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Ha Hu C

LIPIT
I/ KHI NIM: * Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ho tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung mi khng phn cc. - V mt cu to, phn ln lipit l cc este phc tp, bao gm cht bo (hay triglixerit), sp, .

II. CHT BO: 1.Khi nim: * Cht bo (ngun gc ng vt, thc vt) l trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo (axit hu c mt ln axit mch thng, khi lng phn t ln). - Cc cht bo c gi chung l triglixerit. - CTTQ ca cht bo:

(Trong R, R', R'' c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau.) * Mt s axit bo thng gp.

- Thng gp cc glixerit pha tp. V d:

* Trong cht bo, ngoi este ca glixerol vi axit bo cn c mt lng nh axit dng t do c c trng bi ch s axit. 2. Tnh cht vt l: Cc cht bo thc t khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong ru, ete v cc dung mi hu c khc.
GV: Bi Xun ng

Ha Hu C

Ph thuc thnh phn axit trong cht bo: nu cht bo ch yu t axit no th th rn (m), ch yu t axit cha no th th lng (du). Cht bo ng vt: triglixerit ca axit no panmitic, stearic nn th rn. Cht bo thc vt: triglixerit ca axit cha no oleic nn th lng. 3. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit: * Cht bo t tan trong nc nn khng b thu phn bi nc lnh hay nc si. - thu phn cht bo phi un nng trong nc p sut cao (25atm) t n nhit cao (220oC):

- C th dng axit v c (H2SO4 long) tng tc phn ng thu phn. Axit bo khng tan trong nc, c tch ra. b. Phn ng x phng ho (Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim): * Nu cht bo vi kim:

- Lu : Trieste + 3NaOH 3Mui + Glyxerol * Cc mui to thnh l x phng tan trong dung dch. Khi thm NaCl vo hn hp phn ng, x phng s ni ln thnh lp, ng c. Glixerol tan trong dung dch c tch bng cch chng phn on. c. Phn ng cng ca glixerit cha no, bin du thnh m: Quan trng nht l phn ng cng hiro (s hiro ho) bin glixerit cha no (du) thnh glixerit no (m). V d: 4. ng dng ca cht bo Dng lm thc phm: khi n, nh men ca dch ty, cht bo b thu phn thnh axit bo v glixerol ri b hp th qua mao trng rut vo bn trong rut. Nh qu trnh tiu ho n bin thnh nng lng nui c th. Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln cht bo c dng trong sn xut x phng v glixerol, * MT S LU : - Ch s axit: l s mmg KOH dng thc hin phn ng trung ha lng axit t do c trong 1g cht bo.

- Ch s x phng ha: l s mmg KOH dng thc hin phn ng trung ha vi axit t do v phn ng x phng ha vi este c trong 1g cht bo.
GV: Bi Xun ng

Ha Hu C

- Du m lu thng c mi kh chu (hi, kht) m ta gi l hin tng m b i. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do lin kt i C=C gc axit khng no ca cht bo b oxy ha chm bi oxi khng kh to thnh peoxit, cht ny b phn hy thnh cc andehit c mi kh chu v gy hi cho ngi n. Sau khi c dng rn, du m cng b oxy ha mt phn thnh andehit nn nu dng li du m ny th khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. III/ BI TP CNG C: Cu 1: un si a(g) mt triglixerit X vi dung dch KOH n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 0,92g glixerol v m(g) hn hp Y gm mui ca axit oleic vi 3,18g mui ca axit linoleic (C17H31COOH). Tnh a Cu 2: x phng ha 100kg triolein (ch s axit bng 7) cn 14,1kg NaOH. Tnh khi lng x phng thu c. Cu 3: Tnh khi lng x phng thu c t 100kg mt loi m cha 50% tristearin ((C17H35COO)3C3H5), 30% triolein ((C17H33COO)3C3H5) v 20% tripantanmitin ((C15H31COO)C3H5) khi tc dng vi NaOH va . (Phn ng xy ra hon ton) Cu 4: x phng ha 10kg cht bo c ch s axit bng 9, ngi ta cho cht bo tc dng vi dung dch 1,42kg NaOH. Sau phn ng, hn hp c trung ha va bi 500ml dung dch HCl 1M. Tnh khi lng glixerol v khi lng x phng nguyn cht to ra. Cu 5: x phng ha hon ton 2,52g lipit X cn dng 900ml dung dch KOH 0,1M. Ch s x phng ha ca X l: Cu 6: trung ha axit bo t do c trong 14g lipit cn 15ml dung dch KOH 0,1M. Ch s axit ca lipit l: Cu 7: trung ha axit bo t do c trong 10g cht bo c ch s axit l 5,6 th khi lng NaOH cn dng l: Cu 8: X phng ha hon ton 2,5g lipit cn 50ml dung dch KOH 0,1M. Ch s x phng ha ca cht bo l: Cu 9: Cho 178kg cht bo trung tnh phn ng va vi 120kg dung dch NaOH 20% th khi lng x phng thu c l: (phn ng xy ra hon ton) Cu 10: Mt loi cht bo cha 2,84% axit stearic cn li l tristearin. Tnh ch s x phng ha ca mu cht bo trn.

GV: Bi Xun ng

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