You are on page 1of 38

ASSIGNMENT 1

OPERATING POINT ANALYSIS

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SIMULATION

NAME I/C N0.

: AHMAD FAKHRURRAZI BIN AHMAD NOORDEN : 901109-03-5695

Lecturers Name: P.M Dr. Ahmad Radzi Bin Mat Isa

Soalan 1 Buat kajian literature mengenai beberapa model diod yang digunakan dalam perisian SPICE. Soalan 2 Buat kajian literature mengenai beberapa model transistor bipolar (BJT) yang digunakan dalam perisian SPICE. Sertakan persamaan matematik dan graf yang berkaitan dengan model-model yang diberikan itu Soalan 3 Tuliskan fail input ( tak perlu jalankan simulasi ) bagi litar dalam Rajah 1 bagi menjalankan simulasi titik operasi.

Soalan 4 Tuliskan fail input bagi litar dalam Rajah 2 untuk menjalankan simulasi analisi titik operasi. Sahkan hasil simulasi dengan pengiraan ke atas litar tersebut.

Soalan 5 Tuliskan fail input bagi litar dalam Rajah 3 untuk menjalankan simulasi analisi titik operasi. Sahkan hasil simulasi dengan pengiraan ke atas litar tersebut.

1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ON SPICE 1.1 Diode Model


Diode circuit models The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in circuit simulations. The diode model is based on characterization of individual devices as described in a product data sheet and manufacturing process characteristics not listed. Some information has been extracted from a 1N4004 data sheet in Figure below.

Data sheet 1N4004 excerpt, after [DI4]. The diode statement begins with a diode element name which must begin with d plus optional characters. Example diode element names include: d1, d2, dtest, da, db, d101. Two node numbers specify the connection of the anode and cathode, respectively, to other components. The node numbers are followed by a model name, referring to a subsequent .model statement. The model statement line begins with .model, followed by the model name matching one or more diode statements. Next, a d indicates a diode is being modeled. The remainder of the model statement is a list of optional diode parameters of the form

ParameterName=ParameterValue. None are used in Example below. Example2 has some parameters defined. For a list of diode parameters, see Table below.

General form: d[name] [anode] [cathode] [modelname] .model ([modelname] d [parmtr1=x] [parmtr2=y] . . .)

Example:

d1 1 2 mod1 .model mod1 d

Example2:

D2 1 2 Da1N4004

.model Da1N4004 D (IS=18.8n RS=0 BV=400 IBV=5.00u CJO=30 M=0.333 N=2)

The easiest approach to take for a SPICE model is the same as for a data sheet: consult the manufacturer's web site. Table below lists the model parameters for some selected diodes. A fallback strategy is to build a SPICE model from those parameters listed on the data sheet. A third strategy, not considered here, is to take measurements of an actual device. Then, calculate, compare and adjust the SPICE parameters to the measurements. Diode SPICE parameters

If diode parameters are not specified as in Example model above, the parameters take on the default values listed in Table above and Table below. These defaults model integrated circuit diodes. These are certainly adequate for preliminary work with discrete devices For more critical work, use SPICE models supplied by the manufacturer [DIn], SPICE vendors, and other sources. [smi] SPICE parameters for selected diodes; sk=schottky Ge=germanium; else silicon.

Otherwise, derive some of the parameters from the data sheet. First select a value for spice parameter N between 1 and 2. It is required for the diode equation (n). Massobrio [PAGM] pp 9, recommends ".. n, the emission coefficient is usually about 2." In Table above, we see that power rectifiers 1N3891 (12 A), and 10A04 (10 A) both use about 2. The first four in the table are not relevant because they are schottky, schottky, germanium, and silicon small signal, respectively. The saturation current, IS, is derived from the diode equation, a value of (VD, ID) on the graph in Figure above, and N=2 (n in the diode equation).

ID = IS(eVD/nVT -1)

VT = 26 mV at 25oC

n = 2.0

VD = 0.925 V at 1 A from graph

1 A = IS(e(0.925 V)/(2)(26 mV) -1)

IS = 18.8E-9 The numerical values of IS=18.8n and N=2 are entered in last line of Table above for comparison to the manufacturers model for 1N4004, which is considerably different. RS defaults to 0 for now. It will be estimated later. The important DC static parameters are N, IS, and RS. Rashid [MHR] suggests that TT, D, the transit time, be approximated from the reverse recovery stored charge QRR, a data sheet parameter (not available on our data sheet) and IF, forward current.

ID = IS(eVD/nVT -1)

D = QRR/IF

Take the TT=0 default for lack of QRR. Though it would be reasonable to take TT for a similar rectifier like the 10A04 at 4.32u. The 1N3891 TT is not a valid choice because it is a fast recovery rectifier. CJO, the zero bias junction capacitance is estimated from the VR vs CJ graph in Figure above. The capacitance at the nearest to zero voltage on the graph is 30 pF at 1 V. If simulating high speed transient response, as in switching regulator power supplies, TT and CJO parameters must be provided. The junction grading coefficient M is related to the doping profile of the junction. This is not a data sheet item. The default is 0.5 for an abrupt junction. We opt for M=0.333 corresponding to a linearly graded junction. The power rectifiers in Table above use lower values for M than 0.5. Take the default values for VJ and EG. Many more diodes use VJ=0.6 than shown in Table above. However the 10A04 rectifier uses the default, which we use for our 1N4004 model (Da1N4001 in Table above). Use the default EG=1.11 for silicon diodes and rectifiers. Table above lists values for schottky and germanium diodes. Take the XTI=3, the default IS temperature coefficient for silicon devices. See Table above for XTI for schottky diodes. The abbreviated data sheet, Figure above, lists IR = 5 A @ VR = 400 V, corresponding to IBV=5u and BV=400 respectively. The 1n4004 SPICE parameters derived from the data sheet are listed in the last line of Table above for comparison to the manufacturer's model listed above it. BV is only necessary if the simulation exceeds the reverse breakdown voltage of the diode, as is the case for zener diodes. IBV, reverse breakdown current, is frequently omitted, but may be entered if provided with BV. Figure below shows a circuit to compare the manufacturers model, the model derived from the datasheet, and the default model using default parameters. The three dummy 0 V sources are necessary for diode current measurement. The 1 V source is swept from 0 to 1.4 V in 0.2 mV steps. See .DC statement in the netlist in Table below. DI1N4004 is the manufacturer's diode model, Da1N4004 is our derived diode model.

SPICE circuit for comparison of manufacturer model (D1), calculated datasheet model (D2), and default model (D3). SPICE netlist parameters: (D1) DI1N4004 manufacturer's model, (D2) Da1N40004 datasheet derived, (D3) default diode model. *SPICE circuit <03468.eps> from XCircuit v3.20 D1 1 5 DI1N4004 V1 5 0 0 D2 1 3 Da1N4004 V2 3 0 0 D3 1 4 Default V3 4 0 0 V4 1 0 1 .DC V4 0 1400mV 0.2m .model Da1N4004 D (IS=18.8n RS=0 +M=0.333 N=2.0 TT=0) .MODEL DI1N4004 D (IS=76.9n RS=42.0m BV=400 IBV=5.00u CJO=39.8p +M=0.333 N=1.45 TT=4.32u) .MODEL Default D .end BV=400 IBV=5.00u CJO=30

Compare the three models in Figure below. and to the datasheet graph data in Table below. VD is the diode voltage versus the diode currents for the manufacturer's model, calculated datasheet model and the default diode model. The last column 1N4004 graph is from the datasheet voltage versus current curve in Figure above which we attempt to match. Comparison of the currents for the three model to the last column shows that the default model is good at low currents, the manufacturer's model is good at high currents, and our calculated datasheet model is best of all up to 1 A. Agreement is almost perfect at 1 A because the IS calculation is based on diode voltage at 1 A. The model grossly over states current above 1 A.

First trial of manufacturer model, calculated datasheet model, and default model. Comparison of manufacturer model, calculated datasheet model, and default model to 1N4004 datasheet graph of V vs I.

model index VD

model

model datasheet

1N4004 default graph 5.674683e-03 0.01 2.731709e-01 0.13 1.294824e+01 0.7

manufacturer

3500 7.000000e-01 4001 4500 8.002000e-01 9.000000e-01

1.612924e+00 3.346832e+00 5.310740e+00

1.416211e-02 9.825960e-02 6.764928e-01

4625 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

9.250000e-01 1.000000e-00 1.100000e+00 1.200000e+00 1.300000e+00 1.400000e+00

5.823654e+00 7.395953e+00 9.548779e+00 1.174489e+01 1.397087e+01 1.621861e+01

1.096870e+00 4.675526e+00 3.231452e+01 2.233392e+02 1.543591e+03 1.066840e+04

3.404037e+01 1.0 6.185078e+02 2.0 2.954471e+04 3.3 1.411283e+06 5.3 6.741379e+07 8.0 3.220203e+09 12.

The solution is to increase RS from the default RS=0. Changing RS from 0 to 8m in the datasheet model causes the curve to intersect 10 A (not shown) at the same voltage as the manufacturer's model. Increasing RS to 28.6m shifts the curve further to the right as shown in Figure below. This has the effect of more closely matching our datasheet model to the datasheet graph (Figure above). Table below shows that the current 1.224470e+01 A at 1.4 V matches the graph at 12 A. However, the current at 0.925 V has degraded from 1.096870e+00 above to 7.318536e-01.

Second trial to improve calculated datasheet model compared with manufacturer model and default model. Changing Da1N4004 model statement RS=0 to RS=28.6m decreases the current at VD=1.4 V to 12.2 A. .model Da1N4004 D (IS=18.8n RS=28.6m BV=400 IBV=5.00u CJO=30 +M=0.333 N=2.0 TT=0) model index 3505 4000 4500 4625 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 VD model 1N4001 datasheet graph 0.01 0.13 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.3 5.3 8.0 12.

manufacturer

7.010000e-01 8.000000e-01 9.000000e-01 9.250000e-01 1.000000e-00 1.100000e+00 1.200000e+00 1.300000e+00 1.400000e+00

1.628276e+00 3.343072e+00 5.310740e+00 5.823654e+00 7.395953e+00 9.548779e+00 1.174489e+01 1.397087e+01 1.621861e+01

1.432463e-02 9.297594e-02 5.102139e-01 7.318536e-01 1.763520e+00 3.848553e+00 6.419621e+00 9.254581e+00 1.224470e+01

Suggested reader exercise: decrease N so that the current at VD=0.925 V is restored to 1 A. This may increase the current (12.2 A) at VD=1.4 V requiring an increase of RS to decrease current to 12 A. Zener diode: There are two approaches to modeling a zener diode: set the BV parameter to the zener voltage in the model statement, or model the zener with a subcircuit containing a diode clamper set to the zener voltage. An example of the first approach sets the breakdown voltage BV to 15 for the 1n4469 15 V zener diode model (IBV optional):

.model D1N4469 D ( BV=15 IBV=17m )

The second approach models the zener with a subcircuit. Clamper D1 and VZ in Figure below models the 15 V reverse breakdown voltage of a 1N4477A zener diode. Diode DR accounts for the forward conduction of the zener in the subcircuit. <="" a="">

Zener diode subcircuit uses clamper (D1 and VZ) to model zener. <="" a=""> Tunnel diode: A tunnel diode may be modeled by a pair of field effect transistors (JFET) in a SPICE subcircuit. [KHM] An oscillator circuit is also shown in this reference. Gunn diode: A Gunn diode may also be modeled by a pair of JFET's. [ISG] This reference shows a microwave relaxation oscillator. REVIEW: Diodes are described in SPICE by a diode component statement referring to .model

statement. The .model statement contains parameters describing the diode. If parameters are not provided, the model takes on default values. IBV. Accurate dynamic timing requires TT and CJO parameters Models provided by the manufacturer are highly recommended. Static DC parameters include N, IS, and RS. Reverse breakdown parameters: BV,

1.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors BJT circuit models


A large variety of bipolar junction transistor models have been developed. One distinguishes between small signal and large signal models. We will discuss here first the hybrid pi model, a small signal model, which lends itself well to small signal design and analysis. The next model is the charge control model, which is particularly well suited to analyze the large-signal transient behavior of a bipolar transistor. And we conclude with the derivation of the SPICE model parameters.

1.2.1. Small signal model (hybrid pi model)

-like equivalent circuit for a bipolar junction transistor. The model is shown in Figure 1.1. It consists of an input impedance, r , an output impedance r0, and a voltage controlled current source described by the transconductance, gm. In addition it contains the base-emitter capacitances, the junction capacitance, Cj,BE, and the diffusion capacitance, Cd,BE, and the base-collector junction capacitance, Cj,BC, also referred to as the Miller capacitance.

Figure 1.1 :Small signal model (hybrid pi model) of a bipolar junction transistor. The transconductance, gm, of a bipolar transistor is defined as the change in the collector current divided by the change of the base-emitter voltage.

(1.1) The base input resistance, r , is defined as the change of the emitter-base voltage divided by the change of the base current. (1.2) The output resistance, ro, is defined as: (1.3) The base-emitter and base-collector junction capacitances are given by:

(1.4)

(1.5)

for the case where the base-emitter and base-collector junctions are abrupt. Since the baseemitter is strongly forward biased in the forward active mode of operation, one has to also include the diffusion capacitance of the base: (1.6) Based on the small signal model shown in Figure 1.1, we can now calculate the small signal current gain versus frequency, hfe, of a BJT biased in the forward active mode and connected in a common emitter configuration. The maximum current gain is calculated while shorting the output, resulting in: (1.7) The unity gain frequency, fT, also called the transit frequency is obtained by setting the small signal current gain, hfe, equals to one, resulting in:

(1.8)

(1.9) equals: (1.10)

The circuit model therefore includes the charging time of the base-emitter capacitance,
E,

as well as the base transit time, B, but not the transit time of the carriers through the base-

collector depletion region, C. The collector transit time: (1.10a) The total transit time then becomes: (1.11)

The corresponding transit frequency, fT, can still be calculated using (5.6.9). While the unity gain frequency, fT, is an important figure of merit of a bipolar transistor, another even more important figure of merit is the maximum oscillation frequency, fMAX. This figure of merit predicts the unity power gain frequency and as a result indicates the maximum frequency at which useful power gain can be expected from a device. The maximum oscillation frequency, fMAX, is linked to the transit frequency, fT, and is obtained from: (1.12)

Where RB is the total base resistance and Cj,BC is the base-collector capacitance. The total base resistance consists of the series connection of metal-semiconductor contact resistance, the resistance between the base contact metal and the emitter and the intrinsic base resistance. Assuming a base contact, which is longer than the penetration depth this base resistance equals

(1.13)

for a one-sided base contact, where Rs,c, Rs,BE and Rs are the sheet resistances under the base contact, between the base contact and the emitter and underneath the emitter respectively. Ls,E is the emitter stripe length of the emitter, Ws,E is the alignment distance between the base contact and emitter. For a double-sided base contact, the total base resistance equals (1.14)
L

The base-collector capacitance equals: (1.15) Where AC is the base-collector area.

5.6.2. Large signal model (Charge control model)

The charge control model of a bipolar transistor is an extension of the charge control model of a p-n diode. Assuming the short diode model to be valid, one can express the device currents as a function of the charges in each region, divided by the corresponding transit or lifetime. In the general case one considers the forward bias charges as well as the reverse bias charges. This results in: (1.16)

(1.17)

(1.18)

Under forward active mode of operation, this model can be simplified since the reverse mode components can be ignored. A transient model can be obtained by adding the rate of change of the charges over time. To further simplify the model, we also ignore the minority Qp,E, in the emitter. This results in the following equations:

(1.19)

(1.20)

(5.6.21)

As an example we now apply this charge control model to the abrupt switching of a bipolar transistor. Consider the circuit as one applies a positive voltage to the base, the base-emitter junction will become forward biased so that the collector current will start to rise. The input is then connected to a negative supply voltage, VR. This reverses the base current and the baseemitter junction capacitance is discharged. After this transient, the transistor is eventually turned off and the collector current reduces back to zero. A full analysis would require solving the charge control model equations simultaneously, while adding the external circuit equations. Such approach requires numeric simulation tools. To simplify this analysis and provide insight, we now assume that the base current is constant before and after switching. This approximation is very good under forward bias since the base-emitter voltage is almost constant. Under reverse bias, the base current will vary as the base-emitter voltage varies, but conceivably one could design a circuit that does provide a constant reverse current. The turn-on of the BJT consists of an initial delay time, td,1, during which the base-emitter junction capacitance is charged. This delay is followed by the increase of the collector current, quantified by the rise time, trise. This rise time is obtained by applying the charge control equation for the base current, while applying a base current IBB with the voltage source VBB:

(1.22)

where: (1.23)

This differential equation can be solved resulting in: (1.24) If the device does not reach saturation, the charge reaches its steady state value with a time constant tr,B, which equals the base transit time of the BJT. The corresponding collector current will be proportional to the excess minority carrier charge until the device reaches saturation or:

(1.25)

A larger base voltage, VBB, will therefore result in a larger charging current, IBB, which in turn decreases the rise time and causes the BJT to saturate more quickly. There also will be more excess minority carrier charge stored in the base region after the BJT is turned on. The rise time, trise, is then obtained by finding the time when the saturation current is reached or: (1.26)

While switching back to the negative power supply, VR, the base current is reversed. As long as significant charge is still stored in the base region, the collector current will continue to exist. Only after this excess charge is removed, will the base-emitter junction capacitor be discharged and the BJT be turned off. The removal of the excess charge can take a significant delay time labeled as td,2 on the figure. Again we can calculate the time evolution of the excess charge and calculate the collector current from it. To first order the delay time, td,2, equals:

(1.27)

This delay time can be significantly larger than the rise time trise. Also note that a higher base turn-on current IBB results in a larger turn-off delay as more minority carrier charge is stored in the base. The actual fall time, tf, depends on the remaining storage charge at the onset of saturation as well as the charge stored by the base-emitter junction capacitance.

Figure 1.2. :Switching behavior of a BJT: a) bias circuit used to explain the switching behavior. b) Applied voltage and resulting collector current.

The SPICE model of a bipolar transistor includes a variety of parasitic circuit elements and some process related parameters in addition to the elements previously discussed in this chapter. The syntax of a bipolar transistor incorporates the parameters a circuit designer can change as shown below: BJT syntax Q [] + [] .MODEL NPN(BF= BR= IS= CJE= + CJC= VJE= VJC= VAF= VAR= + NF= NR=) BJT Parameters BF Forward active current gain BR Reverse active current gain IS Transport saturation current CJE Base-emitter zero-bias junction capacitance CJC Base-collector zero-bias Junction capacitance VJE Base-emitter built-in potential VJC Base-collector built-in potential VAF Forward mode Early voltage VAR Reverse mode Early voltage NF Forward mode ideality factor NR Reverse mode ideality factor

Example: Q1 3 2 1 BJTNAME

.MODEL BJTNAME NPN(BF=100 CJC=20pf CJE=20pf IS=1E-16) where Q1 is one specific transistor in the circuit, while the transistor model "BJTNAME" uses the built-in model NPN to specify the process and technology related parameters of the BJT. The built-in model PNP is used for p-n-p bipolar transistors. A list of SPICE parameters and their relation to the parameters discussed in this text is provided in the table below.

Table 1.1 : Selected SPICE parameters of a BJT. In addition, there are several parameters, which can be specified to further enhance the

accuracy of the model, such as: RB base resistance RE emitter resistance RC collector resistance MJE base-emitter capacitance exponent MJC base-collector capacitance exponent EG energy gap for temperature effect on IS The exponents NJE and MJC are used to calculate the voltage dependence of the base-emitter and base-collector junction capacitances using:

(1.28)

(1.29)

This exponent allows the choice between a uniformly doped junction (m = ), a linearly graded junction (m = 1/3) or an arbitrarily graded junction for which the exponent must be independently determined. The temperature dependence of the transport saturation current is calculated from the energy bandgap, since the primary temperature dependence is due to the temperature dependence of the intrinsic carrier density, which results in: (1.30)

The corresponding equivalent circuit is provided in Figure 5.6.3. The output resistance, ro, was added to represent the Early effect, which is included in the BJT model by specifying VAF and VAR.

Figure 5.6.3. : Large signal model of a BJT including the junction capacitances.

Reference of : Boulder, December 2004

2.0 NESTLIST FILE


Question 3 SOALAN 3 V1 R14 R12 R23 R45 R56 R49 R58 R67 R78 R910 R89 R811 R110 R100 .OP .END 1 2 3 4 4 5 9 7 6 7 9 9 8 10 10 0 1 1 3 2 4 2 4 5 6 0 7 7 8 0 80V 470 390 560 220 180 1.2K 680 120 91 820 120 68 390 220

Question 4 SOALAN 4 V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 .OP .END Question 5 SOALAN 5 V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 .OP .END 1 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 3 DC DC 4K 8K 2K 10V -10V 1 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 3 0 DC DC 10K 8.1K 4.7K 24 15

3.0 OUTPUT FILE


Question 3 **** 10/16/11 22:55:20 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 3 **** V1 R14 R12 R23 R45 R56 R49 R58 R67 R78 R910 R89 R811 R110 R100 .OP .END 2 3 4 4 5 9 7 6 7 9 9 8 10 10 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 4 5 6 0 7 7 8 0 0 470 390 560 220 180 1.2K 680 120 91 820 120 68 390 220 80V

**** 10/16/11 22:55:20 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 3 **** SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

*************************************************************************** *** NODE VOLTAGE ( ( ( NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE 4) 48.5620 8) 29.2810 NODE VOLTAGE

1) 80.0000 ( 2) 55.4750 ( 3) 67.0940 ( 5) 41.1880 ( 6) 36.2730 ( 7) 32.5450 ( 9) 30.5640 ( 10) 10.5600 VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS NAME V1 CURRENT -8.527E-02

TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION 6.82E+00 WATTS**** 10/16/11 22:55:20 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 3 **** OPERATING POINT INFORMATION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

*************************************************************************** ** JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME

.02

Question 4 SOALAN 4 -TITLE **** CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

*************************************************************************** *** V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 .OP .END **** 10/16/11 23:10:23 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 4 **** SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C 1 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 3 0 DC DC 10K 8.1K 4.7K 24 15

*************************************************************************** *** NODE VOLTAGE ( 1) 24.0000 ( 2) NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE

9.7470 ( 3) 15.0000

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS NAME CURRENT

V1 V2

-1.425E-03 -6.485E-04

TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION 4.39E-02 WATTS **** 10/16/11 23:10:23 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

SOALAN 4 **** OPERATING POINT INFORMATION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

*************************************************************************** ** JOB CONCLUDED TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

Question 5 ** 10/21/11 10:05:53 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 5 **** CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

*************************************************************************** *** V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 .OP .END **** 10/21/11 10:05:53 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 5 **** SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C 1 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 3 DC DC 4K 8K 2K 10V -10V

*************************************************************************** *** NODE VOLTAGE ( NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE

1) 10.0000 ( 2) -2.8571 ( 3) -10.0000 VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS NAME CURRENT

V1 V2

-3.214E-03 3.571E-03

TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION 6.79E-02 WATTS **** 10/21/11 10:05:53 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) ************** SOALAN 5 **** OPERATING POINT INFORMATION TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG

*************************************************************************** *** JOB CONCLUDED TOTAL JOB TIME .05

4.0 DESCRIPTION
Question 3

This circuit consist of 10 node respect to the ground 0. The words SOALAN 3 in the first line is the title of the simulation analysis. Then the second and third line refer to the DC voltage source which regarding to its arrangement in between the node 1 1 0 and ground of the circuit. At the line 3 until R100 , this command describe about the resistor place between each state node R14 2 1 means the resistor between those 2 node and 10 k is its value. .OP command is refer to operating point analysis. .END is the end statement.

At words ( 1) 80.0000 it is describing about voltage at node 1 respect to the ground at the node 0. The current of V1 is state at the lower part of the file.

Question 4

This circuit consist of 3 node respect to the ground 0. The words SOALAN 4 in the first line is the title of the simulation analysis. Then the second and third line refer to the DC voltage source which regarding to its arrangement in the node 1 1 0 and node 3 3 0 of the circuit. At the line 3 until 6 , this command describe about the resistor place between each state node R1 1 2 means the resistor between those 2 node and 10 k is its value. .OP command is refer to operating point analysis. Output File

At words ( 1) 24.0000 it is describing about voltage at node 1 respect to the ground at the node 0. The current of V1 and V2 is state at the lower part of the file.

Question 5

This circuit consist of 10 node respect to the ground 0. The words SOALAN 5 in the first line is the title of the simulation analysis. Then the second and third line refer to the DC voltage source which regarding to its arrangement in between the node 1 V1 1 0 and ground of the circuit. At the line 2 until line 5 , this command describe about the resistor place between each state node R 1 2 means the resistor between those 2 node and 4 k is its value. .OP command is refer to operating point analysis. .END is the end statement.

At words ( 1) 10.0000 it is describing about voltage at node 1 respect to the ground at the node 0. The current of V1 and V2 is state at the lower part of the file.

5.0 ANALYSIS Question 4 Value from the simulation SPICE: V at node 2 to node 0 V = 9.7470 V
USING SUPERPSITION METHOD :

V1 = 24V Short V2 V20 at node 2 to 0

V2 = 15V

=V1(R2//R3) / ((R2//R3)+R1) =24 (8.1K//4.7K)/ ((8.1K//4.7K)+10K) =24(2.97K)/(2.97K+10K) =5.5V Short V1 V20 at node 2 to 0 =V1(R1//R3) / ((R1//R3)+R2) =15 (4.7K//10K)/ ((4.7K//10K)+8.1K) =15(3.2K)/(3.2K+8.1K) =4.25V V20 = V20+ V20 = 5.5 + 4.25 = 9 .745V ~ 9.747V

Question 5 Value from the simulation SPICE: V at node 2 to node 0 V = -2.8571V


CALCULATION ON CIRCUIT USING KIRCHOFFS LAW:

V= IR Loop 1 10V = Loop 2 10V = = 10V + 10V = ( + ( 4K 4K + ) + 4K + 6K + ) = 20 + 2K = 20 = 20 + + ---------- + - 10V ----------

4K = 20 - 6K --------- = 10V = + ----------

Insert into 10V = -( 10V = -40 + 12 10V = -40 + 14K = = 3.571 X A + +2

Insert

into equation 1

10V = I1 (4K) + (3.571 X 10-3)(2K) I1 = 7.145 X 10-4 A = I2 = I1 I3 = ( 7.145 X 10-4) ( 3.571 X 10-3) = - 2.857 X 10-3 A

Voltage node between 0 and 2 V = I3R3 - 10V = (3.571 X 10-3) ( 2K) 10V = 7.142 V 10V = -2.858 V ~ -2.8571V

6.0 DISCUSSION
This simulation mainly focuses on DC circuit, with nodes and ground. SPICE is a program which can simulate circuit with texting a several command to its program. By using spice its easily to determine the value of the parameters in electric signal such as voltage, current, power and temperature. One of the methods in using SPICE is operating point analysis which had been used in this simulation. In an operating point analysis, a power supply is connected to the circuit to be analyzed. At this stage, no stimulus is applied to the input. The operating point analysis provides voltage information on every node of the circuit with respect to ground. In this report, there are 3 circuits that we need to simulate and confirming the simulation with manual calculate. As the analysis in question 4 we determine the value of the voltage in node 2 and node 0. By simulate, 9.7470V is the value of the voltage that we obtained. in order to prove it we used manual calculation of electronic concept which is superposition method. In the calculation we compute the value of V20 and V20 of each short DC voltage source value respectively. By the calculation the value that I get is 9.745 which is only slightly difference from the simulation. In question 5, the tabulated result from the simulation is -2.8571V which is the value between node 2 to node 0. In order to prove the simulation is correctly simulate the circuit I used the KIRCHOFFS LAW method to solve the value manually and -2.858V is the result. Those of result shows the simulation is working properly.

You might also like