Microsoft Word - List of Commands For Autocad 2000

FOR PRO/E, AUTOCAD AND CATIA CONTACT 0724-2422684
LIST OF COMMANDS FOR AUTOCAD 2002/ quick reference for AutoCAD 2002
COPY (co) OFFSET(o) MOVE SCALE(sc) LENGTHEN EXTEND BREAK FILLET(f)
ERASE(e) MIRROR(mi) ARRAY(ar) ROTATE (ro) STRETCH TRIM(tr) BREAK CHAMFER EXPLODE(x)
AT POINT
Line(l) multilane (ml) polygaon arc (a) spline make block regions
5
Construction(xl) polyline(pl) rectangle (rec) circle(c) insert block (i) hatch(bh) multiline text
line
OOPS-another name of undo command. Old version command.
MULTIPLE: repeats the command several times.
LIMITS: set the drawing limits.
BLIPMODE: to turn blip mode on or off
DIST: to find the distance between two points.
UNITS: Defines the unit and angle formats.
PAN (P) - to move the drawing in drawing area
LINE (L) - to draw a line
@ - From / with reference to previous point
ARC (A) - to draw an arc.
Options in arc command
1) Start point – end point
2) Center point- start point- end point
3) Center point- start point – angle
4) Center point- start point- chord length
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Z- ZOOM
Z W (ZOOM WINDOW)
Z E (ZOOM EXTENT)
Z P (ZOOM PREVEOUS)
Z A (ALL)
ZOOM REAL TIME (Z TWICE PRESS ENTER KEY)
CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: in this system the co-ordinates are specified in
x and y
X is written first @ x, y
Y is written next
POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: - in this system the co-ordinates are specified in

terms of length and angle. To separate distance and angle < sign is used.
DISTANCE < ANGLE
DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY METHOD: (FASTEST WAY TO ENTER

DISTANCES) in this method the distance is given by keyboard and direction by mouse.
REGEN:- to regenerate the drawing.
90
-,+ +,+
180 0
-,- +,-
270
CARTESIAN SYSTEM
POLAR SYSTEM

TYPES OF CURSOR MODES
1) STANDARD CURSOR
2) POINT SELECTION CURSOR

3) OBJECT SELECTION CURSOR
4) OSNAP MARKER
SELECTION WINDOWS IN AUTOCAD 2002

There Are Two Types Of Windows In AutoCAD
SOLID WINDOW: - this window will select those objects, which are completely
enclosed within window. It will not select those objects which are partially included
within window
In this case only two circles, which are completely
enclosed within window, will be selected. A line is partially
within window and partially outside window will not
be selected. This window will be created when mouse
is dragged form upper right corner to lower left
corner.
CROSSING WINDOW: this window will select all those objects that are completely
enclosed within window as well as those objects, which are crossing with window.
In this case two circles as well as a line will
be selected as a line is crossing with window. This
window is generated when mouse is dragged from
lower right corner to upper left corner.
OBJECT SELECTION OPTION

1) ALL 2) CROSSING (C) 3) CROSSING POLYGAON (CP) 4) FENCE (F)
3) MULTIPLE (M) 7) WINDOW (W) 8) WINDOW POLYGAON (WP) 9) ADD
(A) 10) REMOVE (R) 12) SINGLE (SI) 13) LAST (L)
CO-COPY: To make copy of objects. Use multiple (m) options to make multiple
copies.
M- MOVE to move object from one location to another.
TR- TRIM - To trim the objects which extends beyond certain boundary line.
Boundary edge.

before trim after trim
LAYERS: layers are nothing but plastic sheets or glass sheets on which we draw
drawing having zero thickness. In AutoCAD separate layers are required for hidden lines,
centerlines, different colors, dimensions etc. we can make any numbers of layers as per
our requirement.
CURRENT LAYER: for drawing any object at least a one plastic or glass sheet will be
required, that layer is called current layer. Only one layer can be a current layer. Current
layer cannot be freezed.
ON/ OFF LAYER: when the layer is OFF objects on that layer will be temporarily
invisible. These objects become visible when layer is ON.
LOCK AND UNLOCK LAYER : when the layer is lock then objects on that layer can
not be modified i.e. We can not use move, copy , erase , trim, mirror etc. commands on
these objects.
FREEZE/UNFREEZE LAYER: FREEZE layer will show same effect as that of OFF
layer.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OFF LAYER AND FROZEN LAYER?

Objects on frozen layer are not regenerated and therefore time for regeneration will be
less whereas objects on off layers are regenerated by REGEN command.
LTSCALE- adjust gap between non-continuous lines. Use only for hidden, center etc.
lines. This command sets global line type scale factor.
CELTSCALE:- sets line type scaling for individual objects.
O- OFFSET this command will draw parallel object at specified distance.
Click on that side where you want the object should be drawn.
C-CIRCLE use D for diameter option

WHAT IS BLOCK?
Block is a group of objects (line, arc, circles etc), which are bounded together to form a
single object. Some standard items are converted into block like nuts, bolts, rivets, and
threads so that they need not to be drawn every time they are required.
BLOCK or BMAKE- To Make Block
I -Insert Block
WBLOCK- with this command the block is permanently stored on hard disk so that it
can be used in other files.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLOCK AND GROUP?
for modifying the objects in block we have to explode the block where as in group we
have to turn the group off by ctrl+a - to turn group on /off.
GROUP(G) :- to group the objects together
AR- ARRAYS
1) POLAR ARRAYS: the objects are multiplied in circular fashion about a center.
360 CCW 180CCW - 180 CW

(Counter clock wise) (Clockwise)
BEARING
2) RECTANGULAR: the objects are multiplied in rectangular fashion

Create a rectangular array shown above

ROWS -- 6 COLUMNS -100 ROWS OFFSET -03 COLUMN OFFSET-O3
XL - CONSTRUCTION LINES these are the lines of infinite length generally used
as projection lines. Use H for horizontal and V for vertical A for angle.
LENGTHEN
1) DELTA: by this option the length is either decreased or increased by difference
between final and initial length.
2) PERCENT: by this option the length is either increased or increased in
percentage.
3) TOTAL: directly give the final length you want.
4) DYNAMIC: mouse can adjust length of object.
EXTEND
STRETCH COMMNAD: USE RECTANGULAR WINDOW SELECTION

SC- SCALE scales the objects by required factor. To double the objects give 2, to make it
half give 0.5.
DT- DIRECT TEXT
MTEXT-MULTILINE TEXT
ED- EDIT TEXT
ST- TEXT STYLE
XR- EXTERNAL REFERANCE
XBIND- EXTERNAL BIND
XREF- external reference

Difference between external reference and block?
1) X-REF cannot be exploded like block.
2) If x-ref is moved to another location, AutoCAD can not locate the file, in such
situation use browse
3) X-ref do not increase the file size.
XCLIP- external reference clip.
XBIND: to make some members of EXTERNAL REFERANCE file a permanent
member of host file for ex. Block, dimension style, text style, layer etc.
What Is OVERLAY option?
Suppose drawing A is X-Ref to Drawing B , B is Xref to Drawing C But I don’t want A
in C . Then at the time of attachment of A with B, check overlay option.
REFEDIT: - to edit external reference.
'FILTER- object selection filter
How to create complex selection set?
Suppose I want to select circle as well as arc then
** Begin OR
** Begin AND
Object = Circle
** End AND
** Begin AND
Object = Arc
** End AND
** End OR
Note: - If the criteria are bounded by the AND grouping operators, then the objects must
fulfill all criteria before the objects are selected. If criteria are bounded by the OR
grouping operators, then the objects fulfilling any one criteria will be selected.
QUICK SELECT: This option is available on your right click when no command is
active. This is very similar to using filters.
'CAL- CALCULATROR (ARITHMATIC+GEOMETRIC) ‘ sign is imp
ARITHMATIC CALCULATOR: by this calculator we can do operations like
addition(+), subtraction(-), division (/), multiplication (*)
The geometric calculators osnap mode
CALCULATOR MEANING OPERATOR/ WHAT IT DOES EXAMPLE
FUNCTION
End Endpoint + or - Add or subtract 2-1=1,2+1=3
Mid Midpoint * or / Multiplies or divides 2*4.2=8.4
number

Int Intersection ^ Exponent of a number 3^2=9

Cen Center Sin Sine of angle Sin(45)=0.707107
Qua Quadrant Cos Cosine of angle Cos(30)=0.866025
Tan Tangent Tang Tangent of angle Tang(30)=0.57735
Per Perpendicular Log Base 10 log Log(2)=0.30103
Nod Node In Natural log In(2)=0.693147
Ins Insert Exp 10 Base 10 exponent Exp 10(2)=100
Nea Nearest sqr Square of a number Sqr(9)=81.0
Rad Radius pi The constant pi 3.14159
Cur Cursor pick (imp) Round Round to nearest Round (3.6)=4
integer
The calculator is capable of doing lot of other operation, which are not mentioned here.
How to use Geometric calculator?

Suppose I want to draw a line in the midway of endpoint of the line and center point of
arc then without drawing additional object we can draw with using geometric calculator.
the expression
(end+cen)/2
line drawn by conventional method line drawn by using geometric calculator
EXPRESSION
(MID+MID+MID)/3
CENTROID FOUND BY CENTROID FOUND BY

CONVENTIONAL GEOMERTIC
METHOD CALCULATOR
Suppose I want to draw a line 2.5 in x direction and 5 in y direction from a end point of a
line then expression will be end+[2.5,5.0]
PL- POLYLINE what is polyline? How it is different from simple line?
1) Polyline can have any width while width of simple line is limited.
2) Line and arcs are interconnected in polyline.

3) Polyline can have varying width i.e. width at start and end may be different.
PEDIT- polyline edit. Use fit (F) to make line smooth.
SKETCH- to draw freehand drawing with SKPOLY variable the sketch will be drawn
with polyline.
Green line: temporary sketching.( rough sketching)
r- record it to turn into permanent sketch.
c- connect where sketching was stopped.
x- exit sketch command.
BH- boundary hatch -H-for hatching with out or with boundary

HE- hatch edit
What do you mean by associative and non-associative hatching?
An associative hatch pattern automatically changes to fill its boundary whenever that
boundary is stretched or edited. A non-associative pattern doesn’t do this.
Angle in hatching: angle in hatching is added in present angle . For example, this hatch
pattern has a angle of 450 , if you choose 900 angle then it will become 1350.
Initial angle was 450 after

Adding 900 it becomes 1350.
DONUT- To draw filled circles. Use FILL command with REGEN.

External diameter
Internal Diameter

MIRRTEXT – so that mirror image of text should not be created with graphics.
QTEXT-turns text into box so that zoom and regeneration should be faster.
SPELL: to check the spelling of text.
EXPLODE (X) – to break the objects into their elements.
F-fillet to make corners smooth
CHA- CHAMFER –to make corners other than 900
MI- MIRROR - to create mirror image of an object.
object created by mirror command
USING AUTOCAD AUTOMATIC SAVE FEATURE

1) enter savetime at command prompt.
2) At new value for save time <120> prompt , enter the desired interval in
minutes. To disable enter 0.
Codes for inserting special characters into single line text objects. Only for DT
command

Code Special character

%%O Toggles over score on or off DIPAK
%%P places a sign where code occurs 10 %%P10%%
%%C Places a diameter sign Φ FI 90 :- %%C90%%
%% U Toggles underscore on or off. DIPAK %%UDIPAK%%
%% D Places a degree symbol where code occurs. 900 1000 90%%D%%
%%% When you want to write plus minus 100% %%P%% 100%%%
DIV- divide :- to divide the object into equal number of segments.(2-32767 only)
MEASURE:- to divide the object into specified length. Therefore in this case there is a
possibility that last segment may be of the shorter length than specified.
NOTE : use NODE osnap and DDPTYPE command with divide and measure
commands.use PDSIZE to change size of marker.
LIMITS: this command sets limits of your drawing. If you try to draw outside the limits
AutoCAD will not allow (shows the message outside limits.)
* we can use union, subtraction , intersection commands with two regions.
MSLIDE – to make slide
VSLIDE- to view slide
PROGRAM EXPLANATION VSLIDE C:\S1
VSLIDE SLIDE1 Begin slide show and load slide1 VSLIDE *C:\S2
VSLIDE *SLIDE2 Preload slide 2 DELAY 3000
DELAY 2000 1000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 1 VSLIDE
(milliseconds) = 1 second VSLIDE *C:\S3
VSLIDE Display slide 2 DELAY 3000
VSLIDE *SLIDE3 Preload slide 3 VSLIDE
DELAY 2000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 2 DELAY 3000
VSLIDE Displays slide 3 RSCRIPT
DELAY 2000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 3 NOTE: save the file
RSCRIPT Restart the script from beginning with *.scr extension
NOTE : SAVE SLIDE SHOW WITH *.SCR EXTENSION, LINES WITH *.LIN
EXTENSION AND PATTERN FILE *.PAT EXTENSION.USE NOTEPAD TO WRITE
CODES .
BR- BREAK- to break an object

NOTE : break command operates in anticlockwise direction in case of circle.
How To Break Without Gap?

To break without gap, use FIRST POINT option and at second point use @ sign.
MTEXT- MULTILINE TEXT use this command when you want to write more
number of text lines in a drawing say a paragraph.
DT- DIRECT TEXT- use this command when limited text is to be written in drawing.
ED or DDEDIT- EDITS TEXT- to edit direct as well as multi-line text.
ST- TEXT STYLE
USIDEDOWN: print the text upside down.
BACKWARD: print the text backward.
WIDTH FACTOR: adjust the width and spacing of the characters in the text. A value of
1 keeps the text at its normal width. Value greater than 1 will expand the text, value less
than 1 will compress the text.
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OBLIQUE ANGLE: skews the text at an angle

/ Greater than zero say +30:
\ Less than zero say –30:
What is the difference between ALIGN and FIT options in justification?

ALIGN- with this option height of text changes with length.
FIT – with this option height do not change with length.
What is DIMTIX and DIMTOFL variable?
• When DIMTIX is on dimension line is very close to circle.
• The text will be placed outside if DIMTIX is on.
• There will be line from center if DIMTOFL is on.
TIME-shows total time spent on drawing
FUNCTION KEYS
F3- object osnap
F11- object osnap tracking
F7- grid on/off.
F6- on/off co-ordinate readout
ML- MULTILINE
MLEDIT- MULTILINE EDIT MLSTYLE: to create different styles for multi-lines.
SPLINEDIT: to edit splines (splines is a curve having tangents at both ends)
AREA command to calculate the area and perimeter of an area on a 2D plane.
MATCHPROP: Match property one object with other.
MASSPROP: calculates area, volume, centroid, and radius of gyration, area bounded etc
LIST: - give the information about object type (line, circle etc.), object layer, X, Y, Z,
position relative to current UCS Etc.
RAY: - creates semi-infinite lines commonly used as a construction lines.
SOLID: - to create quadrilateral solid filled area. Use FILLMODE with this command.
REDRAW: refreshes the display of current view port.

SPLINE fits a smooth curve to a sequence of points within a specified tolerance

TRACE: this command is used to draw lines of specified thickness. This is similar to
line command with only difference that it needs additional parameter, which is thickness
of line.
Pline (pl):--- polyline are interesting drawing entities . polyline can include both line s
and arc connected at end points.
Change: to change the properties of an object.
MODEMACRO: display your or your company's name continuously in status bar.
3d
TOOLBARS: 1) SOLID 2) VIEW 3) SOLIDEDITING

EXT- EXTRUDES. To use this command you should follow some rules
Rule 1. Object to be extruded must be a polyline object.
Rule 2. Object must form a single close loop.
this object will be this object will be extruded this object will not be extruded
this object will
extruded as it forms as it forms a close loop
not be extruded
a close loop
ISOLINES- to change the number of ISO-LINES.
Isolines=4 isolines=40
REG: *regions- Regions can be extruded to become 3d solids. Regions should form a
closed boundary. Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or
Loops. You can carry Boolean operation on regions.

union substract intersection
SOLIDEDIT: to edit 3d solids.

UNI- UNION to add two solids
SUB- SUBTRACTS – to subtract smaller solid from bigger one.
DISPSILH: to on/off silhouette during printing.
HIDE: - to hide invisible lines.
ROTATE3D- to rotate 3d objects along x,y,z axis.
REV- to revolve 2d objects to create 3d objects.
PS- paper space MS- model space
SLICE: to cut 3d object by a plane.
SEC- section of 3d solid.
How to convert 3d into 2d drawing?
3d drawing can be converted to 2d by SOLVIEW, SOLDRAW and SOLPROF
commands.
SOLVIEW: this command creates three views and three layers for each view as
HID- for hidden lines, VIS – for visible lines, DIM- for dimensions.
SOLDRAW: This command ask you to select three view ports so that hidden lines can
be placed on HID layer, visible lines on VIS layer.
SOLPROF: this command creates profile, which is placed on PH layer means, profile
hidden and PV layer means profile visible.
ALIGNING 3D OBJECT IN SPACE (ALIGN COMMAND)
ALIGN this command aligns the object in 3d space with the help of three source and
three destination points.
SURFTAB1 & SURFTAB2 Sets the number of tabulations to be generated for the
RULESURF and TABSURF commands.

CUSTOMIZATION OF AUTOCAD
*** POP1
[MY MENU]
[SKETCH]^C^C_SKETCH
[SILHOUTEE]^C^C_DISPSILH
[CALCULATOR]^C^C_’CAL
[DDPTYPE]^C^C_DDPTYPE
[AREA]^C^C_AREA
[OOPS]^C^C_OOPS
[ISOLINES]^C^C_ISOLINES
[MASSPROP]^C^C_MASSPROP
[DIVIDE]^C^C_DIVIDE
[MEASURE]^C^C_MEASURE
[DISTANCE]^C^C_DIST
NOTE: MYNAME.DWG is a file name containing drawing. Save this file with *.mnu
extension. Save your file in AutoCAD’s support directory.
SERIAL SEQUENCE OF TOPICS IN AUTOCAD 2006

# 2D –DRAWING
# 3D – SOLID MODELLING
# SURFACE MODELLING
# CUSTOMIZATION OF AUTOCAD
# RENDERING
# EXPRESS TOOLS
# LIPS PROGRAMMING.
# line coding, slide show in AutoCAD, pattern coding
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How to write code for hatching?

FIRST COMPONENT: - ORIENTATION ANGLE
NEXT TWO COMPONENTS: - ORIGIN OF LINE GROUP
NEXT TWO COMPONENTS: - DISTANCE AND DIRECTION
LAST TWO COMPONENTS: - LENGTH OF LINE AND GAP
File name and pattern name should be same. Save with *.pat extension in
AutoCAD’s support directory.
*SHIRBHATE, MAKING PLUS SIGN

0,0,0,2,2,1, -1
90,5, -.5,2,2,1, -1
*SHIRBHATE2, MAKING HASH SIGN

0,0,.3,2,2,1,-1
90,.3,0,2,2,1, -1
0,0,.6,2,2,1,-1
90,.6,0,2,2,1,-1
*DIPAK4, network-learning scheme
0, 0, 0, 0, 6.35
0, 0, 3.175, 0, 6.35, 3.175, -3.175
*DIPAK3, make two members and learn AutoCAD free
60, 0, 0, 4.7625, 8.24889, 4.7625, -4.7625
120, 0, 0, 4.7625, 8.24889, 4.7625, -4.7625
0, -2.38125, 4.12445, 4.7625, 8.24889, 4.7625, -4.7625
0, 0, 0, 3.175, 3.175, 3.175, -3.175
90, 3.175, 0, 3.175, 3.175, 3.175, -3.175
0, 0, 0, 12.7, 21.997, 3.175, -22.225
90, 1.5875, 0, 21.997, 12.7, 1.5875, -42.4066
90, 1.98438, 0, 21.997, 12.7, 1.27, -42.7241
90, 1.19062, 0, 21.997, 12.7, 1.27, -42.7241
60, 2.38125, 0, 12.7, 21.997, 1.016, -24.384
120, 0.79375, 0, 12.7, 21.997, 1.016, -24.384

Codes for line types

Rule: every line type code should start with letter “A”
• * (Asterisk/star) Should be given at the start of every line name.
• Zero will create dot
• + VE (positive) value will create dash.
• - VE (negative) value will create gap.
SAVE FILE WITH *.LIN EXTENSION AUTOCAD’S SUPPORT DIRECTORY.
CODE FOR SIMPLE LINE TYPES

*DIPAK, NETWORK LEARNING SCHEME
A,.75,-.25,.25,-.25,0,-.25,.25,-.25,.75
*VISHAL, CREATED BY ITWARE . . . . . . . . . .
A,0,-.25
*DIPAK1,NETWORK __ __ . __ __ . __ __ . __ __ . __ __ .
A,.5,-.25,.5,-.25,0,-.25
*DIPAK2,Border (.5x) __.__.__.__.__.__.__.__.__.__.__.
A,.25,-.125,.25,-.125,0,-.125
*DIPAK3,Border ____ ____ . ____ ____ . ___
A,1.0,-.5,1.0,-.5,0,-.5
*DIPAK4,Center ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____

A,1.25,-.25,.25,-.25
*DIPAK5,Center ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___
A,.75,-.125,.125,-.125
*DIPAK6,Center ________ __ ________ __ _____
A,2.5,-.5,.5,-.5
*SHIRBHATE,2422684 __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __
A,.5,-.25,0,-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684 _._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
A,.25,-.125,0,-.125
Complex line types
["String", style name=XX,R=XX,S=XX,X=XX,Y=XX]
*SACHIN,MY BROTHER
A,.5,-.2,["NITIN",STANDARD,S=.1,R=0,X=0,Y=0],-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684 ________ . . ________ . . _
A,1.0,-.5,0,-.5,0,-.5
* SHIRBHATE,2422684. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A,0,-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684........................................

A,0,-.125
* SHIRBHATE,2422684. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A,0,-.5
*SHIRBHATE,double-dash triple-dot __ __ . . . __ __ . .
A,12,-3,12,-3,0,-3,0,-3,0,-3
These line type definitions use LTYPESHP.SHX.
*FENCELINE1,Fenceline circle ----0-----0----0-----0----0-----0--

A,6.35,-2.54,[CIRC1,ltypeshp.shx,x=-2.54,s=2.54],-2.54,25.4
*FENCELINE2,Fenceline square ----[]-----[]----[]-----[]----[]---
A,6.35,-2.54,[BOX,ltypeshp.shx,x=-2.54,s=2.54],-2.54,25.4
*TRACKS,Tracks -|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-
A,3.81,[TRACK1,ltypeshp.shx,s=6.35],3.81
*BATTING,Batting SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
A,.00254,-2.54,[BAT,ltypeshp.shx,x=-2.54,s=2.54],-
5.08,[BAT,ltypeshp.shx,r=180,x=2.54,s=2.54],-2.54
*HOT_WATER_SUPPLY,Hot water supply ---- HW ---- HW ---- HW ----
A,12.7,-5.08,["HW",STANDARD,S=2.54,R=0.0,X=-2.54,Y=-1.27],-5.08
*GAS_LINE,Gas line ----GAS----GAS----GAS----GAS----GAS----GAS--
A,12.7,-5.08,["GAS",STANDARD,S=2.54,R=0.0,X=-2.54,Y=-1.27],-6.35
*ZIGZAG,Zig zag /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
A,.00254,-5.08,[ZIG,ltypeshp.shx,x=-5.08,s=5.08],-
10.16,[ZIG,ltypeshp.shx,r=180,x=5.08,s=5.08],-5.08
PRACTICE DRAWING 1


Explain the dimensioning options in AutoCAD, with the help of neat explanatory
sketches.
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
LINEAR DIAMETER
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
R8.12
(both side) LINEAR
RADIUS LINEAR
Change: This command will allow you to change the endpoint of line and radius of
circle. It can do lot of other changes.
SHIFT+CTRL+A: group on or off

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IMPORTANT OBJECT SNAP

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EXPRESS TOOLS: right click any toolbar, select customize button, open menu group
drop down list at the bottom, then select express
Express layer tool
Express text tool
Express standard toolbar
3DDISTANCE Command – Starts interactive 3-D view and

makes objects appear closer or
3D Orbit farther away.
3DORBIT Command View | 3D Orbit Controls interactive 3-D viewing.
3D Orbit and
Standard

CAMERA Command – Sets different camera and target

location.
View
‘DIST Command Tools | Inquiry | Measures the distance and angle

Distance between any two selected points.
Inquiry and
Standard (Inquiry
flyout)
EXTRUDE Command Draw | Solids | Creates unique 3-D solids by

Extrude extruding existing 2-D objects
Solids either at a specified distance along
the object’s Z axis or along a
selected path.
MENULOAD Command – Tools | Customize Loads a partial menu.

Menus
MENUUNLOAD Command – Tools | Customize Unloads a partial menu.

Menu
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

BABHULGAON, AKOLA
NAME: DIPAK VINAYAK SHIRBHATE
CLASS: 4TH SEMESTER TITLE BLOCK
BRANCH: PRODUCTION ENGINEERING uses make block
SHEET NO: command and
TITLE: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION insert command
CHECKED BY:
Creating Your Own Line types And Hatch Patterns

Important points to remember
Always start the definition with asterisk.
The description is limited to 47 characters.
If you include a description, precede it with comma.
The second line of the line type syntax is its definition. With simple line types, you are
limited to dashes, dots, and spaces, measured in units and shown as follows.
A dash is indicated by a positive number
A dot is indicated by a zero.
A space is indicated by a negative number.
Each item is separated by a comma, there are no spaces, and the maximum line is
length is 80 characters.

Each line must start with letter A.

The following definition creates a line with two dashes of 0.25 units, followed by two
dots, all separated by spaces of 0.1 units.
*seeingindouble ,future hedge line
A,.25,-.1,.25,-.1,0,-.1,0,-.1
__ __ . __ __ __ __ . __ __ __ __ . __ __ __ __ . __ __ __ __ . __ __
*3dotsandadash,temporay fencing
A,.5,-.25,0,-.1,0,-.1,0,-.25
___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___
*TV, buried television cable

A,.5,-.5,["TV",TVCABLE,S=.3,X=-.1,Y=-.15],-.75
CREATING HATCH PATTERN

*Pattern-name [, description]
angle,x-origin,y-origin,delta-x,delta-y,[,dash1,dash2,……….]
Here are some general points for hatch pattern definition
Pattern name cannot have spaces.
The description is optional.
Add the dash specification only for non-continuous lines.
You can have more than one definition line (the second line in the preceding
syntax), creating sets of hatch definition that combines to create the hatch pattern.
Each definition line can be no more than 80 characters.
You can include a maximum of six specifications (which include spaces and
dots).
You can add spaces in the definition lines for readability.
*ftrailer,proposed future trailers

105,0,0,0,0,.5
The lines are at an angle of 105 degree; the hatch pattern starts at 0,0, and the spacing
between the lines 0.5 units. The lines are continuous.
adding one level of complexity,you can make the lines in the hatch pattern non continous,
as follows.

*ftrailer,proposed future trailers

105,0,0,0,0,.5,.5,-.25,0,-.1,0,-.25
Note that this definition uses the maximum of six dash specifications (the dash,
space,dot,space,dot,and space)

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Pro/Engineer and CATIA V5 R15
IUB-1928
Sixth Semester B.E. (Civil) Examination
NUMERIACALS METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 6SC1
SECTION B SOLVED BY Prof. D.V. SHIRBHATE B.E. (Production Engg), M.E.
(Production Technology & Management), A.M.I.E
Lecturer in production Engineering, College Of Engineering & Technology, Akola
Residential address: c/o siddhivinayak computers, Near Wadekar Kirana Shop,
Renuka Nagar, Dabki Road, Akola phone: - 0724-2422684
Absolute co-ordinate system:

In this system, the origin (0,0) is assumed to be in the lower-left corner of
the drawing area and all the coordinates are referred from it.
In this system the position of zero is fixed and it is not changed with
Drawing every time. Therefore in this system there is no need of using @
sign
Suppose first point A is taken at 50,50 then
Specify next point: 59,50
World coordinate system (WCS)

A coordinate system used as the basis for defining all objects and other
coordinate systems.
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes: X, Y, and Z. When you
enter coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance (in units) and its
direction (+ or –) along the X, Y, and Z-axes relative to the coordinate
system origin (0,0,0) or relative to the previous point. Usually, when you
begin a new drawing in AutoCAD, you are automatically in the world
coordinate system (WCS); the X-axis is horizontal, the Y-axis is vertical,
and the Z-axis is perpendicular to the XY plane.
In addition to the WCS, you can define a movable user coordinate system
(UCS) with a different origin and axes in different directions. You define a
UCS in terms of the WCS.
Polar coordinate systems use a distance and an angle to locate a point.

When you enter polar coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance from
the origin or from the previous point and its angle along the XY plane of the
current coordinate system.
Q (b) the object shown in fig 7(b) is to be drawn using LINE command in
order P1, P2, P3,………,P10,P1.
1.5 0.8
(1) Calculate absolute Cartesian coordinate of points P1 to P10

(2) Calculate Relative Polar coordinate of point P2 to P10.

(3) Calculate relative Cartesian coordinate coordinates points P2 to P10.
Absolute Cartesian coordinate system
LINE Specify first point: 3.5, -3.2
Specify next point: 3.5, -5.2
Next point: 6.5, -1.2
Specify next point: 6.5,2
Specify next point: 3.5,2
Specify next point: 3.5,0.8
Specify next point: -1,0.8
Specify next point: -1, -3.2
Relative Polar coordinate of point P2 to P10.

Specify next point or [Undo]: @5.8<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @2.8<180
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @3<180
Relative Cartesian coordinate coordinates points P2 to P10.

Specify next point or [Undo]: @5.8,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,4
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-2.8,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,3.2
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-3,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0, -1.2
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-4.5,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0, -4
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @4.5,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0, -2

8. (a) explain the use of object snap feature in AutoCAD with the help of
neat sketches.
In AutoCAD it is not possible to snap endpoint, midpoint, center point,
intersection without object snap or osnap. With object snap During drawing commands,
you can snap the cursor to points on objects such as endpoints, midpoints, centers, and
intersections. For example, you can turn on object snaps and quickly draw a line to the
center of a circle, the midpoint of a polyline segment, or the apparent intersection of two
lines.
(b) Show with the help of neat sketches, the object snap points available on CIRCLE,
LINE, ARC and POINT object
1) ON CIRCLE one CENTRE snap and four Quadrant snaps are available.
2) On LINE one MIDPOINT and two END point snaps are available.
3) On ARC one mid point and Two end point snaps are available
4) On point Node osnap is available.
ENDPOINT SNAP MIDPOINT SNAP ENDPOINT SNAP
MIDPOINT SNAP
CENTRE SNAP QUADRANT SNAP
CENTRE SNAP
ENDPOINTSNAP
ENDPOINT SNAP

(c) Explain 'all', 'centre','dynamic','extents' and 'previous' options of ZOOM command.
ZOOM Extents displays a view with the largest possible magnification that includes all
of the objects in the drawing. This view includes objects on layers that are turned off but
does not include objects on frozen layers. This command stretches the drawing to the
maximum extent of screen.
Zoom previous When you work with minute parts in your drawing, you may need to
zoom out frequently to see an overview of your work. Use ZOOM Previous to return
quickly to the prior view. with zoom previous you can go back to your previous view.
Zoom in Real Time

With the Real-time option, you zoom dynamically by moving your pointing device
(mouse) up or down. By right clicking, you can display a shortcut menu with additional
viewing commands.
Zoom All: ZOOM all displays either the user-defined drawing limits or the drawing
extents, whichever view is larger. Zoom all command shows all the drawings present in a
drawing file.
Zoom Center: You can move a specific point in your drawing to the center of the
drawing area. ZOOM Center is useful for resizing an object and bringing it to the center
of the view port. You can specify size by entering either the number of vertical drawing
units or a magnification relative to the current view. by using this command you can
bring the drawing in the center of the screen.
9) (a) Object shown in Fig 9(a) comprise of ,
(1) A 20 cm diameter circle A, with center at point 50,30.
(2) An equilateral triangle B, inscribed in circle as shown in Fig.
(3) a circle C, touching all the sides of the triangle B.
Write all the steps, clearly showing command and its options used, required to complete
the drawing.

Command: c (draw circle with this command)

CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 50,30
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: d (d means diameter)
Specify diameter of circle: 20
Command: z
ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: e (e for extent)
Command: re (regenerate command)
REGEN Regenerating model.
Command: xl (construction line)
XLINE Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: v (for vertical line)
Specify through point: _cen of (center of circle)
Command: ro
ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0
Select objects: 1 found (select vertical construction line)
Select objects:
Specify base point: _qua of (select quadrant of circle)
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 30
Command: xl
XLINE Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: v
Specify through point: (select center of circle)
Command: ro
ROTATE
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point: _qua of
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: -30(give negative –30 value)
Command: xl
XLINE Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: h
Specify through point: _int of
Command: tr
TRIM
Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=Extend
Select cutting edges...
Select objects: 1 found (select circle as cutting edges)
Select objects:
Select object to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (select construction line extending outside circle)

Command: c (circle)
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:t (tan tan
radius)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: (select two lines for tangent and one for mid point)
(b) Explain with the help of neat explanatory sketches the uses of surface drawing
commands 3DFACE,RULESURF, TABSURF, REVSURF and EDGESURF.
3DFACE creates a three- or four-sided surface anywhere in 3D space.
A POINTED STAR CREATED BY 3D FACE COMMAND
RULESURF constructs a polygon mesh representing the ruled surface between two curves.
SKETCHES SHOWING RULED SURFACES CREATED BETWEEN TWO CURVES.
RULED SURFACE BETWEEN CIRCLE-CIRCLE, CIRCLE POLYGAON, CIRCLE –

RECTANGLE

TABSURF constructs a polygon mesh representing a general tabulated surface defined by a path curve and
a direction vector. In short, tabulated surface crates a surface from a line, arc, circle, ellipse, or 2D or 3D
polyline in the direction of direction vector. Direction vector is a line, which indicates the height and
direction of extrusion.
Revolve surface: Creates a revolved surface about a selected axis
AXIS
OBJECT
TO
BE REVOLVED
REVOLED OBJECT
Edge surf command: Creates a three-dimensional polygon mesh
Umbrella created by
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Prof. 2422684
Shirbhate using 33
Edge surf command.
Q: Explain the dimensioning options in AutoCAD, with the help of neat

(B) Explain giving all steps, how you can use ‘Line’ and ‘Arc’ options of PLINE
command to draw the objects shown in fig 10b . The object is to drawn with a single
PLINE command entry, starting from point P1.
Command: _pline
Specify start point:
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @100<180
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:
@-25,-25
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: l
@25,-25


@25,25
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @-25,25
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: *Cancel*(esc key)
11(a) Using the object shown in fig 11a-part 1,show how you will create object shown in
fig 11a part2, using only the required editing from the list COPY, ROTATE, MIRROR,
TRIM, OFFSET and ARRAY.
Show steps entered and draw intermediate explanatory sketches showing the results of
the steps.
First method
Command: _rectang
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
Specify other corner point: @10,10
Command: ro

ROTATE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Command: mi
MIRROR
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Command: mi
MIRROR
Select objects:
Second method
REC (for rectangle command)
Command: CO
COPY
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: MI
MIRROR
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Command: RO
ROTATE
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Explain the AREA command and its ‘Object’, ‘Add’ and ‘subtract’ options.

AREA is both a command and a system variable. The AREA system variable stores the
last area computed by the AREA command
Object: Calculates the area and perimeter of the selected object. You can calculate the
area of circles, ellipses, splines, polylines, polygons, regions, and solids.
Add: with this option area of selected object is added in the last area computed by AREA
command.
Subtract: with this option, the area of selected object is subtracted from the last AREA
computed by area command.
The command is explained as below.
The plate have dimensions

50x25 mm having three
holes of 5x5 mm.
With object option if I

select only the rectangle of
50x25 then
Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: o
Select objects:
Area = 1250, Perimeter = 150
With add option if I select three holes one by one then

Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: a
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: o
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 1250.0000, Perimeter = 150.0000
Total area = 1250.0000
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000

Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000

With subtract option if I select three holes one by one then, remember that first select the
add option and then select subtract option.
Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: a
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: o
Area = 1250.0000, Perimeter = 150.0000
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: su
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add]: o
(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
12(a) explains various object selection options available in AutoCAD, with the help of
neat explanatory sketches.
OBJECT SELECTION OPTION
1) ALL 2) CROSSING (C) 3) CROSSING POLYGAON (CP) 4) FENCE (F)
4) MULTIPLE (M) 7) WINDOW (W) 8) WINDOW POLYGAON (WP) 9) ADD
(A) 10) REMOVE (R) 12) SINGLE (SI) 13) LAST (L)
All: this will select all the objects available in the file.
Crossing: if we drag the mouse from upper right corner to lower left corner, solid window
is generated but if “c” option is used then crossing window is generated.
CROSSING POLYGAON (CP): - this option enables us to have polygonal selection
area instead of rectangular.
FENCE (F): fence is a line, which will select those objects that are crossing with it.
MULTIPLE (M): this option will prevent AutoCAD from pausing and adding the
objects after every click; it will select the objects in background and will show selection
after pressing enter key. You will not see the counting of objects and its total. Observe
message Select objects: 1 found, 2 total. Will not be displayed.
Window (w): if drag mouse form lower right to upper left corner crossing polygon is
created but if w is given then this process is reversed ie window (solid) is created.
Window polygon (wp): - selection will be window polygon instead of rectangular.
Add (A) or remove (R): - with these options objects can be added or removed in the
selection set.
Single (si): - any command requiring object selection continuously prompts us to select
objects unless and until we don’t press enter key. The command is applied on selection
on second enter, but with single option the command is applied on first selection and then
the command ends.
Last (L): - selects the last object created.

Explain the difference between ‘window’ and ‘crossing’ options of object selection.
When the mouse is dragged from upper left corner to lower right corner then solid
window is created. This window will select all those objects, which are completely inside
the window, if the object is partially inside the window and partially outside the window
then it will not selected.
Opposite to this, crossing window will select all those objects, which are
completely inside the window, as well as those objects that are crossing (partially inside
and partially outside) with the window.
(b) Explain ‘fillet’ and ‘chamfer’ commands with the help of neat sketches.
FILLET rounds or fillets the edges of two arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, polylines,
rays, splines, or xlines with an arc of a specified radius.
CHAMFER: -- Bevels the edges of objects. Chamfering connects two nonparallel

objects by extending or trimming them to intersect or to join with a beveled line. You can
chamfer lines, polylines, xlines, and rays. With the distance method, you specify the
amount that each line should be trimmed or extended. With the angle method, you can
also specify the length of the chamfer and the angle it forms with the first line. You can
retain the objects as they were before the chamfer or trim or extend them to the chamfer
line.
(C) Explain the use of ‘divide’ and ‘measure’ command.
DIVIDE: -Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of
an object. Objects that you can divide include arcs, circles, ellipses and elliptical arcs,
polylines, and splines.
Divide command divides the object into equal number of parts. For example a line
of 100mm will be divided in 15 parts each of 6.67 mm. Divide command never creates
unequal parts.
Measure: Places point objects or blocks at measured intervals on an object. In simple
language we can say that measure command divides the object into specified length.
Measure command can create unequal parts.

If you have been asked to divide a line of 100 mm into 15 equal parts then use divide
command (don’t forget to use DDPTYPE with divide and measure command)
If it is required to divide a line of 100 mm into segments of 15 mm each then use
MEASURE command. (ddptype command :--Specifies the display mode and size of point
objects)
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Sixth Semester B.E. (Civil) Examination VSJ -1670
NUMERIACALS METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 6SC1
SECTION B SOLVED BY Prof. D.V. SHIRBHATE B.E.(Production Engg), M.E.
(Production Technology & Management) , A.M.I.E
Lecturer in production Engineering, College Of Engineering & Technology, Akola
Residential address: c/o siddhivinayak computers, Near Wadekar Kirana Shop,
Renuka Nagar, Dabki Road, Akola phone:- 0724-2422684
Explain the concept of x/y/z point filters, with the help of neat explanatory sketches.
Coordinate filters
Functions that extract individual X, Y, and Z coordinate values from different points to
create a new, composite point. Also called X,Y,Z point filters.
.X Specifies a .X point filter: .X
.Y Specifies a .Y point filter: .Y
.Z Specifies a .Z point filter: .Z
.XY Specifies a .XY point filter: .XY
.XZ Specifies a .XZ point filter: .XZ
.YZ Specifies a .YZ point filter: .YZ
You can use point filters to specify one coordinate value at a time while temporarily
ignoring other coordinate values. When used with object snaps, point filters can extract
coordinate values from an existing object so you can locate another point.
Specifying a point filter limits the next entry to a specific ordinate value, such as the X or
the Y value, or an X,Y coordinate value. You also can specify Z values (typically for 3D
models). After you specify the first value, AutoCAD prompts you for the remaining
values.

I(d.v.s)
wants to draw a circle exactly in the middle of the
square then the commands will be
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: .x
(Here click at mid point snap)
of (need YZ): (Here click at mid point snap)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <1.0764>: d
Specify diameter of circle <2.1528>: 20
A drawing fig 7(b) comprise of objects A,B, and C. Explain showing the steps involved
how will you draw line object P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P1, using the X/Y/Z point filters.
Command: l
LINE Specify first point: .x
of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of (need YZ): _qua of
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of _qua of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ):
of (need YZ): _int of
of (need YZ):

8. A) explain the difference between VPORTS and VPOINT commands.

VPORTS: - Divides the drawing area into multiple tiled or floating view ports. You can
display tiled view ports in various configurations. How you display the view ports
depends on the number and size of the views you need to see. If you're not familiar with
the available configurations, you can select one by choosing its picture.
VPOINT: - VPOINT puts the viewer in a position to look at the drawing as if looking
back at the origin (0,0,0) from a specified point in space.
View Point
Using the X,Y,Z coordinate you enter, creates a vector that defines a direction from
which the drawing can be viewed. The view defined is as if the viewer were looking back
at the origin (0,0,0) from space.

Compass and Axis Tripod

Displays a compass and axis tripod, which you use to define a viewing direction in the
view port.
(b) Explain the concept and utility of layers in AutoCAD drawing.

Layer in AutoCAD are like transparent glass or plastic sheet having zero thickness.
Layers in AutoCAD are used for assigning different colors, line types to drawing objects.
With the use of layers you can place different objects of drawing on different layers.
When the layer is made off objects on that layer becomes temporarily invisible.if the
layer is locked objects on that layer can not be modified. Layer is a logical grouping of
data that are like transparent acetate overlays on a drawing. You can view layers
individually or in combination. You always draw on a layer. It may be the default layer or
a layer you create. Each layer has an associated color, linetype, lineweight, and plot style.
You can use layers to organize drawings into groups of objects as well as to identify
different objects with varying colors, linetypes, and lineweights.
For example, you can create a layer for centerlines. You assign the properties you want
for centerlines (color, linetype, lineweight) to the layer. When you want to draw a
centerline, you switch to the centerline layer and begin drawing. You do not need to
specify a linetype, lineweight, and color every time you draw a centerline.

Layers are the equivalent of the overlays used in paper-based drafting. They are
the primary organizational tool in AutoCAD, and you use them to group information by
function and to enforce linetype, color, and other standards.
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By creating layers, you can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to the
same layer. For example, you can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks
on separate layers. You can then control
Whether objects on a layer are visible in any viewports
• Whether and how objects are plotted

• What color is assigned to all objects on a layer
• What default linetype and lineweight is assigned to all objects on a layer
• Whether objects on a layer can be modified
When you begin a new drawing, AutoCAD creates a special layer named 0. By
default, layer 0 is assigned color number 7 (white or black depending upon your
background color), the CONTINUOUS linetype, a lineweight of Default (the default
setting is .01 inch or .25 mm), and the NORMAL plot style. Layer 0 cannot be
deleted or renamed.
SEE THE BELOW DRAWING, THOUGH IT LOOKS LIKE THAT IT IS DRAWN

ON ONE SHEET OF PAPER BUT ACTUALLY IT IS CREATED ON THREE
SHEETS PERFECTLY OVELAPPED OVER EACH OTHER.
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
LINEAR DIAMETER
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
R8.12
(both side) LINEAR
RADIUS LINEAR
DRAWN BY PROF. DIPAK V. SHIRBHATE, C.O.E.&T; AKOLA

(c) Explain various options available in GRID and SNAP commands, with the help of
neat sketches.
The grid is a rectangular pattern of dots that extends over the area you specify as the
drawing limits. Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing.
The grid helps you align objects and visualize the distances between them. The grid is not
plotted. If you zoom in or out of your drawing, you may need to adjust grid spacing to be
more appropriate for the new magnification.
Snap mode restricts the movement of the crosshairs to intervals that you define. When
Snap mode is on, the cursor seems to adhere, or "snap," to an invisible rectangular grid.
Snap is useful for specifying precise points with the arrow keys or the pointing device.
Specify grid spacing(X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <current>: Specify a value or enter

an option
Grid spacing (x) Sets the grid to the specified value. Entering x after the value sets the
grid spacing to the specified value multiplied by the snap interval
On: - Turns on the grid using the current spacing.

OFF: turns off the grid
Snap: Controls an invisible grid that restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
Aspect: Specifies different spacing in the X and Y directions. This option is not available
if the current snap style is Isometric.
(a) Explain Center, Length, Angle Direction, Radius options of ARC command with
the help of neat explanatory sketch.
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) using a center point (2)
with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Included angle: Specify an angle
Chord Length
Draws either a minor or a major arc.
Specify length of chord: Specify a length

If the chord length is positive, AutoCAD draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the
start point (1), using the center point (2) and chord length to compute the ending angle.
If the chord length is negative, AutoCAD draws the major arc counterclockwise.
The following illustration on the left shows an arc drawn by specifying a start point,
endpoint, and radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the
cursor away from the endpoint to specify a distance.
The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a
start point and endpoint and a direction of the tangent. Moving the cursor up from the
start point and endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the
cursor down would draw the arc convex to the object.
Center Point
Using the center point draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an
endpoint (2) that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the
second point specified.
Angle
Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a
specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Specify included angle:

Direction
Begins the arc tangent to a specified direction. It creates any arc, major or minor,
clockwise or counterclockwise, beginning with the start point (1), and ending at an
endpoint (2). AutoCAD determines the direction from the start point.
Radius
Draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to the endpoint (2). If the
radius is negative, AutoCAD draws the major arc.
(b) A drawing, shown in Fig.9 (b), comprises of a square A, equilateral triangles B,

C, D (of same size), a hexagon E, and a Pentagon F.
The square A is of size 100x100 and its lower left corner (PO) is at position (40, 30).
The drawing is to be completed using only the ‘Edge’ option of POLYGON.
Show steps involved and intermediate explanatory sketches.
Command: rec
RECTANGLE
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 40,30
Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 3
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: e
Specify first endpoint of edge: <Osnap on> Specify second endpoint of edge:

Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <3>:

Specify first endpoint of edge: Specify second endpoint of edge:
SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST STEP SECOND STEP
SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
THIRD STEP
SECOND PICK FOURTH STEP
SECOND PICK
FIFTH STEP FIRST PICK
SECOND PICK
10. (a) Explain ‘Inscribed’, ‘Circumscribed’ and ‘Edge options of POLYGON’ with
the help of neat sketches.

POLYGON:-A polygon is a polyline object. AutoCAD draws polylines with zero width
and no tangent information. You can use the PEDIT command to change these values.
Inscribed in Circle :-
Specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of the polygon lie.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a point (2) or enter a value
Specifying the radius with your pointing device

determines the rotation and size of the polygon.
Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge
of the polygon at the current snap rotation angle.
Circumscribed about Circle: -Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to
the midpoints of the edges of the polygon.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a distance
Specifying the radius with your pointing device

determines the rotation and size of the polygon.
Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge
of the polygon at the current snap rotation angle.
Edge: - Defines a polygon by specifying the endpoints of

the first edge.
Specify first endpoint of edge: Specify a point (1)
Specify second endpoint of edge: Specify a point (2)
(b) Line AB is an existing horizontal line. Complete the drawing as shown in Fig,
given that:
(1) Arc BC is a Semicircular Arc.
(2) Arc BD is a Quarter Circular Arc.
(3) Arc CAE passes through point E, which is upper quadrant/Mid point
of Arc BC.
Write all the steps involved.

Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 180
Command: A
ARC Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 90
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: _endp of
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]:
Specify end point of arc: _mid of
11. (a) Explain the function and utility of stretch command with the help of neat
explanatory sketches.
Drawing with the SKETCH command controls a screen-based pen with a pointing
device. SKETCH is useful for entering map outlines, signatures, or other freehand
drawings. Sketched lines are not added to the drawing until they are recorded. The
standard digitizer tablet button menu is not available while SKETCH is in progress.
You can use the SKETCH command to draw freehand sketches. Freehand sketches
comprise many line segments. Each line segment can be a separate object or a polyline.
You set the minimum length or increment of the segments. Sketching is useful for
creating irregular boundaries or for tracing with a digitizer. Small line segments allow for
greater accuracy, but they can greatly increase the drawing file size. For this reason, use
this tool sparingly.
Before sketching, check the CELTYPE system variable to make sure the current linetype
is BYLAYER. If you use a linetype with dots or dashes and set the sketch line segment
shorter than the spaces or dashes, you won't see the spaces or dashes.

To sketch, use the pointing device like a pen, clicking to put the "pen" down on the
screen to draw and clicking again to lift it up and stop drawing.
I USED TO DRAW THIS TO EXPLAIN SKECTH COMMAND TO STUDENTS

IN THIS SKETCH I TRIED TO SHOW RISING SUN FROM MOUNTAINS,
BIRD FLYING OVERS MOUNTAINS, RIVER FLOWING AT BOTTOM
WITH FISHERMAN IN HIS BOAT. DRAWN BY D.V. SHIRBHATE
UTITILITY OF SKETCH COMMAND: You use Tablet mode with a digitizer.

Sketching in Tablet mode is useful for such things as tracing map outlines from paper
directly into an AutoCAD drawing. You can't turn off Tablet mode while sketching.
When Tablet mode is on, you can configure AutoCAD to map the paper drawing's
coordinate system directly into the AutoCAD world coordinate system. Thus, there is a
direct correlation between the coordinates where screen crosshairs appear, the
coordinates on the tablet, and the coordinates in the original paper drawing. After
configuring AutoCAD to match the coordinates of the paper drawing, you may find that
the area shown on the screen is not the area you need. To avoid this problem, use ZOOM
to display the entire work area before you start to sketch.
(b) Giving all the steps and explanatory sketches show how Fig. 11 (b)-Part 1, can be
transformed to Fig. 11 (b)-Part 2, first using Polar Array and then Rectangular
Array option of ARRAY command.

For a moment we assume that circle diameter is 10 mm. To create 12 arrows, first select
arrow. We will use polar array for this purpose. Use center of circle as center for array.
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p
Specify center point of array:(select the center of circle here)
Enter the number of items in the array: 12
Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: 360
Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: y
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects: all
14 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: r
Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 2
Enter the number of columns (|||) <1> 3
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 10
Specify the distance between columns (|||): 10
12.(a) Explain the function and utility of TRIM and EXTEND commands with the
help of neat explanatory sketches.
TRIM: - Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects
Objects that can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D
polylines, rays, splines, floating viewports, regions, text, and xlines.
CUTTING EDGE

Select the objects that define the cutting edges at which you want to trim an object or
press ENTER to select all objects as potential cutting edges. TRIM projects the cutting
edges and the objects to be trimmed onto the XY plane of the current user coordinate
system (UCS).
When AutoCAD prompts you to select boundary edges, you can press ENTER and select
the object to be trimmed. AutoCAD trims the object against the nearest candidate.
EXTEND: - Extends an object to meet another object
Objects that you can extend include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D polylines,
and rays.
You can extend objects so they end precisely at a boundary defined by other objects. You
can also extend objects to where they would intersect a boundary. This is called
extending to an implied boundary. In the following example, you extend the lines
precisely to a circle, which is the boundary.
A word from author…………

Dear students
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Students should visit the above site. So hurry and dial 0724-2422684 AutoCAD help line.

(b) Explain giving all the steps involved and neat explanatory sketches, how will you
create, using COPY and SCALE commands object shown in Fig.12 (b)-Part 2, from
the object shown in Fig.12 (b)-Part 1.
Command: CO
COPY
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 2
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects:

Specify base point:

Specify scale factor or [Reference]: .5
Command: M
MOVE
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<use first point as displacement>:
Command:
MOVE
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<Use first point as displacement>:
Note: we provide Cd’s of AutoCAD 2000, AutoCAD 2002, and AutoCAD 2004
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Microsoft Word - List of Commands For Autocad 2000

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FOR PRO/E, AUTOCAD AND CATIA CONTACT 0724-2422684

VISIT ME AT http://business.vsnl.com/siddhivinayak_akola. 2422684 1

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POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: - in this system the co-ordinates are specified in

DISTANCE < ANGLE

DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY METHOD: (FASTEST WAY TO ENTER

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TYPES OF CURSOR MODES

2) POINT SELECTION CURSOR

SELECTION WINDOWS IN AUTOCAD 2002

OBJECT SELECTION OPTION

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before trim after trim

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OFF LAYER AND FROZEN LAYER?

C-CIRCLE use D for diameter option

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360 CCW 180CCW - 180 CW

2) RECTANGULAR: the objects are multiplied in rectangular fashion

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Create a rectangular array shown above

STRETCH COMMNAD: USE RECTANGULAR WINDOW SELECTION

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XREF- external reference

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Int Intersection ^ Exponent of a number 3^2=9

How to use Geometric calculator?

line drawn by conventional method line drawn by using geometric calculator

CENTROID FOUND BY CENTROID FOUND BY

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BH- boundary hatch -H-for hatching with out or with boundary

Initial angle was 450 after

DONUT- To draw filled circles. Use FILL command with REGEN.

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MI- MIRROR - to create mirror image of an object.

object created by mirror command

USING AUTOCAD AUTOMATIC SAVE FEATURE

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Code Special character

BR- BREAK- to break an object

How To Break Without Gap?

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OBLIQUE ANGLE: skews the text at an angle

What is the difference between ALIGN and FIT options in justification?

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SPLINE fits a smooth curve to a sequence of points within a specified tolerance

TOOLBARS: 1) SOLID 2) VIEW 3) SOLIDEDITING

ISOLINES- to change the number of ISO-LINES.

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union substract intersection

SOLIDEDIT: to edit 3d solids.

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SERIAL SEQUENCE OF TOPICS IN AUTOCAD 2006

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How to write code for hatching?

*SHIRBHATE, MAKING PLUS SIGN

*SHIRBHATE2, MAKING HASH SIGN

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Codes for line types

CODE FOR SIMPLE LINE TYPES

*DIPAK4,Center ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____ _ ____

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These line type definitions use LTYPESHP.SHX.