TRNG I HC AN GIANG

KHOA NNG NGHIP TI NGUYN THIN NHIN

HUNH MUI HN
MSSV: DTP010788

NC THT LT LN MEN

LUN VN TT NGHIP K S NGNH CNG NGH THC PHM

GIO VIN HNG DN:

PGs. Ts. Nguyn Vn B

Ks. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Thng 6.2005

TRNG I HC AN GIANG
KHOA NNG NGHIP TI NGUYN THIN NHIN

NC THT LT LN MEN

Do sinh vin: HUNH MUI HN thc hin v np

Knh trnh Hi ng chm lun vn tt nghip xt duyt

Long Xuyn, ngy thng nm 2005

GIO VIN HNG DN

PGs. Ts. Nguyn Vn B

Ks. Nguyn Hu Thanh

TRNG I HC AN GIANG
KHOA NNG NGHIP TI NGUYN THIN NHIN

Hi ng chm lun vn tt nghip chp thun lun vn nh km vi tn

ti: NC THT LT LN MEN.
Do sinh vin: HUNH MUI HN
Thc hin v bo v trc Hi ng ngy:...
Lun vn c Hi ng nh gi mc:...
kin ca Hi ng:....
.
.
.
.

Long Xuyn, ngy thng nm 2005

DUYT
BAN CH NHIM KHOA NN-TNTN

Ch tch Hi ng

TIU S C NHN

H v tn: Hunh Mui Hn

Ngy thng nm sinh: 19/02/1982
Ni sinh: Huyn Tri Tn - tnh An Giang
Con ng: Hunh Vn Chung
v B: Giang Th Lang
a ch: 38 p T Trung, x Ni T, huyn Tri Tn, tnh An Giang
tt nghip ph thng nm: 2000
Vo trng i hc An Giang nm 2001 hc lp DH2TP1 kha 2
thuc Khoa Nng Nghip v Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin v tt nghip k s
ngnh Cng Ngh Thc Phm nm 2005.

LI CM T

Li cm n su sc nht con xin gi n Cha M, ngi

nui dng, dy bo v cho con c i hc nh ngy hm nay.
Chn thnh cm t Thy Nguyn Vn B v Thy Nguyn
Hu Thanh tn tnh hng dn ti hon thnh ti ny.
Thnh tht bit n qu thy c trong B Mn Cng Ngh Thc
Phm truyn t cho ti nhng kinh nghim qu bu trong sut
qu trnh hc.
Chn thnh cm n cn b phng th nghim b mn Cng
Ngh Thc Phm v b mn Cng Ngh Sinh Hc, cng cc bn
sinh vin lp Cng Ngh Thc Phm kha 2 gip v to iu
kin cho ti hon thnh ti ny.
Long Xuyn, ngy 23 thng 5 nm 2005
Sinh vin
Hunh Mui Hn

TM LC
Vi mc tiu to ra sn phm nc tht lt ln men t cht lng, chng
ti tin hnh kho st mc cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men nh: pH,
Brix ban u ca dch ln men v t l nm men s dng, t tm ra thng s
thch hp. Sau khi phi ch nc tht lt t Brix t 18% - 22% bng ng
tht lt, chng ti tin hnh iu chnh pH t 4,5 6,5 bng acid citric v Na 2CO3,
tip b sung nm men vi cc t l 0,1%, 0,2%, v khng b sung (0%). Sau 6
ngy ln men iu kin nhit phng, kt qu cho thy nng cht kh ban
u l 22%, pH = 4,5 v t l nm men s dng l 0,2% th qu trnh ln men xy
ra l tt nht .
ng thi to cho sn phm c v hi ha, hp khu v, chng ti cng
tin hnh iu v sn phm cc hm lng ng kem (di dng dch sir) khc
nhau: 1%, 2%, 3% v khng b sung (0%) sau khi qu trnh ln men kt thc v
dch ln men c lm trong. Sau khi tin hnh nh gi cm quan kt qu cho
thy, sn phm iu v hm lng ng 2% th c gi tr cm quan cao, v hi
ha, ngi tiu dng c th chp nhn.

ii

MC LC
Ni dung

iii

Trang

LI CM T................................................................................................................. i
TM LC.................................................................................................................. ii
MC LC.....................................................................................................................iii
DANH SCH BNG.................................................................................................... v
DANH SCH HNH.................................................................................................... vi
Chng 1 GII THIU............................................................................................... 1

1.1. t vn ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu....................................................................................... 2
Chng 2 LC KHO TI LIU.......................................................................... 3

2.1. Nguyn liu dng trong nghin cu............................................................... 3

2.1.1. Nc tht lt................................................................................................ 3
2.1.2. Nm men.................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3. NaHSO3...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4. Acid citric, Na2CO3.................................................................................... 8
2.1.5. ng tht lt........................................................................................... 8
2.2. Khi qut v qu trnh ln men ru............................................................. 9
2.3. C ch ca qu trnh ln men......................................................................... 9
2.4. ng hc ca qu trnh ln men.................................................................. 10
2.5. Sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru............ 11
2.5.1. S to thnh acid...................................................................................... 11
2.5.2. S to thnh alcol cao phn t..................................................................11
2.5.3. S to thnh ester..................................................................................... 11
2.6. Cc vi khun c hi cho nm men............................................................... 12
2.6.1. Vi khun lactic.......................................................................................... 12
2.6.2. Vi khun acetic......................................................................................... 12
2.6.3. Vi khun butylic v cc vi sinh vt khc.................................................. 13
2.7. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men.............................................. 13
2.7.1. nh hng ca nhit ........................................................................... 13
2.7.2. nh hng ca acid (pH)......................................................................... 13
2.7.3. nh hng ca nng ru................................................................... 14
2.7.4. nh hng ca s lng t bo nm men................................................ 14
2.7.5. nh hng ca vic thng kh v o trn................................................14
2.8. Qui trnh ln men ru ngt v ru c tham kho..................................... 15
iv

DANH SCH BNG

Bng
s

Ta bng

Trang

Thnh phn ha hc ca nc tht lt.............................................................. 3

Thnh phn ha hc ca ng tht lt .............................................................9

Bng nh gi cm quan sn phm nc tht lt ln men.................... 22

Thnh phn nguyn liu nc tht lt .................................................. 23

nh hng ca Brix ban u n hm lng cn sinh ra................ 23

S bin i Brix theo thi gian ln men cc nghim thc

Brix ban u khc nhau..................................................................... 25

nh hng ca cc t l nm men b sung vo n hm lng cn sinh

ra theo thi gian..................................................................................... 26

S bin i Brix cc t l nm men khc nhau theo thi gian.........27

nh hng ca pH ban u n hm lng cn sinh ra theo thi gian

............................................................................................................... 28

10

S thay i Brix cc pH ban u khc nhau theo thi gian ln

11

men ......................................................................................................... 29

12

im cm quan sn phm nc tht lt ln men ca cc thnh vin....30

Kt qu phn tch nc tht lt ln men thnh phm so vi tiu chun
ru ung ca TCVN 5013 - 89.............................................................31

DANH SCH HNH

Hnh
Ta hnh
Trang
s
1
S b tr th nghim kho st s nh hng ca pH, Brix v t l
nm men b sung n qu trnh ln men................................................. 19
2

S b tr th nghim iu v................................................................ 21

th biu din cn tng theo thi gian ln men cc nghim thc

c Brix ban u khc nhau................................................................. 24

th biu din s thay i Brix theo thi gian ln men...............25

th biu din s bin i cn theo thi gian ln men cc t l

nm men khc nhau............................................................................. 26

th biu din s thay Brix theo thi gian ln men cc t l nm

men khc nhau..................................................................................... 27

th biu din s bin i cn theo thi gian ln men cc pH

ban u khc nhau............................................................................... 28

th biu din s thay Brixtheo thi gian ln men cc pH ban

u khc nhau...................................................................................... 29

S qui trnh sn xut ngh.......................................................... 32

10

Nguyn liu nc tht lt................................................................. pc-1

11

Nc tht lt ang ln men.............................................................. pc-1

12

Kt thc qu trnh ln men nc tht lt .........................................pc-2

13

Sn phm nc tht lt ln men....................................................... pc-2

vi

Chng 1 GII THIU

1.1.t vn
Tnh Bin v Tri Tn thuc tnh An Giang l ni c tim nng rt ln v
tr lng cy tht lt hng nm. Trc nm 1980, c dn thuc vng ny vn cn
cha bit khai thc ht tim nng kinh t t cy tht lt, nn lng cy tht lt b
cht ph kh nhiu lm g xy dng v canh tc cc cy cng nghip khc.
T nm 1990 n nay, ngun li t cy tht lt (phc v cho khch du lch
Ni Sam) tc ng ln n thc ngi dn, chnh quyn a phng ra ch
th ngn cm vic cht ph cy tht lt. Chng trnh khuyn nng to iu kin
gip cho ngi dn trong vic mua sm cc phng tin dng c sn xut ch
bin ng, nn n nay cy tht lt c gi gn v tr thnh mt trong nhng
ngun li chnh ca ngi dn a phng.
Cy tht lt l cy c hiu qu kinh t cao, d trng v thi gian khai thc
di hn. Vic pht trin cy tht lt cn gp phn ph xanh t trng, i trc, ci
to v chng suy thoi mi trng, khu vc.
Nc tht lt c hng v c trng v gi tr dinh dng cao, c thu
hoch gn nh quanh nm (ma v thu hoch bt u t thng 12 nm trc n
thng 8 nm sau), v mi cy tht lt c th cho t 6 10 lt nc tht lt mi
ngy. Ngun nguyn liu sau khi thu hoch thng ch dng sn xut ng l
ch yu, tiu th ng Bng Sng Cu Long, ngoi ra n cn c bn nh
nc gii kht dng ti hoc dng lm nc tht lt chua, gi tr khng cao, ch
mang tnh phc v a phng vi sn lng thp do cht lng v v sinh km,
gi tr cm quan cha cao, mi v cha ph hp vi ngi tiu dng, cha c bao
b cha ng, lm gim gi tr kinh t ca ngun nguyn liu. Do vic a
dng ha cc sn phm t tht lt cng to ra mt sn phm mi t cht lng,
nhm nng cao thu nhp, pht huy hiu qu kinh t v ci thin i sng ca ngi
dn a phng l vic lm bc thit hin nay.
Trn c s vn t ra, vic sn xut nc tht lt ln men cn c thc
hin to ra mt sn phm mi t cht lng, mi v tt, gi tr cm quan cao,

hp v sinh, gp phn a dng ha cc sn phm t tht lt phc v cho khch du

lch, lm cho sn phm tr thnh c sn ca vng By Ni.
1.2.Mc tiu nghin cu
Vi mc tiu to ra sn phm nc tht lt ln men t cht lng: Mi v
hi ha ngi tiu dng c th chp nhn c, ti c tin hnh vi cc th
nghim sau:
- Kho st mc ca cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ln men nc
tht lt: pH, Brix v t l nm men b sung.
- Kho st t l ng b sung trong vic iu v sn phm.

Chng 2 LC KHO TI LIU

2.1.Nguyn liu dng trong nghin cu
2.1.1.Nc tht lt
2.1.1.1.Ngun gc
Nc tht lt c ly t hoa, mi cy c t 20 30 hoa, ngi ly nc
tht lt thng dng 2 thanh tre kp ngang cung hoa, mi ngy kp 2 ln. Vi cy
tht lt c th kp lin tip 3 4 ngy, cn cy ci th 9 10 ngy. Sau dng
dao tin ni vo ch kp 2 3 phn, ri treo ng hng nc dnh vo cung,
nc tht lt s r vo ng. Mi cy tht lt c th cho 6 10 lt nc mi ngy.
Cy t 20 tui tr ln mi cho nc tht lt t cht lng, thi gian khai thc
nc tht lt t thng 12 nm trc n thng 8 nm sau. (L Thanh Tng, 2003)
2.1.1.2.Thnh phn ha hc
Phn ln tht lt ca vng By Ni thuc loi lai gia Borassus flabellifer
v Borassus baethiopium, c mi hng hp dn, gi tr dinh dng cao.
Thnh phn ha hc ca nc tht lt c trnh by bng sau
Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca 100ml nc tht lt
Thnh phn
Nitrogen

Hm lng, mg
56

Protein

350

ng kh

960

Khong cht

540

Phosphor

140

St

400

Vitamin B1

3,9

Vitamin C

13,25
( Hong Xun Phng, 2004 )

2.1.2. Nm men
2.1.2.1. Hnh dng
Nm men c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, thng chng c hnh cu, hnh
elip, hnh bu dc v c hnh di. Hnh dng t bo nm men hnh nh khng n
nh n ph thuc vo tui ca nm men v ph thuc vo iu kin nui cy.

2.1.2.2. Kch thc t bo nm men

T bo nm men thng c kch thc rt ln gp 5 10 ln kch thc t
bo vi khun.
Kch thc trung bnh ca t bo nm men:
- Chiu di: 8 10 m
- Chiu rng: 2 7 m
Kch thc ny cng thay i, s khng ng u thy cc loi khc
nhau, la tui khc nhau v iu kin nui cy khc nhau. (Trn Minh Tm,
2000)
2.1.2.2. Cu to t bo nm men
T bo nm men cng nh nhiu loi t bo khc c cu to ch yu t
cc phn c bn sau:
- Thnh t bo: Thnh t bo nm men c cu to t nhiu thnh phn
khc nhau. Trong ng k nht l: Glucan, manan, protein, lipid v mt s
thnh phn nh khc nh kitin.
- Mng nguyn sinh cht: Gm cc hp cht phc tp nh protein,
photpholipid, enzym permase.
- Nhn: T bo nm men c nhn tht, nhn c hnh bu dc hay hnh cu.
Cng nh cc vi sinh vt khc nhn nm men c cha protein v acid nucleic.
Nhng thnh phn khc nh: Khng bo, volutin, ty lp th, riboxom.
2.1.2.3. Cc hnh thc h hp ca nm men
nm men h hp l qu trnh kh phc tp, n xy ra theo 2 chiu hng
khc nhau. V th, ngi ta phn b ra thnh 2 loi h hp: Hiu kh v ym kh.
im ging v khc nhau ca 2 dng h hp trn:
- Ging nhau:
4

+ C 2 u sinh ra nng lng, nng lng ny dng cung cp cho c

th sng hot ng v mt phn thi ra bn ngoi.
+ Sn phm trung gian ban u u ging nhau, ngha l to ra acid
pyruvic.
+ Qu trnh chuyn ha ca 2 kiu h hp u c s tham gia ca nhng
h ezim oxy ha gn ging nhau.
- Khc nhau:
+ H hp ym kh l dng h hp khng c s tham gia ca oxy, v th
cht tch y khng phi l oxy, cn h hp hiu kh th ngc li.
+ Sn phm ca qu trnh h hp hiu kh l CO2 v H2O, cn sn phm
ca qu trnh h hp ym kh l C2H5OH v CO2. ( Trn Th Thy Trang, 2003)
2.1.2.4. Thnh phn ha hc v dinh dng ca nm men
Thnh phn ha hc v dinh dng ca nm men ph thuc vo chng
ging, mi trng, trng thi sinh l cng nh iu kin nui cy. Men p cha
75% nc v 25% cht kh. Cc cht kh ca nm men bao gm cc thnh phn
sau:
Protid 30 - 50%, trung bnh 40%
Gluxid 24 - 40%, trung bnh 30%
Cht bo 2 - 5%, trung bnh 4%
Cht khong 5 - 11%, trung bnh 9%
- Protid cha trong nm men ru thng c cc acid amin khng thay
th c. V gi tr dinh dng th protid nm men tng ng protid ng vt
nhng gi tr hn protid thc vt. nhit cao v bnh thng, di tc dng ca
protease c sn trong nm men, protid s bin thnh pepton, peptit v acid amin.
- Gluxit ca nm men ch yu l glucogen (C6H10O5)n, y l cht d tr
ca t bo, theo thnh phn cu to th glucogen ging nh amylopectin nhng
khc l khi lng phn t ln hn. Hm lng ca n trong t bo men ty thuc
trc ht vo mi trng dinh dng.
Trong mi trng d ng lng glucogen tng ng k. Trong giai on
u ca ln men nng ng cn cao, nn nm men cha nhiu glucogen. Khi

lng ng gim, nm men s s dng glucogen duy tr s sng. Di tc

dng ca -amylase glucogen s bin thnh maltose v dextrin.
- Cht bo l thc n d tr ca nm men v cha ch yu trong nguyn
sinh cht.Trong nm men cn cha cc cht tng t cht bo nh lxitin v
sterin. Trong s quan trng hn c l ugosterin, cht ny d bin thnh vitamin
D di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri v cn gi l tin vitamin D.
- Cht khong tuy vi s lng t nhng ng vai tr v cng quan trng
trong hot ng ca t bo men, c bit l photpho. Photpho thng dng lin
kt hu c v c trong thnh phn ca photphatit, nucleoproteit cng nh acid
nucleic. Trong t bo nm men cn cha cc ion kali, canxi, magie, st, lu hunh
v acid silicic. Lu hunh c trong thnh phn protid dng SH hoc S S-.
Lu hunh v st u tham gia phn ng oxy ha kh. St cng vi cc cht v c
khc nh Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg l nhng cht khng th thiu i vi nhiu enzym
oxy ha (oxydase, katalase peroxydase). Magie cng nh lu hunh v photpho
cn c tc dng lm hot ha photphotase trong qu trnh ln men. Canxi gip v
loi b cc cht c thi ra khi ln men, ng thi gip tng hp protid, lm tng
qu trnh oxy ha v c tc dng to thnh mt s vitamin.
m bo cho s sng, nm men cn cc vitamin B 1 c trong thnh phn
ca coenzym cacboxylase B2 dng este photphoric, acid nicotin c trong
cozymase Biotin v acid paraamino benzoic l nhng cht kch thch cho sinh
trng ca nm men. Trong t bo nm men c nhiu loi vitamin v vi hm
lng kh ln, nn hin nay nm men c xem l ngun nguyn liu qu trong
sn xut mt s vitamin. ( Nguyn nh Thng, 2000)
2.1.2.5. C ch vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng vo trong t bo nm men
Nm men hon ton khng c c quan dinh dng ring bit, cc cht dinh
dng m chng s dng ch yu c vn chuyn qua thnh t bo theo 2 con
ng c bn sau:
- Con ng th nht l thm thu b ng: Trn thnh t bo nm men c
nhng l nh, nhng l ny c tc dng lm cho cc cht dinh dng vn chuyn
vo trong t bo t mi trng bn ngoi nh p sut thm thu. Ngc li cht
thi trong qu trnh trao i cht cng c thi qua nhng l ny.
6

- Con ng th hai l hp thu thc n mt cch ch ng: Cc thnh phn

dinh dng khng c kh nng xm nhp vo t bo th lp tc c h permease
hot ha. Permease l mt protid hot ng, cht ny s lin kt vi cht dinh
dng hnh thnh hp cht v hp cht ny chui qua thnh t bo vo trong, ti y
chng tch ra v permease li tip tc lm cng vic vn chuyn.
2.1.2.6. Sinh dng ca t bo nm men
Nm men tip nhn thc n bng con ng hp thu chn lc trn b mt
ca t bo v sau khuch tn vo bn trong. Mng v lp bao bc nguyn sinh
cht ca t bo trong trng hp ny ng vai tr l lp mng bn thm ngn cch,
iu khin cc cht dinh dng vo t bo v thi ra mi trng xung quanh nhng
sn phm ca hot ng sng. cho t bo d hp th, cc cht dinh dng phi
l nhng cht c nguyn t lng thp v ha tan vo trong nc, mt phn cc
cht dinh dng chuyn ha cc hp cht cao phn t nh: protid, glucid, lipid
trong t bo v xy dng thnh t bo mi.
Nm men cng ging nh cc c th thc vt khc cn oxy, cacbon, nit,
kali, magie.
- Oxy, hydro, cacbon
Oxy, hydro cung cp cho t bo nc t mi trng. Ngun cung cp
cacbon l cc loi ng khc nhau. nhng giai on nht nh, nm men cn s
dng ngun cacbon ca acid amin.
- Nit
Nm men khng c men ngoi phn gii protid, cho nn khng th phn
cch albumin ca mi trng thnh cht c kh nng hp th v phi cung cp
dng ha tan. C th l dng v c hoc hu c. Dng hu c thng c s
dng l acid amin, pepton amid, ure. Dng v c l cc mui amon kh nitrat,
sulfat.

- Cc vitamin
Sinh t B1 (thiamin), sinh t B2 (riboflavin), sinh t B3 (acid pentotenic),
sinh t B5 (P.P acid nicotic).
7

- Cht khong c nh hng to ln n hot ng sng ca t bo nm

men. Trc ht l photpho, c thnh phn ca nucleoprotein polyphosphate ca
nhiu enzym v ca sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru. Chng to
thnh mi lin kt c nng lng hn. Lu hunh tham gia vo thnh phn ca
mt s acid amin, albumin, sinh t v mt s nguyn t vi lng nh magie, st c
nh hng n qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha ca nm men. Magie tham gia vo nhiu
phn ng trung gian ca s ln men. St tham gia vo thnh phn enzym ca s h
hp v cc qu trnh khc.
Nm men cha nhiu kali, n thc y s pht trin ca nm men tham gia
vo s ln men ru, to iu kin hi phc phosphoric ha ca acid pyruvic.
Mangan ng vai tr tng t magie. ( Nguyn Vn Tng, 2003)
2.1.2.7. Cc hnh thc sinh sn ca nm men
Nm men sinh sn bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau:
- Sinh sn bng cch ny chi.
- Sinh sn bng cch phn i.
2.1.3.NaHSO3
Trong qu trnh ln men c nhiu vi sinh vt tp nhim sinh ra nhiu acid
hu c v cc hp cht khc, do vic s dng NaHSO 3 st khun trc khi
ln men l cn thit, vi hm lng cho php < 450 ppm/kg. (Jim Smith,1991)
2.1.4.Acid citric, Na2CO3
S dng nhm mc ch to pH thch hp trong qu trnh ln men.

2.1.5. ng tht lt
S dng nhm iu chnh Brix ca dch ln men.
Bng 2: Thnh phn ha hc ca ng tht lt
Thnh phn

Hm lng, %
8

Succrose

76,86

ng kh

1,66

1,04

Cht bo

0,19

Cht khong

3,15
(Hong Xun Phng, 2004 )

2.2. Khi qut v qu trnh ln men ru

Ln men l qu trnh trao i cht di tc dng ca enzym tng ng gi
l cht xc tc sinh hc. Ty theo sn phm tch t sau qu trnh ln men m ngi
ta chia lm nhiu kiu ln men khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c hai hnh thc ln men
chnh: Ln men ym kh v ln men hiu kh.
Ln men ru l qu trnh ln men ym kh vi s c mt ca nm men,
chng s chuyn ha ng ln men thnh ethanol v CO2.
2.3.C ch ca qu trnh ln men
ln men ngi ta cho vo mi trng mt lng t bo nm men nht
nh. Ty theo phng php ln men m lng nm men cho vo khc nhau.
Thng thng khi ln men, lng t bo nm men phi t ln hn mt trm triu
t bo trong mt ml dch ln men. Do din tch b mt ca t bo nm men ln nn
kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng mnh. ng ln men v cc cht dinh
dng khc trong mi trng ln men trc tin c hp th trn b mt nm
men, sau c khuch tn vo bn trong t bo nm men, ru v CO 2 s c
to thnh.
Ru etylic to thnh khuch tn ra mi trng bn ngoi qua mng t bo
nm men. Ru ha tan v hn trong nc nn khuch tn rt mnh vo trong mi
trng. CO2 cng ha tan vo trong mi trng nhng s ha tan khng ln. p
sut 800 mmHg, nhit 25 30oC thu c khong 0,837- 0,856 lt CO2/lt nc.
V th CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men s khuch tn vo mi trng v nhanh
chng t c trng thi bo ha. Khi bo ha CO2 bm xung quanh t bo nm
men hnh thnh nhng bt kh. T bo nm men thng dnh lin vi nhau, bt kh
sinh ra ngy cng nhiu v ln dn ln hnh thnh ti ln, n lc no c s
chnh lch gia khi lng ring ca mi trng v t bo nm men s ni trn b
9

mt. Khi n b mt, do c s thay i t ngt sc cng b mt nn chng b v

ra lm cho kh CO2 phng thch ra ngoi. Lc ny do khi lng ca t bo nm
men ln tr li nn chng s b chm xung. Qu trnh din ra lin tc nn t
bo nm men chuyn t trng thi tnh sang trng thi chuyn ng, lm gia tng
kh nng s tip xc gia cc t bo nm men v mi trng iu ny lm cho qu
trnh trao i cht din ra nhanh hn, mnh m hn, khi s lm gia tng qu
trnh ln men.
Kh CO2 c ch qu trnh ln men, nhng trong qu trnh thot kh CO2
lm tng kh nng ln men ca nm men. Kch thc, vt liu ch to ca thit b
ln men, cc cht ha tan mang in tch cc vt l lng khc hin din trong dch
ln men khi ln men u nh hng n qu trnh thot kh CO2 nn cng nh
hng n qu trnh ln men.
2.4. ng hc ca qu trnh ln men
Tc ca qu trnh ln men c th quan st c bng cch theo di s
thay i ca hm lng ng trong dch ln men, quan st bng cch theo di s
thay i hm lng ru v CO2 to thnh cng nh s thay i tr s ca nng
dch ln men.
Qu trnh ln men chia lm 3 thi k chnh:
+ Thi k u: Khong 60 gi k t khi cho nm men tip xc vi dch ln
men. S ln men xy ra rt chm, ng ln men khng ng k.
+ Thi k 2: y l thi k ln men chnh. Chim khong 60 120 gi
sau thi k u. S pht trin ca nm men v s ln men sau mi gi tng nhanh
ng k v t n tr s cc i.
+ Thi k cui: y l giai on ln men ph xy ra rt chm ng thi l
thi k n nh to mi cho sn phm. Ty theo phng php ln men, loi sn
phm m thi gian ln men ph ko di khc nhau khng quan st c.
Thi k ln men chnh l thi k bin i su sc cc thnh phn trong
dch ln men. Chng nh hng n kt qu ca qu trnh ln men. Trong giai
on ny, trong iu kin bnh thng, sau mi gi nng ng trong dch ln
men gim i khong 1 (Brix) ty loi sn phm, dy chuyn sn xut.

10

2.5. Sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru

2.5.1. S to thnh acid
Trong qu trnh ln men ru lun to cc acid hu c bao gm: Acetic,
lactic, citric, pyrovic v succinic nhng nhiu hn c l acetic v lactic.
* Acid acetic c th c to thnh t phn ng oxy ha kh gia hai
aldehyt acetic - mt phn t b oxy ha, phn t th hai s b kh:
CH3CHO + CH3CHO + H2O = CH3COOH + C2H5OH
* Acid lactic c to bi pyrovat dehydronase theo phn ng:
CH3CO COOH + NADH2 = CH3CHOHCOOH + NAD
* Acid citric theo Lapphon c to t aldehyt acetic phn ng ny c
biu din tng qut nh sau:
9CH3OH + 4H2O = (CH2COOH)2 (OH)2COOH + 6C2H5OH.
* Acid succinic c to thnh c th theo hai con ng: dehydro v
trng hp hai phn t acid acetic vi mt aldehyt acetic:
2CH3-COOH + CH3CHO

COOHCH2COOH + C2H5OH.

2.5.2. S to thnh alcol cao phn t

Mt trong nhng sn phm ph quan trng c to thnh trong qu trnh
ln men ru l cc ru c s nguyn t carbon ln hn hai (gi chung l alcol
cao phn t). Cc alcol ny tuy t nhng ln vo cn etylic s gy nh hng xu
ti cht lng sn phm. l cc alcol propylic, izoamylic, amylic hm lng
ca chng ch vo khong 0,4 - 0,5% so vi cn etylic nhng gy cho sn phm
mi hi kh chu. Cc alcol ny c tn chung l du fusel v ch c mi hi kh
chu nn gi l du kht.
2.5.3. S to thnh ester
Song song vi vic to ra acid v alcol, di tc dng ca enzym esterase
ca nm men, cc acid v alcol s tc dng ln nhau to ra nhng este tng
ng. C th vit di dng tng qut sau:
R1CH2OH + R2COOH
R2COO-CH2R1 + H2O
V d: khi alcol etylic kt hp vi acid acetic l s nhn c este etylic
hay acetat etyl:
C2H5OH + CH3COOH
CH2COOC2H5 + H2O
S to thnh este s d dng hn khi cc cu t tham gia phn ng l cc
aldehyt:
11

R1CHO + R2CHO
R1COOCH2R2
Khi tt c bin i ca aldehyt s c thc hin m khng cn tiu tn
nng lng.
Cc aldehyt cng c th ngng t vi nhau to ra cht mi, va cha
nhm - CHO va cha nhm - OH.
CH3CHO + CH3CHO = CH3CHOHCH2CHO
Khi tc dng vi alcol etylic, aldhyt acetic s bin thnh dietylacetat:
CH3CHO + 2C2H5OH
CH3CH (OC2H5)2 + H2O
Da vo cc kt qu thu c trong phng th nghim cng nh trn thc
t sn xut, ngi ta nhn thy rng, lng sn phm ph v sn phm trung gian
to thnh trong cc qu trnh ln men, ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, chng thay
i theo nhit , pH, mc sc kh cng nh chng ging nm men v c ngun
nguyn liu. (Nguyn nh Thng, 2000)
2.6. Cc vi khun c hi cho nm men
Dch ln men khng ch l mt mi trng dinh dng tt cho nm men
m cn cho cc vi sinh vt khc. Trong nc, trong khng kh cng nh cc ngun
nguyn liu tham gia vo thnh phn mi trng lun cha mt lng vi sinh vt
c hi cho ln men ru. Cc vi sinh vt nu ln vo dung dch ng, chng s
bin ng thnh cc sn phm khc v do lm gim hiu sut ln men ru.
Trong iu kin ln men ru, thng gp nht cc loi vi sinh vt sau
y:
2.6.1. Vi khun lactic
y l loi vi khun ym kh, chng gm c 2 loi: Lactic in hnh v
lactic khng in hnh.
Lactic in hnh s bin ng thnh sn phm duy nht l acid lactic
C6H12O6
2CH3CHOHCOOH + 18 kcal
Vi khun lactic khng in hnh s s dng ng v to ra acid lactic,
ngoi ra cn to ra mt lng ng k cc cht khc nh: Alcol, acid acetic,
cacbonic, diacetyl v aceton. Cc sn phm c to ra ph thuc rt nhiu vo
nhit , pH, mc ym kh V vy cc sn phm to thnh khng n nh.
Lactic in hnh c nhit ti u trong khong 49 - 51 oC, cn lactic
khng in hnh c nhit ti u trong khong 37 - 38oC.
2.6.2. Vi khun acetic
Vi khun axetic l loi vi khun ho kh cng khng to thnh bo t, c
nhit ti u trong khong 20 -35oC, ti a 42oC chng pht trin tt trong mi
trng c alcol thp, oxy ha alcol thnh acid acetic
12

C2H5OH + O2
CH3COOH + H2O + 116 kcal.
Trong mi trng khng c alcol, vi khun acetic s oxy ha ng thnh
acid gluconic.
Cc vi khun acetic khng ch oxy ha alcol acetylic m cn oxy ha cc
alcol khc. V d nh di tc dng ca oxy ha ca vi khun acetic, alcol butylic
s bin thnh acid butyric:
CH3CH2-CH2OH
CH3CH2-CH2COOH
v alcol propylic s bin thnh acid propylic:
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2COOH
Vi khun lactic thng pht trin trn b mt dch ln men lu ngy,
trong iu kin ln men ru chng t c kh nng pht trin v vi khun ny rt
hiu kh.
2.6.3. Vi khun butylic v cc vi sinh vt khc
Nu ly dch qu cha ln men em cy trn hp a petri trong mi
trng thch hp s pht trin nhiu vi khun c kh nng to bo t. Chng gm
vi khun butylic, aceton butylic, subtilis nhng iu kin ln men ru, tt c
cc vi khun ny khng pht trin v pH ti thch ca chng u nm trong mi
trng trung tnh hoc kim yu. V vy, nhim khun ch yu trong ln men ru
ch yu l vi khun lactic. ( Nguyn nh Thng, 2000)
2.7. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men
2.7.1. nh hng ca nhit
Nhit c nh hng r rt n hot ng sng ca nm men, c th l
nm men Saccharomyces Cerevisiae trong qu trnh ln men ru. Nm men pht
trin tt nht nhit 30 33oC, nhit ti a 38oC, ti thiu l 5oC. Nm men
c nui cy nhit thp hn nhit ti u, thng 17 22oC c hot lc
ln men rt ln. i vi qu trnh ln men th nm men s chu c nhit kh
rng t 1 45oC, nu nhit qu 50oC th nm men s cht.
2.7.2. nh hng ca acid (pH)
Nm men c th pht trin trong mi trng pH t 2 - 8 nhng thch hp
nht l 4 - 4,5. Vi khun bt u pht trin pH = 4,2 v cao hn, khi thp hn
mc ny ch c nm men c th pht trin c. V vy trong qu trnh ln men
ru nn thc hin pH 3,8 - 4,0. Tuy nhin c nhng loi vi khun do quen dn
(thun ha) vi pH thp nn ngoi vic ng dng iu chnh pH thch hp cn
phi kt hp s dng cc cht st trng. Khi pH = 8 th nm men pht trin rt

13

km, ngc li vi khun pht trin rt mnh. pH = 3,8 nm men pht trin mnh
th hu nh vi khun cha pht trin.
to pH thch hp trong mi trng nui cy nm men (k c ln men)
ngi ta c th b sung vo mi trng ln men bt c mt loi acid no, min l
anion ca acid khng gy nh hng mnh m n trung tm hot ng ca nm
men.
2.7.3. nh hng ca nng ru
Qu trnh nui cy nm men ch yu l to mi trng thch hp cho nm
men pht trin sinh khi, t s lng theo yu cu. Song nm men cng thc hin
mt qu trnh ln men ru ng k (cn ph thuc vo khng kh).
Thng trong dch nm men c khong 4 - 6% ru. Nng ru sinh ra
c nh hng n tc v kh nng pht trin ca nm men. iu ny cn ph
thuc vo thi gian, mi trng nui cy, s lng t bo nm men v nguyn liu
chun b mi trng nui cy. Cng mt mi trng nui cy, s lng t bo nm
men cho vo bng nhau, iu kin nui cy ging nhau th nng ru ban u 1%
c nh hng n tc v kh nng pht trin ca nm men, t 4 - 6% c nh hng
xu.
2.7.4. nh hng ca s lng t bo nm men
S lng t bo nm men cho vo dch ln men nh hng rt ln n qu
trnh ln men. Nu s lng t bo nm men cho vo thch hp th qu trnh ln men
din ra tt v hiu sut thu hi cao, cht lng sn phm cng tt hn. Nu lng t
bo nm men cho vo qu t th tc ln men chm, sinh khi t bo nm men qu
nhiu th mi trng dch ln men khng cho nm men pht trin, t bo nm men
s cht dn, sn phm sinh ra mi l, v l ng thi ph i mt lng ng k men
khng c ch.
2.7.5.nh hng ca vic thng kh v o trn
Oxy l thnh phn khng th thiu c giai on pht trin sinh khi. Tuy
nhin n li l nguyn nhn gy h hng cho ru trong cc giai on ch bin cn
li.
Mc d qu trnh ln men ru l mt qu trnh ln men ym kh, nhng khi
ln men nht thit trong giai on u phi cho dch ln men tip xc vi oxy khng
kh cho nm men sinh trng v pht trin (tng s lng). Tuy nhin oxy ch c t
trong giai on u, khi s lng t bo nm men tng n mc thch hp th phi
ngn cn dch ln men tip xc vi oxy khng kh nm men c th chuyn ha
ng c trong mi trng thnh sn phm ru.

14

2.8.Qui trnh ln men ru ngt v ru c tham kho

Dch hoa

Thu hoch

Ln men

Lc

Chit chai
Dch hoa ( ting Anh gi l sap) c thu hoch bng cch ct cch u hoa
t 10 15 cm cho dch chy xung, v dng bnh nha hng dch, dch hoa
c thu hoch mi ngy.
qui trnh ny vi sinh vt ln men ch yu l: Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Lactobacillus plantarum v Lactobacillus
mesenteroides, sn phm to thnh c pH = 4 v cn t 4,5 5,2. Tuy nhin cc
sn phm ny thng c bn ngay sau khi sn xut v thi gian s dng rt ngn.
Ngoi ra quy trnh ny cn c p dng sn xut mt s sn phm nh: Pulque,
ulanzi ( bamboo wine), basi ( sugar cane wine), muratina. ( Internet, 2005)

15

Chng 3 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1. Phng tin v phng php nghin cu
3.1.1. a im nghin cu
Th nghim c tin hnh ti phng th nghim B Mn Cng Ngh Thc
Phm, Khoa Nng Nghip Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin, Trng i Hc An Giang.
3.1.2.Thi gian thc hin
ti c thc hin trong thi gian 3 thng, t thng 02 nm 2005 n
thng 5 nm 2005.
3.1.3.Thit b v dng c
Cc thit b th nghim bao gm:
- Chit quang k ( Hiu ATAGO, 0-32 oBrix, Made in Japan)
- My o pH vi chnh xc 0,01
- Cn in t vi chnh xc 0,0001g
- Cc bnh ln men
- Dng c chng ct cn
- Cn k
- Cc dng c cn thit trong phng th nghim.
3.1.4.Ho cht s dng
- Ho cht phn tch ng
+ HCl , 1N
+ NaOH 30%, 1N, 0,1N
+ Phenoltalein
+ Dung dch ch acetat 30%
+ Na2SO4 bo ho
+ Dung dch Feling A: CuSO4 tinh th (69,28g) + nc ct ( va 1 lit)
+ Dung dch Feling B: Kalinatritactrat (34,6g) + NaOH (100g) + Nc ct
( va 1 lit)

16

+ Dung dch st (II) sunfat: Fe2(SO4)3 (50g) + H2SO4 (200g) + nc ct

( va 1 lit)
- Ho cht xc nh hm lng aldehyt
+ Dung dch A: K2HPO4 (3,35 g) + KH2PO4 (15g) + nc ct
(va 1 lit)
+ Dung dch B: Na2SO3 (18g) + H2SO4 1N (150 ml ) + nc ct

(va

1 lit)
+ Dung dch C: Acid Boric (17,5g) + NaOH 1N (800 ml) + nc ct
(va 2 lit)
+ Dung dch Iot 0,1N, 0,01N
+ H tinh bt 1%
- Nguyn liu : Nc tht lt, ng tht lt, nm men.
3.2.Phng php th nghim
3.2.1. Phn tch thnh phn nguyn liu
3.2.1.1. Mc ch
Phn tch thnh phn nguyn liu l c s xy dng phng php thc
hin cc th nghim tip theo sau.
3.2.1.2. Phng php thc hin
Nc tht lt c mua vo bui sng Tri Tn, ngay ti ni thu hoch
v vn chuyn n phng th nghim, sau em i lc ri tin hnh phn tch.
Th nghim c tin hnh 2 ln lp li v kt qu c tnh theo gi tr
trung bnh.
3.2.1.3. Cc ch tiu phn tch
- Hm lng ng tng s
- Hm lng acid ton phn
- pH
- Brix

17

Cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc phng php phn ph chng.

3.2.2.Kho st s nh hng ca pH, Brix v t l nm men b sung n qu
trnh ln men.
3.2.2.1. Mc ch
Th nghim c tin hnh cc gi tr pH, Brix khc nhau, qua
chn ra thng s ti u cho nm men pht trin cng nh hm lng cn sinh ra l
cao nht.
3.2.2.2. B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr ngu nhin theo th thc tha s 3 nhn t, 2 ln
lp li .
Nhn t A: S thay i pH 3 mc :
A1: pH = 4,5
A2: pH = 5,5
A3: pH = 6,5
Nhn t B: S thay i Brix 3 mc :
B1: Brix = 18 %
B2: Brix = 20 %
B3: Brix = 22 %
Nhn t C: Hm lng nm men b sung vo 3 t l:
C1: Nm men = 0%
C2: Nm men = 0,1%
C3: Nm men = 0,2%

18

S b tr th nghim
Nc tht lt

Thanh trng ( NaHSO3 140 mg /l)

Lc

Phi ch

A1

B1

C1

A2

A3

B2

B3

C2

C3

Ln men

Lm trong

iu v

19

Chit chai

Thanh trng

Lo ha

Sn phm
Hnh 1: S b tr th nghim kho st s nh hng ca pH, Brix v t
l nm men b sung n qu trnh ln men
3.2.2.3. Phng php thc hin
Nc tht lt c mua vo bui sng Tri Tn ti ni thu hoch, sau
c thanh trng bng ho cht NaHSO3 vi hm lng 140 mg/l v vn chuyn
n ni nghin cu, sau nc tht lt c lc sch cc tp cht c trong nc
tht lt bng vi lc, ri phi ch bng cch s dng acid citric hoc Na2CO3
iu chnh pH ca dch ban u cc gi tr khc nhau, b sung ng tht lt
dung dch t Brix theo yu cu th nghim. ng thi b sung nm men vi
cc hm lng khc nhau vo dch ban u v khuy u nm men phn tn u
trong dch ln men, y np li v ln men nhit thng.
Trong thi gian ln men tin hnh o c cc thng s nh: cn,
Brix n khi qu trnh ln men kt thc.
3.2.2.4.Yu t kho st
- Hm lng cn sinh ra: Sau 2 ngy ghi nhn kt qu 1 ln.
- S thay Brix: Sau 2 ngy ghi nhn kt qu 1 ln.
T kt qu thu c t chn ra thng s ti u nghin cu th
nghim tip theo.
Cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc phng php phn ph chng .

20

3.2.3.Th nghim v iu v sn phm

3.2.3.1.Mc ch
Tm ra hm lng ng thch hp b sung vo dch ln men to ra
sn phm c gi tr cm quan cao v mi v.
3.2.3.2.B tr th nghim.
Th nghim c b tr ngu nhin 1 nhn t, vi 2 ln lp li.
Nhn t D: Hm lng ng kem b sung (di dng dch sir).
D1 = 0%
D2 = 1%
D3 = 2%
D4 = 3 %
S b tr th nghim
Nc tht lt
Thanh trng
Lc
Phi ch
Ln men
Lm trong
iu v

D1

D2

D3

Chit chai

21

D4

Thanh trng
Lo ha
Sn phm
Hnh 2: S b tr th nghim iu v
3.2.3.3.Phng php thc hin
Nc tht lt sau khi ln men, tin hnh lm trong bng cch lc, sau
tin hnh iu v bng ng kem (di dng dch sir) b sung vo vi cc hm
lng khc nhau, tip theo tin hnh rt chai v thanh trng 70 oC trong thi
gian 15 pht. sn phm n nh 3 ngy ri tin hnh nh gi cm quan.
3.2.3.4. Ghi nhn kt qu
Hm lng ng thch hp nht cho sn phm c mi v c a
chung nht. Kt qu c ghi nhn qua bng nhn xt nh gi cm quan.
Bng 3: Bng nh gi cm quan sn phm nc
tht lt ln men
Ch tiu

Mi
V

Mc yu cu
Thch cc

im
5

Thch va phi

Khng thch, khng chn

Chn va phi

Chn cc

22

Chng 4KT QU V THO LUN

4.1.Phn tch thnh phn nguyn liu nc tht lt
Thnh phn ca nc tht lt c trnh by bng 4:
Bng 4:Thnh phn nguyn liu
Ch tiu
pH
Brix (%)
Acid ton phn (%)
Hm lng ng tng s (%)

Kt qu
5,25
14
0,126
12,6

Ghi ch
Tnh da vo acid acetic

4.2.nh hng ca pH, Brix v t l nm men b sung vo n qu trnh

ln men
nh hng ca Brix ban u n cn sinh ra th hin bng sau:
Bng 5:nh hng ca Brix ban u n hm lng cn sinh ra
Brix, %

cn, ml cn / 100ml dung dch

18

Ngy 0
0

Ngy 2
6,639a

Ngy 4
7,389a

Ngy 6
7,556a

20

6,944a

7,694a

7,917a

22

8,361b

9,194b

9,444b

Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch

ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k mc ngha
5%.

23

 cn (ml cn/100ml dung dch)

10
9
8
7
6

Brix=18%

Brix=20%

Brix=22%

3
2
1
0
0

Thi gian ln men (ngy)

Hnh 3: th biu din cn tng theo thi gian ln men cc nghim

thc c Brix ban u khc nhau
T kt qu thng k bng 5 v hnh 3 cho thy ng vi Brix ban u
cao th hm lng cn sinh ra cao. C th Brix ban u l 18% th hm lng
cn sinh ra l thp nht, cn Brix ban u l 20% tuy hm lng cn sinh ra
cao hn so vi Brix ban u 18% nhng s khc bit y khng c ngha
v mt thng k, cn i vi Brix l 22% th hm lng cn sinh ra l cao
nht, vic ny chng t Brix ban u 22% th thch hp hn cho qu trnh ln
men, iu ny cng tng i hp l, bi v da vo bng 6 v hnh 4 th Brix
ban u l 18% v 22% th sau 2 ngy ln men, cng nh sau giai on pht trin
sinh khi th hm lng ng cn li rt thp do t bo nm men s dng ng
pht trin sinh khi nn n khi chuyn sang giai on ln men chnh th hm
lng ng khng cn cho nm men hot ng, nn tc ln men gim
v hm lng cn sinh ra thp. Ngc li Brix ban u l 22% th sau giai
on pht trin sinh khi, hm lng ng cn li tng i cao so vi Brix
l 18% v 20%, nn n giai on ln men chnh th qu trnh ln men vn tip tc
din ra mnh, kt qu l hm lng cn sinh ra cao hn so vi Brix ban u l
18% v 20% v s khc bit ny c ngha v mt thng k mc ngha 95%.
Do chng ti quyt nh chn Brix ban u cho dch ln men l 22%.

24

Song song vi s bin i hm lng cn sinh ra l s bin i Brix

theo thi gian ln men v c th hin bng sau:
Bng 6:S bin i Brix theo thi gian ln men cc nghim thc
c Brix ban u khc nhau
Brix, %

Brix, %
Ngy 2
Ngy 4
a
9,211
8,589a

Ngy 6
8,478a

18

Ngy 0
18

20

20

10,222b

9,689b

9,159b

22

22

12,322c

11,633c

11,478c

Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch

ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k mc
ngha 5%

24
20
16

Brix (%)

Brix=18%
Brix=20%
Brix=22%

12
8
4
0
0

Thi gian l n me n (ngy)

Hnh 4: th biu din s thay i Brix theo thi gian ln men

Ngoi Brix ra th t l nm men cng nh hng n qu trnh ln men,

cng nh l cn sinh ra v s nh hng ny c th hin bng sau:

25

Bng 7:nh hng ca cc t l nm men b sung vo n hm lng

cn sinh ra theo thi gian
Nm men,

cn, ml cn/ 100ml dung dch

Ngy 2
Ngy 4

Ngy 0

%
0

Ngy 6

6,694a

7,417a

7,583a

0,1

7,25b

7,917a

8,25b

0,2

8,00c

8,917b

9,028c

cn (ml cn/100ml dung dch)

Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch

ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k mc ngha
5%.
10
9
8
7
6

Nm m en=0%

Nm m en=0,1%

Nm m en=0,2%

3
2
1
0
0

Thi gian ln men (ngy)

Hnh 5: th biu din s bin i cn theo thi gian ln men cc t

l nm men khc nhau
Da vo bng 7 v hnh 5 cho thy khi tng hm lng nm men b sung
vo dch ln men th hm lng cn sinh ra cng tng. C th l khi khng b sung
nm men (0%) th hm lng cn sinh ra l thp nht, cn i vi t l nm men
0,2% th hm lng cn sinh ra l cao nht. iu ny d hiu bi v da vo bng
8 v hnh 6 cho thy t l nm men 0,2%, hm lng t bo nm men cao, sinh
khi t bo tng nhanh, qu trnh ln men din ra mnh lm cho Brix cng gim
nhanh sau 4 ngy ln men v gim rt t ngy th 6, nn t l nm men ny th
qu trnh ln men kt thc sm hn so vi t l nm men l 0% v 0,1%. t l
nm men l 0,1% v khng b sung ( 0%) th t bo nm men t, sinh khi t bo
tng chm, hm lng cn sinh ra thp v qu trnh ln men ko di nn hm
26

lng cn sinh ra ngy th 6 vn cn tng so vi ngy th 4. Cng t l nm

men ny, qu trnh ln men d b nh hng ca s tn cng bi vi sinh vt khc,
c bit l vi khun lactic. Do , trong qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti quyt nh
chn t l nm men b sung l 0,2% lm c s cho cc th nghim tip theo.
ng thi vi s bin i hm lng cn sinh ra l s bin i Brix
theo thi gian ln men v c th hin bng sau:
Bng 8:S bin i Brix cc t l nm men khc nhau theo thi
gian
Nm men ,
%
0

Ngy 2

Brix, %
Ngy 4

11,044a

10,500a

10,367a

0,1

10,578b

10,089b

9,956b

Ngy 6

0,2
10,133c
9,322c
9,222c
Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch
ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v thng k mc ngha
5%
11,4
11

Nm men=0%

10,2

Nm men=0,1%

Brix (%)

10,6

9,8

Nm men=0,2%

9,4
9
2

Thi gian l n me n ( ngy)

Hnh 6: th biu din s thay i Brix theo thi gian ln men cc t

l nm men khc nhau
pH ca dch ban u cng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh
hng n qu trnh ln men, cng nh hm lng cn sinh ra, v s nh hng
ny c th hin bng sau:
Bng 9:nh hng ca pH ban u n hm lng cn sinh ra theo
thi gian
27

PH
4,5

Ngy 0
0

5,5

cn, ml cn / 100ml dung dch

Ngy 2
Ngy 4
7,556a
8,778a
7,222a

8,000b

Ngy 6
8,917a
8,222b

6,5
0
7,167a
7,500c
7,722c
Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch
ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k mc ngha

cn (ml cn/100ml dung dch)

5%.
10
9
8
7
6

pH=4,5

pH=5,5

pH=6,5

3
2
1
0
0

Thi gian ln men (ngy)

Hnh 7: th biu din s bin i cn theo thi gian ln men cc

pH ban u khc nhau
Mi loi nm men ch hot ng trong nhng gii hn pH nht nh. Nm
men bt u ln men t ngy th 2 tr i, sn sinh ra ru v mt lng acid hu
c lm cho pH mi trng gim xung. Kt qu bng 9 v hnh 7 cho thy, khi
tng pH ca dch ban u th hm lng cn sinh ra gim xung. gi tr pH ban
u l 4,5 th hm lng cn sinh ra nhanh v t tr s cao nht, cn gi tr
pH= 6,5 th hm lng cn sinh ra l thp nht, pH = 5,5 tuy hm lng cn sinh
ra cao hn so vi pH = 6,5 nhng li thp hn so vi pH = 4,5, v s khc bit
ny c ngha v mt thng k.
S bin i Brix theo thi gian ln men cc pH ban u khc nhau
c th hin bng sau:
Bng 10:S thay i Brix cc pH ban u khc nhau theo thi
gian ln men

28

pH

Brix , %
Ngy 4
8,622a

4,5

Ngy 2
9,367a

Ngy 6
8,522a

5,5

11,011b

10,422b

10,266b

6,5

11,378c

10,867c

10,756c

Cc s liu thng k ch c ngha theo ct, cc nghim thc c ghi ch

ging nhau th hin s khc bit khng c ngha v mt thng k mc ngha
5%.
11,6
11,2
10,8
10,4

Brix (%)

pH=4,5

10
9,6
9,2

pH=5,5
pH=6,5

8,8
8,4
8
2

Thi gian ln men (ngy)

Hnh 8: th biu din s thay i Brix theo thi gian ln men cc
pH khc nhau
Kt qu bng 10 v hnh 8 cho thy gi tr pH = 5,5 v pH = 6,5 th
nm men pht trin sinh khi khng ti a, ln men chm, hm lng cn sinh ra
khng cao. Mt khc, pH = 5,5 v pH = 6,5 khi ln men thng b nhim vi sinh
vt, c bit l vi khun lactic.
gi tr pH = 4,5 th thch hp hn cho s pht trin ca nm men, cho
nn iu kin pH ny, qu trnh ln men xy ra nhanh, hm lng cn sinh ra
cao. ng thi gi tr pH = 4,5 hn ch c s pht trin ca vi khun lactic v
nm men hoang di. Do , t kt qu trn chng ti quyt nh chn gi tr
pH = 4,5 cho dch ln men ban u v lm c s cho th nghim tip theo.

29

4.3.im cm quan sn phm th nghim iu v

im cm quan sn phm sau khi iu v c thng k nh sau:
Bng 11:im cm quan sn phm nc tht lt ln men ca cc
thnh vin
Hm lng ng, %
0

im
3,05ab

2,9a

4,45c

3,45b

Qua kt qu cm quan bng 11 cho thy sn phm iu v 2% hm

lng ng kem (di dng dch sir) c nh gi cm quan l tt nht c v
hi ha. i vi sn phm iu v hm lng ng 3% tuy c s im cm
quan cao hn khng b sung (0%) nhng s khc bit ny li khng c ngha v
mt thng k, bi v c 2 hm lng ng ny u cho sn phm cha c v hi
ha, do sau khi ln men hm lng ng cn li rt t, li khng b sung thm
ng nn sn phm rt nht, tng t hm lng ng 1% tuy c b sung
ng nhng hm lng thp nn sn phm vn cn nht. Ngc li hm
lng ng 3% th hm lng ng b sung tng i nhiu nn sn phm hi
ngt, t kt qu trn cho thy c 3 hm lng ng 3%, 1% v khng b sung
ng u cho sn phm c v khng hi ha, gi tr cm quan thp. Do chng
ti quyt nh chn hm lng ng 2% iu v cho sn phm.

4.4.Kt qu phn tch sn phm nc tht lt ln men

Kt qu phn tch nc tht lt ln men thnh phm nh sau:
Bng 12:Kt qu phn tch nc tht lt ln men thnh phm so vi
tiu chun ru ung ca TCVN 5013 - 89
Ch tiu

Kt qu
30

Tiu chun

phn tch
10

ru (%)

Khng quy nh

Andehyt (mg acetaldehyt/ lit ru 100o)

40

50

Ester (mg etyl acetat / lit ru 100o)

180

200

Khng c

Vt

Furfural

So snh kt qu phn tch nc tht lt ln men thnh phm v bng ch

tiu ca ru cho thy, cc ch tiu ca nc tht lt ln men u nm trong gii
hn ca tiu chun ru, t cho thy sn phm nc tht lt ln men l sn
phm t cht lng.

31

Chng 5

KT LUN V NGH

5.1. Kt lun
Sau khi tin hnh cc th nghim v kho st cc yu t nh hng n
qu trnh ln men nc tht lt chng ti rt ra c nhng thng s thch hp nh
sau:
- T l nm men cy b sung vo dch tht lt x l l: 0,2%
- Brix ban u ca dch ln men cn chnh t 22%
- pH ban u thch hp cho qu trnh ln men l 4,5
- Thi gian kt thc qu trnh ln men l 6 ngy.
- Sn phm c iu v 2% ng kem (di dng dch sir ) t
cht lng cm quan ca sn phm.
Qui trnh ngh
Nc tht lt
Thanh trng ( NaHSO3 140mg/l)
Lc
Brix = 22%
Phi ch

pH = 4,5
Nm men = 0,2%

Ln men
Lm trong
iu v ( 2% ng)
Chit chai
Thanh trng ( 70oC, 15 pht)

32

 n nh
Sn phm
Hnh 9: S qui trnh ngh
5.2. ngh
Do cha c iu kin nghin cu hon chnh sn phm nc tht lt ln
men chng ti ngh da trn cc thng s tm c tip tc b tr th nghim
nghin cu thm:
- nh hng ca nhit trong qu trnh ln men.
- Nng cht st khun thch hp.
- Cc bin php v iu kin bo qun nc tht lt ln men.

33

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Cng Hu. 1983. Ch bin ru vang tri cy gia nh. TP H Ch Minh.
NXB Nng Nghip.
2. Nguyn Vn Long. 2002. Nghin cu nh hng ca cc tc ng trong qui
trnh thu hoch v ch bin n cht lng sn phm nc tht lt. Lun vn
tt nghip k s ngnh Cng Ngh Thc Phm. Khoa Nng Nghip, i hc
Cn Th.
3. Lng c Phm. 1998. Cng ngh vi sinh vt. H Ni. NXB khoa hc v k
thut H Ni.
4. Hong Xun Phng. 2004. Tht lt trong kinh t nng thn min ni. Tp ch
khoa hc cng ngh, S khoa hc cng ngh mi trng An Giang. S 5/2004.
5. Smith Jim. 1991. Food Additive Users Handbook. New York.
6. Trn Minh Tm. 2000. Cng ngh vi sinh ng dng. TP H Ch Minh. NXB
Nng Nghip.
7. Trn Th Thanh. 2001. Cng ngh vi sinh. NXB Gio Dc.
8. Nguyn nh Thng. 2000. Cng ngh sn xut v kim tra cn etylic. H
Ni. NXB Khoa hc v k thut.
9. Nguyn Vn Tng. 2003. Nghin cu ch bin ru mn. Lun vn tt nghip
k s ngnh Cng Ngh Thc Phm. Khoa Nng Nghip, i hc Cn Th.
10. Trn Th Thy Trang. 2003. Nghin cu ln men ru sri. Lun vn tt
nghip k s ngnh Cng Ngh Thc Phm. Khoa Nng Nghip, i Hc Cn
Th.
11. Toddy and Palm wine Fermented plant saps. c t:
http:///www. itdg. org/ docs/ technical. Information service/ toddy palm
wine.pdf. ( c ngy 21. 06.2005)

34

PH CHNG
1. HNH NH

Hnh 10: Nguyn liu nc tht lt

Hnh 11: Nc tht lt ang ln men

pc-1

Hnh 12: Kt thc qu trnh ln men nc tht lt

Hnh 13: Sn phm nc tht lt ln men

pc-2

2. PHNG PHP PHN TCH

2.1. Phng php phn tch ng tng s bng phng php Bertrand
2.1.1. Nguyn l
Glucid trc tip kh oxy c tnh kh Cu(OH)2 mi trng kim mnh,
lm cho n kt ta di th Cu2O mu gch, s lng Cu2O tng ng vi s
lng gluxit kh oxy.
Phng trnh phn ng:
RCHO + 2Cu(OH)2 RCOOH + Cu2O + 2H2O
Cu2O c tnh cht kh oxy, chuyn mui st (III) thnh mui st (II) mi
trng axit. Dng KMnO4 chun FeSO4 mi trng axit. T s ml KMnO4
0,1N dng chun FeSO4 hnh thnh, tra bng tnh hm lng ng cn phn
tch.
2.1.2. Chun b mu
- Dng pipet ht 10 ml dung dch cn phn tch cho vo bnh tam gic,
tip tc cho thm 50 ml nc ct vo bnh.
- Cho vo 5 ml acid HCl m c, em i thu phn.
- Trung ho mu bng dung dch NaOH c nng gim dn: 30%, 10%,
1N, 0,1N vi cht ch th l phenolphtalein.
- Kh tp cht bng 7 ml ch acetat 70%. Sau 5 pht cho tip t 18- 20 ml
Na2SO4 vo kt ta lng ch acetat d.
- Lc ly phn nc trong v ly dch lc chun .
2.1.3. Cc bc chun
- Ht 20 ml hn hp Fehling ( 10 ml Fehling A + 10 ml Fehling B ) cho
vo bnh tam gic. Cho tip 10 ml dch lc chun b v 20 ml nc ct, t ln
bp in un si. un si ng 2 pht k t khi xut hin bt u tin.
- Ly bnh ra v nghing cho cn ng ( Cu2O) lng xung. Gn ly
phn nc bn trn v ra kt ta Cu2O vi ln bng nc un si. Qu trnh lc
v ra c tin hnh trn phu lc chn khng.
- Sau khi gn ht nc cho vo bnh tam gic 20 ml dung dch st (III)
sunfat ho tan kt ta Cu2O, thay bnh ht lc c bng bnh mi, dung dch

pc-3

trong bnh tam gic ln lp cn cn li trn phu, trng bnh v phu bng
Fe2(SO4)3 cho n khi khng cn vt Cu2O.
- Ly bnh lc ra v chun bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cho n khi
xut hin mu hng nht vng bn trong 15 giy.
- T th tch KMnO4 0,1N dng tra bng tnh hm lng ng theo
cng thc:
X=

G1 * 100 * HSPL
G * 1000

Trong :
G1: S tra bng
G : Khi lng mu
2.2. Phng php xc nh cn bng phng php chng ct
Ru th sau khi chng ct c em nh lng ethanol theo phng
php sau:
- dung dch cn o vo ng ong.
- Th t t ru k vo ng ong v yn cho ru k n nh v tr
ng yn cn bng.
- Nhn gii hn tip xc gia ru k v b mt dung dch ri c s o
trn ru k v c nhit . Tra bng nhit v ru tng ng ta s bit
c nng ethanol ca dung dch iu kin chun ( % th tch cn 20oC ).
2.3. Phng php xc nh hm lng ester theo TCVN 378 - 36
- Ht 10 ml ru cho vo bnh tam gic + 3 git phenolphtalein, lc u.
- Trung ho bng NaOH 0,05N.
- Thm 10 ml NaOH 0,1N.
- Lp ng lm lnh, t vo ni nc ang si, un si trong 1 gi. Ly ra
lm lnh ngay.
- Thm chnh xc 10 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1N.
- Chun axit d bng dung dch NaOH 0,05N n mu pht hng.
- Lm tng t i vi mu trng.

pc-4

Cng thc kt qu:

Hm lng ester tnh bng s ml metyl acetat c trong 1 lt ru 100o
8,8*( V2- V1)* 1000*100

X=
V*2*C

V: Th tch ru em phn tch.

V1: Th tch NaOH 0,05N tiu tn chun mu trng.
V2: Th tch NaOH 0,05N tiu tn chun mu th.
8,8: S mg etyl acetat ng vi 1 ml NaOH 0,1N.
1000: H s tnh chuyn ra lt.
100/C: H s chuyn ru t C v 100 .
2.4. Phng php xc nh hm lng aldehyt theo TCVN 378 - 36
- Ly V th tch ru mu cho vo bnh tam gic 500 ml + 50 ml dung
dch A + 50 ml dung dch B, yn trong 20 pht, thm nc ct 270 ml
- Thm 10 ml NaOH dung dch trong bnh c pH bng 2.
- Oxy ho sunfit d bng Iot 0,1N vi ch th h tinh bt n mc pht
xanh.
- Thm t t dung dch C n khi pH trong bnh c pH = 9,5.
- Chun sunfit thot ra bng dung dch Iot 0,01N n mu pht xanh.
- Lm tng t i vi mu trng.
- Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng andehyt tra bng s mg axetatdehyt trong 1lit ru 100o theo
cng thc:

22*(a b)* N *1000*100

X=
V*C

a: Th tch dung dch Iot 0,01N tiu tn khi chun mu th.

b: Th tch dung dch Iot 0,01N tiu tn khi chun mu trng.
N: Nng ng lng ca dung dch Iot.
V: Th tch ru mu.
22: ng lng gam ca acetaldehyt
1000: H s tnh chuyn ra lt.
100/C: H s chuyn ru t C v 100

pc-5

2.5. Phng php nh tnh furfurol

10 ml ru chng ct + 1ml acid acetic m c, lc u, sau cho tip
10 git anilin, yn khong 20 pht, nu khng thy xut hin mu hng th
khng c s hin din ca furfurol, nu dung dch c mu hng th c s hin din
ca furfurol.
3. X L THNG K
3.1. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 2 ngy ln men cc t l nm
men khc nhau.
Analysis of Variance for Con ngay 2 - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Nam men
15.4537
2
7.72685
15.32
0.0000
B:pH
1.59259
2
0.796296
1.58
0.2169
C:Brix
30.3981
2
15.1991
30.14
0.0000
RESIDUAL
23.7037
47
0.504334
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
71.1481
53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 2 by Nam men

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
18
6.69444
X
0.1
18
7.25
X
0.2
18
8.0
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
*-0.555556
0.476223
0 - 0.2
*-1.30556
0.476223
0.1 - 0.2
*-0.75
0.476223
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2.S bin i Brix sau 2 ngy ln men cc t l nm men khc nhau.

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 2 by Nam men
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
18
10.1333
X
0.1
18
10.5778
X
0
18
11.0444
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
*0.466667
0.312825
0 - 0.2
*0.911111
0.312825
0.1 - 0.2
*0.444444
0.312825
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-6

3.3. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 2 ngy ln men cc Brix ban

u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 2 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
6.63889
X
20
18
6.94444
X
22
18
8.36111
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
-0.305556
0.476223
18 - 22
*-1.72222
0.476223
20 - 22
*-1.41667
0.476223
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4. S bin i Brix sau 2 ngy ln men cc Brix ban u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 2 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
9.21111
X
20
18
10.2222
X
22
18
12.3222
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
*-1.01111
0.312825
18 - 22
*-3.11111
0.312825
20 - 22
*-2.1
0.312825
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-7

3.5. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 2 ngy ln men cc pH ban u

khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 2 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.5
18
7.16667
X
5.5
18
7.22222
X
4.5
18
7.55556
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
0.333333
0.476223
4.5 - 6.5
0.388889
0.476223
5.5 - 6.5
0.0555556
0.476223
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.6. S bin i Brix sau 2 ngy ln men cc pH ban u khc nhau.

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 2 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5
18
9.36667
X
5.5
18
11.0111
X
6.5
18
11.3778
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
*-1.64444
0.312825
4.5 - 6.5
*-2.01111
0.312825
5.5 - 6.5
*-0.366667
0.312825
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-8

3.7. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 4 ngy ln men cc t l nm

men khc nhau.
Analysis of Variance for Con ngay 4 - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Nam men
20.3426
2
10.1713
19.80
0.0000
B:Brix
33.6204
2
16.8102
32.72
0.0000
C:pH
14.9259
2
7.46296
14.53
0.0000
RESIDUAL
24.1481
47
0.51379
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
93.037
53
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------All F-ratios are based on the residual mean square error.

Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 4 by Nam men

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
18
7.44444
X
0.1
18
7.91667
X
0.2
18
8.91667
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
-0.472222
0.480667
0 - 0.2
*-1.47222
0.480667
0.1 - 0.2
*-1.0
0.480667
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.8. S bin i Brix sau 4 ngy ln men cc t l nm men khc nhau.

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 4 by Nam men
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
18
9.32222
X
0.1
18
10.0889
X
0
18
10.5
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
*0.411111
0.324435
0 - 0.2
*1.17778
0.324435
0.1 - 0.2
*0.766667
0.324435
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-9

3.9. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 4 ngy ln men cc Brix ban

u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 4 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
7.38889
X
20
18
7.69444
X
22
18
9.19444
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
-0.305556
0.480667
18 - 22
*-1.80556
0.480667
20 - 22
*-1.5
0.480667
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.10. S bin i Brix sau 4 ngy ln men cc Brix ban u khc

nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 4 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
8.58889
X
20
18
9.68889
X
22
18
11.6333
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
*-1.1
0.324435
18 - 22
*-3.04444
0.324435
20 - 22
*-1.94444
0.324435
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-10

3.11. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 4 ngy ln men cc pH ban

u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Con ngay 4 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.5
18
7.5
X
5.5
18
8.0
X
4.5
18
8.77778
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
*0.777778
0.480667
4.5 - 6.5
*1.27778
0.480667
5.5 - 6.5
*0.5
0.480667
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.12. S bin Brix sau 4 ngy ln men cc pH ban u khc nhau.

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 4 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5
18
8.62222
X
5.5
18
10.4222
X
6.5
18
10.8667
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
*-1.8
0.324435
4.5 - 6.5
*-2.24444
0.324435
5.5 - 6.5
*-0.444444
0.324435
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-11

3.13. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 6 ngy ln men cc t l nm

men khc nhau.
Analysis of Variance for con ngay 6 - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Nam men
18.8148
2
9.40741
21.78
0.0000
B:Brix
37.7315
2
18.8657
43.68
0.0000
C:pH
12.9537
2
6.47685
14.99
0.0000
RESIDUAL
20.3009
47
0.431935
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
89.8009
53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Multiple Range Tests for con ngay 6 by Nam men

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
18
7.58333
X
0.1
18
8.25
X
0.2
18
9.02778
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
*-0.666667
0.440718
0 - 0.2
*-1.44444
0.440718
0.1 - 0.2
*-0.777778
0.440718
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.14. S bin i Brix sau 6 ngy ln men cc t l nm men khc nhau

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 6 by Nam men
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Nam men
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
18
9.22222
X
0.1
18
9.95556
X
0
18
10.3667
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 - 0.1
*0.411111
0.275647
0 - 0.2
*1.14444
0.275647
0.1 - 0.2
*0.733333
0.275647
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-12

3.15. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 6 ngy ln men cc Brix

ban u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for con ngay 6 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
7.5
X
20
18
7.91667
X
22
18
9.44444
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
-0.416667
0.440718
18 - 22
*-1.94444
0.440718
20 - 22
*-1.52778
0.440718
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.16.S bin i Brix sau 6 ngy ln men cc Brix ban u khc nhau.
Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 6 by Brix
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
Brix
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
18
8.47778
X
20
18
9.58889
X
22
18
11.4778
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 - 20
*-1.11111
0.275647
18 - 22
*-3.0
0.275647
20 - 22
*-1.88889
0.275647
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-13

3.17. S bin i hm lng ru sinh ra sau 6 ngy ln men cc pH ban

u khc nhau
Multiple Range Tests for con ngay 6 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.5
18
7.72222
X
5.5
18
8.22222
X
4.5
18
8.91667
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
*0.694444
0.440718
4.5 - 6.5
*1.19444
0.440718
5.5 - 6.5
*0.5
0.440718
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.18. S bin i Brix sau 6 ngy ln men cc pH ban u khc nhau

Multiple Range Tests for Brix ngay 6 by pH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD
pH
Count
LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5
18
8.52222
X
5.5
18
10.2667
X
6.5
18
10.7556
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 - 5.5
*-1.74444
0.275647
4.5 - 6.5
*-2.23333
0.275647
5.5 - 6.5
*-0.488889
0.275647
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pc-14