Nursing & Nursing Related Theories & Theorists: An Ultimate Guide There are different nursing theories and

health theories to help us explain the phenomena we are experiencing in health. Since nursing knowledge is the inclusive total of the philosophies, theories, research, and practice wisdom of the discipline, these theories define what nursing is or what sets it apart from different professions. Below is a shortlist of different health and nursing theories. Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs Physiologic Needs: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion. Safety Needs: security of: body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property. Love and Belonging Needs: friendship, sexual intimacy, family Esteem Needs: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others Self-actualization Needs: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.

Adolf Meyer

Believes in totality of man or the holistic approach to man. Patients could best be understood through consideration of their life situations.

Alfred Adler

Superiority and inferiority complex and birth order. He emphasized that ones birth order as having an influence on the style of life and the strengths and weaknesses in ones psychological make up. Read more about Alfred Alder

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

All persons are caring and nursing is a response to unique social call.

Betty Neuman

Carl Jung

She developed the Health Care Systems Model. Nursing is concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stress, which are interpersonal, intrapersonal and extrapersonal in nature.

Introversion and extroversionpersona

Dorothea Orem

Developed self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems theory. Nurses have to supply care when the patients cannot provide care to themselves. By measuring the clients deficit relative to self care needs.

Dorothy Johnson

Conceptualized the Behavioral Systems Model.

Each person is composed of 7 subsystems namely: ingestive, eliminative, affiliative, aggressive, dependence, achievement and sexual. She also stated that nursing was concerned with man as an integrated whole and this is the specific knowledge of order we require.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial development of man. Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair.

Ernestine Weidenbach

Nurses individual philosophy lends credence to nursing care. Wiedenbach believed that there were 4 main elements to clinical nursing. They included: a philosophy, a purpose, a practice and the art.

Faye Abdellah

Defined nursing as a service to individuals and families, therefore to society. Identified 21 nursing problems. o To promote good hygiene and physical comfort o To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest, and sleep o To promote safety through prevention of accidents, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection o To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities o To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells o To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells o To facilitate the maintenance of elimination o To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance o To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions o To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions o To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function o To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions o To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness o To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication o To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships o To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals o To create and maintain a therapeutic environment o To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs o To accept the optimum possible goals in light of physical and emotional limitations o To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness o To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory. Focused on manipulating the environment for the patients recovery. o Pure or fresh air o Pure water o Sufficient food supplies o Efficient drainage o Cleanliness o Light (especially direct sunlight)

Galen

Four temperaments o sanguine personality is fairly extroverted. o melancholic is a person who is a thoughtful ponderer. o phlegmatic tends to be self-content and kind. o choleric is a do-er.

Harry Stack Sullivan

Interpersonal theory and anxiety occurs due to poor interpersonal relationship.

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal model. Nursing is an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between the sick and the nurse

Ida Jean Orlando

Believed that nurses can help patients meet a perceived need that they cannot meet themselves. Nursing Process theory.

Imogene King

Goal attainment theory Nursing is a helping profession

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development theory Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Jean Watson

Human Caring Model. Nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Three (3) levels of moral development:

o o o

Premoral or preconventional Conventional level Post conventional level

Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural nursing. Nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring process.

Margaret Newman

Health as expanding consciousness. Humans are unitary beings in whom disease is a manifestation of the pattern of health.

Martha Rogers

Science of Unitary Human Beings. Human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts.

Myra Levine

Four conservation principles: o conservation of energy, o structural integrity, o personal integrity and o social integrity

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual theory and Psychoanalytical Theory

Sister Calista Roy

Adaptation model. Each person is a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with changing environment.

Virginia Henderson

Identified 14 basic needs. Nurse functions to assist clients in performing activities contributing to health, recovery, or peaceful death.