertaining was important, in addition to the private Rothschild apartments, the Chteau de Ferrires was built with eighty guest suites.

c) Mentmore Towers
(Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentmore_Towers)

Mentmore, the ground floor; many of the rooms named for the collections they once contained. 1:Grand Hall; 2:White Drawing Room; 3:Dining Room; 4:Library; 5:Amber Room; 6:limoges Room; 7:Imperial staircase; 8:Study; 9:Vestibule; 10:Green drawing Room; 11:South Enrance Hall; 12:Blarenberghe Room; 13:du Barry Room; 14:Billiards Room; 15:Smoking Room/Armoury; 33: Italian garden; 34:Servants' courtyard; 35:Cour d'honneur; 36:South Terrace; ST:minor service staircases. For other rooms, please see Servants' quarters

Mentmore Towers is a 19th century English country house in the village of Mentmore in Buckinghamshire. The house was designed by Joseph Paxton and his son-in-law, George Henry Stokes, in the revival Elizabethan and Jacobean style of the late 16th century called Jacobethan. The house was built between 1852 and 1854 for Baron Mayer de Rothschild, who required a house close to London. Paxton, who had previously designed the Crystal Palace, was responsible for the ridge and furrow glass roof which covered the central hall, designed to imitate the arcaded courtyard of a Renaissance palazzo, while Stokes was coarchitect and clerk of works. The builder was the London based firm George Myers, frequently employed by members of the Rothschild family. The dining room, the boiseries, or elaborately carved wood panels were from the Hotel de Villars, Paris, and are the first example of this type of decoration to be used in an English house. The fragments of the boiseries not used at Mentmore were later installed at Waddesdon Manor.

V.VI. CONCLUSION Design standard seemed overcrowded with furniture and ornaments; Villa was designed as a place for living, studying, exhibiting, storing activities mainly; In 18th and 19th century majorly the architectural design was emphasizing the main axis of symmetry arrangement in the center for faade and plan treatment; By having a main square block sitting in the center, it has been proved that the villa could be extended on both sides for several houses; In Great Britain, Ireland, and America the architecture development was mainly influenced by Italian Renaissance architect, Palladio, although in America they are trying to emphasize asymmetry on the interior by the use of false doors; Generally the villa transformation from early 18th until late 19th century, it is getting lesser ornaments; The used of columns, portico, and pediment has been extensively used and modified in each decade.