BI THU HOCH Tm hiu v vt liu composites

Sinh vin : Trnh Vit Ha MSSV : 11110710025 Lp HP : 43D Chuyn : 1. Cc vn lin quan n vt liu polymer - Cc loi polyme thng dng s dng cho vt liu composite nn - Bn cht ha hc - Cng ngh, phng php, nguyn l - Tnh cht, phm vi ng dng 2. Cc loi si tm hiu cc loi si trong vt liu composite - Cc loi si, u nhc im v phm vi ng dng - Cu to, kin trc ca si - Phng php ch to

Trnh by : 1.Cc vn lin quan n vt liu polymer

Polymer = poly (nhiu) + mer (phn, n v). Vi du nha PVC Polyme l nhng hp cht m phn t ca chng gm nhng nhm nguyn

t c ni vi nhau bng lin kt ho hc v lp di lp li nhiu ln to thnh nhng mch di v c khi lng phn t ln Vt liu nn polyme gm c : - Nha nhit cng - Nha nhit do ,gm c kt tinh v v nh hnh - Cao su Cc vt liu polymer thong dng cho vt liu nn : - Polyme nhit rn : Epoxy ,Upe ,Phenolics , Melamines , PF , PU - Polyme nhit do : PE , PS ,PA , PVC, PP , POM Sau y ta s nghin cu c th mt s loi vt liu thng dng trong cc nhm trn ,v bn cht ha hc ,cng ngh ,phng php ,nguyn l ,tnh cht v phm vi ng dng Polyme nhit do: Polyethylene (PE) Polyethylene c ngun gc t hoc kh thin nhin thay i (methane, ethane, propane trn) hoc t cracking xc tc ca du th thnh xng. Trong polyethylene thng mi, s lng monomer n v lp li khong t 1000 n 10 000 (phm vi trng lng phn t t 28 000 n 280 000). - Bn cht ha hc:

Polyetylen l mt hp cht hu c (poly) gm nhiu nhm etylen CH2-CH2 lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hydro no

- Cng ngh ,phng php ch to PE

- Tnh cht v phm vi ng dng

PE mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng cho nc v kh thm qua.Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm 120 C. PE mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng cho nc v kh thm qua.Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm 120 C. - ng dng : Polyetylen c dng bc dy in Bc hng, lm mng mng che ma, chai l. Ch to thit b trong ngnh sn xut ha hc.
Polystyrene (PS)

- Bn cht ha hc: V ha hc, polystyrene l mt chui di hydrocarbon trong trung tm carbon xen k l gn lin vi nhm phenyl (tn cho cc vng thm benzen cng thc ha hc Polystyrene ca l (C 8 H 8) n;. n c cha cc ha cht thnh phn carbon v hydro .

- Cng ngh ,phng php ch to Cng ngh sn xut PS ca NSCC : Quy trnh sn xut polystyren ca Cng ty Nippon Steel Chemical (NSCC) hin ang c p dng ti 2 nh my ca Nht Bn vi tng cng sut 200.000 tn/nm. Vi quy trnh ny, ngi ta sn xut ra hn 50 cp sn phm polystyren khc nhau. Sn phm ph bin nht l GPPS

(poly-styren dng trong, v nh hnh, c s dng rng ri lm bao b thc phm v CD,...). Quy trnh bao gm mt qu trnh polyme ha lin tc nguyn liu styren di tc dng ca cc tc nhn nhit v ha cht. kiu thit k in hnh, thng c 2 dng phn ng ring cho GPPS v HIPS. Dng phn ng GPPS c kh nng to ra nhiu cp khc nhau ca sn phm GPPS - t loi phn t lng thp, chy cao, n loi phn t lng cao, bn nhit. Dng phn ng HIPS c mt thit b phn ng c thit k thch hp, cho php iu chnh s phn phi cao su trn mng polystyren. S phn phi tt hn ca cao su s to cho polyme sn phm c bn cao hn, ng tht gim nh mc tiu hao cao su. Qu trnh ny cng cho php khng ch c ht cao su vi chnh xc di 1 micron. Cc ht cao su nh s to ra b mt trn nhn cho sn phm lm t nha HIPS vi bn cao, cc tnh nng c hc v hon thin b mt vt tri so vi sn phm lm t nha ABS. Mi dng phn ng GPPS v HIPS u c cc thit b polyme ha t theo dy, cc dy chuyn bay hi hai bc v to ht. Thit b bay hi c thit k sn xut ra sn phm polystyren vi tng d lng cc cht d bay hi thp hn 100 ppm (trng lng). Thit b thng thng cn gm c cc b phn chun b nguyn liu, thu hi monome styren, kh nc v bc d nha khi ln. - Tnh cht v ng dng Tnh cht :

Tnh cht vt l : PS l loi nha cng trong sut, khng c mi v, chy cho ngn la khng

n nh. PS khng mu v d to mu, hnh thc p, d gia cng bng phng php p v p phun ( nhit gia cng vo khong 180 - 200oC).

Tnh cht c hc :

Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc vo mc trng hp. PS c trng lng phn t thp rt dn v co bn ko thp. Trng lng phn t tng ln th bn c v nhit tng, dn gim i. Nu vt qu mc trng hp nht nh th tnh cht c hc li gim. Gii hn bn ko s gim nu nhit tng ln. gin di tng i s bt u tng khi t ti nhit 80oC. Vt qu nhit PS s tr ln mm v dnh nh cao su. Do PS ch c dng nhit thp hn 800C ng dng : Bt polystyrene l cht cch in tt, nhit v do thng c s dng nh vt liu xy dng cch nhit, chng hn nh trong xy dng h thng kt cu cch in bng iu khin. N cng c s dng cho cng trnh kin trc mang trng lng nh (chng hn nh trang tr tr ct). PS bt cng s l c tnh gim xc, do n c s dng rng ri trong bao b. M rng polystyrene (EPS) l mt bt t bo ng cng nhc v kh khn. N thng l mu trng v ht polystyrene m rng trc. S dng quen thuc bao gm cc tm c cho xy dng cch nhit v ng gi vt liu (" lc ") m cc mt hng d v bn trong hp. Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) - Bn cht ha hc : PVC l mt hp cht hu c gm nhiu nhm vinyl clorua monome lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hydro no - Cng ngh ,phng php ch to

u tin, nguyn liu VCM l p lc v ha lng, v sau a vo l phn ng polyme, trong c nc v nh ch cc i l trc. Thng qua kch ng tc cao trong l phn ng, cc git nh ca VCM thu c. Tip theo, ngi khi xng cho polyme c a vo l phn ng, v PVC l sn phm ca phn ng theo mt vi thanh ti 40 - 60 C. PVC thu c thng qua polyme nh ch l lng trong nc nh cc ht 50 ~ 200 micromet ng knh (trong bn hnh thc). Sau , bn thi t l phn ng ng trng hp nh tng tc cn li monomer, mt nc, kh v kch thc ca ht kim sot bng cch kim tra nng sut PVC trong hnh thc mt loi bt trng. Khng phn ng VCM l hon ton phc hi thng qua qu trnh tc, v sau khi thanh lc, ti ch lm nguyn liu ti s dng trong qu trnh ny. Sn xut nha PVC thng qua qu trnh ny "nh ch" c gi trong ngnh cng nghip s dng t vit tt S-PVC. Nh tng polyme v polyme s lng ln thay th, t rng ri s dng, cng ngh sn xut nha PVC. Nh tng polyme lp nha tt hn c cc ht nhiu nh hn, c yu cu bi cc ng dng nht nh. y l loi nha i khi c

gi l 'dn' PVC v c gi trong ngnh cng nghip s dng ch vit tt P-PVC phn bit n t S-PVC -Tnh cht v ng dng Tnh cht : PVC c dng bt mu trng hoc mu vng nht. PVC tn ti hai dng l huyn ph (PVC.S - PVC Suspension) v nh tng (PVC.E - PVC Emulsion). PVC.S c kch thc ht ln t 20 - 150 micron. PVC.E nh tng c mn cao. PVC khng c, n ch c bi ph gia, monome VC cn d, v khi gia cng ch to sn phm do s tch thot HCl ... PVC chu va p km. tng cng tnh va p cho PVC thng dng ch yu cc cht sau: MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA vi t l t 5 - 15%.
PVC l loi vt liu cch in tt, cc vt liu cch in t PVC thng s

dng thm cc cht ha do to cho PVC ny c tnh mm do cao hn, dai v d gia cng hn. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca PVC l a phn tn v khi lng phn t v i lng ny tng theo s tng mc bin i ng dng :

PVC ng dng trong cng ngh khng sinh hc v ha hc, s la chn cho hu ht cc h gia nh ng thot nc v cc ng dng ng ng khc, ni m s n mn s hn ch vic s dng kim loi . N cng l mt vt liu thch hp cho nh knh, sn chi nh nh, g, khung chi h bi, v kh bt, toppers xe ti ty chnh, b xy dng khng l cho tr em.

Vi s b sung hp cc b t tc ng v n nh, n s tr thnh mt loi vt liu ph bin cho cc ca s v ca ra vo khung hnh. Bng cch thm cht ho do, n c th tr nn linh hot, c s dng trong cp ng dng nh mt dy cch in. N cng c s dng lm a nha

Polypropylen ( PP ) - Bn cht ha hc : PP l mt hp cht hu c gm nhiu nhm Propylen monome lin kt vi nhau -Cng ngh ,phng php ch to

-Tnh cht v ng dng Tnh cht : Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt thng nh. Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r.

PP khng mu khng mi,khng v, khng c. PP chy sng vi ngn la mu xanh nht, c dng chy do, c mi chy gn ging mi cao su. Chu c nhit cao hn 100oC. Tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b PP (140oC), cao so vi PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn ngoi, nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng. C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc. ng dng :
c s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng bao gm c bao b , dt may ( v

d , dy thng, lt nhit v thm) , vn phng phm, cc b phn nha v cc thng cha c th ti s dng cc loi, thit b phng th nghim, loa phng thanh , linh kin t, v tin giy polymer. Mt polymer Ngoi ra t cc monomer propylene , n l chc chn v bt thng khng vi cc dung mi, cn c v axit ha hc. Polypropylene cng c s dng nh l mt thay th cho polyvinyl clorua (PVC) cch in cho cc loi cp in cho cp LSZH trong mi trng thng gi thp, ch yu l cc ng hm.

N cng c th c sn xut dng tm, c s dng rng ri sn xut cc th mc vn phng phm, ng gi v hp lu tr.

2. Tm hiu cc loi si trong vt liu composites Hin nay c 5 loi si s dng ph bin trong vt liu composite. Si thy tinh Si cacbon Si ARAMIT c tnh cao Si tng hp n nh nhit Cc loi si khc C th tm hiu tng loi si : Si thy tinh: +u im: - r, nh - bn ring cao - gn kt tt gia hai pha nn - ct. Loi ph bin nht l polyeste - si thy tinh, tip n l nylon - si thy tinh. +Nhc im: -khng cng vng trong mt s trng hp yu cu (nh khi lm kt cu ca my bay, cu...), - nhit lm vic thp. + Phm vi ng dng : Hin composite polyme - si thy tinh c dng ngy cng nhiu trong cc phng tin vn ti c bit l v (thn) xe hi, tu bin, ng dn, container cha hng, tm lt sn cng nghip. + Phng php ch to si thy tinh:

Si thu tinh c ch to t mt ngun nguyn liu thu tinh sch. Cng vi xc tc gim nhit nng chy, tng do hay tng chit sut thnh phm ..., hn hp c nung n nhit ti hn. im nhit ny, thu tinh s c do cn thit cho cng ngh ko si. Thu tinh nng chy c ko si bng phng php siu thm thu v hiu ng vi si qua mao dn. Cng c k thut c dng y l my ly tm, n loi tr bt kh trong si thu tinh chng gy t sn phm, si khng qu ngn. Si thu tinh to ra s lm ngui nhanh trnh dnh nhau, v c gom li, tri v nn nh khng gia nhit thnh tm, thnh di hay cc dng khc nh xe si v dt v.v... theo kch c v nhu cu th trng. Si cacbon + u im: - bn ko cao -Modul n hi cao -Nhit lm vic cao (khong 1500 + Nhc im: -C khuyt tt trong cu trc tinh th b mt -Gi thnh sn phm cao + Phm vi ng dng: -Dng lm cc a phanh -Dng lm chi tit l nhit,.. -Dng trong ngnh hng khng. + Phng php ch to si cacbon: ) -Chng oxy ha tt

Si cacbon c sn xut bng cch nhit phn c kim sot cc si hu c chn trn nhm loi oxy, nit, hydro to thnh si cacbon. C tnh si cacbon cng cao khi tng cu trc tinh th v mc nh hng si, cng nh gim cc khuyt tt trn si. Cch tt nht c c si cacbon nh hng cao l chn si nguyn liu nh hng cao, sau duy tr mc nh hng ny trong qu trnh n nh v cacbon ha. Si ARAMIT c tnh cao: + u im: - bn ko, bn ct cao -Bn ha hc cao -Gin n nhit thp, chng chy tt -n nh... + Nhc im: - bn nn, bn un thp. -Rt nhy vi bin dng ct gia cc lp + Phm vi ng dng: -Lm mt s dng c th thao -Trong k thut ngi ta s dng hn hp si thy tinh-kevlar, cacbon-kevlar ch to cc thit b chng phng x, chng nhit. + Phng php ch to si ARAMIT: Si c gia cng nh phng php tng hp nhit thp, sau ko thnh si trong dung dch. Tip theo si c x l nhit lm tng modul n hi. Si tng hp n nh nhit: Nh phng php tng hp ha hc ngi ta thu c cc loi si: - Si Kermel

-Si Nomex -Si Kynol -Si Apyeil Phng php ch to si tng hp n nh nhit: Nh phng php tng hp ha hc, ngi ta thu c cc si tng hp n nh nhit. Kt hp si ny vi nha n nh nhit ta thu c vt liu c c tnh n nh nhit nhit cao.