Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. A passenger aircraft has a mass of 3.2 X 105 kg when fully laden. It is powered by four jet engines
each producing a maximum thrust of 270 kN.
(a) (i) Calculate the total force of the engines acting on the aircraft.
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(ii) Show that the initial acceleration of the aircraft with the engines set to full thrust is about 3.4ms-2.
Ignore any frictional forces.
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(b) The aircraft starts from rest at the beginning of its take-off and has a take-off speed of 90ms-1.
(i) Calculate the time taken for the aircraft to reach its take-off speed if frictional forces are ignored.
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(ii) Frictional forces reduce the actual acceleration of the aircraft to 2.0 ms -2. Calculate the mean total
frictional force acting against the aircraft during the time taken to reach its take-off speed.
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(c) Calculate the minimum runway length required by this aircraft for take-off when the acceleration
is 2.0ms-2.
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(d) The cruising speed of the aircraft in level flight with the engines at maximum thrust is a constant
260ms-1. The pilot adjusts the thrust so that the horizontal acceleration is always 2.0ms-2.
Calculate the time taken from take-off for the aircraft to reach its cruising speed.
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2. The Doppler effect equation may be written as:
(a) State in words the condition needed for this equation to be valid.
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(b) (i) A radar speed trap, using electromagnetic radiation, registers a cars fractional change in
frequency as 7.3 X 10-8. Calculate the speed of the car. (speed of EM radiation, c = 3.0 X 108ms-1)
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(ii) The original frequency of the radar waves is 34 GHz.
Calculate the frequency shift corresponding to the fractional frequency change of 7.3 X 10-8.
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3. The equation for the speed, v, of a transverse wave along a stretched string is:
where T is the tension in the string and is the mass per unit length of the string.
(a) State the quantities that would need to be measured in order to calculate a single value for the
speed of the wave using the equation. Name a suitable measuring instrument for each quantity.
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(b) The apparatus shown in Figure 2 could be used to measure a value for v.
Explain how this apparatus may be used to calculate an accurate value of the speed of the transverse
wave along the string.
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(c) With the signal generator in Figure 2 set at 152 Hz, 10 loops fit the vibrating length of the string
exactly. The string is of length 2.0 m and the mass on the end of it is 0.72 kg. If the Earths
gravitational field strength, g = 9.81Nkg-1, Calculate the mass of the string.
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4. Polarization is a property of one type of wave.
(a) Name the type of wave that can be polarized.
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(b) Give one example of the type of wave that can be polarized.
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(c) Explain why some waves can be polarized but others cannot. Space is provided for sketches
should you wish to include them in your answer.
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Without calculation, sketch on the grid in Figure 2 a graph to show how the velocity of the same
runner varies over the same period. The time scales are the same on both graphs.
(4 marks)
6. The diagram shows the forces acting on a stationary kite. The force F is the force that the air exerts
on the kite.
(a) Show on the diagram how force F can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. (2)
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7. The graph represents the motion of a car of mass 1.4 x 103 kg, travelling in a straight line
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(a) Describe, without calculation, how the resultant force acting on the car varies over this 10 second
interval.
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(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the car.
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(c) At some time later, when the car is travelling at a steady speed of 30ms 1, the useful power
developed by the engine is 20kW. Calculate the driving force required to maintain this speed.
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(ii) the momentum of the ball after the collision,
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(iii) the total change of momentum of the ball,
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(iv) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the bat,
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(v) the kinetic energy lost by the ball as a result of the collision.
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