Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H Ni 11/2010
20072929
II.
1.2
Cc cu hi phm vi t do .................................................................................. 6
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Ch vo nhng s ng ng ............................................................................ 7
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Bt u hi tho .................................................................................................. 8
3.2
p dng .............................................................................................................. 8
3.2.1
nh ngha vn ........................................................................................ 8
3.2.2
Tp trung vo vn ................................................................................... 8
3.2.3
3.3
4. K thut StoryBoarding........................................................................................... 10
4.1
4.3.
4.4.
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
III.
6.1
Cc im chnh ................................................................................................. 15
6.2
Cc kiu mu th .............................................................................................. 16
II.
1.2
1.3
Non-Function Requirements............................................................................. 23
1.4
III.
II.
c t cc yu cu phn mm .............................................................................. 33
4.2.
4.3.
5. Cc mu c t yu cu phn mm ......................................................................... 36
5.1.
I.
1. Mc ch
a ra cc k thut pht hin v tng hp cc yu cu phn mm.
2. Phm vi
Trong cc d n phn mm
3. Ti liu tham kho
Managing Software RequirementsDean Leffingwell - Don Widrig
II.
Cc k thut pht hin v tng hp phn mm
1. K thut Phng vn
1.1 Nhng im chnh
Phng vn l mt k thut n gin v trc tip
Cc cu hi v phm vi t do s gip t c xu hng ca cuc vn
N c th thch hp tm ra nhng yu cu cha c pht hin
S hi t trong mt vi yu cu ph bin s to ra mt kho cc yu cu
s dng trong sut d n.
Mt s nghi ng s khng c thay th cho 1 cuc phng vn.
1.2 Cc cu hi phm vi t do
Lm sao trnh s nh kin ca ngi s dng khi p ng yu cu ca cc
cu hi? Chng ta dng cc cu hi v cc vn t nhin ca ngi s dng
m khng lin quan n bt c phm vi cng vic no. v dng nh:
Ai l ngi s dng?
Ai l khch hng?
H c cn mt s thay i?
u khc c th tm mt gii php cho vn ny?
1.3 To thm ni dung cu hi
Trong qu trnh tm kim m cc yu cu cha c pht hin, chng ta cng
c th
chuyn cu hi sang ch khc , khng nht thit b buc ni dung cu
hi.Hy to cm gic thoi mi, ci m khi ni chuyn.
1.4 Mt vi li khuyn khi phng vn
Mt vi li khuyn cho mt cuc phng vn thnh cng:
Sa cha cc cuc phng vn t do, v ghi n vo mt cun
sch.
Trc khi phng vn, tm kim li cc t chc ca nh u t v
cng ty c phng vn. ng lm phin ngi c phng
vn.
Nn ghi li cc cu tr li vo trong sch.
Tham kho cc template trong sut qu trnh phng vn.
chp ra bng cng khng nht thit phi lit k hay sp xp theo trnh t
no ht.
Khng c php a bt k mt bnh lun hay ph phn g v cc
kin trong lc thu thp. Nhng tng thong qua trong u nu b cc
thnh kin hay ph bnh s d b gt b v nh th s lm mt s tng quan
.
3.2.3 Khuyn khch tnh thn tch cc
Mi thnh vin u c gng dng gp v pht trin cc kin ty
theo trnh , kha cnh nhn thy ring v khng gii hn cch nhn ca
mi thnh vin.
a ra cng nhiu cng tt v mi mt ca vn k c nhng
kin khng thc tin, kin hon ton l lm hay sng to
3.3 Tin hnh
Trong nhm la ra mt ngi u nhm v mt ngi th k ghi li tt
c kin (c hai cng vic c th do cng mt ngi thc hin nu tin).
Xc nh vn hay kin .Phi lm cho mi thnh vin hiu thu o v
ti s c tm hiu.
Thit lp cc quy nh cho bui hp,bao gm:
Ngi u nhm c nhim v iu khin bui lm vic.
Khng mt thnh vin no c quyn i hi hay cn tr, nh
gi, ph bnh hay thm bt vo kin, t vng nu ra, hay gii
p ca thnh vin khc.
Cn xc nh rng khng c cu tr li no l sai!
Tt c cu tr li, cc , cc cm t, ngoi tr n c lp li
u s c thu thp ghi li (cch ghi c th tm gn trong mt
ch hay mt cu cho mi ring r).
Vch nh thi gian cho bui lm vic v ngng khi ht gi.
Bt u brainstroming:
Ngi lnh o ch nh hay la chn thnh vin chia s kin tr li
.Ngi th k phi vit xung tt c cc cu tr li, nu c th cng khai
ha cho mi ngi thy (vit ln bng chng hn). Khng cho php bt k
mt kin nh gi hay bnh lun no v bt k cu tr li no cho n khi
chm dt bui tho lun.
Sau khi kt thc, hy lt li tt c v bt u nh gi cc cu tr li.
Mt s lu v cht lng cu tr li bao gm:
Tm nhng cu trng lp hay tng t thu gn li.
10
11
12
4.3.
StoryBoards lm nhng g?
Trong phn mm, Storyboards c s dng thng xuyn lm vic
thng qua cc chi tit ca giao din tng ngi my. Trong Lnh vc
ny, mi ngi c th c kin khc nhau v cch thc giao din lm
vic. Storyboards cho h thng ngi dng x l vi ba yu t ca hot
ng
Ngi chi l ai?
iu g xy ra vi h?
N xy ra nh th no?
4.4.
Cng c v k thut cho StoryBoarding
5. K thut Use Case
Use cases l mt biu din UML cho cc yu cu ca mt h thng. ghi
nhn cc yu cu cho h thng, use cases pht trin trong qu trnh pht hin s
c gi tr hn na ngay c trong qu trnh phn tch v thit k. Phng php
use-case rt mnh m trong sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm, v d nh use
cases ng mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh kim th.Use cases miu t
s tng tc gia user v h thng, v tp trung vo nhng gh thng tng
tc vi user. Hn na, khi cc hnh ng c miu t theo mt trnh t ni
tip, s l d dng theo di hnh ng v thu thp c s hiu bit v
nhng g h thng tng tc vi user. Trong biu UML, use case c biu
din bng mt hnh oval cha tn ca use case.
5.1 Xy dng Use Case
M hnh use-case cho mt h thng bao gm tt c actor ca h thng v tt c
cc use cases khc nhau m theo cc actor tng tc vi h thng, theo cch
miu t mt cch ton b hnh vi chc nng ca h thng. M hnh use-case
cng biu din mi quan h gia cc use cases, m nm ngoi s hiu bit ca
chng ta v h thng.
u tin l to biu m t ranh gii h thng v xc nh cc actor ca h
thng. Vic ny tin hnh song song vi vic xc nh stakeholders v ranh
gii h thng. V d mt h thng qun l kho hng c th c ranh gii h
thng nh hnh sau:
13
14
15
16
6.2 Cc kiu mu th
Cc mu th c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch (throwaway,
evolutionary, operational, vertical, horizonal, userinterface algorithmic ...).
Ty vo vn cn gii quyt m chng ta xy dng cc mu th khc
nhau.
Architectural prototype (mu th hng kin trc) cho chng ta
thy kh nng c th thc thi c ca cng ngh.
Throwaway prototype (mu th dng mt ln) s dng bt c cng
ngh, s m phng ... hay bt c ci g hon thin kt qu ca
bn. Mu ch dng cho mt mc ch, sau khi hon thnh, mu s
c b i
Nu im yu ca d n l giao din ngi dng, ngc li bn s pht
trin mt mu th yu cu (requirements prototype), s dng bt c cng
ngh g cho php bn lm mu giao din nhanh nht c th.
S dng cy quyt nh chn loi mu th tt nht cho h thng phn
mm.
17
Requirements Prototypes Cc mu th yu cu
Mu th yu cu phn mm (software requirements prototype) l s thi
hnh cc b (ring l) ca h thng phn mm, c xy dng gip cc
nh pht trin (developers), ngi dng (users) v khch hng (customers)
hiu tt hn v yu cu ca h thng.
V mc ch pht hin ra cc yu cu phn mm, chng ta thng chn
cch xy dng cc mu th nh throwaway, horizonal(rng), user
interface prototype (mu th dng mt ln, mu th rng, mu th ngi
dng).
Horizonal prototypes (cc mu th rng) m ch rng chng ta s th xy
dng mt di kh rng chc nng ca h thng, ngc li, vertical
prototype xy dng ch mt vi yu cu nhng theo mt s phng php
kh cht lng. User interface prototype ng rng chng ta s xy dng
hu ht cc giao din ca h thng hn l ngi dng thi hnh cc gii
thut v cc logic xung quanh phn mm hoc lm c mu th giao din
cho cc h thng khc, thit b khc. Khi l mt cng c khai thc, mt mu
th gi vai tr ca n theo vi cch khc nhau :
c xy dng bi ngi pht trin, n c th cha s xc nhn ca
khch hng rng ngi dng hiu yu cu.
c lm bi ngi pht trin, n c th c dng nh xc tc
khuyn khch khch hng ngh thm cc yu cu khc.
c lm bi khch hng, n c th gip trao i thng tin vi nh
pht trin.
Trong c ba trng hp, kt qu s l xy dng mu theo phng php tiu
tn t ti nguyn nht. Nu n qu t xy dng, n c th c hiu qu
hn khi p dng vo h thng tht.
Nhiu mu th phn mm xoay sang hng mu th yu cu v c s
dng ch yu nm c din mo ca giao din h thng cn xy dng.
C hai l do cho vic ny :
C nhiu cng c, c chi ph khng qu t v i khi l min ph h
tr vic xy dng giao din rt nhanh.
Vi cc h thng c tng tc ngi dng kh nhiu, mt giao din
ngi dng c lm mu s khm ph ra rt nhiu cc yu cu
18
19
20
21
22
23
I.
II.
Requirements
Types
Software
Requirements
Function
Requiremnts
Design
Contraints
Non-Function
Requirements
24
H tr
1.4 Design Contraints
Hn ch ti thiu trn thit k ca h thng hoc quy trnh chng ti s
dng xy dng h thng.
2. Conceptual Modeling
M hnh pht trin ca mt vn thc l chia kha n phn tch yu cu
phn mm. Mc ch ca chng l gip trong vic hiu vn hn l
thc thi thit k gii php. Sau y khi nim m hnh bao gm m hnh
thc thi t vn cu hnh tn min n phn nh cc mi lin h trong th
gii thc v s ph thuc.
Mt s loi m hnh c th c pht trin, chng bao gm d liu v cc
lung iu khin, trng thi ca m hnh, s kin rng buc, tng tc gia
cc user, cc m hnh i tng, cc m hnh d liu v nhiu ci khc.
Mt vi m hnh c th c pht trin. Nhn t nh hng la chn m
hnh bao gm :
Vn t nhin. Mt vi kiu nhu cu phn mm m kha cnh chc
chn c phn tch chnh xc cc phn.
S thnh tho ca k s phn mm. n thng to ra nhiu hn chp
nhn li gii thch m hnh hoc phng thc vi nhng k s phn
mm c kinh nghim.
Cc yu cu quy trnh ca khch hnh
Nhng phng thc v cng c c gi tr.
3. Architectural Design and Requirements Allocation
vi im ny, kin trc ca gii php phi c suy ra . thit k kin trc
l im m cc yu cu tin trin chng ln nhau vi phn mm hoc
thit k cc h thng v minh ha n c th xa s tch bit ca hai nhim
v.
C nhiu la chn, k s phn mm hnh ng nh kin trc phn mm bi
quy trnh ca phn tch v dn dng cc yu cu theo yu cu ci m thnh
phn ca chng s chu trch nhim nhn bit cc yu cu an ton. y l
yu cu cp pht- s phn cng cc thnh phn c trch nhim p ng cc
yu cu.
25
III.
Phn b rt quan trng cho vic phn tch chi tit cc yu cu. Sau y cho
v d mt b cc yu cu c ch nh cc thnh phn, cc yu cu c
nhn c th c tip tc phn tch khm ph thm cc yu cu trn cc
thnh phn cn tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc nh th no p ng
c s phn b cc yu cu. trong mt d n ln, s phn b khuyn
khch mt vng ln ca phn tch cc h thng con.
Lp li yu cu v thit k.
S dng cc yu cu Parent-Child tng tnh c trng
Thit k kin trc c xc nh cht ch vi khi nim m hnh ha. Vic
nh x t n min thc th trng th gii thc n thnh phn phn mm
khng phi lun lun r rng, v vy thit k kin trc c xc nh l mt
ch ring bit. cc yu cu k hiu v cc phng thc c rng ri
nh c hai khi nim m hnh v thit k kin trc.
4. Requirements Negotiation
Mt thut ng khc c s dng cho ch ny l conflict resolution .
iu quan tm ny gii quyt vn vi cc yu cu m s xung t xy ra
gia hai yu cu ca cc bn lin quan cng cc tnh nng khng tng thch ,
gia cc yu cu v ngun lc hoc gia yu cu chc nng v yu cu phi
chc nng.
Trong tt c cc trng hp , n khng thn trng cho cc k s phn mm lm
cc quyt nh n phng v do n cn thit tham kho t cc bn lin
quan t c mt s ng thun trn s tha hip thch hp.
S dng Use Cases
h tr cc hot ng thit k v m ha, cc Use Case pht trin
trong cc hot ng suy lun hn l xy dng y .
Cc Use Cases thch hp nht khi h thng giu chc nng v phi
h tr cc loi ngi dng khc nhau.
Cc Use Case khng c hiu qu khi p dng n h thng vi mt
vi hoc khng c giao din ngi dng ti thiu, ch yu l nhng
yu cu phi chc nng v nhng hn ch khi thit k.
K thut trong EA gip phn tch yu cu phn mm
1. Xem xt cu trc phn cp v ci t ca yu cu phn mm
S dng ca s Hierachy. Khi la chn 1 Requirement, ta s xem c cc
thng tin v:
Quan h phn cp ca Requirement: cho bit n l con ca cc
Requirement no, cha ca cc Reqiurement no, quan h thuc loi
no (s hu hay kt tp)
26
Quan h v ci t ca Requirement: n c ci t bi cc
Element no. Nu Requirement c cc Requirement con, EA c th
chi tit vic ci t ca tng Requirement con .
27
28
29
3. Qun l thay i
S dng ca s Audit View: ghi chp li cc thay i thc hin.
Kch hot Audit View:
M ca s Audit View
Chn Audit Settings
Enable Auditing
30
4. Lp bo co
S dng menu Project | Documentation
Lp cc bo co c t thng thng : thng tin v
Requirement v cc Requirement con tng ng. C nhiu
nh dng vn bn khc nhau nh: Rich Text Format,
HTML,
Bo co quan h ci t
Bo co quan h ph thuc
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Communication Interface
System Features
System Feature X
Description and Priority
Stimulus/Response Sequences
Functional Requirement
Other Non-Functional Requirement
Performance Requirement
Safety Requirement
Security Requirement
Software Quality Attributes
Business Rules
User Documentation
Other Requirement
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: Analysis Model
Appendix C: To - Be - Determined List
6. Phng thc k thut cho c t yu cu
- Phng thc k thut cho c t cc yu cu l thch hp khi m t cc
yu cu l khng qu phc tp vi ngn ng t nhin hoc nu bn
khng c kh nng c c t d hiu.
- Phng thc k thut bao gm m gi, my trng thi hu hn, cy
quyt nh, biu hot ng, m hnh thc th lin kt, phn tch
hng i tng v phn tch cu trc.
- Chng ta la chn t mt vi phng thc c t k thut: m gi, my
trng thi hu hn, cy quy nh, biu hot ng, m hnh thc th
lin kt, phn tch hng i tng v phn tch cu trc
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
6. Xa , Sp xp cc yu cu
Thc hin trong ca s Project Browser, thng qua cc button trn toolbox hoc menu
ng cnh.
7. To cu trc phn cp cho yu cu
Khi mun chuyn 1 Requirement thnh con ca 1 Requirement khc, trong ca s
Project Browser, ta r ri th Requirement-con vo Requirement-cha.Vi chc nng
ny, ta c th xy dng c cu trc phn cp cho Requirement: 1 requirement ln
c th bao gm nhiu Reqiurement nh hn.
55
8. nh s cho cc Requirement
Nhy phi vo package, chn Show Level Numbering
Khi cha anh s
56
nh s
57
Sau khi nh s
58
9. Kt xut thnh vn bn
La chn Requirement cn kt xut
Vo menu, chn Project | Documentation
La chn loi bo co ph hp ( Rich Text Format, HTML,)
Trong hp thoi m ra, nhp cc thng s cn thit. Ch chn Use template
l requirement template
59
60
STT
1
2
3
Tn Vit Tt
SRS
NSD
IEEE
4
5
6
HTML
EA
GUI
Ngha
Software Requirement Specification
Ngi S Dng
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
HyperText Markup Language
Enterprise Architect
Graphic User Interface