Changes in Motion Force force an action exerted on an object which may change the objects state of rest or motion

n forces can cause accelerations the SI unit of force is the newton (N) forces can act through contact or at a distance o contact forces result from physical contact between two objects o field forces does not involve physical contact between two objects Force Diagrams force is a vector a free-body diagram helps analyze a situation force diagram - vector arrows represent all the forces acting in a situation free-body diagram shows only the forces acting on the object of interest Newtons First Law (the law of inertia) an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force o when the net external force on an object is zero, the objects acceleration (or the change in the objects velocity) is zero inertia the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction The sum of forces acting on an object is the net force net force a single force whose external effects on a rigid body are the same as the effects of several actual forces acting on the body Mass is a measure of inertia inertia of an object is proportional to the objects mass- the greater the mass of an object, the less the object accelerates under an applied force equilibrium the state in which the net force of an object is zero Newtons Second and Third Laws Force is proportional to mass and acceleration Newtons second law relates force, mass, and acceleration Newtons Second Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the objects mass. F = ma net force = mass acceleration is the Greek symbol sigma, which represents the sum of the quantities that come after it F represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or net force Forces always exist in pairs Newtons Third Law If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction when two objects interact with each other, the forces that the objects exert on each other are called an action-reaction pair a reaction force happens at exactly the same time as the action force- either force can be called the action or the reaction Action and reaction forces each act on different objects Field forces also exist in pairs

Everyday Forces Weight a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe weight, unlike mass, is not an inherent property of an object because it is equal to the magnitude of the force due to gravity The Normal Force a force that acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface The Force of Friction Friction opposes the applied force static friction the force that resist the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are not in contact and at rest Kinetic friction is less than static friction kinetic friction the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other
Note: In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface of contact. The force of kinetic friction is always opposite the direction of motion. To determine the direction of the force of static friction, use the principle of equilibrium. For an object in equilibrium, the frictional force must point in the direction that results in a net force of zero.

The force of friction is proportional to the normal force Friction can be calculated approximately coefficient of friction the ratio of the magnitude of the force of friction between two objects in contact to the magnitude of the normal force with which the objects press against each other The coefficient of friction is a ratio of forces Air resistance is a form of friction There are four fundamental forces - electromagnetic forces, gravitational force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force any force you can observe at the macroscopic level is either due to gravitational or electromagnetic forces the strong nuclear force is the strongest of all four fundamental forces, gravity is the weakest (its effects on subatomic particles is negligible)
~RECAP~ Changes in Motion Force is a vector quantity that causes acceleration (when unbalanced) Force can act either through the physical contact of two objects (contact force) or at a distance (field force) A free-body diagram shows only the forces that act on one object. These forces are the only ones that affect the motion of that object Newtons First Law The tendency of an object not to accelerate is called inertia. Mass is the physical quantity used to measure inertia. The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object. An object is in a state of equilibrium when the net force actin one the object is zero. Newtons Second and Third Laws The net force acting on an object is equal to the product of the objects mass and the objects acceleration. When two bodies exert force on each other, the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces are called an action-reaction pair. Forces always exist in such pairs. Everyday Forces The weight of an object is the magnitude of the gravitational force on the object and is equal to the objects mass times the acceleration due to gravity. A normal force is a force that acts on an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface of contact. Friction is a resistive force that acts in a direction opposite to the direction of the relative motion of two contacting surfaces. The force of friction between two surfaces is proportional to the normal force