You are on page 1of 4

Gio vin: Bi Xun ng

AXIT CACBOXYLIC

I/ NH NGHA, PHN LOI, DANH PHP
1. nh ngha:
* Axit cacboxylic l hp cht hu c m trong phn t c nhm cacboxyl (COOH)
lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
V d: HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
COOH, HOOCCOOH.
+ Nhm (COOH) c gi l nhm chc axit cacboxylic
2. Phn loi:
Da theo c im cu to ca gc Hidrocacbon v s nhm cacboxyl trong
phn t, cc axit c chia thnh:
* Axit no, n chc, mch h:
Phn t c gc ankyl hoc ngyn t H lin kt vi 1 nhm COOH
CTTQ: C
n
H
2n+1
COOH (n>1) hay C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n>0)
* Axit khng no, n chc, mch h:
Phn t c gc hirocacbon khng no lin kt vi mt nhm COOH
V d: CH
2
=CHCOOH; CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH=CH(CH
2
)
7
COOH
* Axit thm, n chc:
Phn t c gc Hidrocacbon thm lin kt vi 1 nhm COOH.
V d: C
6
H
5
COOH
* Axit a chc:
Phn t c hai hay nhiu nhm COOH
V d: HOOC(CH
2
)
4
COOH, HOOCCOOH.
3. Danh php
a) Tn thay th:
* Quy tc:
- Chn mch C di nht c cha nhmCOOH lm mch chnh.
- nh s v tr ca C mch chnh xut pht t nguyn t C ca nhmCOOH.
- Gi tn:
Axit + v tr nhm th + tn nhm th + tn H.C no mch chnh + oic
b) Tn thng: Lin quan n ngun gc tm ra chng.
V d:


Gio vin: Bi Xun ng
II/ C IM CU TO:
* Nhm cacboxyl c cu to:
Nh vy nhm COOH coi nh c kt hp bi nhm cacbonyl ( ) v nhm
hydroxyl (OH).
- Lin kt OH trong phn t axit phn cc hn lin kt OH trong phn t ancol,
do nguyn t H ca nhm COOH linh ng hn nguyn t H ca nhm OH
trong ancol.
- Lin kt ca nhm COOH phn cc mnh hn lin kt trong
phn t ancol v phenol nn nhm OH ca axit cacboxylic cng b thay th.

(M hnh phn t axit axetic dng rng v dng c)
III/ TNH CHT VT L
- Cc axit trong dy ng ng ca axit axetic u l nhng cht lng hoc cht rn.
- Nhit si ca axit cao hn hn nhit si ca ru c cng s nguyn t
cacbon, do hai phn t axit lin kt vi nhau bi hai lin kt hiro v lin kt
hiro ca axit bn hn ca ru

hay

Do c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau (lin kt hiro lin phn t) cc
phn t axit ht nhau mnh hn so vi nhng phn t c cng phn t khi nhng
khng c lin kt hiro (hirocacbon, dn xut halogen, ete, ancol...). V th cn phi
cung cp nhit nhiu hn chuyn axit t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng (nng
chy) cng nh t trng thi lng sang trng thi kh (si).
Axit fomic, axit axetic tan v hn trong nc. tan trong nc ca cc axit gim
dn theo chiu tng ca phn t khi.
Mi axit c v ring: axit axetic c v gim n, axit oxalic c v chua ca me,

Gio vin: Bi Xun ng
III/ TNH CHT HO HC
Axit d dng tham gia phn ng th hoc trao i nguyn t H hoc nhm -OH
ca nhm COOH
1. Tnh axit
a) Trong dung dch, axit cacboxylic phn li thun nghch:
3 3
CH COOH CH COO H
+
+

dung dch axit cacboxylic lm qu tm chuyn sang mu hng
b) Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc
Th d:
( )
3 3 2
3 3 2
2
2
CH COOH NaOH CH COONa H O
CH COOH ZnO CH COO Zn H O
+ +
+ +

c) Tc dng vi mui
( )
3 3 3 2 2
2
2 CH COOH CaCO CH COO Ca H O CO + + +
d) Tc dng vi kim loi:
Th d:
( )
3 3 2
2
2CH COOH Mg CH COO Mg H + +
2. Phn ng th nhm OH (phn ng este ho)
* TQ:
2 4
,
2
' '
o
H SO t
R COOH R OH R COOR H O

+ +


V d:
V/ IU CH
1. Phng php ln men gim:


2. Phng php oxy ha andehit:


3. Phng php oxy ha ankan:


TQ:


4. Phng php t metanol:


VI/ NG DNG


Gio vin: Bi Xun ng

You might also like