MC LC Phn I. CHITOSAN V CC TNH CHT...........................................3 I.CC TNH CHT CA CHITOSAN. 1. Mc deacetyl ha................................................................................6 2. Trng lng phn t................................................................................7 3. nht....................................................................................................

..8 4. Tnh tan....................................................................................................8 5. T trng...................................................................................................9 6. Kh nng kt hp vi nc v kh nng kt hp vi cht bo.......... . . .9 7. Kh nng to mng................................................................................10 II. TNH KHNG KHUN CA CHITOSAN.........................................12 Phn 2: NG DNG CA CHITOSAN I. NG DNG CA CHITOSAN TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM 1. Cht lm trong - ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut nc qu........16 2. S dng trong thc phm chc nng.....................................................16 3. Thu hi protein......................................................................................17 4. Phn tch ru- nc.............................................................................17 5. ng dng lm mng bao........................................................................17 II. NG DNG TRONG CC NGNH CNG NGHIP KHC. 1. Trong y dc..........................................................................................22 2. Trong cng nghip.................................................................................22 3. Trong nng nghip.................................................................................23 4. Trong cng ngh in n...........................................................................23 5. Trong cng ngh sinh hc......................................................................23 6. Trong cng ngh thc phm..................................................................23 Phn 3. SN XUT CHITOSAN. 1. Nguyn liu.............................................................................................25 2. S sn xut............................................................................. . . . . . . 26 2.1. Qu trnh kh protein..........................................................................27

2.2. Qu trnh kh khong. .......................................................................27 2.3. Qu trnh kh mu..............................................................................28 2.4. Qu trnh deacetyl...............................................................................28 KT LUN................................................................................30 Ti liu tham kho......................................................................................31

LI M U
Chitosan l polysacharid nhiu th hai sau cellulose tm thy trong t nhin. Sn phm chitin - chitosan c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v ng dng trong thc t. Chitin c ng dng lm da nhn to v l nguyn liu trunggia n cho cc cht quan trng nh chitosan, glucosamin v cc cht c gi tr khc. Chitosan c nhiu ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip, y dc v bo v mi trng nh: sn xut glucosamin, ch khu phu thut, thuc kem, vi, sn, cht bo v hoa qu, bo v mi trngVi kh nng ng dngr ng ri ca chitin chitosan m nhiu nc trn th gii v c Vit Nam nghi n cu sn xut cc sn phmn y. Gip xc l ngun nguyn liu thy sn di do chim 1/3 tng sn lng nguyn liu thy sn Vit Nam. Trong cng nghip ch bin thy snxut khu, t l c cu cc mt hng ng lnh gip xc chim t 70 - 80% cngsu t ch bin. Hng nm cc nh my ch bin thi b mt lng ph liu gip xc kh ln khong 70.000 tn/nm. Vic sn xut chitosan c ngui gc t v tm. Mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Vi kh nng ng dngr ng ri ca chitin chitosan m nhiu nc trn th gii v c Vit Nam nghi n cu sn xut cc sn phm ny. l yu cu cn thit . Vy nn trong bo co ny chng ti t ra vn ng dng chitosan trong cng ngh thc phm, bo qun rau qu.

Phn I. CHITOSAN V CC TNH CHT.

V mt lch s, chitin c Braconnot pht hin u tin vo nm 1821, trong cn dch chit t mt loi nm. ng t tn cho cht ny l Fungine ghi nh ngun gc ca n. Nm 1823 Odier phn lp c mt cht t b cnh cng m ng gi l chitin hay chiton, ting Hy lp c ngha l v gip, nhng ng khng pht hin ra s c mt ca nit trong . Cui cng c Odier v Braconnot u i n kt lun chitin c dng cng thc ging vi xellulose. Trong ng vt, chitin l mt thnh phn cu trc quan trng ca cc v mt s ng vt khng xng sng nh: cn trng, nhuyn th, gip xc v giun trn. Trong ng vt bc cao monome ca chitin l mt thnh phn ch yu trong m da n gip cho s ti to v gn lin cc vt thng da. Trong thc vt chitin c thnh t bo nm h zygenmyctes, cc sinh khi nm mc, mt s loi to... Chitin c cu trc thuc h polysaccharide, hnh thi t nhin dng rn.Do , cc phng php nhn dng chitin, xc nh tnh cht, v phng php ho hc bin tnh chitin cng nh vic s dng v la chn cc ng dng ca chitin gp nhiu kh khn.

Cn chitosan chnh l sn phm bin tnh ca chitin, l mt cht rn, xp, nh, hnh vy, c th xay nh thnh cc kch c khc nhau. Chitosan c xem l polymer t nhin quan trng nht. Vi c tnh c th ho tan tt trong mi trng acid, chitosan c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh thc phm, m phm, dc phm ...

Ging nh cellulose, chitosan l cht x, khng ging cht x thc vt, chitosan c kh nng to mng, c cc tnh cht ca cu trc quang hcChitosan c kh nng tch in dng do n c kh nng kt hp vi nhng cht tch in m nh cht bo, lipid v acid mt. Chitosan l polymer khng c, c kh nng phn hy sinh hc v c tnh tng thch v mt sinh hc. Trong nhiu nm qua, cc polymer c ngun gc t chitin c bit l chitosan c ch c bit nh l mt loi vt liu mi c ng dng c bit trong cng nghip dc ,y hc, x l nc thi v trong cng nghip thc phm nh l tc nhn kt hp, gel ha, hay tc nhn n nh Trong cc loi thy sn c bit l trong v tm, cua, gh, hm lng,chitin chitosan chim kh cao ao ng t 14 - 35% so vi trng lng kh. V vy v tm, cua, gh l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut chitin - chitosan. *. Cu trc ca chitosan: Chitosan l polymer sinh hc c khi lng phn t ln v rt ging cellulose

1. Chitin 2. Chitosan 3. Cellulose Nh hnh v trn, th s khc bit duy nht gia chitosan v cellulose l nhm amin (-NH2) v tr C2 ca tritosan thay th nhm hydroxyl (-OH) cellulose. Chitosan tch in dng do n c kh nng lin kt ha hc vi nhng cht tch in m nh cht bo, lipid, cholesterol, protein v cc i phn t. Chitin v chitosan rt c li ch v mt thng mi cng nh l mt ngun vt cht t nhin do tnh cht c bit ca chng nh

tnh tng thch v mt sinh hc, kh nng hp th, kh nng to mng v gi cc ion kim loi.

Mu ca v gip xc hnh thnh t hp cht ca chitin ( dn xut ca4-xeton v 4,4 di xeton--carotene ). Bt chitosan c dng hi st trong t nhin v mu sc ca n bin i t vng nht n trng trong khi tinh bt v cellulose li c cu trc mn v mu trng.

I. Cc tnh cht ca chitosan.

1. Mc deacetyl ha: Qu trnh deacetyl ha bao gm qu trnh loi nhm acetyl khi chui phn t chitin v hnh thnh phn t chitosan vi nhm amin hot ng ha hc cao. Mc acetyl ha l mt c tnh quan trng ca qu trnh sn xut chitosan bi v n nh hng n tnh cht ha l v kh nng ng dng ca chitosan sau ny. Mc acetyl ha ca chitosan vo khong 56%-99% (nhn chung l 80%) ph thuc vo loi gip xc v phng php s dng. Chitin c mc acetyl ha khong 75% tr ln thng c gi l chitosan. C rt nhiu phng php xc nh mc acetyl ha ca chitosan bao gm th ninhydrin, chun theo in th, quang ph hng ngoi, chun bng HI Phng php s dng quang ph hng ngoi thng c s dng thit lp cc gi tr mc acetyl ha ca chitosan. Phng php ny rt nhanh v khng ging nhng phng php quang ph khc n khng i hi mu phi tinh ch, v khng cn ha tan mu vo dung dch. Tuy nhin phng php ny s dng ng chun do cch xy dng ng chun c th nh hng n kt qu. Ngoi ra, khi chun b mu, dng c s dng v cc iu kin c th nh hng n vic phn tch mu. Khi mc acetyl ha

thp, chitosan c kh nng ht m ln hn khi mc ny cao do trc khi phn tch chitosan cn phi sy. 2. Trng lng phn t: Chitosan l polymer sinh hc c khi lng phn t cao. Ging nh cu to, khi lng ngun nguyn liu v phng php ch bin. Khi lng chitin thng ln hn 1 triu Dalton trong khi cc sn phm chitosan thng phm c khi lng khong 100,000-1,200,000 Dalton, ph thuc qu trnh ch bin v loi sn phm. Thng thng, nhit cao, s c mt ca oxy v sc ko c th dn n phn hy chitosan. Gii hn nhit l 280C, s phn hy do nhit c th xy ra v mch polymer nhanh chng b ph v, do khi lng phn t gim. Nguyn nhn qu trnh depolymer l s dng nhit cao v acid c nh HCl, H2SO4 dn n thay i khi lng phn t. *. Bng so snh s thay i khi lng phn t v mc decaetyl ha khi thay i th t sn xut chitosan: - : khng xc nh . DCMPA: kh mu, kh khong, kh protein, deacetyl. DMCPA: kh khong, kh mu, kh protein, deacetyl. DMPCA: kh khong, kh protein, kh mu, deacetyl. DMPAC: kh khong, kh protein, deacetyl, kh mu. Vanson 75, Sigma 91: hai sn phm thng mi. Khi lng phn t chitosan c th xc nh bng phng php sc k, phn tn nh sng hoc o nht. 3. nht. nht l mt nhn t quan trng xc nh khi lng phn t ca chitosan. Chitosan phn t lng cao thng lm cho dung dch c nht cao, iu ny c th khng mong mun trong ng gi cng nghip. Nhng chitosan c nht cao thu c t ph phm ca cc loi gip xc th rt thun tin cho ng gi. Mt s nhn t trong qu trnh sn xut nh mc deacetyl ha, khi lng nguyn t, nng dung dch, mnh ca lc ion, pH v nhit nh hng n sn

xut chitosan v tnh cht ca n. V d, nht ca chitosan tng khi thi gian kh khong tng. nht ca chitosan trong dung dch acid acetic tng khi pH ca dung dch ny gim, tuy nhin n li gim khi pH ca dung dch HCl gim, vic tng ny a n nh ngha v nht bn trong ca chitosan, y l mt hm ph thuc vo mc ion ha cng nh lc ion. Qu trnh loi protein trong dung dch NaOH 3% v s kh trong qu trnh kh khong lm gim nht ca dung dch chitosan thnh phm. Tng t nh vy, nht ca chitosan b nh hng ng k bi cc bin php x l vt l (nghin, gia nhit, hp kh trng, siu m) v ha hc (s l bng ozon), tr qu trnh lm lnh th n s gim khi thi gian v nhit x l tng. Dung dch chitosan bo qun 4C c cho l n nh nht. 4. Tnh tan. Chitin tan trong hu ht cc dung mi hu c, trong khi chitosan tan trong cc dung dch acid pH di 6.0 . Cc acid hu c nh acetic, formic v lactic thng c s dng ha tan chitosan. Thng s dng nht l dung dch chitosan 1% ti pH 4.0. Chitosan cng tan trong dung dch HCl 1% nhng khng tan trong H2SO4 v H3PO4. Dung dch acid acetic nng cao ti nhit cao c th dn n depolymer ha chitosan. pH cao, c th xy ra hin tng kt ta hoc ng t nguyn nhn l do hnh thnh hn hp poly_ion vi cht keo anion. T l nng gia chitosan v acid rt quan trng. nng dung mi hu c cao hn 50%, chitosan vn hot ng nh l mt cht gy nht gip cho dung dch mn. C mt vi nhn t nh hng n dung dch chitosan bao gm nhit v thi gian qu trnh deacetyl ha, nng cc cht kim, vic x l s b, kch thc ca cc phn t. Tuy nhin tnh tan ca dung dch cn b nh hng ca mc acetyl ha, mc deacetyl ha trn 85% t c tnh tan mong mun. 5. T trng: T trng ca chitin t tm v cua thng l 0.06 v 0.17 g/ml, iu ny cho thy chitin t tm xp hn t cua. Chitin t nhuyn th xp hn t cua 2.6 ln. Trong mt nghin cu v dn nhit cho thy t trng ca chitin v tritosan t gip xc rt cao (0.39g/cm3). S so snh gia t trng ca gip xc v chitin, chitosan thng phm cng

ch ra mt vi s khc bit, iu ny c th do loi gip xc hoc phng php ch bin, ngoi ra, mc deacetyl ha cng lm tng t trng ca chng. 6. Kh nng kt hp vi nc (WBC) v kh nng kt hp vi cht bo (FBC). S hp th nc ca chitosan ln hn rt nhiu so vi cellulose hay chitin. Thng thng, kh nng hp th ca chitosan khong 581-1150% (trung bnh l 702%), v s thay i trong th t sn xut nh qu trnh kh khong v kh protein cng nh hng ng k n kh nng gi nc v gi cht bo. S kh protein sau qu trnh kh khong s lm kh nng gi nc tng. Bn cnh qu trnh kh mu cng l nguyn nhn lm gim kh nng ny ca chitosan hn l chitosan t gip xc khng kh trng. *. Kh nng g nc, cht bo ph thuc th t tin hnh: Kh nng hp th cht bo ca chitin v chitosan trong khong 315-170%, chitosan c kh nng thp hn rt nhiu chitin. Trong mt nghin cu ch ra rng kh nng gi cht bo trung bnh ca chitosan t gip xc v chitosan thng phm t cua ln lt l 706% v 587%. Bc ty trng trong qu trnh sn xut lm gim kh nng ny cng nh ng hng n nht ca chitosan. Cc bc tin hnh theo th t: kh khong , kh protein, deacetyl ha s lm tng kh nng ny hn l theo th t kh protein, kh khong, deacetyl ha. 7. Kh nng to mng. Chitosan c kh nng to mng s dng trong bo qun thc phm nhm hn ch cc tc nhn gy bnh tm thn trong cc sn phm ng gi trong p sut thay i ca tht, c ti hay qua ch bin. *. Khi dng mng chitosan, d dng iu chnh m, thong khng kh cho thc phm. Nu dng bao gi bng PE th mc cung cp oxy b hn ch, nc s b ngng ng to mi trng cho nm mc pht trin. *. Mng chitosan cng kh dai, kh x rch, c bn tng ng vi mt s cht do vn c dng lm bao gi. *. Mng chitosan lm chm li qu trnh b thm ca rau qu. Rau qu sau khi thu hoch s dn dn b thm, lm gim cht lng v gi tr. Rau qu b thm l do qu trnh ln men to ra cc sn phm polyme ha ca oquinon. Nh bao gi bng mng chitosan m

c ch c hot tnh oxy ha ca cc polyphenol, lm thnh phn ca anthocyamin, flavonoid v tng lng cc hp cht phenol t bin i, gi cho rau qu ti lu hn. To c ph mng chitosan c th gi ti trong 6 thng, n cng lm chm qu trnh chn chui hn 30 ngy, chui c mu vng nht khc hn vi mu thm nh bo qun thng thng. Cch to mng bc chitosan: *.Chitosan c nghin nh bng my gia tng b mt tip xc. *.Pha dung dch chitosan 3% trong dung dch axit axetic 1.5%. *. Sau b sung cht ph gia PEG - EG 10% (t l 1:1) vo v trn u, yn mt lc loi bt kh. *. Sau em hn hp thu c qut u ln mt ng inox c nung nng nhit 64-65C (ng inox c nng nhit bng hi nc). *. kh mng trong vng 35 pht ri tch mng. *. Lc ny ngi ta thu c mt v bng c mu vng ng, khng mi v, l lp mng chitosan c nhng tnh nng mi u vit. ng dng ca chitosan: *.Trong thc t ngi ta dng mng chitosan ng v bo qun cc loi rau qu nh o, da chut, u, qu kiwi v.v... *. ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: y hc, x l nc thi, cng nghip nhum, giy, m phm, thc phm... u im ca mng chitosan: - Phn hu sinh hc - V tm ph liu l ngun nguyn liu t nhin rt di do, r tin, c sn quanh nm, nn rt thun tin cho vic cung cp chitin v chitosan. -Tn dng ph thi trong ch bin thy sn bo qun thc phm nc ta. Thnh cng ny cn gp phn rt ln trong vic gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi trng do cc cht thi t v tm gy ra.

II. Tnh khng khun ca chitosan.

Gn y nhng nghin cu v tnh khng khun ca chitosan ch ra rng chitosan c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi khun. Trong mt nghin cu kh rng v tnh khng khun ca chitosan t tm chng li E.coli, ngi ta tm ra rng nhit cao v pH acid ca thc n lm tng nh hng ca chitosan n vi khun. N cng ch ra c ch c ch vi khun ca chitosan l do lin kt gia chui polymer ca chitosan vi cc ion kim loi trn b mt vi khun lm thay i tnh thm ca mng t bo. Khi b sung chitosan vo mi trng, t bo vi khun s chuyn t tch in m sang tch in dng. Quan st trn knh hin vi hunh quang cho thy rng chitosan khng trc tip hot ng c ch vi khun E.coli do m l do s kt li ca cc t bo v s tch in dng mng ca vi khun. Chitosan N-carboxybutyl, mt polycation t nhin, c th tng tc v hnh thnh polyelectrolyte vi polymer acid tnh c trn b mt vi khun, do lm dnh kt mt lng vi khun vi nhau. Cng t th nghim ny ngi ta thy rng c rt nhiu ion kim loi c th nh hng n c tnh khng khun ca chitosan nh K+, Na+,Mg2+ v Ca2+. Nng ln cc ion kim loi c th khin mt tnh cht ny, ngoi tr nh hng ca Na+ i vi hot ng khng Staphylococcus aureus. Ngi ta cng thy rng chitosan c th lm yu i chc nng bo v ca thnh t bo nhiu vi khun. Khi s dng chitosan, th mt lng ln cc ion K+ vi ATP b r r vi khun Staphylococcus aureus v nm candida albicans. C chitosan phn t lng 50kDa v 5kDa u khng tt hai loi trn nhng chitosan phn t lng 50kDa lm mt nhiu gp 2-4 ln ion K+ vi ATP chitosan 5kDa. iu ny th hin c ch khng khun khc nhau chitosan khi lng phn t thp v cao. Hot ng khng khun ca chitosan phn t lng khc nhau c nghin cu trn 6 loi vi khun. V c ch khng khun ny c chng minh a trn vic o tnh thm ca mng t bo vi khun v quan st s nguyn vn ca t bo. Kt qu ch ra rng kh nng ny gim khi khi lng nguyn t tng. V n tng cao nng pH thp, gim r rt khi c mt ion Ca2+, Mg2+ . Nng c ch thp nht khong 0.03-0.25%, thay i ty tng loi vi khun v khi kng phn t ca chitosan. Chitosan cng l nguyn nhn lm thot cc cht trong t bo v ph hy thnh t bo.

Tnh khng khun ny ph thuc vo khi lng phn t v loi vi khun. i vi vi khun Gram dng, chitosan 470 KDalton c nh hng n hu ht cc loi tr lactobacillus sp. , trong khi vi vi khun Gram m chitosan c khi lng 1106 KDalton mi c nh hng. Nhn chung, chitosan nng 0.1% c nh hng mnh hn n vi khun Gram dng nh Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus megaterium, B.cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis v L. bulgaris hn l vi khun Gram m nh E. coli, Psedomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typmurium v Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Nghin cu trn vt th nghim cho thy chitin v chitosan c hot ng c ch vi khun v nm. Mt trong cc ng phn ca chitosan l N- carboxybutyl chitosan c tc dng km hm v tiu dit 298 loi vi sinh vt gy bnh. Khi c chitosan v chitin trn b mt cc tc nhn gy bnh thc vt, chng c ch s pht trin ca nhng loi ny. nng 0.1% v pH 5.6 chng khng cc loi nm: Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizopus V hot ng khng ny s gim nhng vi sinh vt m trn thnh t bo c cha chitin, chitosan hoc chitin--glucan. Ngc li, s c ch v lm ngng hot ng ca nm men, nm mc li ph thuc vo nng chitosan, pH, v nhit . Hot ng c ch vi khun ca chitosan chu nh hng ca cc nhn t bn trong cng nh bn ngoi v d loi chitosan, mc polymer ha, c im dinh dng ca vt ch, cc cht ha hc thnh phn dinh dng v cc iu kin ca mi trng nh hot ca nc *. Chitosan v kh nng c ch cc vi sinh vt. Chitosan c cho php lm cht ph gia thc phm Nht v Hn Quc ln lt t nm 1983 v 1995. Chnh hot ng c ch vi khun cao ca chitosan pH thp nn khi thm chitosan vo nhng thc phm c tnh acid th n c chc nng tng cng hot ng khng khun nh l mt cht bo qun t nhin. pH 5.5, vi nng 0.5-1% chitosan c tc dng c ch n cc loi S. aureus, E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes. pH 6.5 ch c S. aureus b c ch nng trong khi cc loi khc vn pht trin nng 2.5% (nng cao nht c nghin cu). Chitosan

phn t nh c tnh khng cc tc nhn gy bnh trn thc vt mnh hn rt nhiu cc cht phn t ln. *. Bng so snh chitosan vi cc cht c ch khc. Ngoi ra cc hp cht chitosan lactate v chitosan hydroglutamate cng c s dng nh l tc nhn c ch E.coli, S. aureus v Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nng chitosan lactate trong nc ct c nh hng mnh nht n E. coli. Cha n 1h, s lng vi khun ny gim khong 10^4, cn S. aureus gim n 10^6. i vi nm men, chng hon ton ngng hot ng nng 1mg/ml chitosan lactate sau cha n 17pht.

Phn 2: NG DNG CA CHITOSAN

I. NG DNG CA CHITOSAN TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
1. Cht lm trong - ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut nc qu. Trong sn xut nc qu, vic lm trong l yu cu bt buc . Thc t hin nay ang s dng cc cht lm trong nh : genatin, bentonite, kali caseinat, tannin, polyvinyl pirovinyl..Chitosan l tc nhn tt loi b i c , gip iu chnh acid trong nc qu . i vi dch qu to, nho ,chanh, cam khng cn qua x l pectin, s dng chitosan lm trong. .c bit nc to, c c th gim ti thiu ch mc x l vi 0.8 kg/ m3 m khng h gy nh hng xu ti ch tiu cht lng ca n . Nghin cu ch ra rng chitosan c i lc ln i vi hp cht pholyphenol chng hn : catechin, proanthocianydin, acid cinamic, dn xut ca chng; Nhng cht m c th bin mu nc qu bng phn ng oxy ha. 2. S dng trong thc phm chc nng. Chitosan c kh nng lm gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu. Nu s dng thc phm chc nng c b sung 4% chitosan th lng cholesterol trong mu gim i ng k ch sau 2 tun . Ngoi ra chitosan cn xem l cht chng ng t mu. Nguyn nhn vic gim cholesterol trong huyt v chng ng t mu c bit l khng cho to cc mixen . iu ch l , pH = 6- 6.5 chitosan bt u b kt ta , ton b chui polysacchrite b kt lng v gi li ton b lng mixen trong . Chnh nh c im quan trng ny chitosan ng dng trong sn phm thc phm chc nng. 3. Thu hi protein. Whey coi l cht thi ca trong cng nghip sn xut format , n c cha lng ln lactose v protein dng ha tan. Nu thi trc tip ra ngoi n gy nhim mi trng , cn nu x l nc thi th tn km trong vn hnh h thng m hiu qu kinh t khng cao.Vic thu hi protein trong whey c xem l bin php lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca sx format. Whey protein khi thu hi c b xung vo ung, tht bm, v cc loi thc phm khc. a ra nhiu phng php khc nhau nhm thu hi ht protein ny v chitosan c coi mang li nhiu hiu sut tch cao nht. T l chitosan kt bng cc

ht l lng l 2,15% ( 30mg / lit ); c thp nht pH 6.0. Nghin cu v protein thu c bng phng php ny : Khng h c s khc bit v gi tr gia protein c cha chitosan v protein thu c bng ng t casein hoc whey protein. Ngoi thu hi protein t whey, ngi ta s dng chitosan trong thu hi cc axit- amin trong nc ca sn xut hp , tht, c 4. Phn tch ru- nc. Chitosan c x l c bit to ra dng mng rng. Vi vic iu chnh tc thm thu ( lng cht lng i qua mng khong 1 m2 / 1h ). Mng ny c s dng trong h thng phn ng i hi khng dng nhit khng qu cao. Vic phn tch ny ch loi i nc, kt qu l , hm lng ethanol c th nn n 80 %. 5. ng dng lm mng bao ( bo qun hoa qu ). Lp mng khng c bao quanh bn ngoi bao ton b khu c tr t b mt khi nguyn liu nhm, hn ch s pht trin vi sinh vt b mt- Mt nguyn nhn chnh gy thi hng thc phm.

Chui mau b mc khi bo qun bng cch thng thng. Chui rt d b mt ti, ngt t nhin v thi ra sau vi ngy c mua v t cc ca hng rau qu do loi vi khun v nm chuyn gy thi ra thc phm ni chung, tri cy ni ring nh nm mc aspergillus niger, vi khun gram m pseudomonas aeruginosa v vi khun gram dng - staphylococcus aureus.

Chui ti lu nh s dng ch phm sinh hc chitosan bo qun N- O carboxymethy (NOCC) c x l c bit t phn ng ca chitosan v monochloroacetic acid trong iu kin kim, NOCC b ha tan trong dung dch pH >6 hoc pH <2. Mng NOCC do c th to thnh ngay trong dung dch nc d. Lp mng ny c tnh thm chn lc cc kh nh oxy, cacbon dioxide m cn c kh nng phn tch hn hp kh nh : ethylene, ethane, acetylence. Nghin cu v tnh c t ca NOCC cho thy nng 50. 000 ppm c th gy cht chut trong 14 ngy . Tng t nh vy, cc nghin cu th cng ch ra rng : con ng chnh loi i cc polymer trong mu l thng qua con ng nc tiu . Tuy nhin khng c dn chng ng ch hn c nhc ti na. Qu to c nhng hoc phun bi mng NOCC c th gi ti hn 6 thng v acid trong khong 250 ngy nu iu kin bo qun lnh. Mng ny mang li cho qu bng sng nhng trong v khng nht khi cm. Chng d dng loi i bng ra vi nc , NOCC cng c hiu qu i vi bo qun cc loi tri cy khc nh l, o, mn. L c x l vi NOCC t l b mc hng tht ci v thi t hn sao vi l khng kh c t l oxygen l 1-2% . Vin bo v v chm sc sc khe Canada chng minh rng vic s dng NOCC trn qu , khi s dng khng cn phi ra v lt v trc khi n. Bi v NOCC vn cha lng amin t do , n c th c nhiu tnh cht chitosan v ng dng trong cha lnh vt thng ang ln da non, gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu. Thm vo c bo co v nh hng ca mng chitosan n bo qun v cht lng ca du ty ti. Dung dch ca 1- 1.5 % (W/v) to ra mng mng trong sut ph

ln qu c hiu qu trong ngn chn thi 78-81 % cho loi du ty ghp sau 29 ngy 130C. Mng chitosan cng c li ch ln vi vic lm cng tht qu, n nh axit, lm chm phn ng tng hp anthocyanin trong du ty khi 40C. Sau 31 ngy tht qu cng hn, acid n nh hn so vi vic s dng thuc dit nm. Ngoi ra n cn lm gim t l nu ha . iu ny c ch ra bi n lm gim lng anthocyanin cha trong qu. Nm l th phm chnh d gy thi qu nht trong khi ; u im ca chitosan n c th khng nm . Thm vo , mng chitosan gn ging nh mi trng bn ngoi m khng gy ra nguyn nhn h hp k kh, n c th hp thu chon lc ti oxy nhiu hn l carbonic. Mt nghin cu khc trn ti v ht tiu ch ra rng mng chitosan r rng lm gim tn tht ht 13-200C ( RH 85%), bng vic nhng dung dch nng 1.5%. Mc h hp , mt mu , ho, nh hng nm gim i ng k. C cc kim tra trn ht tiu xanh, khoai ty, carrot, c ci , hnh ty. Trong nhng sn phm ch c khoai ty v ht tiu xanh c phn ng li vi mng. Khng lm gim s mt ht, lm chm li s lo ha ng thi ngng chn thi cng tm thy carrot, c ci, mng ty c ph mng. Cht mng ny cng c th gy hi n cc loi qu bng cch lm tng kh nng thi hng. Vic s dng 2%(w/v) mng chitosan cho ht tiu xanh lm gim vic thi, gim nu, tng CO2 v lm gim O2 bn trong mng. Trong khi n cng khng c hiu qu vi qu vi qu, c c hi nc b mt thng qua cc so trn c nh khoai ty. Tuy vy lp mng ny gim t l nu ha trong hn 12 ngy ca qu trnh bo qun. Ngoi vic s dng mt mnh mng chitosan, hin nay Vit Nam c s kt hp gia bo qun bi mng chitosan v PE. Qui trnh bo qun tri qut ng vi thi gian tn tr n 8 tun. l bo qun tri bng cch bao mng Chitosan nng 0,25% kt hp vi bao Polyethylene (PE) c 5 l vi ng knh mi l 1 mm v ghp m li bng my p. Sau , bo qun nhit 120C. Vi phng php ny, phm cht bn trong tri nh: hm lng ng,

hm lng vitamin C... lun n nh, t l hao ht trng lng thp, mu sc v tri ng u v p.

II. NG DNG TRONG CC NGNH CNG NGHIP KHC.

1. Trong y dc. T Chitosan v cua, v tm c th sn xut Glucosamin, mt dc cht qu dng cha khp ang phi nhp khu nc ta. Ch phu thut t hoi. Chito-olygosaccarit. Da nhn to. Kem chng kh da. Kem dng da ngn chn tia cc tm ph hoi da. Dng lm thuc cha bnh vim lot d dy t trng. Dng bo ch dc phm. Thuc gim bo. 2. Trong cng nghip. Vi col dng cho may mc. Vi chu nhit, chng thm. Vi Chitosan dng cho may qun o dit khun trong y t. Lm tng bn ca giy. Dng lm thu knh tip xc. Gp phn tng tnh bn ca hoa vi. S dng trong sn xut sn chng mc v chng thm. 3. Trong nng nghip. Bo qun qu, ht ging mang li hiu qu cao. Dng nh mt thnh chnh trong thuc tr nm bnh (o n, kh Dng lm thuc kch thch sinh trng cy trng cho la, cy cng qu, cy cnh.. Trong phim nh. Phim Chitosan c nt cao. Khng tan trong nc. Tan trong acid long nh acid acetic vn.). nghip, cy n

4. Trong cng ngh in n Dng lm mc in cao cp trong cng ngh in. Tng cng bm dnh ca mc in. Trong cng ngh mi trng X l nc thi cng nghip rt hiu qu. X l nc thi trong cng nghip nhum vi. X l nc trong cng nghip nui tm, c. 5. Trong cng ngh sinh hc Cht mang c nh enzyme v c nh t bo. 6. Trong cng ngh thc phm Sn xut ra mng mng bao gi thc phm. Thay th cho PE. Mng Chitosan d phn hy trong mi trng t nhin.

Phn 3. SN XUT CHITOSAN.

1. Nguyn liu: Chitosan sn xut t deacetyl ha chitin. Trong khi , cc loi gip xc li l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut chitin trong cng nghip. Hng nm, chitin c tng hp t nc v h sinh thi bin chim ln lt khong 600 v 1600 triu tn. NGun cung cp tt nht l cc loi gip xc (nh tm, cua, tm hm v cc loi nhuyn th), con hu, mc vi sn lng hng nm l 29.9 , 1.4 v 0.7 triu tn. ty thuc vo ging, iu kin dinh dng, ma v nh bt m thnh phn chitin trong v cc loi gip xc thay i t 13- 42%. Ngoi ra trong nguyn liu sn xut chitin cn cha protein (30-40%), mui khong (30-50%), carotenoid (vi hm lng rt nh). Ngi ta s dng hu ht l ph phm ca qu trnh nh bt, ch bin hi sn sn xut chitin v chitosan,iu ny khng nhng c li v mt kinh t m cn c li v mi trng. Ngoi ra, trong h si ca mt s vi nm cng tm thy chitin v chitosan nh: Allomyces, Asperillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhiropus, Phytomyces thnh t bo ca h si nhng loi ny ngi ta tm thy c chitosan v cc polysaccharide khc. Mc d hin ti, trong hin ti th ngun ny cha c s dng nhng trong tng lai chc chn n s rt c li v cc loi nm ny pht trin rt nhanh, ph hp vi sn xut cng nghip, v ngoi chitosan ra trong t bo ca chng cn cha cc enzyme, khong cht, cht khng sinh, hormone khc.

2. S sn xut:

2.1. Qu trnh kh protein. Chitin trong t nhin thng lin kt vi protein. Mt vi protein c th chit ra theo phng php t nhin, nhng phn khc khng th chit ra bi lin kt ng ha tr vi chitin. Xt v cu trc ha hc th protein lin kt vi chitin thng qua lin kt ng ha tr vi aspartyl v histidyl hnh thnh mt cu trc n nh ging nh glycoprotein. V gip xc thng c nghin v x l bng dung dch NaOH 1- 10% nhit cao 65-100C ha tan protein. Thi gian tin hnh phn ng thng t 0.5 -12h ty tng phng php s dng. X l bng kim ko di trong iu kin nghim ngt tin hnh qu trnh kh protein v deacetyl. duy tr s ng u trong sut qu trnh phn ng th t l khi lng v vi dung dch KOH thng 1:10 hoc 1:15-20 v t l nh nht c th dng l 1:4(w/v). iu kin ti u ca qu trnh kh protein l s dng dung dch NaOH 3.5% trong 2h 65C, trong iu kin lun khuy v t l rn lng l 1:10(w/v). Trong sut qu trnh ny, s to thnh bt xy ra lin tc, nhng khng nhanh v mnh nh trong qu trnh kh khong. 2.2. Qu trnh kh khong. S kh khong thng c tin hnh bng dung dch acid HCl (trn 10%) nhit phng ha tan CaCO3 thnh CaCl2. c th dng HCl nng cao hoc acid formic 90% kh khong. Vi cc iu kin ti u ca qu trnh ny l HCl 1N, t l rn: lng = 1:15(w/v), trong 30 khuy lin tc. Thng th nng cht tro sau kh khong nh gi hiu qu ca qu trnh thng l 31-36%. Trong sut qu trnh kh khong c hin tng khng mong mun l hnh thnh bt kh rt mnh do phn ng: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O iu khin v lm gim bt c th b sung cht ph bt silicon polymer 10% m khng dng cht tp huyn ph. 2.3. Qu trnh kh mu:

C th dng acid hoc kim kh mu chitin. Chitin thng phm cn phi kh mu hoc ty trng thnh dng bt trng. Cht mu trong v gip xc hnh thnh phc vi chitin. Nhng nghin cu cho rng ng phn 4-ceton, 4,4 dicetone--carotene lin kt cht ch vi chitin ngoi v ca cua. V mc lin kt ny thay i gia cc loi. Trong qu tnh kh mu cn ch l nhng cht ha hc khng c lm nh hng n tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca chitin v chitosan. 2.4. Qu trnh deacetyl. Deacetyl l qu trnh chuyn chitin thnh chitosan bng cch kh nhm acetyl. Thng c tin hnh bng x l KOH hoc NaOH 40-50% 100C hoc cao hn trong 30 hoc lu hn na kh 1 phn hoc hon ton nhm acetyl khi polymer . C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng chitosan thnh phm do phi m bo iu kin ph hp nht. nhng iu kin nh hng n qu trnh deacetyl: a.Nhit : Nhit cao s lm tng mc deacetyl ha nhng li lm gim kch thc phn t. b. Thi gian v nng kim: qu trnh deacetyl s din ra nhanh hn trong 1 gi u dung dch NaOH 50% ti 100C. Tuy nhin sau qu trnh phn ng s t t ln n 78% trong 5h. Do , x l bng kim hn 2h s khng deacetyl ha chitin mt cch ng k, m cn lm ph hy chui phn t. khi nghin cu NaOH nng 35, 40, 50% th nng kim gim th vn tc gim nht cng nh khi lng phn t chm li. Chitosan c deacetyl ha trong 5 NaOH 50% ti 145-150C c nht, phn t lng cao hn chitosan deacetyl ha trogn 15. c.nh hng ca cc iu kin trong qu trnh sn xut chitin: chng lm nh hng n nht ca chitosan thnh phm. Khi s dng HCl vi nng trn 1.25N trong kh khong, NaOH 3% kh protein, vic ty trng u c tc ng c bt li n nht ca sn phm, lm tng thi gian ch bin. d.Khng kh: khi c mt oxy trong qu trnh ny th chitosan d b phn hy. Mt khc nu tin hnh trong mi trng cha Nit th sn lng cng nh nht, phn t lng ca chitosan u tng hn so vi trong khng kh.

e. T l Chitin v kim: t l ny ng mt vai tr ln xc nh tnh cht ca chitosan trn c s xc nh nht ca dung dch, tit l ny thng 1:10 n 1:100. f. Kch thc phn t: nu kch thc tng th nht v kch thc phn t ln hn l kch thc nh.

KT LUN
Vic sn xut c chitin v chitosan tr nn phc tp trong sut nhng nm qua, t c tinh khit mong mun cng nh tha mn nhng yu cu khc nhau trong nng nghip, dc phm, m phm v mt vi ngnh khc. Tuy nhin vic sn xut ny vn cn c ci tin nh s dng phng php enzyme rt kh thi v c nhiu li ch khc. Cng cn phi duy tr mt sn phm b gim gi tr t nht v lm thun tin hn trong qu trnh thu hi protein trong cht thi. Chitosan, sn phm quan trng nht thu c t chitin, c vai tr cng nh tim nng nht trong cng nghip thc phm. Bn cnh vic s dng chng nh l tc nhn to bng, thc phm chc nng, chitosan cn c tnh cht v cng ng ch l tc nhn khng khun c nh hng ln n mt ph rng cc vi sinh vt, nh cp trn. S pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt v tm gim ng k khi c c mt ca mng bao chitosan.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. http:/www.chemvn.net. 2. http:/www.hoahocvietnam.com. 3. www.bestchitosan.com. 4. Sun-OK Femandez-Kim B.S; Physicochemical and functionalproperties pf cramfisj chitosan as affected by different processing protocols; Seoul National University, 1991. 5. Nelllie Gagne; Production of chitin and chitosan from crustacean waste and their use as a food processing aid; McGill University, Montreal, 1993.