Gio vin: Bi Xun ng

ANDEHIT - XETON

I/ NH NGHA, PHN LOI V DANH PHP
1. nh ngha v phn loi:
Andehit Xeton
nh
ngha
* Andehit l nhng hp cht hu
c m phn t c nhm CH=O
lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C
hoc nguyn t H.
Nhm (CHO) l nhm chc
andehit.
* Xeton l nhng hp cht hu c
m phn t c nhm lin
kt trc tip vi 2 nguyn t C.
Nhm lin kt vi 2
nguyn t C khc gi l nhm
chc xeton.
V d:


Phn
loi
* Da theo c im gc H.C:
Andehit no.
Andehit khng no
Andehit thm
* Da theo s nhm (CHO):
Andehit n chc
Andehit a chc.

CTTQ
C
n
H
2n+1
CHO (n0)
hoc C
n
H
2n
O (n1)
C
n
H
2n
O (n3)
2. Danh php:
Andehit Xeton
Tn thng
thng
Andehit + tn axit tng ng Tn gc H.C + xeton
V d
HCHO: andehit fomic
CH
3
CHO: andehit axetic

Dimetyl xeton (Axeton)
Tn thay
th
Tn H.C no ca mch chnh + al
V d
HCHO : metanal
CH
3
CHO : etanal
: 2 metylpropanal.



Gio vin: Bi Xun ng
II/ C IM CU TO V TNH CHT VT L CA ANDEHIT
1. c im cu to:
* Nhm CHO c cu to: . Trong nhm CHO, lin kt C=O gm 1 lin kt
bn v 1 lin kt km bn.

(M hnh cu trc phn t HCHO dng c v dng rng)
2. Tnh cht vt l:
- iu kin thng, cc andehit u dy l cht kh v tan rt rt trong nc.
Andehit focmic tan trong nc dung dch fomon. Nu c nng 37%40% dung
dch fomalin.
III/ TNH CHT HA HC
Andehit Xeton
1.
Phn
ng
cng
vi
H
2
/Ni :
(phn
ng
oxy
ha)
0
0
,
3 2 3 2
,
2 2
-
- -
Ni t
Ni t
CH CH O H CH CH OH
R CH O H R CH OH
= +
= +


2.
Phn
ng
oxy
ha
khng
hon
ton:
(phn
ng
kh)
a) Phn ng trng gng:
* Nu l andehit fomic:
( )
( )
0
0
0
3 3 2 4 4 3
4 3 3 2 4 3 4 3
2
3 3 2 4 3 4 3
2
2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
4 6 2 4 4
t
t
t
HCHO AgNO NH H O HCOONH Ag NH NO
HCOONH AgNO NH H O NH CO Ag NH NO
HCHO AgNO NH H O NH CO Ag NH NO
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

* Cc andehit khc:
0
3 3 2 4 4 3
2 3 2 2
t
RCHO AgNO NH H O RCOONH Ag NH NO + + + + ++
b) Phn ng vi O
2
/Mn
2+
:
2 0
2 0
,
2
,
3 2 3
2 2
2 2
Mn t
Mn t
RCHO O RCOOH
CH CHO O CH COOH
+
+
+
+


Nhn xt:
Andehit va c tnh oxy ha, va c tnh kh. Xeton ch c tnh oxy ha.


Gio vin: Bi Xun ng
IV/ IU CH V NG DNG
1. iu ch:
Andehit Xeton
Ancol
| |
1
O
Ancol b Andehit

| |
2
O
Ancol b Xeton
H.C CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
Cumen

Phng trnh phn ng minh ha:
2
3 2 3 2
,
4 2 2
,
2 4 2 3
2 2 2 3
2 2
o
o
o
t
xt t
xt t
Hg
CH CH OH CuO CH CHO Cu H O
CH O HCHO H O
C H O CH CHO
C H H O CH CHO
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+


2. ng dng:
Andehit Xeton
Lm nguyn liu sn xut nha
phenolfomandehit.
Dung dch fomalin dng ngm mu vt
Dng lm nguyn liu sn xut axit axetic.
Dng lm hng liu trong cng nghip
Axeton c dng lm dung mi,
nguyn liu tng hp clorofom,