Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D You may need the following formulas: One dimensional constant

acceleration motion: 1 displacement x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 2 instantaneous velocity v = v0 + at v + v0 average velocity v = 2 v v2 v1 average acceleration a = = t t 2 t1

2 v 2 v0 if the initial displacement x0 = 0 2a gravitational acceleration in Stockholm g = 9.8 m / s 2 downward

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2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax x =

Newtons second law of motion:

r r Fnet = ma

x 2 + Px + Q = 0

P P x = Q 2 2 F Pressure P = A m Density = V
sin = b c cos = a c tan = b a c2 = a2 + b2

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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Instruction: Please Write your name on all of the papers on your table, NOW! Warning: There are more than one versions of the test.
Test time Resources 8:30-11:00 Calculators, and Formulas for the National Test in Mathematics Courses A & B, and the formula sheet for Physics A, FYANV College. You may also use one page of your own formula sheet. The page must have your name and no calculations are supposed to be on the paper. The test consists of a total of 2 problems. For the problems short answers are not enough. They require: that you write down what you do, that you explain your train of thought, that you, when necessary, draw figures. When you solve problems graphically/numerically please indicate how you have used your resources. For the grade MVG the quality of your work is of the greatest importance. You should show all your abilities in the solutions of both problems. The solutions must be as clear as possible, the mathematical, physical as well as English (or Swedish) languages must be correct.

The test:

Score The maximum score is 34 points, 22 of which are VG points. mark levels The maximum number of points you can receive for each solution is indicated after each problem. If a problem can give 2 Pass-points and 1 Pass with distinction- point this is written (2/1). Some problems are marked with , which means that they more than other problems offer opportunities to show knowledge that can be related to the criteria for Pass with Special Distinction in Assessment Criteria 2000. Lower limit for the mark on the test Pass (G): 11 points Pass with distinction (VG) : 23 points of which at least 7 Pass with distinction points (VG). Pass with special distinction (MVG): 25 points of which at least 14 VG Pass with distinction points. The requirements for Pass with distinction must be well satisfied. Your teacher will also consider how well you solve the problems.

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D 1)

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A sprinter accelerates from rest to 10.0 m / s in 1.35 s what is her acceleration in [1/0] m / s2 .

Suggested solution: Data and questions: v = 10.0 m / s , v0 = 0 , t = 1.35 s , a = ? m / s 2 , a = ? km / h 2 Plan: We may use v = v0 + at to calculate the average acceleration and then using the fact that 1 km = 1000 m , and 1 h = 3600 s to convert it to km / h 2 . v v0 10.0 0 m / s v = v0 + at a = = = 7.41 m / s 2 t 1.35 s Answer: The acceleration of the sprinter is a = 7.41 m / s 2 .

2)

The figure below illustrates the velocity of a train as a function of time.

a) At what time was the velocity of the train greatest? What was the magnitude of the velocity of the train at this point? [2/0] b) During what periods, if any, was the velocity constant? [1/0] c) During what periods, if any, was the acceleration of the train was constant? [1/1] d) When was the magnitude of acceleration greatest? Calculate the acceleration of the train at this point. [0/2] e) Estimate the distance that the train travelled during the first 90 seconds. [0/2]

Velocity of a train as a function of time

40

30

v (m/s)

20

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

t (s)
Suggested solutions: Answer: (a) At t 45 s the velocity of the train was greatest v 37 m / s . (b) In the interval 89 s t 108 s the velocity of the train was constant. The train was not moving v = 0 .

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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(c) In the following intervals the acceleration of the train was (almost) constant: 12 s t 30 s accelerating deceleration 64 s t 80 s stop 89 s t 108 s (d) At t = 70 s the magnitude of the acceleration was the greatest. (15 + 30) 27 m + 33 7 + 30 33 m 1700 m during the (e) The train moved x 2 2 first minute. The displacement of the train is the area under the curve of the velocity vs. time between 0 s t 60 s 30 12 (f) The train moved x 28 m + 10 480 m during the first minute. The 2 2 displacement of the train is the area under the curve of the velocity vs. time between 60 s t 120 s (g) The graph below is a rough graph of the displacement of the train as t s v m/s x m function of time. The construction of 0 14 0 the graph is based on the area 10 19 165 bounded by the graph of the velocity 20 25 385 vs. time and the desired times: 30 31 665
40 48 50 60 70 80 85 88 89 90 100 107 108 109 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 36 38 37 32 20 7 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 12 1000 1296 1371 1716 1976 2111 2134 2138 2139 2139 2139 2139 2140 2141 2144 2151 2160 2172 2188 2207 2229

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Displacement of a train as a function of time

2400 2000 1600

x (m)

1200 800 400 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

t (s)

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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3)

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Daniela throws a small rock upward from the top of a cliff 250.0 m above the sealevel, at 15.0 m / s . The stone on its way back misses the edge of the cliff and falls to the sea. Ignore the air resistance. How high does the rock reach? How long will it take to reach its highest altitude? Plot a rough graph of displacement of the rock versus time. On the graph, mark the initial position of the rock as well as its highest altitude and where it hits the sea-water. Plot a rough graph of velocity of the rock versus time. Discuss the plot. Plot a rough graph of acceleration of the rock versus time. How long is the rock on the air? What is the velocity of the rock as it hits the sea-water? How long after throwing up the rock, will Daniela hear the rock hitting the surface of water? Assume speed of sound in the air is 340.0 m / s

Suggested solution: Data: Known Origin is the initial position. y = 250.0 m v0 = 15.0 m / s

Unknown v0 = ? y = 250 m : v = ?

a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 Vs = 340.0 m / s

Answers: v2 ymax = 0 ymax 11.5 m 2g v ttop = 0 t top = 1.53 s g

t = 0 : y0 = 0.0 m

a = g = 9.82 m / s 2

ymax = ? where v = 0.0 m / s t =? where y = 250.0 m t = ? : v = 0.0 m / s

Answer: The rock hits the seawater surface at t = 8.82 s Answer: Daniela hears the sound of water splash ttot = 9.56 s after she throws the rock up!

a. How long will it take to reach its highest altitude?

At the highest point the vertical velocity is zero: v = 0.0 m / s We may use v = v0 + at to calculate the maximum altitude of the rock. The relevant data are v0 = 15.0 m / s , v = 0.0 , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 :

0 = v0 gt
gt = v0 v ttop = 0 g 15.0 t= s = 1.53 s 9.82
t top = 1.53 s

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

b. How high does the rock reach?

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At the highest point the vertical velocity is zero: v = 0.0 m / s

2 We may use 2ax = v 2 v0 to calculate the maximum altitude of the rock. The relevant

data are v0 = 15.0 m / s , v = 0.0 , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2

2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 v 2 v0 x= 2a 0 (15.0) 2 y max = = 11.5 m 2( 9.82)

Answer: ymax 11.5 m above the original level.

(c)-(e) Plot of displacement, velocity and acceleration of the rock versus time.

Displacement, velocity, acceleration x (m), V (m/s), a(m/s2) 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 0 2 4 t (s)
Individual graphs for the displacement and velocity are plotted at the end of the solution. Note that in the graph above, the displacement curve is plotted in red (parabolic curve), velocity in blue (linear line with negative slope) and acceleration in green (straight line with parallel to t-axis). It is important to note that the acceleration of rock is constant a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , as long as it is on the air, even at the top where the velocity of the water is zero.

A B C D

Time (s) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) initial 0,00 0,00 15,00 -9,82 top 1,53 11,46 0,00 -9,82 on the way down 3,055 0,00 -15,00 -9,82 final 8,8248 -250,00 -71,66 -9,82

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

f.

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How long is the rock on the air?

1 To find the time the rock is on the air, we may use x = v0t + at 2 and the fact that finally, 2 the rock hits the sea-level at y = 250.0 m . Assuming the rock was thrown at t 0 = 0.0 s ,
y0 = 0.0 m , and at v0 = 15.0 m / s . 1 250 = 15t (9.82)t 2 ; 4.91 t 2 15t 250 = 0 2 15 250 t2 t =0 4.91 4.91

15 15 250 t= Answer: The rock hits the sea-water surface at t = 8.82 s + 9.82 9.82 4.91 g. What is the velocity of the rock as it hits the sea-water? First method: To find the speed of the rock as it hits the sea-water level, we may use 2 2ax = v 2 v0 and the fact that finally, the rock hits the sea-level at y = 250.0 m . Assuming the rock was thrown at t 0 = 0.0 s , y0 = 0.0 m , and at v0 = 15.0 m / s .
2 v 2 = 2ax + v0

2 v = v0 + 2ax

v = 152 + 2( 9.82)( 250.0)

v = 71.7 m / s The rock hits the sea-water surface at v = 71.7 m/ s . Second method: To find the speed of the rock as it hits the sea-water level, we may use v = v0 + a t and t = 8.82 s found in the previous part: v = 15 9.82 8.8248 = 71.7 m / s v = 71.7 m / s
h. How long after throwing up the rock, will Daniela hear the rock hitting the surface of

water? Assume speed of sound in the air is 340.0 m / s Data: Speed of sound in the air is constant: vS = 340.0 m / s . It will travel t =

x or vS

t=

250 = 0.74 s 340.0 ttot = 8.82 + 0.74 s

t S = 0.74 s

Answer: Daniela hears the sound of water splash ttot = 9.56 s after she throws the rock up!

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Displacement, velocity, acceleration x (m), V (m/s), a(m/s2) 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 0 2 4 t (s) 6 8

Velocity vs time 20 0 V (m/s) -20 -40 -60 -80 t (s) 0 2 4 6 8

A B C D

Time (s) Displacement (m) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) initial 0,00 0,00 15,00 -9,82 top 1,53 11,46 0,00 -9,82 on the way down 3,055 0,00 -15,00 -9,82 final 8,8248 -250,00 -71,66 -9,82

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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4)
a. b. c. d. e. f.

The instantaneous velocity of an object (moving in one dimension) as a function of time is plotted in the figure below. Calculate the acceleration and displacement of the body in each interval; complete the table below, and plot a graph of the acceleration of the body vs. time. Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 20 s . Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 250 s . Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 350 s . Calculate the average velocity of the object during the first 250 s of the motion. Describe the motion of the object as fully and complete as possible.

80 60 40 v (m/s) 20 0 0 -20 -40 t (s)

Suggested solution: Time [s ]
0 < t < 20 s 20 < t < 50
50 < t < 150 150 < t < 200 200 < t < 250 250 < t < 350

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Acceleration m / s2

Displacement [m ]
x I = 6 20 = 120 m

aI = 0 m / s 2 a II = 2.0 m / s a III = 0 m / s 2
2

x II = (6 + 66 ) (50 20 ) / 2 = 1080 m
2

a IV = 1.0 m / s aV = 0 m / s 2 aVI = 0.5 m / s 2

x III = 66 (150 50 ) = 6600 m x IV = (66 + 16 ) (200 150 ) / 2 = 2 050 m

xV = (16 ) (250 200 ) = 800 m xVI = (16 ) (282 250 ) / 2 = 256 m

xVII = ( 34 ) (282 250 ) / 2 = 1156 m

t = 370 s t = 380 s 0 < t < 350 s

a370 = 0.4 cm / s 2 a370 = 0.6 cm / s 2

VII I

x = 9 752 m 9.8 km

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D The plot of the acceleration, a m / s 2 of the object vs. time, t s .

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2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 -0,5 -1,0 -1,5

b. Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 20 s .

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

The displacement of the object at t = 20 s is the area under the curve of v vs t . As shown in the table above it is: x I = 6 20 = 120 cm . c. Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 250 s . As shown in the table above. The displacement at t = 250 s is the total area under the curve v vs t in the interval: 0 < t < 250 s . Displacement [m ] x I = 6 20 = 120 m x II = (6 + 66 ) (50 20) / 2 = 1080 m x III = 66 (150 50 ) = 6600 m x IV = (66 + 16 ) (200 150 ) / 2 = 2 050 m xV = (16 ) (250 200 ) = 800 m
x = x I + x II + x III + x IV + xV =

x = 120 + 1080 + 6 600 + 2 050 + 800 = 10 652 m

Answer: The displacement of the object at t = 250 s is x = 10 652 m d. Calculate the displacement of the object from the origin at t = 350 s . The displacement of the object at t = 350 s is the total area under the curve of v vs t , and as shown in the table above:, it is:

VII I

x = 9 752 m :

x = x I + x II + x III + x IV + xV + xVI + xVII = 9 752 m 9.8 km Note that all areas bounded between the curve and the x-axis which lie below the x-axis are considered negative: xVII = 1156 m
e. Calculate the average velocity of the object during the first 250 s of the motion.

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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The average velocity of the object during the first 250 s is simply the total displacement of the object divided by the time 250 s . i.e.: x 10 652 m v= = = 42.61 m / s 43 m / s t 250 s
f.

Describe the motion of the object as fully and complete as possible. i) The object moved at constant velocity of 6 m / s for 20 s . Its displacement during this period was x I = 6 20 = 120 m . ii) The object accelerated at a constant acceleration of a II = 2 m / s 2 for 30 s to 66 m / s . Its displacement during this period was x II = (6 + 66 ) (50 20) / 2 = 1080 m . The total displacement of the object at the end of this period was x = x I + x II = 120 + 1080 = 1200 m . iii) The object continued its motion at constant velocity of 66 m / s for 100 s . Its displacement during this period was x III = 66 (150 50 ) = 6600 m . The total displacement of the object at the end of this period, i.e. at t = 150 s was x = 1200 + 6 600 = 7 800 m . iv) The object decelerated at the rate of a IV = 1.0 m / s 2 for 50 s to the instantaneous velocity of 16 cm / s at t = 200 s . Its displacement during this period was x IV = (66 + 16 ) (200 150 ) / 2 = 2 050 m . The total displacement of the object at the end of this period, i.e. at t = 200 s was x = 7 800 + 2 050 = 9 850 m . v) The object continued its motion at constant velocity of 16 m / s for 50 s . Its displacement during this period was xV = (16 ) (250 200 ) = 800 m . The total displacement of the object at the end of this period, i.e. at t = 250 s was x = 9 850 + 800 = 10 650 m . vi) The object decelerated at the rate of aVI = 0.5 m / s 2 for 32 s and totally stopped at t = 282 s . Then it turned back and accelerated at the rate of 0.5 m / s 2 backward (or in another word its negative acceleration is continued at the rate of aVI = 0.5 m / s 2 to the instantaneous velocity of 34 m / s at t = 350 s . Its displacement during this period was partially positive, i.e. xVI = (16 ) (282 250 ) = 256 m and partially negative, i.e. xVII = ( 34 ) (282 250 ) = 1156 m . The negative velocity and points to the fact that the object is moving toward the negative direction, which means that it is now returning back. The total displacement of the object at the end of this period, i.e. at t = 350 s was x = 10 650 + 256 1156 = 9 750 m 9.8 m . vii) The motion of the object is more complicated after this period. It continues moving in the negative direction, but the magnitude of its velocity decreases, i.e. it is decelerating in the negative direction, which means it slows down and finally comes to a total halt at about t = 391 s . The acceleration of the object during this time is positive but not constant. Actually it is a linear function of time which after careful examination of the curve could be expressed as: a = 0.02 (t 350 ) m / s 2 . The displacement of the object during this period is still negative, and may be estimated from the graph. It may be approximated by the area of a triangle of the

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Suggested solution Test V1 Ch2 FyANVC08 Motion in 1D

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length 40 s and the height 40 m / s . Therefore, the displacement of the object during this period, i.e. 350 < t < 391 s is about xVIII = ( 40 ) (390 350 ) / 2 = 800 m . Therefore, the total displacement of the object at the end of the event is: x = 9 750 800 = 9 750 cm 9.8 km Time [s ]
0 < t < 20 s 20 < t < 50
50 < t < 150 150 < t < 200 200 < t < 250 250 < t < 350

Acceleration m / s2

Displacement [m ]
x I = 6 20 = 120 m

aI = 0 m / s 2 a II = 2.0 m / s 2 a III = 0 m / s
2

a IV = 1.0 m / s 2 aV = 0 m / s 2 aVI = 0.5 m / s

2

x III = 66 (150 50 ) = 6600 m x IV = (66 + 16 ) (200 150 ) / 2 = 2 050 m

xV = (16 ) (250 200 ) = 800 m xVI = (16 ) (282 250 ) / 2 = 256 m

x II = (6 + 66 ) (50 20) / 2 = 1080 m

xVII = ( 34 ) (282 250 ) / 2 = 1156 m

2

t = 370 s t = 380 s 0 < t < 350 s

a370 = 0.4 cm / s

a370 = 0.6 cm / s 2

VII I

x = 9 752 m 9.8 km

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