CHNG 1: L THUYT V MU SC 1.1.

S lc v phm mu Phm nhum (thng gi : thuc nhum), nhng hp cht hu c c mu, c kh nng nhum mu cc vt liu nh vi, giy, nha, da. Ngoi nhng nhm mang mu (quinon, azo, nitro), phm nhum cn cha cc nhm tr mu nh OH, NH2... c tc dng lm tng mu v tng tnh bm ca phm vo si. Phn loi : Cn c vo tnh nng k thut, phn ra cc loi phm nhum chnh : a) Trc tip: c nhm SO3Na tan trong nc, km bn i vi nh sng v git gi nn phi km thm cht cm mu. b) Axit: c nhm SO3H hoc COOH dng nhum trc tip cc t si c tnh baz. c) Baz: c gn vo si do phm to mui vi nhm chc axit trong si. d) Hon nguyn. ) Hot tnh. e) Phn tn : dng huyn ph trong nc, c th phn tn trn si axetat, polieste. Ngoi phm nhum tng hp cn c phm nhum t nhin tch ra t mt s loi thc vt nh c nu, chm, v.v Mt s loi phm nhum tiu biu: - Phm nhum Acriin: Dn xut ca acriin hoc 9 - phenylacriin, c nhng nhm th khc nhau (OH, NH2, SH, vv.) v tr 3 v 6. phm nhum Acriin thuc loi phm nhum arylmetan c mu vng v da cam. Dng nhum da, giy, g, vv. - Phm nhum Azo: Phm nhum tng hp m trong phn t c cha mt hoc vi nhm mang mu azo, vd. -N = N - lin kt vi cc gc thm. Phm nhum Azo l nhng cht rn, ch ho tan trong nc khi trong phn t c cha cc nhm SO3H, COOH

hoc R4N+. Nhiu phm nhum Azo (c bit khi khng c nhm SO3H v c nhm NO2) l cht chy v di dng hn hp vi bi khng kh d n nguy him. Nh nguyn liu u phong ph, phng php tng hp n gin, hiu sut cao, phm nhum Azo thuc loi cc phm nhum quan trng nht (chim trn 50% tng sn lng cc loi phm nhum). Dng nhum vi, si, giy, da, cao su, cht do, vv. u im ca phm nhum Azo l s dng n gin v gi r. Tuy nhin, hin nay phm nhum Azo b cm s dng hu ht cc nc trn th gii v c kh nng gy ung th mnh.

Vng mt tri - Phm nhum hon nguyn: Gm cc phm mu inigo, mt s dn xut ca antraquinon v ng ng, mt vi phm nhum lu hunh. Loi phm ny khng tan trong nc nn khi s dng phi kh vi natri hirosunfit trong mi trng kim mnh nhm chuyn thnh dng ho tan gi l dn xut lco bm rt chc vo si xenluloz. Khi nhum, si c tm t dung dch lco, sau phm mu c ti sinh do lco b oxi ha. Thng lco d b oxi ho khi phi ngoi khng kh hoc dng cc cht oxi ho nh H2O2, kali icromat, vv. Phm c nhiu mu khc nhau, rt bn i vi nh sng, thi tit v git gi. - Phm nhum Nitro: Phm nhum hu c thuc dy benzen v naphatalen c cha t nht mt nhm nitro cng vi nhm hiroxi - OH, imino = NH, sunfo - SO3H hoc cc nhm khc. V d, vng naphtol :

Phm nhum Nitro ch yu c mu vng; dng nhum len, da, si axetat, poliamit, v cc cht do. - Phm nhum sunfua: Hn hp phc tp gm nhiu cht m phn t c cha cc phn d vng, vng thm v vng quinoit; cc phn ny c lin kt vi nhau bng cc nhm isunfua, sunfoxit hoc cc nhm cu ni khc. Phm nhum Sunfua khng tan trong nc, nhng nu kh bng dung dch Na2S trong nc th phm nhum chuyn thnh dng lco tan c (ch yu l do kh cc nhm cu ni SS thnh nhm SNa) v bm chc vo vi bng. Sau khi b oxi ho bi khng kh trn th si, phm nhum li chuyn thnh dng khng tan. Mu phm nhum Sunfua khng ti nhng bn vi nh sng (tr mu vng, mu da cam) v m, khng bn vi v xt v tc dng ca clo. Phm nhum Sunfua khng bn khi bo qun, phng php nhum phc tp; thang mu thiu mu . iu ch bng cch cho hp cht hu c (vd. aminophenol, nitrophenol, cc amin v iamin thm, cc inophenol, cc azin, cc dn xut ca iphenylamin) tc dng vi lu hunh (S) hoc dung dch nc Na2Sx (x 2). V d: Phm nhum Sunfua vng hoc da cam c cha vng thiazol c iu ch bng cch un nng chy toluin, nitrotoluin, hoc nitrotoluen vi S 200 - 250oC; phm nhum Sunfua mu xanh nc bin, xanh lc v mu en c cha vng thiazin v thiantren c iu ch bng cch un nitro-, aminophenol inoanilin v cc hp cht d vng khc nhau (v d : phenoxazon) vi cc dung dch natri polisunfua 100 n 150 oC; phm nhum Sunfua tm cha cc phn phenazin v thiazin, c iu ch bng phn ng ca cc phm nhum azin vi natri polisunfua trong s c mt ca ng sunfat (CuSO 4). Phm

nhum Sunfua quan trng nht l en sunfua. Phm nhum Sunfua thuc loi r tin, c dng nhum cc loi vi bng thng thng v nhum si. - Phm en anilin: Phm en c to ra do s oxi ho anilin v cc ng ng ca n. Dng lm phm nhum cho vi, da, g...; lm mc vit, xi nh giy, vv. 1.2. Lch s pht trin ca cc thuyt mu 1.2.1. L thuyt mu sc c in T lu cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v tm cch gii thch cu hi: ti sao th gii quanh ta c mu v mu ca chng li khc nhau? y l vn rt hay nhng cng rt kh, tri qua nhiu th k cho n khi cc nh khoa hc v vt l v ho hc pht trin n mc cao th mi tm c cc li gii p tng i tho ng v xy dng c l thuyt mu hin nay. Gii p vn mu sc ca mi vt theo quan im ca ho hu c c ngha l xc nh s ph thuc chung gia s hp th cc tia sng trong min thy c ca quang ph nh sng mt tri v cu to ho hc ca hp cht hu c. 1.2.1.1. Thuyt mang mu Da trn cc quan im ca Butlerov v Alektsev nm 1876 O.Witt lp nn thuyt mang mu ca hp cht hu c, c coi l thuyt u tin. Theo thuyt ny th hp cht hu c c mu do chng cha cc nhm mang mu trong phn t, l nhng nhm nguyn t cha bo ho ho tr. Nhng nhm mang mu quan trng hn c l: -CH=CH- nhm etylen - N=N- nhm azo -CH=N- nhm azo metyl - N=O nhm nitrozo - NO2 nhm nitro =C=O nhm cacbonyl Theo O.Witt th cc hp cht hu c cha nhm mang mu gi l cht mang. Ngoi cc nhm mang mu cn thit, khi a thm vo phn t cc cht

mang nhm nguyn t gi l nhm tr mu th mu ca hp cht s su hn. Trong s cc nhm tr mu th quan trng hn c l: -OH, -NH2, -N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2. Da vo thuyt mang mu ngi ta rt ra mt s kt lun sau: - Khi lin kt ni i cch trong phn t hp cht hu c c ko di hn th mu s su hn. - Tng s nhn thm trong hp cht t cu trc n gin thnh cu trc a nhn phc tp th mu s su hn. - Tng s nhm cacbonyl lin kt trc tip vi nhau trong hp cht cng dn n su mu. - Vic to thnh mi lin kt mi gia cc nguyn t cacbon trong tng phn t v khng ph v h thng ni i lin hp cng lm cho mu su hn. - Vic chuyn nhm tr mu thnh dng mui v ankyl ho nhm amin s dn n su mu. - Khi ankyl ho nhm hiroxyl tronh nhn thm hoc chuyn nhm tr mu vo lin kt vng th mu ca hp cht nht i. Tuy cha c nhng gii thch tho ng v bn cht mu ca hp cht hu c, nhng kt lun rt ra ch da vo hin tng v kinh nghim, song thuyt mang mu lm c s cho cc thuyt mu sau ny tip tc nghin cu su hn, n gp phn khng nh vo lch s pht trin cc cht mu, mt s khi nim ngy nay vn cn c s dng. 1.2.1.2. Thuyt mang mu quinoit Thuyt mu ny c R.Nesaki xut nm 1888, theo ng th cc hp cht hu c c mu l do trong phn t ca chng c cha nhn thm dng quinoit. minh ho cho thuyt ny ngi ta dn ra v d sau y: parabenzoquinon (1) c mu vng do cu to quinoit; khi b kh n 1,4xyclohexandion (2) th b mt mu d vn cha 02 nhm mang mu; khi b kh n hirquinon (3) cng mt mu. Hin tng ny dc gii thch l do cc hp cht (2) v (3) khng cn cu to quinoit nn khng c mu.

O H2 H2 O (1)

O H2 H2 O (2)

OH

OH (3)

Thuyt mang mu c s dng gii thch hin tng mu ca thuc nhum da vo cu to phn t ca chng, tuy nhin thuyt ny cha tm ra c qui lut chung, mt s trng hp ngoi l dng thuyt ny khng gii thch c mu sc (hp cht c mu nhng khng c nhm quinoit). 1.2.1.3. Thuyt nguyn t cha bo ho v thuyt to mu khi chuyn hp cht hu c v dng mui Nm 1902 Bayer tm ra hin tng gi l Galacromy, th hin cc hp cht cha nhm cacbonyl (=C=O), mu ca chng s su hn di tc dng ca axit hay mui kim loi. lm r hin tng ny nm 1910 Pfeifer tm thy rng cc axit hay mui kim loi c kh nng kt hp vi oxy ca nhm cacbonyl l do nguyn t oxy cha trong cc hp cht ny c cp in t cha chia nn chng c kh nng kt hp vi axit hay mui ca kim loi lm cho mu su hn v cu to mui c th vit tng qut nh sau:
R C ===OHX R R R + C _____ OH X

Khng mu y R-:cc gc hu c, HX-: l axit khong.

c mu

Nm 1928 inte-Vixingge cn nhn thy rng cc nhm mang mu l nhng nhm nguyn t cha bo ho ho tr, khi chuyn sang dng ion th mu s su hn. 1.2.1.4. Thuyt dao ng mu gii thch bn cht ca hin tng mu, nm 1910 Porai-Cosix ln u tin nghin cu su v thc cht ca hin tng mu, gn kh nng hp th cc

tia sng vi qu trnh thay i cc mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong hp cht mu. Theo ng th trong phn t ca hp cht hu c cha bo ho lin tc xy ra bin i hoc giao ng cc lin kt, v gi thit rng s hp th chn lc cc tia sng l kt qu ca s giao thoa giao ng ca cc tia sng ng b vi dao ng ca cc lin kt ni phn t trong cc hp cht cha bo ho. Nu nh tc giao ng ca cc lin kt ca cc hp cht hu c mc ng b ca cc tia sng trong min quang ph nhn thy th im hp th cc i ca cc hp cht s chuyn n min ny lm cho hp cht mu. Thuyt dao ng mu tin thm mt bc na trong vic gii thch bn cht ca mu sc. 1.2.1.5. Thuyt nhim sc Khi nghin cu v bn cht ca mu sc, nm 1915 nh khoa hc ngi Nga l V.A.Izamanski ra thuyt nhim sc. Theo ng th kh nng hp th chn lc nh sng ca cht mu hu c khng ch do chng cha cc nhm mang mu m con do chng c nhng thay i cu to trong phn t nh s lin hp ca cc nhm mang mu ring bit v s tng tc in t trong h thng lin hp. ng gi trng thi ca phn t lc ny gi l trng thi nhim sc. Trng thi nhim sc ca mt hp cht xut hin khi mt u ca h thng ni i lin hp cha nhm nhng in t nh: -NH2, -NR2, -OH, -OR, CH3, -Cl; v u kia cha mt trong cc nhm thu in t nh: -NO2, -SO3H, COOH, -CN. Do kt qu tng tc ca cc nhm ny qua h thng ni i lin hp lm pht sinh trng thi c bit ca phn t l s cnh tranh in tch ca cc nhm hai u h thng ni i lin hp, chuyn hp cht sang trng thi c mu. Thuyt nhim sc gp phn gii thch bn cht mu ca mt s hp cht hu c. 1.2.1.6. Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu Nh nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh vt l v ho hc ngi ta xc nh rng ch c cc electron ho tr ca cht mu mi tham gia vo qu trnh hp th nh sng km theo s chuyn ng ca chng. Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu s tip nhn nng lng ca cc photon, lm cho cc electron vng ngoi

chuyn sang trng thi kch thch, sau nng lng ny c th chuyn sang cc dng: quang nng, ho nng, nhit nng, v hp cht mu li chuyn v trng thi ban u. Nh vy l s hp th nh sng l kt qu ca s tng tc ca cc electron vng ngoi ca cc nguyn t v phn t cc hp cht hu c vi phton nh sng. Nhng hp cht hu c no c lin kt cc electron vng ngoi vi nhn yu th ch cn nng lng ca cc tia c bc sng di trong min nhn thy c ca quang ph cng lm chuyn dch v hp th mt phn cc tia ny lm cho n c mu. Hp cht no c electron lin kt vi nhn cn yu th cn t nng lng kch thch chng, cng d hp th cc tia c bc song di hn v cho mu su hn. Nguyn nhn lm cho cc electron vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu l: trong phn t cha h thng ni i lin hp di, trong h thng ny ngoi nguyn t cacbon ra cn c cc nguyn t khc nh oxi, nit, lu hunh, ; do nh hng ca cc nhm th, do hin tng ion ho phn t v cu to phng ca phn t. 1.2.2. L thuyt mu hin i 1.2.2.1. Bn cht ca mu sc trong t nhin * c s cm nhn mu sc ca vt, cn phi c 3 yu t: ngun sng, vt v ngi quan st. * Mu sc ca vt cht trong t nhin c to thnh do s tng tc gia nh sng chiu vo vi b mt ca vt. S tng tc ny chnh l s hp thu c chn lc cc tia sng c bc sng khc nhau trong nh sng chiu vo v s phn x li nhng phn cn li ca nh sng. * Mu sc nhn to Mu sc ca cc vt dng sn xut ra c con ngi to ra bng cch a 1 cht mu (thuc nhum hoc pigment) ln b mt, v d: vi, giy,

mi rng sn Mu sc cn c th c to ra bng nhng tng tc nh sng khc : s giao thoa, s nhiu x. Mu hu sc: c s hp th chn lc v phn x mt s tia sng c bc sng nht nh. C th l mu n sc hoc mu a sc.

Mu n sc: ch phn x 1 tia ca quang ph nh sng mt tri. Mu a sc: mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x nhng cng v t l cc tia ny khng nh nhau. Mu ca vt th l mu ca tia phn x chim t l ln nht ha vi cc tia cn li theo quy lut phi mu. Mu v sc (mu tin sc, mu trung ha): c trng bng cng nh nhau ca cc tia phn x tt c cc bc sng: khng c tia tri, chng trung ha ln nhau nn mt ngi khng cm gic c sc thi ring ca mu. nh sng trng : phn x 100% tia ti Mu en : hp th 100% tia ti, phn x 0% Mu xm : phn x x% tia ti. * Cc thuc tnh ca mu sc Mu hu sc l mt i lng 3 chiu ca 3 thng s : tng mu, thun sc, sng. Tng mu : l tn gi 1 mu, m t sc iu ca mu, c quy nh bi bc sng tri ca mu.

 thun sc: ( bo ha): mc tinh khit ca mu, c nh gi bng t l ca nh thnh phn n sc so vi nh chung. Mu n sc c thun sc 100%. Mu v sc c thun sc 0%. sng: mc sng ti ca 1 mu, c nh gi bng phn trm ca tia phn chiu so vi tng chm tia ti. * Mu nng, mu mt: * Mu b tr: da cam - xanh da tri; xanh lc; vng - xanh lam

* Hiu ng cao mu, hiu ng su mu

* Hiu ng cng mu, hiu ng tr mu

1.2.2.2. Cu to ca vt th c mu Do cu to ho hc khc nhau nn di tc dng ca nh sng, mi vt s hp th v phn x li cc phn tia ti vi t l v cng khc nhau. Nhng tia phn x ny s tc ng vo h thng cm th th gic v truyn thng tin v h thng thn kinh trung ng hp thnh cm gic mu, mu ca mi vt chnh l mu hp thnh ca cc tia phn x.

1.2.2.3. Thnh phn ca nh sng chiu vo vt th v gc quan st Mu quang ph l nhng mu nhn c khi phn tch nh sng trng ra thnh nhng tia mu hp thnh nh cc dng c quang hc, mi mu c c trng bng mt bc sng nht nh t 380nm n 760nm v c gi l mu n sc (mu ny ti v thun sc) Mu v sc l nhng mu c c trng bng cng mu nh nhau ca tt c cc bc sng. Mu v sc nh l mu trng, mu ghi, mu en. Mu a sc l mu ca tp hp cc tia phn x ca mt vt no c bc sng khc nhau nhng cng v t l ca cc tia ny khng nh nhau, mu ch o l mu ca tia phn x no chim t l ln nht.

1.2.2.4. Tnh trng ca mt ngi quan st Khng c s tham gia ca mt ngi th khng c nim v mu sc. Trn c s ca thuyt 3 mu, ngi ta gii thch rng mt cm th c mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin l do s phi hp ca 3 mu c bn: , xanh lc v xanh lam. Khi mt nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn hnh nh v no, y no s tp hp thng tin v dng ln cc yu t v mu sc ca vt. Vng mc ca mt c cu to t 2 t bo hnh que v hnh nn: Cc t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng ca hnh nh sng to trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu th gic. Cc t bo hnh nn c ba min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi cc bc sng ca cc mu : , xanh lc (ng l vng lc) v xanh lam * Cc yu t nh hng n s cm th mu sc - Ngun sng khc nhau: Cc ngun sng khc nhau: nh sng mt tri, n hunh quang, n Vonfram,.. s lm cho cng mt qu to c mu sc trng khc nhau. - Ngi quan st khc nhau: Mu sc c th s c cm nhn khc nhau do ngi quan st khc nhau - Hng quan st (gc quan st) khc nhau: Gc m vt c quan st v gc m n c chiu sng phi khngi s truyn t mu c chnh xc. - Nn khc nhau:

- Kch c khc nhau:

1.3. Tnh cht ca nh sng v s hp th nh sng ca vt th 1.3.1. Bn cht cu nh sng a. Bn cht sng ht ca nh sng nh sng nhn thy, tia cc tm, tia X, sng radio, sng truyn hnhtt c u l nhng dng nng lng in t c truyn trong khng gian di dng sng, cng ging nh cc bc x in t khc c c trng bi

bc sng , tn s , hoc chu k T, vi =1/T hoc c = . .

Vi s ra i ca thuyt lng t, nh sng cn mang bn cht ht. E = h = hc / , vi h: hng s Plank = 6,626176 * 10-34 Js Mt photon b bin mt khi n va vo v y mt in t vng ngoi ln trng thi kch thch cc qu o xa nhn hn s hp thu

nng lng nh sng ca vt cht. Mt photon c sinh ra khi in t t trng thi kch thch chuyn sang mt qu o khc gn nhn hn v ti i mt nng lng m nguyn t b mt di dng tia sng m bc sng t l nghch vi nng lng c truyn i pht ra nng lng nh sng ca vt cht. b. nh sng mt tri nh sng nhn thy khc vi cc dng bc x in t khc kh nng lm kch hot vng mc ca mt ngi. Vng nh sng nhn thy, bc sng dao ng t khong 400 nm 700nm. s

Di 400 nm l nh sng cc tm. Trn 700 nm l nh sng hng ngoi

Nh vy di ph ca nh sng mt tri l di quang ph lin tc c bc sng thay i t 400 - 700 nm.

c. nh sng nhn to Khc vi quang ph lin tc ca nh sng mt tri, nh sng nhn to c quang ph t qung.

Vi nhng k thut hin nay, con ngi to nn c nhng ngun sng nhn to c kh nng pht ra cc bc x c quang ph lin tc gn vi nh sng trng (v d n xenon). 1.3.2. Thuyt in t v hp cht hu c c mu Khi 1 phn t hp thu nng lng bc x in t, phn t c th tri qua nhiu dng kch thch: kch thch chuyn dch in t, kch thch quay, kch thch lm bin dng dy ni lin kt, kch thch lm thay i spin ht nhn. Nng lng trong vng nh sng nhn thy ch yu gy ra s chuyn dch ca e

lp bn ngoi (e ha tr). Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu s tip nhn nng lng ca photon lm cc in t vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch thch, sau phn nng lng ny c th chuyn sang cc dng: quang nng, ha nng, nhit nngv hp cht mu s chuyn sang trng thi ban u.

S hp th nng lng vng bc sng di ch yu gy ra s chuyn dch in t n *, *. Do vy cc hp cht hu c mang mu thng l

nhng hp cht c h thng ni i cch di trong phn t. Nh nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh vt l v ho hc ngi ta xc nh rng ch c nhng in t vng ngoi ca cht mu mi tham gia vo qu trnh hp th nh sng km theo s chuyn ng ca chng. Khi hp th nh sng th hp cht mu s tip nhn nng lng ca cc ht photon, lm cho cc in t vng ngoi b chuyn sang trng thi kch ng, sau phn nng lng ny chuyn sang cc dng : quang nng , ho nng, nhit nng ...v hp cht mu s v trng thi ban u. Nh vy s hp th nh sng l kt qu ca s tng tc ca cc in t vng ngoi ca cc nguyn t v phn t cc hp cht hu c vi photon nh sng. Nhng hp cht hu c no c lin kt cc in t vng ngoi vi nhn yu th ch cn nng lng ca cc tia c bc sng ln trong min thy c ca quang ph cng lm chuyn dch v hp th mt phn cc tia ny lm cho n c mu.Hp cht no c in t vng ngoi cng yu th cng cn t nng lng kch ng chng, cc d hp th cc tia c bc sng di hn v c mu su hn. Nguyn nhn lm cho cc in t vng ngoi lin kt vi nhn yu l: trong

phn t cha h thng mi lin kt ni i cch di; trong h thng ny ngoi nguyn t cacbon cn c cc nguyn t khc nh oxi, nit , lu hunh... do nh hng ca cc nhm th , do hin tng ion ho phn t v cu to phng ca phn t. a) nh hng ca h thng lin kt ni i Trong cc hp cht hu c thng gp hai loi lin kt c bn: lin kt n v lin kt i. kch ng cc in t trong mi lin kt n cn c mt nng lng ln, tng ng vi cc tia sng ngn, nn nhng hp cht ch cha mt loi lin kt ni n thng khng c mu. Ngc li cc in t vng ngoi ca mi lin kt ni i do lin kt vi nhn yu, chng linh ng, nn ch cn mt nng lng nh cng kch ng, nn chng c kh nng hp th cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn trong min thy c ca quang ph v chng c mu Nu nh cc mi lin kt ni i v ni n trong mt hp cht hu c xp lin tc thnh mt h thng mt cch mt hay cn gi ni i cch, ni i lien hp th cc in t vng ngoi s linh ng hn. linh ng ca cc in t vng ngoi trong h thng ny ph thuc vo cc yu t: + di h thng +Bn cht cc nguyn t cha trong h thng + Cu to ca hp cht ( mch thng hay mch vng) Nu nh tng s mi lin kt ni i kh ln nhng khng liien hp th hp cht cng khng c mu hoc mu khng su. b) nh hng ca cc nguyn t khc ngoi cacbon Khi trong h thng mi lin kt ni i cch ca mt hp cht hu c no ngoi cacbon cn chu cc nguyn t khc nh: O,N,S...do cc nguyn t ny c in tch ht nhn v khong cch t nhn n cc in t vng ngoi khc nhau, khi nm chung trong h thng lin hp th cc in t vng ngoi ny d dng chuyn dch t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc tc l chng linh ng hn, nn cc hp cht ny s hp th c cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn v c mu su hn.

c) nh hng ca cc nhm th Cc phn t ca hp cht hu c khi trng thi kch ng lun khc vi trng thi bnh thng ca chng. Khi hp th nng lng ca cc tia sng th s phn b mt in t vng ngoi s b thay i , mt in t s tng ln hoc gim xung nhng v tr nht inh ca phn t . Nhng hp cht hu c cha trong phn t h thng mi lin kt ni i cch s c kh nng phn cc d hn cc hp cht khc ; kh nng ny s tng ln mnh m khi u mch v cui mch c cha cc nhm th c kh nng thu hay nhng in t . iu nu lm cho in t vng ngoi linh ng hn v kt qu l hp cht s c th hp th c cc tia sng c bc sng ln hn v mu s su hn. d) nh hng ca s ion ho phn t Khi phn t hp cht hu c b ion ho th mu ca chng cng thay i Th d : benzaurin sunfoaxit c mu vng trong mi trng axit c mu do b ion ho nh sau:
OH O OH OH+

C
SO3H

H+
PH=1,5

C
SO3H

Mu vng

mu

Hay alizarin c mu vng trong mi trng kim c mu tm :

O OH OH
NaOH

O-O--

Mu vng e) nh hng ca cu to phn t

mu tm

Theo thuyt in t cho phn t hp cht hu c c mu su th yu cu quang trng l phn t ca n phi c cu to phng nh m s tng tc ca

cc in t khong b cn tr. Bt k yu t no ph v yu cu ny cng nh hng n mu ca hp cht. 1.4. Nguyn l phi ghp mu 1.4.1. Kh nng cm th mu ca mt Mu l mt hin tng phc tp mang c bn cht vt l v tm l, hay ni cch khc mu mang c im ca nng lng sng nh sng c cm th bng mt, khng c s tham gia ca mt th khng c nim v mu sc. Nhng ngi b m hay lon th t nh s khng c khi nim v mu sc, nhng ngi c tt v mt cng khng c kh nng nhn bit v nh gi ng v mu sc. Mt c th xem nh c cu to bng mt h thng quang hc rt tinh vi gm c: mt thu knh chnh l thu tinh th c che bi gic mc v thu dch ngn cn nhng tia cc tm c hi cho mt; mt mng ngn l trng en gip cho con ngi h m rng hay hp. Khi nhn c thng tin mu di dng nng lng sng ca nh sng th h thng dy thn kinh th gic s truyn hnh nh v no, y no s tp hp v dng li cc yu t ca hnh nh. Trn c s ca thuyt ba mu, ngi ta gii thch rng: mt cm th c mu, phn bit c cc sc thi khc nhau trong thin nhin l do s phi hp ca ba mu c bn. Vng mc ca mt c cu to t hai loi t bo hnh que v hnh nn, chng c kh nng cm th cc tia c bc sng nht nh ca nh sng trng. Nhng t bo hnh que lm nhim v phn bit s khc nhau v cng ca hnh nh sng to ra trn vng mc, khng tham gia vo vic cm nhn mu ca th gic. Cn t bo hnh nn c 3 min nhy cm cc i tng ng vi bc sng ca cc mu: ; xanh lc v xanh lam, chng c chc nng chnh tong vic to nn cm gic mu. Mi khi nhn c tn hiu mu t mi trng xung quanh, thng qua cc nn nhn cm ng vi 3 mu trn, chng hi t li v truyn v thn kinh th gic, sau v v no. v no mu s c ti to v cho ta nhn bit y v sc thi ca n.

1.4.2. S tng phn mu v s hi ha mu Trong in hoa cng nh trong may, an v ghp cc mu khc nhau to ra cc sn phm a dng v mu sc, cn phi c bit lu n nh hng qua li gia cc mu khi chng c xp gn nhau. S nh hng biu hin s thay i sc thi, cng v nh sng ca cc mu. S thay i ny ph thuc vo s xp t v khng gian v din tch cc mu. S thay i sc thi mu phn nh nh hng qua li gia mu ny vi mu khc khi chng gn nhau m nhng mu li c sc thi khc nhau. Trong trng hp xp cc mu cch xa nhau th sc thi ca cc mu mnh s lm thay i sc thi ca cc mu bn cnh theo hng b tr ca mu mnh. V d, mu xm trn nn s c sc thi ca mu xanh lc, mu xm trn nn xanh l cy s c sc , mu xm trn nn xanh lam s c sc vng. Khi xp hai mu thuc cp mu b tr tc l hai mu c sc thi hon ton khc nhau th s nh hng qua li ca chng dng nh khng tn ti hay c th ni l s tng phn gia chng tr ln bo ho. V d, mu vng trn nn xanh lam hoc mu trn nn xanh lc. S thay i v ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi chng c ti sng ca cc mu xp gn nhau s xy ra khi chng c ti sng khc xa nhau. Mt hnh vung mu xm trn nn trng s cho cm gic nh hnh b ti i. Cn khi n trn nn en th li sng ra. S tng phn v sc thi v ti sng ca cc mu thng xy ra r nt ranh gii gia chng. gim bt s tng phn ranh gii ngi ta thng tch bit cc hnh c mu sc khc nhau bng cc ng vch en, trng, xm hoc to nn c mu cng vi nh mu ca mu tng phn. V d, mu vng lc trn nn xanh lc s cho cm gic nh mu vng thun sc. Din tch ca cc hnh mu cng c quan h qua li vi s nh hng ca mu sc: Nu din tch ca mu cng ln th nh hng ca n cng mnh. ng thi sng v cng mu cng c nh hng n din tch ca cc hnh. V d, din tch hnh mu s cho cm gic nh i khi n nm trn nn sng hoc din tch hnh mu ti trn nn sng s cho cm gic nh hn hnh cng din tch c

mu sng tren nn ti. iu ny c gii thch nh sau: nhng ng vin ca cc hnh sng qua vng mc mt ngi s b chy di ra hn l cc ng vin quanh hnh ti. T nhng c im v tch cht mu sc nu th s phi mu hi ho s lm cho mu sc c ngha quan trng trong cng nghip v cuc sng. 1.4.3. Phng php phi mu phm mu Phi hp thuc nhum da trn nguyn l ghp cng v ghp tr cc tia mu quang ph v nguyn l ghp t ba mu c bn. iu khc ch yu vi ghp mu quang hc l ch thuc nhum khng phi l cc sn phm tinh khit c mu n sc, li cha cc ph gia nn mu to thnh c sai lch so vi ghp quang hc. Phi mu t thuc nhum k thut cn gi l ghp mu quang hc c th thc hin bng bin php th cng hoc thit b x l bng my tnh in t. D dng phng php no cng phi da vo cc nguyn tc sau: - Phi dng thuc nhum cng lp theo phn lp k thut v c cc tnh cht k thut tng t nhau: cng iu kin nhum (nhit , tr s pH, xc tc, ph gia); cng c tc bt mu; cng c bn mu vi cc ch tiu khc nhau; v.v - Khi phi thuc nhum thuc cc lp khc nhau nhum vi th cn chn nhng loi khng tch in tri du, khng cha cc ph gia c tnh cht k nhau lm cho dung dch nhum b kt ta, sa lng hoc bin mu, kh ghp ng mu; - C th phi t hai thuc nhum k thut to nn mu mi cn thit nhng s mu mi to thnh s b hn ch. to nn nhiu gam mu khc nhau ngi ta dng thut phi ghp t ba mu c bn: , vng v xanh lam hoc , vng v xanh lc. th ghp mu c thit lp theo hnh tam gic u, mi mu c bn c t mt nh ca tam gic, t l phi ghp c chia u theo cc cnh, mu to thnh s theo quy lut sau: - Theo mi cnh ca tam gic s nhn c mt dy cc mu trung gian do kt qu ghp t hai mu;

- Theo cc ng cao ca tam gic s l dy mu do kt qu b tr nhau ca nhiu cp mu tng ng; - Tm ca tam gic v vng ph cn s l min c mu v sc (ghi, xm) do hiu qu trung ho ln nhau ca ba mu c bn c cng mu tng ng; - Cc im khc nm bn trong tam gic s l v s cc mu c phi ghp t ba mu c bn vi t l khc nhau, mu v nh mu ca chng tu thuc vo to trn tam gic. Tam gic mu c biu din nh sau:

tm

ghi

da cam

xanh lam

xanh lc

vng

Hnh 1.3. Tam gic phi ghp mu Vic chn ba thuc nhum dng lm ba mu c bn ng vi yu cu ca l thuyt rt kh tho mn, trong thc t yu cu ny ch l tng i nn mu v nh mu thu c do hiu qu phi ghp ph thuc nhiu vo ba mu ban u.

Qui lut b tr mu theo ng trn:

xanh tm xanh lam tm da tri xanh lc lam

da cam vng lc xanh vng lc

Hnh 1.1. ng trn b tr mu

- Theo chu vi ca ng trn, mi mu c th xem l kt qu phi cng ca 2 mu bn cnh to mu trung gian. - Khi phi 2 tia mu nm i din vi nhau trong vng trn mu th s nhn c mu trung ho (mu trng). Nhng cp mu nh vy gi l mu b tr, tp hp tt c cc mu ny cng to thnh mu trng tm vng trn. Theo vng trn mu, c 5 cp mu b tr chnh l: xanh lam vng, tm vng lc, tm xanh lc, - xanh lc lam, da cam xanh da tri. * Ch : Khi phi mu hn hp 2 thuc nhum vi nhau s khng cho mu nh khi phi 2 tia n sc. Nguyn nhn l do thuc nhum khng c kh nng phn x cc tia n sc m phn x tp hp cc tia ln cn, nn hiu qu b tr mu khng hon ton theo qui lut ca phi mu quang hc.