DATN

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PHN 1. L THUYT CHUNG

I. Gii thiu chung
I.1. Lch s pht trin
Trong cng nghip cht do, Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) l mt trong ba
cht do ch lc gm Polyolefin (PO), PVC v Polystyren (PS). N ng hng
th hai sau Polyolefin vi tng cng sut ton th gii nm 1997 l trn 25 triu
tn, tiu th khong 22 triu tn.
Vinyl clorua c tm ra ln u tin bi Regnault nm 1835, polyme
Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) c quan st thy ln u tin nm 1938. Nm 1912,
Baumann trnh by phn ng trng hp monome vinilic gm vinyl clorua s
dng nh sng mt tri to ra sn phm PVC dng bt trng. T , cng
ngh trng hp PVC c nhng bc pht trin mnh m ch yu M v
c. Sn phm thng mi ca PVC ra i ln u tin c vo u nhng
nm 30 s dng qu trnh trng hp nh tng. Nm 1932, bc t ph u
tin gii quyt vn qu trnh v s n nh nhit din ra khi Semon pht
minh ra cht ho do cho PVC, qu trnh s dng cht n nh c pht trin
vo nhng nm 30 ca th k 20[5].
Hin nay PVC l mt trong nhng polyme chnh ca th gii. Do tnh
cht c l tt nn PVC c sn xut vi sn lng ln. Tuy nhin tnh n nh
nhit v tnh mm do ca PVC km hn mt s nha thng phm khc nh
Polyetylen (PE) v PS. PVC c sn xut ch yu bng trng hp gc. Tuy
nhin, trng hp gc ca PVC cho ra nhiu cc ng phn v cc khuyt tt cu
trc. Nhng nhn t ny l quan trng sng cn i vi ngi s dng PVC, v
chng to ra nhng vn v mu sc, n nh nhit, tinh th, ng x gia
cng v tnh cht c hc ca thnh phm. Nghin cu v khuyt tt cng em li
s hiu bit su sc v bn cht ca phn ng ph xy ra trong qu trnh trng
hp[5].
Ngoi cc cht ph gia nh cht ho do, cht n nh nhit, cht bi trn,
cht n v cc polyme khc, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu nhm ci thin
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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nhng tnh cht yu km ca PVC, v d nh ng trng hp vi cc monome

khc v thay i hnh thi ca ht tng cng tnh d gia cng. Polyme ghp
ng trng hp ca PVC vi monome acrylic v vinyl axetat, blend vi MBS v
acrylonitryl butadien styren (ABS) c th nghim tng sc chu va p.
Copolyme ca PVC vi monome imit v PVC clo ho c nghin cu
tng tnh chng chy ca PVC. Tng hp polyme khi lng phn t cao v mt
lin kt ngang PVC tng modun. Tng hp PVC ho do ni l mt gii php
cho vn ca cht ho do (DOP) di chuyn t bn trong ra bn ngoi vt
liu[5].
I.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th PVC:
Trn th gii
Trong phn ln thi gian ca thp nin 1990, sn xut PVC l mt lnh vc
sn xut khng t li nhun cao. iu ny khin nhiu cng ty ng ca nh
my, rt khi sn xut PVC hoc sp nhp vi nhau. Rt t nh my mi c
d kin xy dng.
Tuy nhin, nhu cu PVC tng mnh vo cui thp nin, bt chp nhng
vn mi trng. Kt qu l, sau khi nh hng ca cuc khng hong ti
chnh chu gim dn, nhu cu PVC tng ln st sao vi mc cung v li
nhun tng tr li trong nm l 999.
Trong 5 nm ti, th trng PVC ton cu vi tng khi lng 26 triu tn
s tng trng khong 4,1%/nm. Chu l th trng ln nht v cng s c t
l tng trng cao nht (tr Nht Bn). Sn xut PVC chu M Latinh v
Trung ng, chu Phi cng s tng nhanh nhng vi mc khi im thp, cn
Bc M c tim nng tng trng kh chc chn (khong 4%/nm).
Ngnh xy dng l lnh vc s dng ch yu i vi cc sn phm PVC.
Trong lnh vc hng tiu dng v bao b ng gi, cc sn phm PVC ang mt
dn th phn v n c thay th bi cc sn phm khc thn mi trng hn.
Nhng yu t nh hng n sn xut PVC ton cu l:
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- S tng trng kinh t s ko theo s tng nhu cu PVC.

- Gi nng lng cao c th lm gim tc tng trng kinh t.
- Cc vn v mi trng c th khng km hm s tng trng sn xut
PVC, nhng c th hn ch vic xy dng cc nh my PVC mi.[6]
C cu s dng 5,3 triu tn PVC ti cc nc Ty u nh sau:
C cu s dng PVC ti cc nc Ty u :
ng dn
27%
Kt cu xy dng
18%
Tm mng cng
10%
Bc cp
9%
Chai l
9%
Mng mm
7%
Lt sn
6%
Cc ng dng khc
6%
Lp sn lt
3%
ng mm 3%
3%
Sn phm xp
2%
100%
Cng
Ti Vit Nam
T nhng nm u ca thp k 60 Vit Nam "sn xut c" PVC do Nh
my ha cht Vit Tr sn xut. Trong phng n sn phm ca nh my c 150
tn/nm PVC ch yu gii quyt cn bng do vic to ra HCL, cho kt hp
vi axetylen t t n nhp ngoi, thnh VCM v trng hp. Nhng tn bt
trng ng hng u tin y c Nh my Cao su Sao vng cn thnh tm
"nilng" che ma, nh my cquy Hi Phng lm nhng tm l cch in...
Song va khng kinh t, li sn lng qu nh, chng gii quyt c vn g
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nn ngnh sn xut ny sm chm dt, c bit khi bc vo chin tranh ph

hoi ca M.
Trong nhng nm ca thp k 90 cng nghip gia cng cht do trong nc
pht trin mnh vi tc tng bnh qun ti 28%/nm. Nm 1990 tiu th cht
do trong nc l 0,5 kg/ngi n nm 1996 ln ti 5,7 kg/ngi. Ton b
nha nguyn liu l nhp khu; trong s PVC chim trung bnh 1/3. PVC
nhp di 2 dng: Bt PVC (PVC resin) v ht PVC (PVC compound) cha sn
cht ha do, cht n nh, cht mu.[6]
Nm 2000 c nc tiu th khong 150.000 tn bt PVC, trong nc sn xut
p ng c khong 40% nhu cu v phi nhp khu 60% t nhiu nc trn
th gii.[7]
Nm 2002, ton ngnh nha Vit Nam s dng 1.260.000 tn nguyn liu
nha, trong PP, PE, PVC l cc nguyn liu c s dng nhiu nht chim
khong 71,3% tng nhu cu nguyn liu.[6.2]
Mc tiu th theo tng loi nguyn liu nha nm 2002 nh sau:
PP:
380.000 tn
PVC:
180.000 tn
PE:
340.000 tn
Ngun cung cp PVC bt v ht, cng nh mt s bn thnh phm PVC (tm

tri nh, v gi da) v ph gia ch yu l cht ha do DOP l cc nc ng
v ng Nam (Nht Bn, Singapo, Hn Quc, i Loan, Thi Lan...).
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Bng thng k nhp khu PVC: vt triu USD [10]

Tn nc
Nm 1998
Nm 1999
Nm 2000
10thng/2001
Hn Quc
11.7
7.4
16.5
6.1
Singapo
8.8
4.9
16.5
4.0
Thi Lan
12.5
12.1
21
11.3
Nht Bn
7.7
4.8
7.9
3.1
Arp x t
0.4
0.2
2.2
0.4
Hng Kng
2.7
Malaixia
0.2
TNG S
53.5
0.1
41
73
36
Lng PVC nhp tng hng nm: nm 1997 , ring PVC nhp trn 72.000
tn. Theo k hoch d kin ca Tng cng ty nha Vit Nam nhu cu bt PVC
v cht ha do trong thi gian ti nh sau :
Nm
2000
2005
PVC
100.000
200.000
400.000
DOP
28.000
28.000
67.000
2010
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Cc d n sn xut PVC theo danh mc cc d n nguyn liu v bn

thnh phm nghnh nha giai on 20012010. (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh
s 11/2004/Q-BCN ngy 17 thng 02 nm 2004 ca B trng B Cng
nghip)
2005
2010
Tng
Tn d n
a im
Tng
Cng sut
vn
Cng sut
vn
(tn/n)
(triu
(tn/n)
(triu
USD)
Nh my sn xut ng
PVC1 m rng
Nai
Nh my sn
Vng
xut PVC2
Tu
120.000
45
100.000
80
Nh my sn xut Vng
PVC3
USD)
200.000
Tu
147
B Cng nghip vch ra mt chin lc ca ngnh ha du n u

cc bc i tip sau ca s pht trin PVC: to ra etylen t cracking nafta (hoc
kh thin nhin), clo ha ri gp nhau VCM, ng thi cung cp 2-etyl
hexanol v axit terephtalic. Theo d kin vo khong nm 2010 chng ta s c
kh nng sn xut t u n cui 500.000 tn nha PVC v 75.000 tn DOP.
Tng lai ca nghnh sn xut nha PVC ti Vit Nam l kh quan.[6]
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II. Vinyl clorua

II.1. Tnh cht ca vinyl clorua
Vinyl clorua c nhit si -134C l mt cht kh p sut v nhit
thng. nhit trng hp in hnh l 50-70C th p sut bay hi ca vinyl
clorua l 800-1250 kPa. Vinyl clorua tan nh trong nc. Tnh cht ny nh
hng n qu trnh trng hp huyn ph. Qu trnh trng hp vinyl clorua to
nhit rt mnh. Nhit dung ring v nhit ho hi ca n l 1,352 kJ.kg-1K-1 v
20,6 kJ mol-1. Gii hn n ca vinyl clorua trong khng kh l 4-22% th tch.[2]
Mt s tnh cht vt l ca vinyl clorua [8]
Khi lng phn t
62,501
Nhit si 760 mmHg, C
-13,37
Nhit nng chy C
-78
T trng ti -20C, g/ml
0,98343
nht ti -20C, eP
0,274
Sc cng b mt ti -10C, dyne/cm
20,88
p sut hi ti 25C, mm
3000
Nhit dung ring ca lng, cal/g/C
0,38
Nhit dung ring ca hi, cal/g/mol/C
10,8-12,83
n nhit ha hi ti 25C, cal/g
71,26
Nhit ti hn, C
158,4
p sut ti hn, atm
52,2
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II.2. Cc quy trnh sn xut vinyl clorua (VCM)

Nhng bin i trong lch s ca cc quy trnh sn xut VCM[5].
1. Quy trnh axetylen v HCl
2. Quy trnh kt hp etylen v axetylen
3. Quy trnh kh trn t Naphta
4. Quy trnh oxy-clo ha
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II.2.1. Quy trnh axetylen

Giai on u ca cng nghip PVC, bt u vo nhng nm 1930 n
gia nhng nm 1960, loi nguyn liu thp ca PVC c sn xut bng
phng php axetylen. VCM c tng hp t axetylen v HCl bng phn ng
trong pha kh vi s c mt ca clorua thy ngn lm xc tc nhit khong
150oC. Axetylen c sn xut t cacbua (carbide) ch to t than [5].
CaC2 + 2H2O CHCH + Ca(OH)2
CHCH + HCl CH2=CHCl (VCM)
II.2.2. Quy trnh kt hp etylen v axetylen
Etylen gi r t nghnh cng nghip ha du mi pht trin lc
cung cp nguyn liu thp sn xut etylen iclorua (EDC). EDC l tin thn
ca VCM. Phn hy nhit ca EDC cho ra VCM v HCl, cht ny khng c
s dng cho mc ch no trong cng nghip ha du lc by gi.
Qu trnh axetylen ca VCM c coi l thch hp tiu th HCl t s
phn hy nhit ca EDC. Cui nhng nm 60 ti Nht, s kt hp gia hai qu
trnh etylen v axetylen sn xut VCM c ng dng nh l mt giai
on qu ca cng nghip than v ha du[5].
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl (EDC)
CH2Cl CH2Cl CH2=CHCl (VCM) + HCl
CHCH + HCl CH2=CHCl (VCM)
II.2.3. Quy trnh kh trn t naphta (du m).
Trong cc quy trnh c cp trn y th quy trnh axetylen t cc hp
cht ca ccbua vn cn n. C etylen v axetylen u c iu ch trc tip
t phn ng phn hy nhit cao ca naphta 2000 oC. Trc tin, hn hp
kh etylen v axetylen phn ng vi HCl v axetylen c chuyn i thnh
VCM. Sau , phn etylen cn li phn ng vi HCl v chuyn thnh EDC. Quy
trnh ny c gi l quy trnh kh trn v c pht trin bi Kureha
Chemical vo nhng nm 60. Sau , Kureha Chemical pht trin tip qu
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trnh ny bng vic i nguyn liu thp t naphta thnh du th v thnh cng
trong vic pht trin dy chuyn mi vo nhng nm 70.
Nippon Zeon cng pht trin quy trnh VCM tng t, quy trnh kt hp
axetylen v etylen t s phn hy ca naphta. Trong quy trnh ny, trc tin
kh phn hy c tch ra ring r thnh axetylen v etylen v sau mi kh
c cung cp cho mi phn ng tng ng. axetylen c tch ring bng
phng thc hp th dung dch bng dung mi dimetyl formandehyt.
Nhng quy trnh ny b loi b vo cui nhng nm 70 do thiu tnh cnh
tranh v kinh t so vi quy trnh oxy-clo ha[5].
II.2.4. Quy trnh oxy- clo ha
u nhng nm 60, quy trnh oxy-clo ha c pht trin bi Dow
Chemical, Stauffer v Goodrich M. Ti Nht, Tosoh ng dng quy trnh oxyclo ha vo nm 1966[5].
Tng bc phn ng ca quy trnh oxy clo ha c th c th hin nh
di y:
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl
CH2Cl CH2Cl CH2=CHCl + HCl
CH2=CH2 + 2HCl + O2 CH2Cl CH2Cl + H2O
Phn ng tng ca quy trnh oxy clo ha cn bng l:
2CH2=CH2 + Cl2 + O2 2CH2Cl CH2Cl + H2O
Cc bc ca quy trnh:
(1) Clo ha trc tip
(2) Tinh ch EDC
(3) Oxy-clo ha
(4) Phn hy nhit ca EDC
(5) Thu hi HCl t lng v kh thi
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[6]Di y l cng ngh ca Cng ty EVC sn xut VCM v etylen

iclorua (EDC) t etylen, clo v oxy, p dng quy trnh oxy-clo ha vi lp xc
tc tng c nh, hiu sut cao (quy trnh LTC). Quy trnh cng ngh ny
ginh c gii thng Kirkpatrick Chemical Engineering Achievement Award.
Trn th gii, hin c 52 nh my p dng cng ngh ny ang vn hnh hoc
ang c xy dng, vi tng cng sut 4,7 triu tn VCM/ nm v 11,2 triu
tn EDC/ nm. Cng sut ca tng nh my nm trong khong t 10.000 n
650.000 tn VCM/ nm.
M t quy trnh:
EDC c sn xut c cng on clo ha b sung v cng on oxy clo ha ca quy trnh. cng on clo ha b sung, etyl v clo phn ng vi
nhau trong pha lng, to thnh EDC:
C2H4 + Cl2
C2H4Cl2 + nhit
Nhit ca phn ng c s dng chng ct EDC to thnh cng

on clo ha trc tip v cng on oxy - clo ha, nh tit kim c 0,6 tn
hi /tn VCM so vi cc quy trnh thng thng.
cng on oxy - clo ha, etylen, oxy v HCl phn ng vi nhau to thnh
EDC:
C2H4 + 2HCl + 1/2O2
C2H4Cl2 + H2O
y l phn ng pha hi, din ra trong tng xc tc c nh, nhit phn

ng c s dng sinh hi cao p. Bng vic s dng oxy thay cho khng
kh, lng kh qut ra gim 95%, chi ph nng lng v chi ph u t cng
gim. EDC c ra v lm kh, sau c tinh ch trong b phn clo ha
trc tip.
VCM c to ra nh cracking EDC hi lu lm sch v EDC t cng
on clo ha trc tip. Phn ng cracking ny c thc hin trong l nhit
phn:
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl
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Sau khi lm ngui nhanh v thu hi nng lng trong mt h thng c

bit, cc sn phm c tch thnh HCl (hi lu v cng on oxy - clo ha),
VCM c tinh khit cao v EDC cha phn ng (hi lu v cng on clo ha
v tinh ch).
Quy trnh sn xut VCM ny c th c iu chnh "cn bng" sao cho
nh my ch sn xut sn phm VCM hoc nh my c th c thit k s
dng cc dng EDC hoc HCl nhp t ngoi. Quy trnh ny c t ng ha
c th vn hnh n nh, an ton, vi kh nng gim nng sut khi cn. Ngoi ra,
quy trnh ny cng c thit k c th khi ng v ngng mt cch d
dng. Chi ph nhn cng, vn, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp. Hiu sut
phn ng i vi etylen v clo t trn 98%.[6]
Quy trnh sn xut EDC bng phn ng clo ho trc tip nhit
cao (quy trnh HTC)
y l quy trnh ca Cng ty EVC sn xut etylen iclorua (EDC) t
etylen v clo. Quy trnh ny c hiu qu nng lng cao v s dng nhit phn
ng lm bay hi EDC, nh c th tinh ch sn phm bng chng ct phn
on. Khc vi nhng quy trnh khc nh quy trnh LTC, quy trnh ny khng
cn dng nc ra sn phm loi b clorua st (III), v vy khng cn x l
nc thi.
Nhit to ra trong qu trnh tinh ch cc dng EDC khc, nh EDC trong
nh my VCM cn bng hoc EDC sn sut theo quy trnh oxy - clo ha, nh
tiu th hi gim ng k.
M t quy trnh:
Thit b phn ng c thit k c o vi mt thanh ch U ni vi bnh
tch lng - kh nm ngang. Cc kh phn ng c np vo y ca thanh ch U
ny, ti y chng c ha tan v lin kt vi nhau di p sut tnh ln
ngn nga s si trong vng phn ng. Trn vng ny, nhit phn ng to ra cc
bong bng hi ni ln trn v i vo bnh phn ng nm ngang. S chnh lch
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mt trong hai nhnh ca thanh ch U m bo s tun hon t nhin ca

EDC.
Uu im:
Cc u im chnh ca quy trnh HTC l:
- Tit kim nng lng: lng hi tiu hao thc trong nh my cn bng c th
gim 0,8 tn /tn VCM.
- Sn phm sch: EDC sn xut theo quy trnh ny c th c s dng trc tip
trong l phn ng cracking hoc bn ra ngoi.
- an ton cao: Cng ty EVC pht trin h thng iu khin v bo v chc
chn, c kh nng x l tt c cc nguy c bit.
- Hiu qu s dng nguyn liu cao: thit b phn ng ca quy trnh HTC
chuyn ha cc kh nguyn liu etylen v clo thnh EDC sch vi hiu sut
chuyn ha t 98,5% v 99,0% tng ng.
- Thit k c th nghim tt, ng tin cy: thit b phn ng HTC khng c
cc b phn chuyn ng, c ch to t cc vt liu c chn lc tt, biu
th tui th vn hnh cao v nhu cu bo dng thp.
- Lng nc thi gim: khng cn ra sn phm EDC sn xut theo quy trnh
ny, v vy lng nc thi cn phi x l gim. Ngoi ra, mc tiu th xt
cng rt thp.[6]
Quy trnh sn xut EDC bng phng php oxy clo ha
y l quy trnh Vinnolit ca Cng ty Vin Tec dng sn xut EDC
bng phn ng ta nhit gia cc nguyn liu etylen, HCl khan v oxy. C th
s dng HCl khan t qu trnh sn xut VCM hoc t cc qu trnh khc.
Cng ngh ny c p dng ti 13 thit b phn ng 10 nh my, hoc nh
mt nh my s dng HCl ring r hoc nh mt b phn ca quy trnh VCM
cn bng. Trong mt s trng hp n c th thay th cho cc cng ngh oxy clo ha hin c bng cch thay i thit b phn ng cho ph hp. Hai dy
chuyn sn xut theo cng ngh ny cng ang trong giai on hon thin.
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M t quy trnh:
C th s dng oxy t nh my tch khng kh hoc t quy trnh hp ph
p sut cao PSA. Quy trnh Vinnolit cng c kh nng dng c etylen v / hoc
HCl khan cha cc dng kh ui t cc quy trnh clo ha trc tip, axetalehyt,
monoclo axetic axit,...
Phn ng ta nhit ca quy trnh din ra trong thit b phn ng tng si c xc
tc clorua ng, nhit 200 220C. Nhit phn ng c thu hi sinh
hi cao p (10 bar) hoc gia nhit cc cht lng truyn nhit.
Bt xc tc c loi b nh b lc xc tc kh nng kiu mi, hoc bng
cch x l nc thi sao cho n p ng cc quy nh cht ch nht v gii hn
hm lng ng, ioxin v furan. Quy trnh thn mi trng ny s dng kh
hi lu, np n tr li thit b phn ng sau khi ngng t EDC v nc. Sau
khi loi b EDC, nc thi ca qu trnh p ng nhng yu cu cht ch nht
v mi trng.
Sau khi loi b CO2 v cloral/ cloetanol, EDC th c tinh ch trong
thit b chng ct EDC. N c th c s dng lm nguyn liu np l cracking
nhit phn hoc bn ra ngoi.
Nhng c im v u im quan trng:
* ng tin cy: S khng ch nhit n nh, lin kt vi thit b truyn nhit
hiu qu cao v s phn phi nhit ng u (khng c cc im qu nng)
trong tng si khin cho dy chuyn thit b c th d dng t t l thi gian
vn hnh trn 99% /nm. H thng phun nguyn liu c thit k c bit cho
php vn hnh hai nm khng cn bo dng. Din tch truyn nhit ln cho
php t nhit v p sut hi nc cao hn trong cc ng xon lm lnh nh
tng an ton i vi nhit gii hn b mt, ni c th xy ra s n
mn do nhit xung n im sng ca axit HCl.
* An ton: oxy c phi trn vi HCl khan bn ngoi thit b phn ng v
c np vo tng si c lp vi etylen. Hm lng oxy trong dng hi lu l
khong 0,5% (th tch), ngoi gii hn chy n.
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* Linh hot: thit b c th vn hnh mc 20% cng sut thit k v c th

thay i nhanh chng ch np liu cho ph hp.
* Chi ph sn xut thp: xc tc c tui th phc v khng hn ch, t l hao ht
thp nh h thng xyclon hiu qu cao (tiu hao di 20 gam xc tc/ tn EDC).
Hiu sut phn ng cao ca nguyn liu (98,5% i vi etylen, 99% i vi HCl
khan, 94% i vi oxy) v kh nng s dng oxy gi thnh thp t quy trnh
PSA m bo tnh cnh tranh cao ca quy trnh ny nh gi thnh sn xut thp.
* Hiu qu v mi trng: Hiu sut phn ng 99% l yu t then cht gim
s hnh thnh cc sn phm ph. H thng lc kh nng hiu qu cao cho php
tch nhng lng nh bt xc tc mn. Ngoi vic loi b EDC d trong nc
thi bng phng php gii hp vi hi nc, quy trnh ny khng cn thit b
x l b sung khc cho nc thi. Nc thi t tiu chun mi trng ca EU
i vi cc nh my sn xut vinyl: hm lng EDC < 5 g/ tn cng sut tinh
ch EDC, hm lng Cu < 1 g/tn cng sut oxy - clo ha, cc thnh phn tng
t ioxin < 1 g TEQ/ tn cng sut oxy - clo ha.[6]
Cc thng s vn hnh chnh:
Nhit vn hnh: 200 - 225oC
p sut vn hnh: 2,5 - 4 bar
p sut hi:
0 bar
Sn xut EDC bng quy trnh oxy- clo ho mt bc

y l quy trnh VCM cn bng ca Cng ty EVC, s dng oxy sch v
etylen trong phn ng oxy - clo ha chuyn ha HCl thnh EDC vi lng
kh ui thp nht, khng c cc cht gy nhim c micro, khng gy nhim
c kim loi nng i vi nc thi, khng c s tch tr bn xc tc phi x
l mt cch tn km.
Quy trnh ny c vn hnh thng mi t nm 1979. T n nay
c 18 nh my c a vo vn hnh vi cng sut t 50.000 n 600.000
tn/ nm.
- 15 -
N TT NGHIP
M t quy trnh:
thit b phn ng vi tng xc tc c nh, v n; nhit phn ng c
ly i sinh ra hi cao p. Phn ng c thc hin vi s d tha ln etylen.
S chia tng xc tc mt cch linh hot, s phn b nhit phn ng thch hp
v lu lng np liu cao, cng vi h thit b phn ng n chic l nhng yu
t gip to ra sn lng ti a v hn ch sn phm ph mc ti thiu. Sau khi
ngng t v tch cc sn phm phn ng (EDC v nc), etylen d c nn v
hi lu tr li dng kh c lm sch ny c rt ra mt phn ngn
nga s tch t cc cht tr. Thng thng, dng kh sch ny c lm kh v
a n b phn clo ha trc tip thu hi etylen.
iu kin vn hnh:
Thit b phi trn oxy c thit k c bit v h thng kha lin ng
m bo s vn hnh an ton ngoi gii hn chy n. Kiu thit k n gin v
quy cch cht lng cao ca vt liu ch to khin cho thi gian s dng gia
hai ln sa cha ln n 2 3 nm, t l thi gian vn hnh t 98% trong mt
nm. Nhit phn ng c thu hi sinh hi cao p (18 bar) s dng cho cc
b phn khc ca quy trnh VCM (v d nhit phn). Nc thi khng cha bt
xc tc l lng, v vy khng cn lng v x l nh nc thi c hi. Hm
lng ng trong cc dng nc thi ca tng xc tc c nh di 0,3 ppm, v
vy khng cn phi x l.[6]
Ch tiu tiu hao nguyn vt liu:
Quy trnh thng t hiu sut chn lc 98% i vi etylen v HCl, hiu
sut chuyn ha HCl t 99,8%. Do vn hnh trong mi trng giu etylen, quy
trnh ch to ra khong mt na lng CO v CO2 so vi cc quy trnh tng si
thng thng khc. Ch tiu tiu hao i vi 1 tn EDC l:
HCl:
0,748 tn
etylen:
0,288 tn
oxy:
0,170 tn
Nc lm lnh:
48 m3
- 16 -
N TT NGHIP
in:
50 kWh
Nng lng lm lnh:
1320 kcal
Hi sinh ra (17,5 bar):
0,850 tn
III. Tnh cht ca PVC

Nha PVC c dng bt trng, bn nhit thp, mm do khi dng thm
cht ha do, khng thi tit tt, n nh kch thc tt, bn s dng cao. s
chng lo ha cao, d to mu sc, trng lng nng hn so vi mt s cht do
khc, cch in tn s cao km, bn n nh nhit km, bn va p km,
c vi cht n, PVC l nguyn liu khng d chy.
Nha PVC c to thnh t phn ng trng hp VC:
n CH2 CH
Cl
VC
CH2 CH
Cl
PVC
PVC to thnh l hp cht no v phn ng trng hp c khuynh hng

xy ra theo c ch trng hp gc[5].
III.1. Cu trc:
Cu trc ca PVC ph thuc mnh c vo tnh cht vt l v s n nh
nhit. Mc d quang ph 1H NMR c s dng xc nh cu trc ca PVC
nhng quang ph 13C NMR vn l phng php c u tin s dng hn
xc nh cu trc ca PVC. Nhng nghin cu ny xc nh c s lng
ca cc n v monome cng thm vo mch. Phng thc kt hp monome
vo mch ang pht trin khng b nh hng bi cu trc lp th ca on cui
mch. Nng lng hot ha cho s cng hp kiu cu trc isotactic cao hn cu
trc syndiotactic khong 500-600 cal/mol. V vy hm lng ca cu trc
syndiotactic trong PVC thu c bi trng hp gc s gim khi tng nhit
phn ng. [5]
- 17 -
N TT NGHIP
III.2. Trng thi tinh th v v nh hnh

Trng thi tinh th tng ng vi chui syndiotactic. Mc d chui
syndiotactic thu c t trng hp gc thng ngn nhng c lc ht rt mnh
gia cc mch cha lin kt lng cc C-Cl t cung cp lc ht mnh to
thnh tinh th. Nhit nng chy l thuyt ca PVC syndiotactic tinh khit
khong 400 oC, nhng loi polyme nh vy cha tng c tng hp. Nhit
nng chy ca PVC tng hp bng trng hp gc l 102-210 oC ph thuc vo
kch thc nh v khng hon ho ca cu trc thu c. S ng c li ca
PVC lin quan ti trng thi tinh th. Polyme thng mi c tnh c t 7 n
20% hm lng tinh th. Khi phn ng trng hp din ra ti nhit thp hn
th hm lng tinh th trong PVC gim. Kh nng ca PVC to ra phm vi rng
cc kt cu vi cc loi cht ha do l rt quan trng trong cc ng dng thc
t. Cu trc tinh th ng vai tr lin kt vt l gia cc loi vt liu khc nhau
trong thc t. n v o ca syndiotactic PVC c xc nh l n v
orthorhombic vi a-, b- v c- tng ng vi 1,06, 0,54 v 0,51 nm. V hu ht
PVC trng thi v nh hnh nn nhit ha thy tinh ph thuc vo cu trc
phn t. nh hng ca Mn v cu trc l ring r. Nhit ha thy tinh Tg
ca PVC thng l 70-80 oC. Khi thm cht ha do vo th nhit ha thy
tinh Tg s gim xung di nhit phng[5].
III.3. n nh nhit
Tnh nhy cm ca PVC tng hp bng trng hp gc i vi s thoi
ha nhit c tm hiu kh r v c quy cho s c mt ca cc khuyt tt
cu trc nh n v u ni u, clo bc 3 cc bon mch nhnh v nguyn t
clo gn k lin kt i. t nng PVC ln trn 100oC lm cho n thoi ha.
Polyme ta ra HCl xc tc cho qu trnh loi tr HCl monome tip theo, kt
qu l s gii phng nhanh axit xa hn to thnh mch polyene. Mch polyene
tri qua phn ng th hai nh ngt mch hay s to thnh lin kt ngang, dn ti
s to thnh cc hp cht thm nh benzen hay toluene, nh hng n tnh
cht ca polyme. iu ny th hin mu sc, tnh tan ca polyme gim v cc
- 18 -
N TT NGHIP
tnh cht c v tnh cht in km i. S kh HCl c xc tin mnh bi chnh

HCl. di gii hn ca mch polyene c th l do s n nh cng hng hoc
do s c mt ca cc nhm ring nh mch nhnh.
S khng n nh ca PVC lin quan ti cu trc ca chng. S khng
tinh khit c v nh khng phi l nguyn nhn ca s thoi ha, bi v s n
nh khng tng sau khi kt ta. Nhm cui mch ca PVC kh n nh. Nhm
metyl clorua l n nh bi v cacbon bc 1 khng lin kt vi cacbon c nguyn
t clo bc 3 trong mch chnh. Hai nhm c cho rng l nguyn nhn ca s
khng n nh l clo gn k ni i v clo bc 3 cacbon mch nhnh. S
khng n nh ca hai nhm l tng t nhau, nhng s lng cacbon bc 3
ln hn rt nhiu, v vy nh hng ca n c ngha quan trng hn. Mc d
h thng lin hp c bit l khng n nh nhng nh hng th li khng ln
lm bi v s lng ca chng nh. Vy nguyn nhn chnh ca s loi tr HCl
dn n nhng cu trc khuyt tt khc nhau l do nguyn t clo bc 3. [5]
Hin nay Vit Nam ang s dng nha PVC vi cc thng s k thut
sau(s liu nm 2000) [7]
Lnh vc s dng
S lng
T l
Ch s chy(g/10min)
p n
60.000
30
69
p phun
30.000
60
66
Cn trng
40.000
57
Cc loi khc
20.000
Cng
150.000
100
IV. ng dng ca nha PVC

PVC l loi nha a nng nht, do c nhiu ng dng khc nhau trong
hu ht cc lnh vc ca cuc sng x hi, t chi tr em, bao b ng thc
phm, trang thit b ni tht, phng tin vn ti, in v in t cho n cc
dng c y t, vt liu xy dng....
- Sn phm cng: ng nc, mng mng cng, tm cng, vt liu xy dng
- 19 -
N TT NGHIP
- Sn phm mm: ng nc, mng mng mm, gi da, dp nha

- PVC khng c: chai l cht do, thng cha thc phm, mng bao b
thc phm [7]
Di y l mt s v d:
PVC mm
Nha PVC mm c s dng lm ti ng mu.
Tnh cht ca nha gip mu c bo qun lu hn,
an ton hn m ti c khi lng nh.
Ca s
PVC c s dng lm khung ca s. Nha PVC cha
ho do l mt trong nhng polyme thch hp nht
nhit thng v ch h hng cht t sau nhiu nm s
dng.
Bao b
PVC c s dng rng ri lm cc hp ng thc
phm. Vi tnh cch ly cao, thc n c ng gi v
bo qun rt tt, bo v sn phm khi h hng v hao
ht.
V ng h t
PVC c lm bng ng h cho xe t va c tnh kinh
t va m bo bn, kh nng chng chy, cng nh
tnh a dng trong thit k.
V cp
PVC lc u c s dng lm v dy cp cch in
thay th cho cao su trong th chin th hai, nhng hin
nay tr thnh vt liu u vit hn v tnh mm do, d
lp t v chng chy. Cp PVC khng b cng v dn
qua thi gian v c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc.
- 20 -
N TT NGHIP
V. Phn ng trng hp- c s l thuyt trng hp gc.

V.1. Khi u
Trong qu trnh trng hp gc ca monome vinylic, cu trc u mch
ca polume bao gm thnh phn ca cht khi u hoc u mch bo ho hoc
cha bo ho c to ra bi s khng cn xng. Trong trng hp gc ca
vinyl clorua, tuy nhin, phn ng chuyn mch din ra nhanh chng cho ra
nhng u mch khc nhau so vi nhng monome vinylic lin hp khc. 2,2azobisisobutylnytryl(AIBN) hoc benzoil peroxyt (BPO) c s dng lm cht
khi u cho qu trnh trng hp ca VC, phn s ca u mch thu c t
cht khi u thng l 0,14-0,4 nu s kt thc c gy ra bi s kt hp
hoc s mt cn xng, th gi tr theo th t l 2,0 v 1,0. Mt nhm nghin cu
ca IUPAC ch ra rng cu trc on u hay cui mch ca PVC thu c
t cht khi u th khng bn lm, iu dn ti s chuyn mch ln
monome ca mch ny c u th hn. Nhng pht trin gn y trong k thut
trng hp gc c th p dng cho qu trnh trng hp VC c c mt
polyme c cu trc nh sn tt[5].
Gn y, ngi ta trnh by mt phng php mi xc nh hng s
tc phn ly cht khi u da trn vic s dng tc trng hp tc thi
trong 2 th nghim gn ging nhau vi nng cht khi u khc nhau. xc
nh tnh ng n ca phng php. Latex PVC c chun b vi vic cho
thm Kali persunfat (K2S2O8) khi u cho phn ng trng hp nhng git
nh monome vi kch thc di mircon. Gi tr Kd c xc nh l 2,5.10-6
s-1 ti 51C v bc ca phn ng khi c nng cht khi u c tm l 0,5.
V.2. Pht trin mch
Phn ng pht trin mch l mt phn ng thnh phn quan trng xc
nh khi lng phn t v cc khuyt tt cu trc CH2 = CHCl c th gn vo
mch polyme theo 2 cch: u ni u hay u ni ui, cc nghin cu v tnh
cht ca polyme ch ra rng phn ln l cng hp kiu u ni ui. Bn cnh
s cng hp ca cc n v n v monome th cc phn ng ph v d nh s
- 21 -
N TT NGHIP
nhnh ho ca gc ang pht trin v chuyn mch ln polyme c th xy ra dn

ti khuyt tt cu trc trong mch polyme to ra nhnh C2,C4 . V nhng nhnh
di. Nhng khuyt tt tng t cng c th xy ra cho mch vi s kt hp khi
khng tinh khit. Nhng khuyt tt cu trc nh u ni u, mch nhnh ngn
hay di, c olefin trong mch chnh dn ti s khng n nh nhit ca polyme
CH
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cl
CH CH CH3
Cl
Cl
(II)
(I)
CH2 Cl
CH2 CHCl
CH
(III)
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cl
CH3
(VII)
(VI)
CH2 CH CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cl
(IV) Nhanh ngan

(V) Nhanh dai
Cl
CH2 CH CH CH
CH3
(IX)
(VIII)
Cl
Cl
(I) (V) Nhng n v lp li

(VI) (IX) Kt thc mch
Hm lng ca nhng cu trc ny c th xc nh c s dng quang
ph NMR, t hm lng ca nhng u mch cha bo ho v bng s dng
phn ng cng hp ca Br hay Cl vo ni i, v bng gi lp. Hm lng in
hnh ca nhng khuyt tt cu trc c a ra bng sau:[5]
- 22 -
N TT NGHIP
Hm lng (a)
Loi khuyt tt cu trc

I
6,4 - 6,9
II
0,1-0,3 (0,23)
III
3,8 (4,0)
IV
0,8(0,79)
0,1(0,09)
VI+VII+VIII
0,75(0.99)
IX
3,5(1,22)
X(b)
2,7(1,1)
S trong ngoc l kt qu gi lp:

a. Hm lng trn 1000 n v monome
b. u chui bo ho monoclo
Nhng cu trc khc thng, ngoi tr nhm metylclorua, dn n s mt
n nh nhit. PVC cha mt lng ln nhng n v bt thng dc theo mch,
ln hn nhng polyme vinyl lin hp khc nh PS hay polymetyl metacrylat
(PMMA).
Lin kt u ni c to thnh vi s cnh tranh ca phn ng u ni
ui. Trong qu trnh pht trin mch cng vi phn ng cp i gia 2 gc
ang pht trin nh sau[5]
CH2 CH
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH
CH2 CH
Cl
+ CH
CH2
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH2

Cl
Cl
Cl
S cng u ni u v u ni ui ca PVC.
Tuy nhin, gi tr ca hng s chuyn mch ln VC vn ln hn v c
u tin. Bng sau th hin hm lng lin kt u ni u trong cc iu kin
trng hp khc nhau.
- 23 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng hm lng lin kt u ni u trong PVC.

Cht khi u
Nhit (C)
Lin kt u ni u
Pw
AIBN
60
15
Peroxyt
50
800
6,4
Bet3/O2
40
450
5,7
Bet3/O2
790
2,5
V VC l mt monome vinyl khng lin hp, ngoi s cng hp u

ui th s cng hp kiu u - u cho ra lin kt u - u trong mch. Gc
ang pht trin kiu u - u gy ra s dch chuyn nguyn t 1,2 clo, dn ti
s to thnh nhm clorua metyl [5].
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2
Cl
1,2 Clo
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2Cl

Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH
Cl
Nhm C1 ny khng phi l cu trc khng n nh nhit trong PVC, v

khng c nguyn t clo no lin kt vi cacbon bc 3. Cng vi s to thnh
nhnh C1, s loi tr nguyn t clo dn ti s to thnh ca n v 1,2 diclo kt
thc mch, ni i v to allyic clorua
Cl
Cl
+ CH2
CH2 CH CH2 CH
Cl
CH
Cl
CH CH2Cl
+ Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH
VC
Trung hop
Cl
Cu trc nhnh to thnh trong qu trnh trng hp c th chia lm 2 loi:

nhnh ngn to ra bi phn ng to nhnh ca gc ang pht trin, v nhnh di
c to thnh bi chuyn mch ln polyme. Nhnh C2 v C4 to thnh bi s
to vng ca gc ang pht trin nh sau
- 24 -
N TT NGHIP
CH2 C
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH

Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2
CHCl
CH2
CH
Cl
CH2 C
CH2 CH CH2 CH2
Cl
Cl
VC
CH2 C
Cl
CH2 C
CH2 CH CH2 CH2

Cl
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH2

Cl
Cl
Nhanh C4
Cl
CH2 CH
Cl
CH2
CHCl
Cl
CH2 Cl H
C
CH2 C
CH2 CH2 CH2 Cl

Cl
CH2
CH2 CH CH2 CH2Cl

Cl
CH2 CH2Cl
Nhanh C2
S ko di nhnh ngn thu c t s chuyn dch ca nguyn t hir

hay clo trong gc ang pht trin c lp vi s chuyn i monome. Hm
lng ca nhnh di tng cng vi s tng chuyn monome, v hir thu c
t mch polyme l phn ng ni phn t. Ngt mch polyme khng bo ho
cng c hnh thnh bi s khng cn xng (dispropotionation). Gc clo to
- 25 -
N TT NGHIP
thnh t nguyn t clo lin kt vi cacbon bc 3 v nguyn t clo ti v tr allyl

l nhng n v hot ng linh ng khc thng. Hm lng ca clo linh ng
c c lng bi phn ng thay th vi phenol hoc quang ph NMR ca 1H
Bng hm lng ca cc nguyn t clo linh ng trong PVC
Th t
Phng php Phenol
Phng php NMR
Phng php SOCl2
1,44
2,45
0,95
2,4
1,9
4,4
1,2
1,6
1,67
1,6
Trong qu trnh trng hp gc ca VC, hng s tc pht trin mch c

th c biu th bng phng trnh di y:
Kp = 3,3.106 exp(- 3700/RT)
V VC l monome vinyl khng lin hp, 1 3% phn ng cng hp kiu
u - u din ra to ra lin kt u ni u trong mch cng nh lin kt u
ni ui. Nng lng hot ho cho cng hp u ni u 1,5 Kcal/mol cao hn
cng hp u ni ui[5].
V.3 Ngt mch
S ngt mch xy ra bi s kt hp v s bt cn xng trong trng hp dung
dch ca VC. Trong trng hp khi v huyn ph, ngt mch n phn t cng
c th xy ra. V hng s tc chuyn mch ca VC ln, gc ang pht trin
khng b gi km hm li. Hng s tc ngt mch c biu din:
Kt = 1,3.1012 exp(- 4200/RT)
Rt kh xc nh t l gia kt hp v s bt cn xng hng s chuyn
mch ln VC ln. S kt hp v c ch u tin, ngi ta cng ch ra rng s
ngt mch gc chnh cng xy ra[5].
- 26 -
N TT NGHIP
V.4 Phn ng chuyn mch

Nh cp trn, hng s chuyn mch ln monome (Cm) trong qu
trnh trng hp PVC c xc nh l 1,23.10-3 (60C) ln hn 80 ln so vi
MMA. V vy, chuyn mch ln monome ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc
nh khi lng phn t v cu trc on cui mch ca PVC. Mi lin h gia
Cm v nhit phn ng c th c biu din bng phng trnh di y:
V d: Etrm Ep c tnh khong 7,3 kcal/mol
Cm = (ktrm/kp) = 125 exp( - 7300/RT)
V gi tr ca Cm th nh trong phn ng trng hp gc ca cc monome
vinylic lin hp nh Styren hay MMA, khi lng phn t polyme gim cng
vi s tng nhit phn ng. iu ny ngc li i vi phn ng trng hp
gc VC. Khi phn ng trng hp ca VC din ra ti nhit cng thp, khi
lng phn t ca PVC gim khi Cm ln. V kh nng phn ng ca gc ang
pht trin trong qu trnh trng hp VC cao, nn phn ng chuyn mch din ra
to thnh gc monome. Gc ny cng c kh nng khi u phn ng trng hp
v to thnh mt mch mi. Trong qu trnh trng hp VC, rt kh xc nh
phn ng no l phn ng ti khi u. Xem xt nng lng hot ho ca cc
phn ng, phn ng th 3 trong cc phn ng sau c th l phn ng ti khi
u chnh:
Phn ng chuyn mch ln VC trong qu trnh trng hp PVC
CH2 CH2
VC
CH2
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH
Cl
+ CH2
CH
Cl
CH2 CH
Cl
VC
CH2 CH
Cl
CH2 CH CH2 CH
Cl
Cl
CH2 CH2
CH2 C CH2 CH
Cl
VC
CH
Cl
- 27 -
CH
C
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH2
Cl
CH CH2 CH
Cl
Cl
VC
CH2 C
Cl
CH2 CH
Cl
N TT NGHIP
Gi tr ln nh khi so snh vi nhng vinyl monome khc v kh nng phn

ng ln ca gc VC ang pht trin. Mch nhnh di l kt qu ca phn ng
chuyn mch ln polyme. Chuyn mch ln PVC din ra ti cui mch polyme
v nhng n v lp li trn mch chnh. Hng s chuyn mch ln PVC c
c tnh s dng mu a hp nh izopropyl clorua v 2,4 diclo pentan. Mt
ca nhng nhnh di s dng izopropyl clorua khong 10/1000 monome, rt ln
so vi kt qu thu c trong th nghim trng hp. S tri ngc ny c th c
ngun gc t nhng im khc nhau tha hng gia phn t nh v h
polyme[5].
V.5. Khuyt tt cu trc
Nh m t nh trong II.2.2., phn ng trng hp gc ca VC to thnh
nhng i phn t cha nhiu dng ng phn v cu trc khuyt tt khc nhau.
Nhng yu t ny quan trng trong thc t v chng nh hng n mu sc,
n nh nhit, trng thi tinh th, c tnh v tnh cht gia cng ca nguyn liu
cui.
Phn t PVC tiu biu cha khong 1000 n v VC tham gia v kiu cu
trc u ni ui u tin. Nhng kiu sp xp cu trc khc c coi nh l
khuyt tt.
Vi loi mch nhnh ngn cng c quan st thy trong mch chnh
ngoi nhng mch chnh di. Nhnh C1, C2, C4 c xp vo loi mch nhnh
ngn. Nhng mch ny xut hin trong mch chnh bi phn ng to vng ni
phn t. V vy ngn ca nhnh c lp vi s chuyn ha. Ngc li, mch
di tng di khi tng chuyn ha. C ch to thnh nhnh C2 (2-cloro etyl)
v nhnh C4 (2,4 iclo etyl) tng t vi PE sn xut trong iu kin p sut
ln nhng nhnh C1 th ch quan st c trong trng hp gc ca VC.
Trong sut qu trnh chun b PVC di p sut monome thp. Chuyn
hiro ni phn t dn n s to thnh mt lng nh cu trc nhnh 1,3 bis(2cloroetyl) (DEB) cng nh s chuyn 1, 6 dn n s to thnh on allylic
clorua[5].
- 28 -
N TT NGHIP
VI. Cc phng php trng hp vinyl clorua

Nha PVC c s dng cho nhng sn phm bn vng nh ng khung
ca s, mi nh v dy cp in, sn nh. Hu ht PVC thng mi c sn
xut bng phng php huyn ph. Trng hp khi v nh tng c s dng
t hn, cn trng hp dung dch him khi c s dng. Trong qu trnh trng
hp gc ca vinyl clorua, monome c hng s chuyn mch tng i ln. (Cm=
1,23.103 , 60C) dn n gii hn trn ca polyme thp (Pn < 2000). Lin kt
tng phn l mt phng php hu ch c s dng tng hp khi lng
phn t cao. Mt khc, cht kh vi hng s chuyn mch ln v d nh THF v
butyl andehyt c th c s dng nh cht iu chnh iu chnh khi lng
phn t [5].
Bng hng s chuyn mch trong trng hp gc ca vinyl clorua ( 50C):
Hp cht
C5.104
Hp cht
C5.104
Butyl clorua
7,4
Butyl andehyt
350
Isopropyl clorua
7,0
Tetrahydro furan
24
1,2 dicloro etan
4,5
Butyl axetat
8,4
2,4 diclo pentan
5,0
Tetraclo metan
385
Clo benzen
7,4
Tetrabrom metan
47 000
Axeto andehyt
110
Dimetyl alinin
2700
2,4,6 tricloheptan
5,0
Vinyl clorua
12,3
Trong qu trnh trng hp gc ca vinyl clorua, c rt nhiu c gng

tng tnh n nh nhit. V d, chuyn ho ca qu trnh trng hp vinyl
clorua thng khng cao chng li s to thnh nhng mch nhnh di.
Nhnh di c to thnh do s ly nguyn t hidro t mch chnh. V v vy
u tin xy ra giai on cui ca qu trnh trng hp. Ni i ni phn t c
to thnh do s ly nguyn t hidro t mch chnh ca polyme trong qu trnh
trng hp. C th trnh iu ny bng cch a vo hp cht c nguyn t hidro
linh ng nh xyclohecxen.
- 29 -
N TT NGHIP
So snh cc phng php trng hp gc khc nhau ca vinyl clorua c

trnh by trong bng sau.
Bng so snh cc phng php trng hp gc ca vinyl clorua.
Phng php trng hp vinyl clorua
Yu t
Kh nng ho
tan ca cht
Khi
Dung dch
Nh tng
Huyn ph
Tan trong
Tan trong
Khng tan trong
Tan trong
VC
VC
VC
VC
khi u
Ph gia
Khuy trn
Khng
Khng cn
(m)
nhn phn
tn
Cn thit
Cn thit
Kh
C th c
D dng
D dng
Thu VC
C th c
D dng
D dng
60- 300
< 0,1
0,1
20-300
Kch c ht
nh tng
Nc, tc
Khng cn
thit
iu khin nhit
S c lp PVC
Dung mi
Nc, cht to
Mc d trng hp khi l phng php n gin nht sn xut PVC

nhng phng php huyn ph li c s dng ch yu trong cng nghip
trnh nguy c pht n trong qu trnh trng hp khi.
VI.1 Trng hp khi
Trng hp khi l phng php n gin sn xut PVC, nhng PVC
c to thnh ho tan trong pha vinyl clorua. Trong qu trnh trng hp khi,
s kt ta polyme bt u xy ra chuyn ho 0,1%. Sau qu trnh trng
hp d th xy ra c trong pha polyme v monome. Trong giai on khi u
ca phn ng trng hp, tc trng hp l hng s. iu khin s ngt mch
v pht trin mch tr nn u tin hn trong giai on cui ca qu trnh trng
- 30 -
N TT NGHIP
hp. Khi nhit phn ng di nhit ho thu tinh (Tg) ca PVC sn

phm, s khuych tn monome n cc gc ang pht trin rt chm v
chuyn ha t gii hn trn. chuyn ho gii hn l khong 96% 55C,
93% 30C, 90% - 10C. ng ch l c qu trnh khuych tn mch ang
pht trin v trng hp trong nhiu pha u quan trng xc nh tc cng
ca monome vo gc ang pht trin.
Nhiu nh nghin cu a ra cc m hnh ng hc ca phn ng
trng hp khi PVC. Talamini xc nhn rng qu trnh trng hp vinyl clorua
xy ra c trong pha monome v polyme. Ugelstadt tng kt rng gc ang pht
trin c th di chuyn gia hai pha monome v polyme. Olaj cho rng gc trong
pha monome pht trin thnh cu trc cun v chng bm vo nhau to pha
polyme. Hamielec v ng nghip coi s v cht khi u v th tch l hm ca
chuyn ho. Cn thit phi lm sng t thnh phn ca c pha monome va
polyme thnh lp phng trnh tc cho qu trnh trng hp khi ca vinyl
clorua. Theo Hamielec, mt mu hai pha ca hn hp VC/PVC nh l mt hm
ca nhit phn ng c m t nh hnh sau:
Trng hp khi c th chia ra lm ba giai on. giai on th nht (

chuyn ho 0 0,1%), qu trnh trng hp ng th v tc ca qu trnh tun
theo phng trnh tc cho h ng th n gin. giai on hai ( chuyn
ho 0,1 77%) trng hp din ra trong h v vinyl clorua b by trong cc phn
- 31 -
N TT NGHIP
t polyme, Ngoi ra, vinyl clorua t do trong qu trnh trng hp bin mt

chuyn ho ti hn (xc = 77%). giai on ba ( chuyn ho ln hn 77%)
xy ra qu trnh trng hp vinyl clorua trong phn t polyme trng. Theo mu
ny, phng trnh sau cho qu trnh trng hp khi c a ra:
Dx/dt = (kp2/kt)1/2(fkd[I]1/2 exp{-kdt}[1/(1-Bx)][1+[P(1-xc)-1]/xc]x) (1)
1-Bx l h s bin thin th tch theo chuyn ho. Phng trnh ny p
dng cho trng hp thc t ca vinyl clorua vi cht khi u l AIBN, kt qu
th nghim cho thy phng trnh ny kh chnh xc. M hnh hai pha gn y
c p dng cho qu trnh trng hp khi v huyn ph. Giai on hai ca
qu trnh trng hp c m rng t chuyn ho pha phn tn bin mt
n chuyn ho gii hn. Trong giai on ny phn ng ng th v cng
ngy nht mi trng cng tng. Sn phm polyme dng khi kh gia cng
v kh iu ch nhit v vy t c s dng.
Phng php ny chim 8% tng sn lng nha PVC. Sn phm c
tinh khit cao, dy chuyn sn xut n gin (khng cn b phn lc ra), do
c tnh kinh t. Tuy nhin sn phm to ra dng khi kh gia cng, hn na
phng php trng hp khi cn xy ra hin tng qu nhit cc b lm nh
hng n cht lng sn phm. V th phng php ny t c s dng.
VI.2. Trng hp hp dung dch
Qu trnh trng hp dung dch ca vinyl clorua ng th khi polyme ho
tan trong dung mi. Trong trng hp ny, nhng phng trnh tc thng
thng cho qu trnh trng hp gc c p dng. nhng trng hp dung dch
thng khng c s dng trong cng nghip. Hng s chuyn mch ln vinyl
clorua (Cm), hng s tc pht trin mch (kp), hng s ngt mch (kt) ln hn
ca nhng monome thng thng khc nh styren v MMA nh trnh by trong
bng 3. v vy, khi lng phn t ca polyme to thnh c gii hn trn bi v
gi tr Cm ln.
- 32 -
N TT NGHIP
Qu trnh trng hp trong dung dch ko di tng i lu v i hi mt

lng dung mi ln v c tinh khit cao nn t c s dng trong cng
nghip.
VI.3. Trng hp nh tng
Trng hp nh tng ca vinyl clorua rt khc so vi trng hp khi v
huyn ph. Trong qu trnh trng hp nh tng ca vinyl clorua, nng gc
trong mixen nh hn, phn ng chuyn mch ln monome c xu hng lm
gim nng gc ang pht trin trong mixen. Xem xt vn ny, Ulgelstad
a ra phng trnh:
Rp = (kp2/kt)1/2{[M]p[fkd[I]oexp(-kdt)}]1/2(N1/6/kdis1/2)
Trong [M]p l nng ca monome trong git polyme. N l s git
polyme trong 1 lt. V kdis l hng s tc khng cn xng ca gc ang pht
trin trong phn ng trng hp vinyl clorua. Phng trnh ny c xc nh
l ph hp vi kt qu th nghim.
ng ch l khi lng phn t ca polyme thu c t qu trnh trng
hp nh tng tng t khi lng phn t ca polyme thu c t trng hp
khi hay huyn ph. iu ch ra rng chuyn mch ln monome l nhn t u
tin xc nh khi lng phn t khng ph thuc vo phng php trng
hp. Tuy nhin, khi s dng mt cht to nh tng c nng mixen ti hn
thp th thu c git polyme c nng cao. V vy, tc trng hp nhanh
hn so vi nhng phng php khc.
Trng hp ht nh tng l mt trong nhng phng php trng hp git
bit. phng php ny c p dng cho trng hp vinyl clorua. Khi cht
to nh c thm vo mt git ang pht trin, loi tr s qu nhiu cht to
nh trong pha nc, tnh n nh ca latex polyme l tuyt vi, ch ra rng
khng c s to ra cc phn t nh mi (<0,1m) iu ny c to ra bi tnh
nht ca cht ha do, gm PVC v DOP. Trng hp git cng c ng dng
tng n nh nhit ca polyme PVC.
- 33 -
N TT NGHIP
Phn t polyme c cu trc nhn v c tng hp, chng c tnh n

nh nhit cao hn so vi PVC thng.
Trng hp hp ht nh tng (seeded) vi s c mt ca hn hp y
anion v cht hot ng b mt trung ho c nghin cu ngn chn s
khi u mixen. Nhng thng s ng hc mi c xc nh nh di y.
Din tch b mt ti thiu ca 1 git polyme cn thit bt tt c ionoligoradical to ra bi pha nc ti nng cht khi u nh sn. nng ti
hn ti a ca cht khi u trn mt n v b mt phn t polyme theo s
to thnh ca phn t polyme mi b ngn cn. Th tch polyme trn gc hot
ho ang pht trin yu cu nm trong phn t cho 1s (particle for 1s). S lng
trung bnh ca gc ang pht trin (trn phn t) ph thuc vo kch thc git
polyme, l kt qu ca cc phn ng vo, ra, khi u v kt thc. cn quan tm
n hiu qu thc t ca s iu khin chnh xc cc git polyme trong sut qu
trnh trng hp ht nh tng (seeded).
Lin kt peroxyt ca PVC ho do blend vi trimetylol propan
trimetacrylat (TMPTMA) c nghin cu v mt to gel v bin i trong
tnh cht c hc. bng vic p dng iu kin chun b tt v loi peroxyt, c th
chng lin kt ngang trong qu trnh blend kh cc vt liu.
VI.4. Trng hp huyn ph
Trng hp huyn ph l qu trnh thng c s dng trong cng nghip
sn xut PVC. Phn ng trng hp d th v ng hc ca qu trnh tng t
nh trong trng hp trng hp khi. trong trng hp huyn ph ca vinyl
clorua, s khuy trn v trng thi ca h u ng vai tr quan trng xc nh
hnh thi ca polyme sn phm. S m t s to thnh cc phn t PVC nh
hnh sau:
- 34 -
N TT NGHIP
1. Vng siu nh 0,01 m (microdomain)

2. Ht chnh c bn 1 m
3. Ht nh -50 m
4. Tp hp cc ht c bn
5. Lp v
6. Ht -150 m
Khi s trng hp vinyl clorua c khi u, nhng gc cun ln cha
khong 10 monome c to thnh. Nhng gc i phn t vi di mch
khong 50 tp hp li to thnh vng siu nh khng n nh, sau nhm li
to thnh ht chnh c bn cha khong 1000 ht siu nh (vng siu nh microdomain) xy ra chuyn ho khong 1 2%. Kch thc ca nhn
chnh xp x 0,1-0,2 m. Khi qu trnh trng hp din ra, cc phn t cho ht
(130 m) t ht chnh c bn (0,6 0,8 m, chuyn ho 2 4%) ht th ba
(1 2 m, chuyn ho 10 80%) v ht nh (40 m). Cu trc ht ny nh
hng mnh n tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc ca PVC.
nh hng ca mt s iu kin trng hp ln ht PVC sn xut bng
phng php huyn ph c nghin cu quy m phng th nghim.
phng thc a cht khi u vo nh hng mnh n kch thc ht PVC v
- 35 -
N TT NGHIP
s phn b kch thc. Khi s dng cht n nh H80 (PVA) vi thu phn
80% v khi lng phn t 259 000 th cng ca PVC km. Qu trnh kt
hp cc git trong trng hp huyn ph ca PVC c xc nh bng s dng k
thut nhum mch lm sng t nh hng ca cng xoy, thi gian
khuy, loi v nng ca tc nhn to huyn ph nh PVAc thu phn trn t
l kt git ca vinyl clorua trong mt khi lng b xo trn - lng phn tn.
Phng php trng hp huyn ph l phng php c s dng rng ri
nht trong cng nghip sn xut PVC v n c nhiu u im nh: sn phm
to ra dng ht, bi d gia cng, vn tc trng hp cao, nhit phn ng thp
v khng xy ra hin tng qu nhit cc b nh trng hp khi. Tuy nhin c
nhc im l sn phm b nhim bn bi cht n nh, cht nh ho,do
cn b phn lc ra nc thi. Tn km hn trng hp khi[5].
VII. Cng ngh sn xut nha PVC bng phng php huyn ph
VII.1. Quy cch nguyn liu v thnh phn
Nguyn liu phn ng gm:
- Monome VC dng trng hp phi th lng nn cn c lm lnh v
gi nhit rt thp nh hn 13C l nhit si ca VC. nguyn
cht ca VC phi ln hn 99,9% trng lng, phi m bo hm lng
axetylen thp hn 0,002% trng lng.
- Dung mi nc dng trn hp phi l nc ngng tinh khit.
- Cht khi u thng dng: Peroxyt benzoil (POB) l cht rn mu
vng nht, d bt la v n khi va chm mnh, c st hay h nng, c th
bc chy khi ln H2SO4. V vy, POB cn c bo qun tt.
- Cht n nh PVA thuc h polyme v nh hnh, c tnh k nc cao. Bo
qun trong cc bao vi hay gai. PVA c a vo dng dung dch 5%
trong nc.
- Xt NaOH dng x l kim nh tng sau khi trng hp, c th dng
dng rn hoc lng.
- 36 -
N TT NGHIP
- Ngoi cc thnh phn trn cn s dng: dung dch m, tc nhn chng

to bt, tc nhn iu chnh khi lng phn t
VII.2. Thnh phn nguyn vt liu
Ty theo loi sn phm v iu kin phn ng m thnh phn nguyn vt
liu c th thay i, c th a ra mt v d nh sau:
- Nc ct 1300 kg
- VC 1000kg
- POB 5kg (0,5% lng VC) hay AIBN 3kg (0,3% lng VC)
- Cht nh ha glatin 8 kg (0,8% lng VC) a vo dng dung dch
5% trong nc, dng nc nng 60 70 C pha ch dung dch v phi dng
ngay khng lu qu 4 -5 gi s b hng.
VII.3. Dy chuyn sn xut v thit b
Sau khi chun b xong nguyn liu, tin hnh cho nguyn liu vo thit b
phn ng theo th t sau:
Nc ct dung dch nh ha cht khi mo cht m VC.
Phn ng trng hp trong kh tr v vy cn dng N2 ui ht khng kh ra.
Qu trnh phn ng tin hnh qua cc giai on sau:
- Trc ht dng nc nng 70 80 C un nng dn dn hn hp
phn ng ln 40 70 C v a p sut trong ni ln 5 8 atm kch ng
phn ng trng hp. Ty theo loi nha cn quy nh r nhit v p sut
thch ng.
- Tip theo l phi dng nc lnh duy tr tht ng nhit v p sut
quy nh cho phn ng trng hp tip tc pht trin mch polyme (nhit
khng sai qu 1 C, p sut khng qu 0,1 kg/cm2), thi gian pht trin mch
c th t 20 n 40h gi ty theo loi nha v qu trnh khng ch cng nh
quy cch thnh phn nguyn vt liu.
- Cui cng p sut h thp xung di mc quy nh th tng dn nhit
ln chng 60 70 C lm t mch cho n khi p sut cn khong 2- 3
atm th coi nh phn ng trng hp hon thnh.
- 37 -
N TT NGHIP
Trng hp xong thi tp trung VC khng tham gia phn ng ri dng kh nn

chuyn c khi phn ng sang thit b x l kim.
Giai on x l kim vi mc ch ch yu l lm phn hy cc gc ca
cht khi u v cht nh ha (to thnh cc mui natri tan trong nc) keo
t v tng tnh n nh nhit ca nha theo phn ng sau:
2(C6H5COO)2 + 4NaOH 4C6H5COONa + 2H2O + O2
Giai on nguy him trong khi trng hp VC l khi nhit , p sut trong
ni phn ng vt qu mc quy nh. Khi dng nc ct cao p cho trc tip
vo ni phn ng h p sut hoc l cho VC thot ra my to bt hay cho ra
ngoi khng kh.
Thit b chnh trong dy chuyn l ni trng hp gm cc b phn:
Ni phn ng vi kch thc 40 80 m3 dng sn xut (c th c loi ln
hn) bn trong ni c trng men gim lng polyme bm vo vch thng,
bn ngoi c o gia nhit. Trong ni phn ng c lp cnh khuy (thng l
cnh khuy chn vt) phn tn monome trong dung mi. Ngoi ra c cc van
cho nguyn liu vo v tho sn phm ra. Trng thi tnh ca ni l sau khi
cho nguyn liu vo, ni c hn kn li v to chn khng 28mmHg.
Khi p sut trong ni l 0,7 Mpa qu trnh phn ng pht trin. Nhit
v p sut duy tr sut qu trnh pht trin mch, khi p sut gim th nhit
tng do s tiu tn monome.
Cng thc c s dng hin ti khng khc nhiu v c bn so vi
cng thc c pht trin ti c nhng c thm PVA (c x phng ho
mt phn bi polyvinyl axetat), gelatin, metylxenlulo, v copolyme vinyl axetatmaleic anhyt c s dng vi vai tr cht phn tn. Hnh dng ca phn t
polyme c th c iu chnh bng cch thm mt lng nh cht nh ho th
hai vo nh sn phm c c etylen oxit v du lu hunh vo cng thc. Nu
s dng gelatin, dung dch m c thm vo d pH trn im ng
in. Tnh cht cui cng ca nha ph thuc rt nhiu vo h thng trng hp.
Gelatin thng to ra cc phn t thu tinh hp ph cht ho do rt km, trong
- 38 -
N TT NGHIP
khi PVA cho cc phn t xp c th hp th rt tt cht ho do cho ra hn

hp bt kh[11].
V VC l mt cht lng c nhit si rt thp, nn n c cha trong
nhng thng p sut cao, p sut ny c iu chnh ph thuc vo nhit ,
VC c vn chuyn trong cc ng thp khng g, cng c th s dng ng thp
thng. Thng lng VC c th dng thng lng th tch song c chnh xc
khng cao, v vy thng lng trng lng thng c u tin s dng.
Qu trnh trng hp c xy ra u tin bi vic np vo thit b phn
ng lng yu cu nc kh ion, sau l tc nhn phn tn, dung dch m
v cht khi u, v d nh lauryl peroxyt hoc azobisisobutylnitril (AIBN)
thng rt hay c s dng. Sau khi thit b c hn li, n c to chn
khng loi b oxi ri monome s c cho vo t mt thng lng. Sau
my khuy c khi ng, nhit ca h thng s c nng ln n nhit
trng hp (45 60C) bng phun hi nc vo o gia nhit ca thit b. C mt
giai on m u ngn, thng khong mt gi trc khi phn ng trng hp
din ra v h thng iu khin s cung cp nc lnh vo o gia nhit iu
chnh nhit phn ng n gi tr nh trc.
Tc ln nht ti phn ng trng hp c cho php din ra ph
thuc vo nng ca cht khi u v nng ca vinyl clorua, v d t l ca
monome so vi nc. Tc phn ng khng phi l mt hng s m tng dn
dn trong sut qu trnh trng hp n khi t cc i ti chuyn ho 60
80%. iu ny c ngha rng lng vinyl clorua c th chuyn ho thnh
polyme b gii hn bi tc tn nhit khi tc phn ng ln nht, nu thu
nhit bng nc lnh gi nhit phn ng ti gi tr cn thit. Trong sut
giai on u ca qu trnh trng hp, tc phn ng lun thp hn gi tr cc
i v vy khng t c nng sut ti a ca thit b phn ng.
Thm mt hng s tc na ca phn ng trng hp c th thu c
bng cch s dng cht khi iiospropyl percacbonat (DIPP). DIPP em li
rt nhiu u im trong vic gim thi gian khi u; n cho php nng sut ca
- 39 -
N TT NGHIP
quy trnh trng hp tng t 20 50%. Percacbonat nh hng n cu trc ca

ca cc phn t polyme c bit l xp v vy vic s dng loi cht khi u
ny b hn ch ch vi mt s loi polyme nht nh. thu c nha c
xp cao th chuyn ho phi hn ch khong 50% . tng tnh kinh t th
tc trng hp c iu chnh tng ng vi s gim lng polyme thu c
t mi thit b v lng VC cha trng hp phi thu hi. Nhng nhc im
ny c khc phc mt phn bng k thut thu hi 10 20% huyn ph t
thit b phn ng khi chuyn ha t 45 50%.
Khi lng phn t ca PVC c quyt nh ch yu bng nhit ca
qu trnh trng hp. Tc trng hp tng khi tng nhit , nhit trng hp
ln nht thng c s dng l 60C. Tng nhit trng hp thc y qu
trnh truyn nhit dn n nng sut ca quy trnh cao hn v nha thu c c
khi lng phn t thp hn.
Nu c gii hn p sut trong thit b trng hp, i khi tc nhn chuyn
mch c s dng to PVC khi lng phn t thp. Nhng tc nhn
thng dng l hidr ccbon clo ha v isobutylen.
p sut trong h thng khng i trong sut qu trnh trng hp cho n
khi chuyn ha t khong 70%, sau gim nhanh theo qu trnh. Trc
chuyn ha 75%, VC t do tn ti trong h thng di dng git trong pha lng,
nhng khi chuyn ha cao hn th monome hon ton b hp th trong cc
phn t polyme. Polyme c t trng cao hn monome nn th tch ca pha hu
c co li khong 35% trong qu trnh trng hp. S co ngt ny c li
dng gii quyt vn truyn nhit ti nh im ca phn ng, bng cch
cho thm nc lnh vo h thng trng hp khi s co ngt t khong 25%. Khi
qu trnh trng hp v cn bn hon thnh th tc phn ng gim rt nhanh.
Do , s khng kinh t khi tng chuyn ha ln trn 95%.
Trong trng hp huyn ph, tc dng chnh ca khuy trn l iu
chnh kch thc ht, sau l tng cng v iu chnh qu trnh truyn
nhit[3].
- 40 -
N TT NGHIP
Trng hp huyn ph rt kh thc hin trn dy chuyn lin tc v s kh

khn trong vic cn tr polyme tch ra khi pha nc tr khi h thng c
khuy trn mnh. C th dng ba thit b dng thng c khuy chy lin tc,
hai chic ngang hng vi chuyn ha ca qu trnh trng hp khong 70%.
Sau huyn ph c chuyn sang thit b phn ng th ba, ti phn ng
gn nh hon thnh. S lng polyme trong h thng ng ni cng gy tr ngi
cho qu trnh, v s to thnh mng polyme trn thnh thit b phn ng lm
gim kh nng truyn nhit v lm tng nhng phn t khng tan trong sn
phm. Nu nhng vn ny c gii quyt, th nn dng dy chuyn lin tc
gim nhn cng v vn u t.
T thit b phn ng trng hp, khi phn ng trong thit b s c
chuyn sang thit b thu hi thu hi VC t do. Thit b ny gm nhiu vi
nc p sut cao v mt thit b ngng t thu hi VC. Bn thu c cn gia
nhit, bng cch phun trc tip hi nc nhit cao, cho qu trnh thu hi
c thun tin, nhng ch trnh nhit cc b dn n phn hy nhit polyme.
Nha huyn ph thng c tch t pha nc bng mt my ly tm lin
tc; nc tch ra v vt liu cha khong 25% nc. Sau vt liu c
chuyn qua my sy nh vt ti[3].
Sy polyme thng c thc hin trong my sy kh thi vi nhit
khng kh khong 80C. Cc phn t polyme c phn tch bng xyclon. Mi
giai on s gim hm m xung khong 5%. Qu trnh sy c hon thnh
cng bng cch cho vt liu i qua my sy th hai, cng l my sy kh thi
hay my sy thng quay. My sy tng si cng c s dng rng ri. Yu cu
quan trng nht ca my sy l trnh s bm dnh ca polyme vo thnh thit b
lm hng vt liu. Mc d khng kh c gia nhit khong 80C nhng nhit
ca polyme ch t khong 60C v thng khng xy ra s phn hy nhit
nu polyme khng b cn tr trong thit b sy. S tht thot polyme trong
xyclon vo khong di 0,2% v c th hn ch thm bng cch lp thm thit
b lc ti u ra ca h thng sy. Polyme kh c sng loi b ht th.
- 41 -
N TT NGHIP
Nhng phn t th ny thng c to thnh do s kt t hay mng bm trn

thnh thit b sy hoc l cc tp vt ri vo trong h thng. Sng thng s
dng l sng 40 mt hoc 60 mt. Sau , nha c ng bao trong bao giy
nhiu lp.
Quy trnh trng hp c th c iu khin bng h thng iu khin s
ha. S trn hp v nhit trng hp c iu khin bng my tnh lm tng
cht lng sn phm, gim gi thnh v tng nng sut cho dy chuyn do gim
ti a thi gian ngh ca thit b phn ng. Mt h thng my tnh song song
khc c chc nng tnh ton khi lng vt liu v iu chnh dng ph gia
tng ng. Lng vt liu cho vo my trn v thit b phn ng sau khi x hn
hp phn ng c tnh ton v iu khin. Qu trnh trng hp c iu chnh
bng cch iu chnh lng hi v nc lnh cho vo o gia nhit ca thit b
phn ng. H thng cng s bo khi no qu trnh trng hp c s c hay ang
trong trng thi hot ng bnh thng. H thng iu khin s ha cho thy tt
hn rt nhiu so vi h thng iu khin tng t[11].
VII.4. Dy chuyn sn xut PVC huyn ph ti nh my TPC Vina:
TPC Vina l mt nh my sn xut bt nha PVC bng cng ngh hin i
(cng ngh ca Mitsui Tosoh Nht Bn) vi dy chuyn thit b tin tin, t
ng ha hon ton v c chu trnh khp kn, khng gy nhim mi trng.
Cc cng on chnh:
1. Chun b nguyn liu
2. Chun b thit b phn ng
3. Np liu
4. Gia nhit
5. Phn ng chnh
6. Tho liu
7. X l kim
8. Tch VCM
- 42 -
N TT NGHIP
9. Hi lu VCM
10. Tch nc
11. Sy
12. Sng phn loi
13. ng bao
14. X l nc thi
Chi tit:
1. Chun b nguyn liu:
- Nc khong 40 50 tn/m, lng th tch bng van o lu lng. Nc
dng l nc ngm c x l bng than hot tnh ri cho qua ct trao i
ion. Sau cho qua thit b trao i nhit ri n b cha. trong b
cha nc c nhit khong 40C
- VCM lng th tch bng van o lu lng.
- Cht khi mo: Peroxyt dng dung dch hoc nh tng c bo qun
trong kho lnh nhit -10C n -20C. Peroxyt c ong bng can
hoc bnh. Lng trng lng, n v tnh l kg.
- Cht n nh huyn ph PVA, lng trng lng.
2. Chun b thit b phn ng:
- Ht chn khng bng my ht chn khng loi Oxi khng kh. H p
sut xung cn ~ 0 atm.
- Ph chn khng bng VCM (bm mt lng VCM vo).
- Phun cht bm dnh ln b mt thit b.
(Khong 100 m th ra cn bm trong thnh thit b mt ln. Ra bng cch
dng vi phun nc cao p tch ri cc mng bm)
3. Np liu:
Vo thit b phn ng chnh theo th t sau
-
Nc.
Cht n nh huyn ph PVA.
- VCM.
- 43 -
N TT NGHIP
- Cht khi mo: dng Cumen peroxyt hoc cc peroxyt khc ty trng
hp, nhit phn hy ca peroxyt.
(Nh my TPC Vina s dng 2 thit b phn ng chnh vi dung tch mi
thit b l 150 m3)
4. Gia nhit:
Nc nng c a vo v o ca thit b phn ng chnh. Gia nhit cho
n khi t gn nhit phn ng. Khuy trn.
5. Phn ng chnh:
Dng nc nng gia nhit thit b phn ng chnh v duy tr nhit t
50 70C ty trng hp (ca loi PVC sn xut) Vi trng hp t
1000 1050 th nhit phn ng khong 57C.
Thi gian phn ng: tp = 3h45 4h
Thi gian gim p: tga = 1h30
Tng thi gian phn ng: t = 5h15
Cui phn ng sn phm c chuyn ha khong 85%. p sut trong
thit b phn ng cn khong 6 bar.
6. Tho liu:
T thit b phn ng chnh xung bn Blow Down qua mt b trung gian
nh c gn bm p sut.
Lc u hn hp c tho nh chnh lch cao, khi gn ht do khi
lng hn hp trn thit b phn ng nh v nht ca hn hp cao nn
hn hp khng t chy c. Lc , dng bm b trung gian (th tch 1
m3) bm hn hp xung bn Blow Down.
T bn Blow Down hn hp c tho xung bn Blend Tank, ti y
khuy trn hn hp c th vi vi m khc.
7. X l kim:
Sau khi huyn ph chy ra b Blow Down th trong huyn ph vn cn
phn ng trng hp. Do cho thm cht AD3 vo km hm phn ng
trng hp. Huyn ph giai on ny c pH khong 3.
- 44 -
N TT NGHIP
Sau cho NaOH (d) + Bis phenol A + Nc (ha tan) vo x l

kim.
8. Tch VCM:
Hn hp t Blend Tank c bm ln thp VCM Stripper. Trong thp
ny huyn ph i t trn xung cn hi nng i t di ln. Trong thp c
cc a l, khng gian gia cc a y m tng s tip xc gia hai
pha. VCM thot ra i ln nh thp ra thit b x l VCM.
9. Hi lu VCM:
Thu hi hi VCM trong bnh Blow Down bng p sut m, sau thu hi
VCM cn li khong 1% trong bnh Blow Down.
VCM dng hi thot ra t thit b phn ng chnh, b Blow Down, Blend
Tank, Thp VCM Stripper c dn v cc thit b tch bt. Sau cho qua
thit b ngng t ngng t VCM (dng nc nhit thng) ri vo
bnh cha VCM lng.
T bnh cha, VCM lng c bm qua cc thp x l.
Gm 2 thp x l. Thp th nht l thp hp ph, trong thp y
NaOH dng rn ht nc. Thp th hai l thp chng ct tinh ch
VCM.
Sau VCM lng c hi lu v thng cha VCM ban u.
10. Tch nc:
Hn hp sau khi qua thp VCM Stripper c a qua mt thng khuy
trn trung gian. T thng ny hn hp c bm vo my ly tm. Trong my
ly tm, PVC m c m khong 70% c tch nc xung cn m
khong 20 25%.
11. Sy:
Bng thit b sy tng si (my sy 1 tng).
PVC t my ly tm c chuyn xung thit b sy tng si. Trong thit
b sy tng si, khng kh nng thi t di ln vi tc dng chnh l to
- 45 -
N TT NGHIP
lng gi cho bt. Nc nng c bm qua v o c tc dng lm kh vt

liu sy.
Sau khi sy hm m ca PVC gim xung cn khong 0,3%.
12. Sng phn loi:
Bng sng chn ng
Bt PVC t thit b sy c chuyn qua sng chn ng. Sau khi sng
lng ht th rt t, ch chim khong 0,05%.
13. ng bao:
PVC thnh phm dng bt trng ht nh (kch thc khong 100 150
m) c chuyn qua xil cha hoc ng bao.
14. X l nc thi:
Nc thi t cc cng on c tp trung ri a qua thp x l nc
thi, hi t nh thp a v thit b thu hi VCM. Nc thi chy ra h
thng thot nc.
- 46 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 2. CN BNG VT CHT

I. Nng sut trong mt ngy lm vic:
Thi gian lm vic c xc nh:
Tng s ngy trong nm:
365 ngy
Trong nhng ngy thit b ngng sn xut l:

- S ngy ngh sa cha ln:
15
ngy
- S ngy ch nht:
52
ngy
- S ngy l tt:
ngy
- Tng:
75
ngy
Vy s ngy lm vic trong mt nm l:

365 75 = 290 ngy
Nng sut ca mt ngy lm vic l:
5000 : 290 = 17,241 tn/ngy
Qu trnh c chia lm 2 giai on. Giai on th nht gin on, giai
on th hai lin tc.
Thi gian b tr cho mt m sn xut gm:
- Thi gian np liu v ht chn khng:
45 pht
- Thi gian gia nhit cho ni phn ng (40 70 C):
30 pht
- Phn ng chnh din ra trong thi gian:
6 gi
- Tho liu:
45 pht
- X l sn phm sau trng hp:
4 gi
Tng:
Dy chuyn gm 3 thit b phn ng hot ng song song.

B tr mt ngy lm vic 3 ca, mi ca 24 : 3 = 8 gi
- 47 -
12 gi
N TT NGHIP
II. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt tn sn phm:

Cn c theo n phi liu s dng[29]:
VC 99,96%
100
phn khi lng
Nc
150
phn khi lng
Keo PVA 95%
0,05 phn khi lng
Cht khi mo POB 96%
0,1
Cht m Na4P2O7.10H2O 95%
0,04 phn khi lng
phn khi lng
A. Cng on trng hp
1. Tnh lng VC v cht khi mo:
Do m trong nha l 0,3%, lng PVC kh trong 1 tn sn phm:
1000.99,7
= 997 kg
100
Gi thit rng hiu sut qu trnh trng hp l 98%, do hao ht sn
phm trong ton b qu trnh 2% gm:
Giai on sy ng bao:
0,5%
Giai on ly tm ra nha:
1%
Giai on chun b lng:
0,5%
Hao ht ca qu trnh sy ng bao: 0,5%, vy lng PVC trc khi

sy:
997.100,5
= 1002 kg
100
Lng PVC hao ht do sy:
1002 997 = 5 kg
Hao ht ca qu trnh ly tm ra nha l 1%, lng PVC trc khi ly
tm ra nha:
1002.101
= 1012,005 kg
100
Lng PVC hao ht do qu trnh ly tm ra nha l:
1012 1002 = 10 kg
- 48 -
N TT NGHIP
Coi t giai on trng hp sang giai on ly tm ra nha khng xy ra

s mt mt, lng PVC sau trng hp s bng lng PVC trc ly tm ra
nha.
Lng PVC sau khi trng hp l:
1012 kg
+ Tnh lng VC cn dng:
Thnh phn PVC do cc tp cht tham gia sau phn ng l: 0,04%

Lng VC tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho:
1012.100
= 1011,600 kg
100,004
Lng VC 99,96% tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho:

1011,600.100
= 1012,005 kg
99,96
Vi hiu sut trng hp 85%. Lng VC ban u:
1012,600.100
= 1190,594 kg
85
Lng VC 99,96% khng phn ng (khng tham gia chuyn ho):
1190,594.15
= 178,589 kg
100
Hao ht do qu trnh lng 0,5%. Lng VC thc t:
1190,594.100,5
= 1196,547 kg
100
Vy lng VC tn hao:
1196,547 1190,594 = 5,953 kg
+ Tnh lng cht khi u:

Lng cht khi u POB 96% cn dng theo n phi liu l:
1190,594.0,1
= 1,191 kg
100
Vi nguyn cht 96% th lng POB nguyn cht c a vo:
1,191.100
= 1,240 kg
96
- 49 -
N TT NGHIP
Hao ht do qu trnh lng l 0,5%, vy lng POB cn dng:

1,240.100
= 1,246 kg
99,5
Tn hao do qu trnh lng:

1,246 1,240 = 0,006 kg
Hiu sut ca qu trnh trng hp ( chuyn ho) l 85% vy
lng cht khi u tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho:
1,240.85
= 1,054 kg
100
Lng cht khi u khng tham gia chuyn ho:
1,240 1,054 = 0,186 kg
2. Tnh lng cht n nh huyn ph PVA:

Lng cht n nh bng 0,05% khi lng VC:
1190,594.0,05
= 0,595 kg
100
Vi nguyn cht 95%, lng PVA c a vo:
0,595.100
= 0,627 kg
95
Hao ht l 0,5%. Lng PVA 95% cn dng:
0,627.100
= 0,630 kg
95
Lng PVA 95% tn hao:
0,630 0,627 = 0,003 kg
3. Tnh lng cht iu chnh pH mi trng:

Lng cht iu chnh pH mi trng bng 0,04% khi lng VC:
1190,594.0,04
= 0, 476 kg
100
nguyn cht 95% th lng Na4P2O7.10H2O c a vo:
0, 476.100
= 0,501 kg
95
- 50 -
N TT NGHIP
Hao ht ca qu trnh lng l 0,5%. Lng Na4P2O7.10H2O 95% cn

dng:
0,501.100
= 0,504 kg
99,5
Lng Na4P2O7.10H2O 95% tn hao do qu trnh lng:
0,504 0,501 = 0,003 kg
4. Tnh lng nc ct phn ng:

Lng nc ct dng phn ng theo t l: VC/H2O = 1/1,5
Vy lng nc ct cn dng l:
1190,594.1,5 = 1785,891 kg
Hao ht trong chun b v lng 0,5%. Lng nc ct dng l:
1785,891.99,5
= 1794,866 kg
100
Lng nc tn hao:
1794,866 1785,891 = 8,974 kg
Lng nc ny bao gm:
- Nc cho trc tip vo ni trng hp
- Nc pha dung dch cht khi u
- Nc pha dung dch cht n nh huyn ph
Lng nc pha cht khi u to dung dch cht khi u 30%:
1,264.70
= 2,908 kg
30
Lng nc pha cht n nh huyn ph to dung dch 5%:
0,630.95
= 11,966 kg
5
Lng nc ct cho trc tip vo ni l:
1794,866 (2,908 + 11,966) = 1779,991 kg
T cc s liu tnh ton trn ta lp bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn
sn phm:
- 51 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng 1: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm trong cng on trng

hp(kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
VC 99,96%
1196,547
178,589
5,953
POB 96%
1,246
1,240
0,006
PVA 95%
0,630
0,627
0,003
Na4P2O7.10H2O 95%
0,504
0,501
0,003
Nc ct
1794,866
1785,891
8,974
PVC
0,000
1012,005
0,000
Tng
2993,793
2978,853
14,939
B. Cng on ly tm ra nha
Nha sau khi trng hp c a qua cc b phn tch bt v tch VC,
qua cc b phn ny coi nh khng c tn hao. Sau huyn ph c a vo
my ly tm.
Lng huyn ph vo my ly tm l:
2978,853 178,589 = 2800,264 kg
Tin hnh ra hn hp bng nc nng 60 70 C ly tm tht sch cho
n khi phn ng trung ho. Ra 5 ln, mi ln 200 l/400 kg hn hp.
Lng nc cn dng cho mt ln ra:
2800, 264.200
= 1400,132 kg
400
Lng nc cn dng d ra hn hp tng ng vi 1 tn sn phm:
1400,132.5 = 7000,600 kg
Sau ly tm ra nha m ca sn phm cn 20%, lng nc cn li
trong nha sau khi ly tm ra nha l:
1002.20
= 200,397 kg
100
- 52 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng 2: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm trong cng on ly tm

ra nha (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
1785,891
200,397
1585,494
Nc ra nha
7000,660
0,000
7000,660
PVC
1012,005
1001,985
10,020
Tng
9798,557
1202,382
8596,175
C. Cng on sy v ng bao:
Tn hao trong cng on ny l 0,5%.
Sau cng on sy m sn phm cn 0.3%.
Bng 3: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm trong cng on sy v

ng bao (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
200,397
3,000
197,397
PVC
1001,985
997,000
4,985
Tng
1202,382
1000,000
202,382
- 53 -
N TT NGHIP
III. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt m sn phm:

S dng h thng 3 ni trng hp nu song song, thi gian ca mi m
sn phm l 8 gi.
Nng sut 1 m sn phm ca mt ni:
5000
= 2,874 tn
290.2.3
A. Cng on trng hp:

Bng 4:Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn phm trong cng on trng hp
(kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
VC 99,96%
3438,354
513,187
17,106
POB 96%
3,582
3,564
0,018
PVA 95%
1,810
1,801
0,009
Na4P2O7.10H2O 95%
1,448
1,441
0,007
Nc ct
5157,660
5131,871
25,788
PVC
0,000
2908,060
0,000
Tng
8602,852
8559,923
42,929
B. Cng on ly tm ra nha:
Bng 5: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn phm trong cng on ly tm
ra nha (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
5131,871
575,853
4556,018
Nc ra nha
20116,840
0,000
20116,840
PVC
2908,060
2879,267
28,793
Tng
28156,772
3455,121
24701,651
- 54 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng 6: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn phm trong cng on sy v
ng bao (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
575,853
8,621
567,233
PVC
2879,267
2864,943
14,325
Tng
3455,121
2873,563
581,557
IV. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt ngy sn xut:

S dng h thng 2 ni trng hp nu lch pha, thi gian ca mi m sn
phm l 8 gi.
Nng sut lm vic ca 1 ngy ca h thng l:
5000
= 17, 241 tn/ngy
290
Vy ta c cc bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 ngy sn xut trong cc cng
on khc nhau.
A. Cng on trng hp:

Bng 7:Cn bng vt cht cho 1 ngy sn xut trong cng on trng
hp (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
VC 99,96%
20630,122
3079,123
102,637
POB 96%
21,490
21,383
0,107
PVA 95%
10,858
10,804
0,054
Na4P2O7.10H2O 95%
8,687
8,643
0,043
Nc ct
30945,957
30791,228
154,730
PVC
0,000
17448,359
0,000
Tng
51617,115
51359,540
257,572
- 55 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng 8: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 ngy sn xut trong cng on ly tm
ra nha (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
30791,228
3455,121
27336,107
Nc ra nha
120701,042
0,000
120701,042
PVC
17448,359
17275,603
172,756
Tng
168940,629
20730,724
148209,905
Bng 9: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 ngy sn xut trong cng on sy v
ng bao (kg):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
3455,121
51,724
3403,397
PVC
17275,603
17189,655
85,948
Tng
20730,724
17241,379
3489,345
- 56 -
N TT NGHIP
V. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt nm sn xut:

Nng sut lm vic trong 1 nm ca h thng l 5000 tn.
Vy ta c cc bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 nm sn xut trong cc cng
on khc nhau l:
A. Cng on trng hp:

Bng 10: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 nm sn xut trong cng on trng
hp (tn):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
VC 99,96%
5982,736
892,946
29,765
POB 96%
6,232
6,201
0,031
PVA 95%
3,149
3,133
0,016
Na4P2O7.10H2O 95%
2,519
2,507
0,013
Nc ct
8974,328
8929,456
44,872
PVC
0,000
5060,024
0,000
Tng
14968,963
14894,267
74,696
Bng 11: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 nm sn xut trong cng on ly tm
ra nha v ra nha (tn):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
8929,456
1001,985
7927,471
Nc ra nha
35003,302
0,000
35003,302
PVC
5060,024
5009,925
50,099
Tng
48992,783
6011,910
42980,873
- 57 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng 12: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 nm sn xut trong cng on sy v
ng bao (tn):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo
Lng ra
Tn hao
Nc ct
1001,985
15,000
986,985
PVC
5009,925
4985,000
24,925
Tng
6011,910
5000,000
1011,910
Bng 13: Tiu hao nguyn liu vi nng sut 5000 tn/nm:
Tn nguyn liu
1 tn (kg)
1 m (kg)
1 ngy (kg) 1 nm (tn)
VC 99,96%
1196,547
3438,354
20630,122
5982,736
POB 96%
1,246
3,582
21,490
6,232
PVA 95%
0,630
1,810
10,858
3,149
Na4P2O7.10H2O 95% 0,504
1,448
8,687
2,519
8974,328
Nc ct
1794,866
5157,660
30945,957
Nc ra nha
7000,660
20116,840
120701,042 35003,302
Tng
9994,453
28719,693
172318,157 49972,266
- 58 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 3. TNH TON C KH

1. Thit b chnh
Thit b chnh trong dy chuyn sn xut PVC l thit b trng hp. Cu
to t thn hnh tr, y v np hnh elip, c v bc gia nhit bng hi nc
bo ha hoc lm lnh bng nc lnh.
Ni c trang b cnh khuy chn vt khuy trn hn hp phn ng
vi vn tc 500 vng/pht. Trn np c ca lm v sinh, cc u ng dn, knh
quan st, u ng lp nhit k v p k. Di y ni c lp van tho sn phm.
Bn ngoi cng ca ni c lp v bc cch nhit (bo n) bng bng thy tinh.
Ni c bng 4 tai hn vo thn ni. Vt liu ch to thn ni v cc chi tit
bng thp khng g loi 0X21H6M2T.
Th tch nguyn liu vo ni trong 1 m: V =
Trong :
Gi : Khi lng ca cc cu t
Gi
i
(kg)
i : Khi lng ring ca cc cu t (kg/m3)

i (kg/m3)
970
1000
973
973
1836
VC
H2O
POB
PVA
Na4P2O7.10H2O
V=
Gi (kg)
3438,354
5157,660
3,582
1,810
1,448
3438,354 5157,660 3,582 1,810 1,448

+
+
+
+
970
1000
973
973 1836
= 3,545 + 5,158 + 0,004 + 0,002 + 0,001

= 8,709 m3
Dng ni vi h s y = 0,7 th th tch ni cn thit k l:
Vtb =
8,709
= 12,441 m3
0,7
Chn Vtb = 12,5 m3
- 59 -
N TT NGHIP
a. ng knh thit b
Th tch thit b gm cc phn:
Vtb = Vn + Vd + Vth
Trong :
Vn : Th tch np
Vd : Th tch y
Vth : Th tch thn hnh tr
y v np n gin c th coi nh 2 chm cu, xem th tch ca chng bng

nhau:
Vtb = Vth + 2Vd

Thn ni l hnh tr:
Vth = R 2 h
[23]
R: Bn knh y:
R=
Dt
2
D t 2
Vth =
4h
Th tch y (th tch chm cu):
Vd = h '2 (R
Thay R =
h ' h ' 2
)=
(h ' + 3R)
3
6
[23]
Dt
vo ta c:
2
Vd =
h ' 2 3 2
(h ' + D t )
6
4
Vi thit b thng ng chn
h
D
30 . Vy ta chn h = D t , h ' = t
D
4
Vd =
D t D t 2 3D t 2
D t 3 1 3
(
+
)=
( + )
24 16
4
24 16 4
Vtb =
D t 3 2D t 3 1 3
+
( + ) = 0,3175D t 3
4
24 16 4
- 60 -
N TT NGHIP
Vi Vtb = 10 m3 ta c:
Dt =
Vtb
12,5
=3
= 2,323 m
0,3175
0,3175.3,14
Quy chun theo [12 359]
D t = 2400 mm
h' =
D t 2400
=
= 600 mm
4
4
h = D t = 2400 mm
Th tch ni quy theo tiu chun:
Vtb = .2,43.0,3175 = 13,787 m3
b. Chiu cao thit b
H = h + 2h ' = 2, 4 + 2.0,6 = 3,6 m

c. Chiu dy thit b
S dng loi thp khng g loi 0X21H6M2T vi
k = 600.106 N/m 2
c = 300.106 N/m 2
[12 310]
lm vt liu gia cng ni.

Chiu dy thn hnh tr chu p sut lm vic bn trong l 8 at (~ 8.105
N/m2)(p sut lm vic ln nht trong qu trnh trng hp PVC)
p dng cng thc:
S=
Dt P
+ C, m
2[] - P
[12 360]
Trong :
Dt: ng knh trong ca ni (m)
: H s bn ca thnh hnh tr heo phng dc = 0,95
[12 - 362]
P : p sut tnh ton trong thit b (N/m2)
[]: ng sut cho php theo gii hn bn (hay gii hn chy)
- 61 -
N TT NGHIP
+ Tnh ng sut cho php:

ng sut cho php theo gii hn bn c xc nh theo cng thc:
[k ] =
Vi
nk
[12 355]
H s an ton bn nk = 2,6
[12 356]
H s iu chnh = 0,9
[12 356]
600.106
[ k ] =
0,9 = 207,692.106 N/m 2
2,6
ng sut cho php theo gii hn chy xc nh theo cng thc:
[c ] =
Vi
nc
[12 355]
n c = 1,5
= 0,9
Suy ra [c] = 180.106 N/m2
Trong hai gi tr, ly gi tr nh hn tnh ton

[] = [c ] = 180.106 N/m 2
+ Tnh P: V mi trng lm vic trong thit b l hn hp hi lng nn
p sut lm vic bng tng p sut Pm v p sut thy tnh (PH = gH ) ca ct
cht lng:
P = Pm + gH
N/m2
[12 360]
Trong :
Pm : p sut mi trng lm vic ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic, N/m2
Pm = 8 at = 8.105 N/m2
g : Gia tc trng trng
H : Chiu cao ln nht ca ct cht lng, H = 2,4 m
: Khi lng ring ca hn hp, kg/m3, c tnh theo cng thc:
1
a
= i
[13 5]
- 62 -
N TT NGHIP
vi
ai : Nng phn khi lng ca cc cu t trong hn hp;

i : Khi lng ring ca cc cu t trong hn hp.
Ta tnh c:
a VC =
3438,354
= 0,4
8602,854
a H 2O =
5157,660
= 0,6
8602,854
a POB =
3,582
= 0,000416
8602,854
a PVA =
1,810
= 0,000210
8602,854
a Na 4P2O7 .10H2O =
1,448
= 0,000168
8602,854
1
= 10,12.104 Vy:
= 987,848 kg/m3
P = Pm + gH = 8,232.105 N/m 2
Do
[]
180.106
0,95 = 207,71 > 50
=
P
8,232.105
Nn b qua P mu s, ta c chiu dy thn hnh tr:

Dt P
2,4.8,232.105
S=
+C=
+ C = 5,78.103 + C
6
2[]
2.180.10 .0,95
C : H s b sung do n mn v dung sai m v chiu dy.
Ly
C1 = 0,001 m
C2 = 0
C3 = 0,0008 m
S = 5,78.103 + 1,8.103 = 7,58.103 m

Quy chun S = 8 mm
[12 364]
- 63 -
N TT NGHIP
Kim tra li kh nng chu p sut ta kim tra ng sut theo p sut th
bi cng thc:
=
[D t + (S C)]Po c
, N/m2
2(S C)
1, 2
[12 365]
p sut th tnh ton Po c xc nh theo cng thc:
Po = Pth + P1
Pth : p sut th thy lc tnh theo
[12 358]
Pth = 1,5P = 12,349.105 N/m2`

P1 : p sut thy tnh trong phn di ca thn thit b
P1 = gH
: Khi lng ring ca nc = 1000 kg/m3
H : Chiu cao cc i ca ct cht lng
H = h = 2,4 m
P1 = 0,233.105 N/m2
Po = 12,349.105 + 0,233.105 = 12,58.105 N/m2
Cng vi Dt = 2,4 m; S C = 0,0062 m; = 0,95; c = 300.106 N/m2
Thay vo biu thc ta c:
= 257.106 N/m2
c 300.106
=
= 250.106 N/m 2
1,2
1,2
V >
c
nn iu kin khng tha mn.
1, 2
Ta chn li chiu dy thn thit b ly S = 8 + 2 = 10 mm.

Sau li kim tra li kh nng chu p sut theo cng thc trn:
=
[D t + (S C)]Po c
, N/m2
2(S C)
1, 2
[12 365]
Trong : Cc s liu khc vn gi nguyn, ch c:

S C = 0,01 0,0018 = 0,0082 mm
- 64 -
N TT NGHIP
Thay vo cng thc trn ta tnh c:

= 194,47.106 N/m2 <
c
= 250.106 N/m 2
1,2
Vy ta chn chiu dy thn thit b l 10 mm.

+ Chiu dy y thit b:
Chiu dy y ly bng chiu dy thn nu iu kin th sau c tha
mn:
[D t 2 + 2h b (S C)]Po c
7,6kh h b (S C)
1, 2
hb h
Dt
s
Trong :
hb : Chiu cao phn li ca y, m;

h : H s bn ca mi hn hng tm;
k : H s khng th nguyn;
Vi Dt = 2,4 m; hb = 0,25Dt = 0,6 m; h = 0,95; S C = 0,0082 m; Po =

12,58.105 N/m2; k = 1.
Do :
= 204,358.106 N/m2 <
c
= 250.106 N/m 2
1,2
Vy iu kin th tho mn nn: Sd = S = 10 mm

Cn c vo cc s liu:
Dt = 2400 mm
hb = 600 mm
h = 40 mm
- 65 -
N TT NGHIP
Tra bng XIII.10 trong [12 382] ta c:

B mt trong ca y:
F = 6,56 m2
Th tch:
V = 1991.10-3 m3
Tra bng XIII.11 trong [12 384] ta c:

Khi lng ca y elip: m = 519 kg
d. V bc ni phn ng
V bc ni phn ng c ch to bng thp CT3 bng cch hn dc thn.
Dp
Dt
s1
Dt
Dp
2400
2600
280
2950
45
h1
Tra bng 17.1 ti [14 486] ta c cc thng s sau v v bc:
h
mm
100
h1
s1
200
40
10
e. Chiu dy lp bo n
Lp bo n c tc dng lm gim bt s truyn nhit ra ngoi mi trng

t b mt thit b phn ng. Do vy, n c tc dng lm gim nhit mt mt ra
ngoi v lm gim lng hi nc cn thit un nng thit b.
y, ta s dng bng thy tinh lm lp v bo n vi thng s = 200
kg/m3; c = 0,125 W/m.
[13 148]
- 66 -
N TT NGHIP
T1
T2
T3
KK
bo
Trong :
t1 : Nhit ca cht ti nhit.
t T2 : Nhit b mt lp bo n gip vi khng kh.
St : Chiu dy ca tm thp.
Sbo : Chiu dy lp bo n.
t : H s truyn nhit ca thp.
bo : H s truyn nhit ca lp bo n.
Ta coi qu trnh truyn nhit t cht ti nhit ra mi trng l truyn nhit
ng nhit v n nh.
Nh vy nhit ti ring n thnh thit b (q1), nhit ti ring do dn nhit
qua thnh (q3), v nhit ti ring do bc x t thnh thit b vo khng kh (q3)
s bng nhau:
Ta c:
Vi
q1 = q2 = q3
q1 = 1.t1
1 : H s cp nhit ca hi nc un nng (W/m2.).

t1: Hiu s gia nhit ca hi nc v thnh trong thit b (C).
t2: Chnh lch nhit gia thnh trong v thnh ngoi.
r : Tng nhit tr thnh.
Ta c:
q2 =
t 2
(W/m2)
r
- 67 -
N TT NGHIP
t 2 = t T1 t T2 = t1 t1 t T2
r = rc +
Trong :
St Sbo
+
t bo
rc: Nhit tr cn.

Sbo, St : Chiu dy lp bo n, lp thp.
q1 = q 2 =
t1 t1 t T2
t 2
t
r = 2 =
r
q1
q1
Nhit ti ring v pha khng kh:

q k = q 3 = k t 3
Trong :
k: H s cp nhit v pha khng kh.
k = 9,3 + 0,058.t T2
t 3 = t T2 t 2
Do q1 = q 2 = q 3
1.t1 =
t1 =
r =
t 2
= 2 .t 2 = k .t 3
r
k .t 3
1
t1 t1 t T2
q1
t1
k .t 3
t T2
1
k .t 3
Vy chiu dy lp bo n:
(t1 t T2 ).1 k .t 3
S
Sbo = bo
rc t
1. k .t 3
t
Chn vt liu bo n l bng thu tinh bn ngoi bc lp vi thu tinh c:

bo = 0,125 W/m.
H s dn nhit ca thp lm v o CT3 l: t = 50,2 W/m.
y, ta dng hi nc bo ho 2 at. Do t T1 = 119,6 C [13 378]
Nhit mi trng: t2 = 25 C.
Gi thit nhit mt ngoi ca lp bo n l:
- 68 -
t T2 = 40 C
N TT NGHIP
B dy ca v o: t = 8 mm
Tnh 1 :
Tra cc thng s ca hi nc bo ho:
kg/m3
Khi lng ring:
= 1,107
H s dn nhit:
= 2,59.10-2W/m.
[13 133]
Nhit dung ring:
Cp = 2,12
[13 196]
nht:
= 133.10-7 Ns/m2
[13 377]
kJ/kg.
[13 140]
Chn vn tc ca hi nc i trong thit b l = 25 m/s.

Xc nh chun s Nuxen:
Pr
Nu = 0,021.Re .Pr .
D d
0,8
Re =
0,45
0,4
.d td .
[12 27]
[12 13]
dtd : ng knh tng ng vi thit din hnh vnh khn, dtd = D d

Trong :
D: ng knh v o.
d: ng knh thn thit b.
: nht co hi nc.
Chun s Pran:
Pr =
.Cr
[12 12]
d = 2400 + 2.10 = 2420 mm ,

D = 2600 mm .
Re =
25.(2,6 2,42).1,107
= 3,745.105
7
133.10
133.107.2,12.103
Pr =
= 1,09
2,59.102
1,09
Nu = 0,021.(3,745.10 ) .1,09 .
2,6 2,42
5 0,8
0,4
0,45
= 1405,79
2,59.102
1 =
Nu =
.1405,79 = 202, 278 W/m.
d td
2,6 2,42
- 69 -
N TT NGHIP
k = 9,3 + 0,058.t T2 = 9,3 + 0,058.40 = 11,62 W/m.

Ta c rc = 0,464.10-9
Thay vo ta c chiu dy ca lp bo n l:
(t1 t T2 ).1 k .t 3
S
Sbo = bo
rc t
1. k .t 3
t
202,278.(119,6 40) 11,62.15

8.103
= 0,125.
0,464.103
202, 278.11,62.15
50,2
= 0,0564 m
Ly trn Sbo = 60 mm
+ Kim tra li:
H s truyn nhit ca hi nc ra mi trng:
K=
1
1 S1 Sbo
1
+ +
+
1 1 bo k
1
3
1
8.10
60.103
1
+
+
+
202, 278 50,2
0,125 11,62
Kim tra nhit bo n:

t bo = t kk +
= 25 +
K.(t tb t kk )
2
1,75.(119,6 25)
= 39,7 C < 40 C
11,26
Vy chp chiu dy lp bo n Sbo = 60 mm l ph hp.
- 70 -
= 1,75
N TT NGHIP
g. Mt bch, bu lng v chn m
Bch lin c ch to bng thp CT3 c khi lng ring = 7850 kg/m3
T ng knh ngoi ni tra bng s liu ti [12 424] ta c bng sau:
D
Db
D1
h
D0
db
Dt
Kch thc ni
Dt
2400
Db
2570
D1
D0
mm
2500
2460
2415
Bu lng
db
Z
ci
M30
56
Kiu bch
1
h
mm
56
Trong :
D:
ng knh ngoi ca bch.
Db:
ng knh n tm bulng.
Dn:
ng knh ngoi thit b.
Dt:
ng knh trong thit b.
Dl:
ng knh tnh n gia mp g.
M30: ng knh bulng.

Z:
S bulng.
+ Chn m:
m c chn theo bng XIII.31 [12 433] da theo ng knh trong

ca thit b.
Dy
D1
D2
2400
2460
2454
D3
mm
2456
- 71 -
D4
D5
2430
2428
56
N TT NGHIP
h. Cng sut ca m t - cnh khuy
Chn cnh khuy chn vt s vng quay 500 v/p, ng knh cnh khuy
bng 0,25 ng knh thit b. Khi m my cn c cng sut thng lc ma st
ca cnh khuy vi cht lng, lc qun tnh (lc ca cht lng t trng thi
ng yn sang trng thi chuyn ng). Do cng sut ca ng c m
my l:
NM = NY + NS
[13 198]
Trong :
NM cng sut m my, W
NY cng sut tiu tn khc phc lc , W
NS cng sut tiu tn khc phc lc ma st, W
NY = K..n3.d5
Ns = Np = K...n3.d5
[13 198]
Trong :
K = 3,87.a
a t s ca chiu cao v ng knh mi cho.
n s vng quay ca cnh khuy, vng/pht
d ng knh cnh khuy, m
Np cng sut lm vic, W
khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m3
nht ca cht lng, Ns/m2)
T hai cng thc trn ta rt ra c:
NM = Np.(K + M )/M , W
M l hng s tm bng thc nghim, ph thuc vo hnh dng
cnh khuy, thng khuy v chun s ReM. Trong chun s ReM trong trng
hp khuy tnh bng:
ReM = .n.d2/
- 72 -
N TT NGHIP
Tnh Np:
Np = K...n3.d5 , W
n = 500 v/p = 8,33 v/s
d = 0,6 m
= 988,14 kg/m3
K. = M = f(ReM)
Tnh :
p dng cng thc:
lg() = xi.lgi
[13 93]
Trong :
i nht ng lc ca cc cu t thnh phn,
xi Nng phn mol ca cc cu t trong hn hp,
xi =
a i / Mi
n
a
i =1
/ Mi
ai Nng phn khi lng ca tng cu t,

Mi Khi lng phn t ca tng cu t,
Do khi lng cht nh ho, cht khi u c khi lng khng ng k
c th b qua. Do :
xVC =
0,399 / 62,5
= 0,16
0,399 / 62,5 + 0,6 /18
xH2O = 1 0,16 = 0,84

lg() = 0,16.lg(0,432.10-3) + 0,84.lg(1,005.10-3) = 3,056
= 0,879.10-3 Ns/m
Tnh ReM:
ReM = .n.d2/ = 988,14.8,33.0,62/0,879.10-3 = 3,371.106 > 104
do ch chy ca cht lng trong thit b khuy l ch chy xoy, khi
ReM > 50 th M = 0,845.ReM-0,05 = 0,398.
- 73 -
N TT NGHIP
Thay cc kt qu tnh c vo cng thc tnh Np ta c:

Np = K...n3.d5 = 0,403.988,14.8,333.0,65 = 17898 W
= 17,9 kW
Vy cng sut m my l:
NM = Np.(K + M)/M
= 17,9.(0,3 + 0,398)/0,398 = 31,4 kW
Trong : K = 0,3
[13 198]
Cng sut ng c in:

Ndc = NM/ ( - hiu sut ca ng c cho = 0,7)
= 45 kW
i. Chn cnh khuy
Ta chn cnh khuy c ng knh bng 0,25 ng knh thit b, tc l

cnh khuy chn vt c d = 0,6 m, tra bng 31.12 trong [14 719] ta c cc
thng s ca cnh khuy nh sau:
dm
dc
bx
d + t1
s0
s10
28
110,4
13,5
5,5
mm
600
100
155
130
- 74 -
m
kg
25
N TT NGHIP
k. Chn tai treo
Tai treo c chn theo khi lng ca thit b chnh do chn c

tai treo ta cn phi tnh c khi lng ca thit b chnh. Ti trng cc i l
ti trng khi th thu lc (ti trng khi y nc).
Gtbcmax = Gthn + Gy + Gnp + Gbch + Gv + Gbo n + GH2O + Gkhc
+ Tnh khi lng thn thit b:
Gthn = Vthn.thn = .h.(Rn2 Rt2). = 3,14.2,4.( 1,212 1,22 ).7700
= 1400 kg
+ Tnh khi lng y v np.
Gy + Gnp = 2.519 = 1038 kg
+ Tnh khi lng bch.
Gbch = Vbch.bch
Trong
Vbch = h..(D2 D02)/4 = 0,056.3,14.(2,5702 2,4152)/4 = 0,034 m3
bch = 7850 kg/m3
Do
Gbch = 7850.0,034 = 267 kg
+ Tnh khi lng nc th:
GH2O = Vtb.H2O = 13,787.1000 = 13787 kg
+ Tnh khi lng bng thu tinh.
Gbo = Vbo.bo = 36.0,060.200 = 432 kg
+ Tnh khi lng v o thit b.
Gv = Vv.v = 36.0.008.7850 = 2261 kg
Khi lng m t cnh khuy, khi lng bulng, khi lng tai treo...
ly gn ng l Gkhc = 150 kg
Vy khi lng ca ton thit b phn ng l:
Gmax = 19335 kg = 189676 N
Dng 4 tai treo ch to bng thp CT3 khi ti trng trn mi tai treo:
4,742.104N
- 75 -
N TT NGHIP
Da vo bng XIII 36, [12 438] ta c cc thng s v tai treo nh sau:

Ti trng
cho php
trn mt
tai treo
.104N
B
mt
10-4
m2
6,0
451
l
a d
L
B B1 H S
Ti
trng
Khi
cho
lng
php
mt tai
mm
trn b
treo, kg
mt
106N/m2
1,33
230 200 205 350 12 100 25 34
13,2
a
B1
20
- 76 -
N TT NGHIP
2. Thit b ph
2.1. Bm
a. Bm nc ct
Dng mt bm ly tm bm nc ct t b cha ln thng lng dng

vo vic pha dung dch cht n nh huyn ph, dung dch cht khi mo v cho
trc tip vo thit b phn ng.
Lng nc cn bm trong mt ngy l: 30945,957 kg = 31 m3
Thi gian bm tin hnh trong 30 pht.
Chiu cao ht ca bm: Hh = 0 m
Chiu di ng ht ca bm: Lh = 5 m
Chiu cao ng y: Hd = 16 m
p sut u ng ht bng p sut u ng y v bng p sut kh
quyn, 1at. ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y, bng 0,1 m. ng
c thit k gm: 2 van tiu chun, 4 khuu 90.
Ta c khi lng ring ca nc v nht ca nc ly 250C l:
= 1000 kg
= 0,76.10-3 Ns/m2
Lu lng cht lng chy trong ng:
Q = V/
V Th tch cn bm, m3
Thi gian bm, s
Q = 31/30.60 = 17,222.10-3 m3/s
Tc chy trong ng:
= Q/S , m/s
S Thit din ng, m2
4.Q 4.17,222.103
=
=
= 2,193 m/s
3,14.0,12
.d 2
- 77 -
N TT NGHIP
Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc:

N=
V.P
kW
1000.
[13 17]
Trong :
V Lu lng th tch, m3/s
P p sut do bm to ra, N/m2
Hiu sut bm
g Gia tc trng trng, m/s2
p sut P c tnh theo cng thc:
P = Pw + Pm + Ptr + Ph + Pp N/m2
Trong :
Pw p sut to ra vn tc dng chy.
Pm p sut thng tr lc ma st.
Ptr p sut thng tr lc c b.
Ph p sut thng chnh lch chiu cao H.
Pp p sut chnh lch gia u ht v u y, trong trng
hp ny Pp = 0
+ Tnh Pw:
2 .
Pw =
(N/m2)
2
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m3
Vn tc ca lu th, m/s
Pw = 2,1932.1000/2 = 2404,625 N/m2
+ Tnh Pm:
.l 2 .
Pm =
.
N/m2
d 2
H s ma st
l Chiu di ng, m
d ng knh tng ng ca ng, m
- 78 -
N TT NGHIP
H s ma st ph thuc vo ch chy ca cht lng v vo nhm

ca thnh ng. mun xc nh ch chy ta phi xc nh chun s Re:
Re =
.d.
nht ca cht lng, N.s/m2
Re =
2,193.0,1.1000
= 28,8.104 > 10.104 do ch chy ca
3
0,76.10
dng thuc khu vc 3 ca khu vc chy xoy.

Theo cng thc Ixaep:
(1/)1/2 = 1,8.lg[6,8/Re + e]
[13 68]
Trong :
e =(n/3,7.d)1,11
n = /r nhm tng i
r bn knh ng ng, ly bng 0,05 m
- chiu su rnh, ly bng 0,1 mm
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
(1/)1/2 = 1,8.lg[6,8/28,8.104 + (0,1/7,4.502)1,11]
= 8,283
Suy ra = 0,0175
Pm = (0,0175.21/0,1).(2404,625) = 8844,149 N/m2
+ Tnh Ptr:
Tr lc cc b gm c 2 van tiu chun, 4 khuu 90:
Ptr = .2./2 (N/m2)
Tng tr lc cc b
= khuu + van + vo + ra
Tra bng :
khuu = 1,26
[15 70]
van = 4,5
[15 72]
vo = 0,06 , ra = 1
[15 69]
- 79 -
N TT NGHIP
= 1,26 .4 + 4,5.2 + 0,06 + 1 = 15,1

Do
Ptr = 15,1.2404,625 = 36340,09 (N/m2)
+ Tnh Ph:
Ph = .g.H = 1000.9,81.16 = 156960 N/m2
Vy tng tr lc m bm phi t c trn ng ng l:
P = 2404,625 + 7372,580 + 36310,245 + 156960 = 204550,9 N/m2
Hiu sut chung ca bm ly tm
= o.tl.ck
Tra bng II 32 [13 536]
o Hiu sut th tch ca bm, ly o = 0,9
tl Hiu sut thu lc ca bm, ly tl = 0,85
ck Hiu sut c khi ca bm, ly ck = 0,95
= 0,9.0,95.0,85 = 0,727
Thay vo cng thc tnh cng sut bm ta c:
N=
Q.P
17,222.10-3 .203047,45
=
= 4,85 kW
1000.
1000.0,727
Cng sut ng c in:

Ndc = N/td.dc
td Hiu sut truyn ng khp ni, ly bng 1
dc hiu sut ng c in, ly bng 0,75
Ndc = 4,81/0,75 = 6,46 kW
Thng thng ngi ta chn ng c in c cng sut ln hn so vi
cng sut tnh ton (lng d tr da vo kh nng qu ti).
Ndcc = .Ndc
H s d tr cng sut tra bng II 33
Ta c = 1,17
[13 537]
Ndcc = 1,17.6,46 = 7,6 kW
- 80 -
N TT NGHIP
b. Bm vinyl clorua
VC l cht d chy n, do ta dng mt bm pittng bm VC ln

thng lng v thm mt bm d tr.
Lng VC cn bm l lng VC cn cho mt ngy sn xut.
MVC = 20630,122 kg
Khi lng ring ca VC lng 12,96 C l 969,2 kg/m3, nht l
= 0,26.10-3 Ns/m2.
Th tch VC l:
V = 20630,122/969,2 = 21,29 m3
Chiu cao ht hh = 0 m
Chiu cao y hd = 16 m
Chiu di ng ht lh = 5m
p sut ca ht bng p sut ca y bng 1at,
ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y bng 0,1 m,
Thi gian bm VC c tin hnh trong 20 pht,
Lu lng cht lng trong ng
Q = V/ = 21,29/60.20 = 0,01774 m3/s
Tc chy trong ng
= Q/S = 4.Q/.d2 = 4.0,01774/3,14.0,12 = 2,26 m/s
Tnh p sut ton phn khc phc tt c cc tr lc trn ng ng.
Tnh tng t nh vi bm nc ct:
Pw = 2./2 = 2475,329 N/m2
.l 2 .
.
N/m2
Pm =
d 2
= 8589,533 N/m2
Ptr = .2./2, N/m2
= 37377,47 N/m2
Ph = .g.H = 152125,6 N/m2

Vy tng tr lc trn ng ng m bm cn phi thng l:
- 81 -
N TT NGHIP
P = 200568 N/m2
Cng sut ca bm:
N=
Q.P
, kW
1000.
= 0,01774.200568/1000.0,727 = 4,9 kW
Cng sut ca ng c in.
Ndc = 4,9/0,75 = 6,53 kW
Thc t chn:
Ndcc = 7,6 kW
c. Bm nc lm mt
Nc lm mt c bm ln trn mt thng cha cao 16m v t y

nc s chy vo v bc lm lnh khi thit b phn ng vt qu nhit cho
php. Lng nc lm mt cn thit dng trong mt m 3 ni phn ng c
ly t phn tnh cn bng nhit ca giai on gi nhit phn ng 70 C cho
n khi t trng hp yu cu.
Ta dng mt bm ly tm v mt bm d tr.
Lng nc cn bm: V = 45 m3
Thi gian bm: t = 60 pht
Lu lng nc ca bm: Q = V/t = 0,0125 m3/s
Tc chy ca nc trong ng ng ng knh d = 0,1 m l:
= Q/S = 1,592 m/s
+ Tnh ton tng t nh vi bm nc ct ta c:
P = 182160,3 N/m2
Nb = 3,13 kW
Ndc = 4,18 kW
Ly h s d tr = 1,5
Vy Ndcc = 6,3 kW
- 82 -
N TT NGHIP
d. Bm nc ra nha
Ta dng mt bm ly tm v mt bm d tr bm nc ra nha.
Lng nc ra nha c bm theo m ln mt thit b cha pha trn
vi cao h = 16 m vi ng knh ng l 0,2 m.
Lng nc cn bm: V = 20116,840.3/1000 = 60,35 m3
Thi gian bm l:
t = 60 pht
Lu lng nc:
Q = V/t = 16,76.10-3 m3/s
Tc nc chy trong ng ng ng knh d = 0,2 m:

= Q/S = 4.16,76.10-3/3,14.0,22 = 0,534 m/s
Tnh ton tng t nh bm nc ct ta c:
P = 159519,4 N/m2
N = 16,76.10-3.159519,4/1000.0,727 = 3,678 kW
Ndc = 3,678/0,75 = 4,9 kW
Ndcc = 4,9.1,3 = 6,4 kW
2.2. Thit b lng cha
a. Thng cha nc ct
Thng cha c dung tch sao cho lng cht cn cha dng c cho 5
m.
Lng nc ct dng cho mt m:
Vm = Vtrng hp + Vra nha = 5,2+ 20,1 = 25,3 m3
Th tch thng cha:
V = 5.Vm = 126 m3
Do th tch cn cha ln nn ta dng 2 thit b cha th tch mi thit b

l 63 m3
Thng cha nc ct dng hnh tr c chiu di L = 6 m.
ng knh thng cha c tnh theo cng thc:
D=
4.V
4.63
=
= 3,66 m
.L
3,14.6
Quy chun D = 3,8 m.
- 83 -
N TT NGHIP
b. Thng cha VC lng
Lng VC lng dng cho mt m l Vm = 3.3438,354/970 = 10,63 m3

V = 6.Vm = 5.10,63 = 54 m3
Th tch thng cha l

Chiu di thng cha chn l L = 6 m
ng knh thng cha:
D=
4.V
4.54
=
= 3,38 m
.L
3,14.6
Quy chun D = 3,4 m

c. Thng lng nc ct
Thng lng nc ct c dng hnh tr. Lng nc ct cn thit m

thng lng cha l lng nc ct dng mt m.
Vnc ct = 5157,660/1000 = 5,16 m3
Thng lng vi h s lm y = 0,7 do th tch thng lng l:
Vlng = 5,16/0,7 = 7,37 m3
Nu chn H = 2.D (chiu cao thit b gp hai ln ng knh)
Ta c
Vlng = .R2.H = .D3/2
Suy ra
D = (2.V/ )1/3 = ( 2.7,37/3,14)1/3 = 1,67 m
Quy chun D = 1,8 m

H = 2.D = 2.1,8 = 3,6 m
d. Thng lng VC
Lng VC cn cho mt m l VVC = 3,44 m3

Thng lng vi h s lm y l = 0,7, tnh tng t nh vi thng
lng nc ct ta c
Vlng = VVC/0,7 = 4,9 m3
Dlng = 1,5 m
H=3m
- 84 -
N TT NGHIP
e. Thng khuy trn
Dng mt thng khuy trn to mt dung dch gm cc cht sau: cht

n nh huyn ph, cht khi u, cht iu chnh pH. H s lm y = 0,7.
Lng nc dng to dung dch cht khi u v cht n nh dng
trong mt m l Vn = 15/1000 = 0,015 m3.
Lng cht khi u v cht n nh cht iu chnh pH cn dng trong
mt m l:
Vkd + Vod = 0,595/973 + 1,191/973 + 0,476/1836 = 0,002 m3
Th tch hn hp vo mt ni trong mt m l:
Vhh = 0,017 m3
Do :
Vtb = Vhh/0,7 = 0,0243 m3
Dkt = 0,25 m
Hkt = 0,5 m
g. Thng cha bt nho PVC sau khi trng hp
Lng PVC huyn ph ca mt m l:

Vhp = 3.(GPVC/PVC + GPOB/POB + GPVA/PVA + GNa2P3O7/Na2P3O7 + GH2O/H2O) =
= 3.(2908,06/1400 + 3,564/973 + 1,801/973 + 1,441/1836 + 5131,871/1000)
= 21,646 m3
H s in y ca thng l = 0,7 do th tch thng cha l:
Vtb = Vhp/0,7 = 21,646/0,7 = 31 m3
ng knh thng cha l:
Vtb = 0,3175..Dtc3
Suy ra
Dtc = 3,14 m
Quy chun Dtc = 3,2 m, H = 3,2 m
- 85 -
N TT NGHIP
2.3. Thit b ra ly tm
Nng sut ca thit b ly tm:

Vl = 3600.V/ , m3/h
[13 703]
Trong :
V Lng huyn ph vo trong thi gian , m3
Tng thi gian (m my, hm my, lc, tho b, ra), s
Th tch hn hp vo thit b trong mt ngy l:
Vhh = (30791,228 + 120701,042)/1000 + 17448,359/1400 = 164 m3
Thi gian tin hnh ly tm mt m:
+ Thi gian m my
5 pht
+ Thi gian hm my
5 pht
+ Thi giam lc v ra
120 pht
+ Thi gian tho b
30 pht
+ Tng thi gian
160pht
S m ra c trong mt ngy l:
N = 24.60/160 = 9 m
Th tch hn hp vo thit b ra trong mt m l:
V = Vhh/9 = 18,22 m3
Thay s liu vo cng thc trn ta tnh c:
Vl = 3600.18,22/160.60 = 6,83 m3/h
Ta chn my ly tm theo tiu chun ca Lin X [13 712]:
K hiu
ng
knh
trong ca
rto, mm
Dung
tch, lt
Ti trng
gii hn,
kg
S vng
quay,
v/ph
Yu t
phn ly
ln nht
Cng
sut ng
c in,
kW
520
55
Loi nm ngang co b t ng
A-18003
1800
850
1000
- 86 -
720
N TT NGHIP
2.4. Thit b sy
sy nha s dng mt my sy tng si nhiu bc dng hnh tr, tc

nhn sy l khng kh nng nhit 115 C iu chnh nhit mi tng
cho thch hp ta s dng thit b gia nhit thm dng rut g, sao cho nhit
trong cc tng si 35 65 C. My sy tng si nhiu bc c u im l c th
iu chnh nhit ca tc nhn sy cc bc, nn rt thch hp vi cc vt liu
d b phn hu do nhit.
+ Tnh cn bng vt liu ca my sy.
Lng m W bay hi trong qu trnh sy c tnh theo cng thc:
W = G1.(W1 W2)/(100 W2)
[15 187]
Trong :
W - lng m bay hi trong qu trnh sy, kg
G1 - lng vt liu m i vo my sy, kg
W1, W2 - m ban u v m ban cui ca vt liu,%
Lng PVC trc khi vo thit b sy tng si c m W1 = 20%.
Lng PVC ra khi thit b sy c m W2 = 0,3%.
Lng vt liu m i vo my sy G1 = 20730,724 kg
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
W = 20730,724.(20 0,3).(100 0,3)
= 4096,24 kg = 170,677 kg/h
Lng khng kh kh tiu tn chung.
L = W/(x2 x0)
[15 187]
Trong
L Lng khng kh kh tiu tn chung, kg
x0, x2 Hm m khng kh vo v sau khi ra khi thit b
sy, kg m/kg KKK
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca kh sy:
Nhit ca khng kh trc khi vo caloriphe t0 = 23,40C,
Tra bng VII 1 [12 97] c
- 87 -
0 = 83%
N TT NGHIP
Da vo th I x ta tm c
x0 = 0,0143
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca khng kh khi vo bung sy.

Nhit khng kh khi vo bung sy t1 = 1150C
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca khng kh sau khi ra khi thit b sy
Nhit khng kh khi ra khi thit b sy t2 = 450C

Da vo th I x ta tm cc thng s ca khng kh trong trng thi
ny nh sau:
T x0 k ng thng vung gc vi trc x ng ny ct ng t1 =
1500C, t giao im ny k theo I1 = const ct ng t2 = 450C t giao im ny
h ng thng vung gc vi trc x ta xc nh c x2 = 0,0567, 2 = 90%.
Thay cc s liu tm c vo phng trnh tnh L ta c:
L = W/(x2 x0)
= 4096,24/(0,0567 0,0143) = 96609,434 kg
Lu lng kh trong my sy l:
Qv = L/.kk
Trong :
Thi gian kh i trong my sy, 24 h
Khi lng ring ca khng kh kh nhit t = 23,4 C,
= 1,189 kg/m3
[13 16]
Thay s vo ta c:
Qv = 96609,434 /1,189.24 = 3385,53 m3/h = 0,94 m3/s
+ Tnh ng knh ng sy:
D = 1,13.
Qv
Vk
Trong :
Vk tc ng lc sy, m/s (Vk = 20 m/s).
Do
D = 1,13.
0,94
= 0,245 m
20
+ Tnh chiu di ng sy:

- 88 -
N TT NGHIP
L = 4V0/.D2
V0 = W/gw
W Lng m bay hi trong qu trnh sy,
gw Cng bc hi th tch, 36 kg/m3.h
L = 4.107,677/3,14.36.0,2452 = 1,88 m
Suy ra
2.5. Sng
Lng PVC phi sng trong ngy l 17257,603, thi gian sng l 15 gi.
Nng sut sng phi t:
QG =G/ = 17257,603/15 = 1150,507 kg/h
hay QV = QG/ = 1150,507/1400 = 0,822 m3/h
c QV = F.q.K1.K2.K3.K4
Trong :
F: Din tch lm vic cu sng, m2
q: Kh nng vt liu lt qua 1 m2 sng trong 1 gi vi sng No. 14
th q = 0,5
K1: H s ch hm lng phn trm trng lng di sng trong
vt liu ban u, K1 = 1,5
K2: H s ch n m vt liu, vi vt liu kh K = 1
K3: H s ch n phng php sng, vi vt liu kh K3 = 1
K4: H s ch n hnh dng ht, K4 = 0,8
Vy: F =
Qv
0,822
=
= 1,37 m2
q.K1.K 2 .K 3 .K 4 0,5.1,5.1.1.0,8
Ly chiu rng sng 1 m; chiu di sng 1,5 m.

Chn sng lc: No. 14
Gc nghing ca khung: 2 4 ;
S dao ng trong 1 pht: 450 ln
Nng sut: 0,822 m3/h
Cng sut ng c: 4 kW
3. Cn bng nhit lng
- 89 -
N TT NGHIP
Chn cc thng s
S dng hi nc bo ho p sut P = 2 at, t = 119,6 C un nng

hn hp phn ng.
Nhit lng ring ca hi nc i = 2710 kJ/kg
[13 377]
Nc ngng t ra khi v bc c nhit t =100 C

Nhit dung ring ca nc ngng: Cnn = 4,229 kJ/kg. [13 196]
Nhit hn hp u t = 25 C
Nhit dung ring ca hn hp dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc:
Chh = a1.C1 + a2.C2 + a3.C3 + ...
[13 189]
Trong :
C1,C2 ,C3 Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t, kJ/kg.
a1, a2 ,a3 Thnh phn ca cc cu t, phn khi lng,
Nh tnh t phn trc ta c:
aVC = 0,4; aH2O = 0,6; aPOB = 0,000416;
aPVA = 0,00021; aNa4P3O7 = 0,000168.
Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t:
CVC = 1590 J/kg.
CH2O = 4180 J/kg.
CPOB = 1237,5 J/kg.
CPVA = 1166,6 J/kg.
CNa4P3O7 = 1355,9 J/kg.
Do :
Chh = 634,41 + 2508 + 0,495 + 0,233 + 0,231 = 3142,895 J/kg.
+ Cc gi thit v nhit ca thit b nh sau:
Nhit b mt trong ca thit b phn khng bo n t = 32 C
Nhit b mt ngoi ca thit b phn khng bo n t = 31 C
+ Kim tra li.
Nhit trung bnh ca hn hp phn ng:
ttb = (25 + 70)/2 = 47,5 C
- 90 -
N TT NGHIP
H s cp nhit ca hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:

= m. 4 t1 t 2 , kcal/m2.h.
Trong :
m H s ph thuc s s i lu b mt ngoi so vi th t
nhin, m = 2,8
t1 , t2 Nhit ca b mt v mi trng, C
H s cp nhit ca hn hp ti b mt thit b khng c bo n.
1 = 2,8.(47,5 31)1/4 = 5,63 kcal/m2.h. = 6,46 W/m2.
H s cp nhit ca b mt thit b phn khng bo n v pha khng
kh.
2 = 9,3 + 0,058.tkbo = 9,3 + 0,058.32 = 11,16
H s truyn nhit K.
K=
1
1 t
1
+ +
1 t 2
= 1/(1/6,46 + 0,008/12,5 + 1/11,16) = 4,082

Nhit thnh trong ca thit b phn khng bo n.
ttt = ttb K.(ttb tkk)/1
= 47,5 - 4,082.(47,5 23,4)/6,46 = 32,27 C
Sai s (0,27/32).100 = 0,8% < 5% do ta chp nhn gi thit trn.
Nhit thnh ngoi ca thit b phn khng bo n.
ttn = tkk + K.( ttb tkk )/2
= 23,4 + 4,082.(47,5 23,4)/11,16 = 32,22 C
Sai s (1,22/31).100 = 3,9% < 5% do gi thit c chp nhn
- 91 -
N TT NGHIP
3.1. Tnh ton nhit cho giai on un nng hn hp t nhit u 25 C

ln nhit trng hp 70 C
Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho qu trnh ny l:

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
Trong :
Q Nhit lng do hi t mang vo, Q = D. = D.(r + .C), J
Trong :
Nhit lng ring ca hi, J/kg
D Lng hi t, kg
r n nhit ho hi, J/kg, r = 2208 kJ/kg
[13 378]
Nhit nc ngng, C, = 100 C

C Nhit dung ring ca nc ngng, J/kg., C = 4220 J/kg.
Q1 Nhit lng tiu hao un nng hn hp phn ng n 70 C,
Q2 Nhit lng tiu hao un nng ni phn ng,
Q3 Nhit lng tiu hao un nng v bc thit b,
Q4 Nhit lng tiu hao un nng cnh khuy,
Q5 Nhit lng tiu hao un nng lp bo n,
Q6 Nhit lng to ra mi trng xung quanh.
S cn bng nhit:
Q1
Q2
Q
TBPU
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
- 92 -
N TT NGHIP
Tnh Q1
Q1 = G1.Chh.(tc td) , J
G Khi lng ca hn hp phn ng (ca mt ni trong mt m).
G = 8602,852 kg
td, tc Nhit u v nhit cui ca hn hp,
Chh Nhit dung ring ca hn hp, Chh = 3142,895, J/kg.
T ta c:
Q1 = 8602,852.3142,895.(70 25) = 1216,7.103 kJ
Tnh Q2
Q2 = Gt.Ct.(ttc ttd)
Gt Khi lng ni phn ng, kg
Gt = 2.Gy + Gthn = 519.2 + 2,4.2,4.78,4 = 1489,584 kg
Ct Nhit dung ring ca thp, Ct = 0,5 kJ/kg.
[13 191]
ttc,ttd Nhit cui v nhit u ca v thit b, C

Q2 = 1489,584.0,5.(70 25) = 33515,64 kJ
Tnh Q3
Q3 = Gv.Cv.(tvc tvd)
Gv Khi lng ca v bc, 2261 kg
Cv Nhit dung ring ca thp, 0,5 kJ/kg.
tvc,tvd Nhit cui v nhit u ca v bc, C.
Q3 = 2261.0,5.(119,6 25) = 106945,3 kJ
Tnh Q4
Q4 = Gk.Ck.(tkc tkd)
Gk Khi lng ca cnh khuy, 25 kg
Ck Nhit dung ring ca thp, 0,5 kJ/kg.
tkc,tkd Nhit cui v nhit u ca cnh khuy, C.
Q4 = 25.0,5.(70 20) = 625 kJ
- 93 -
N TT NGHIP
Tnh Q5
Q5 = Gbo.Cbo.(tboc tbod)
Gbo Khi lng ca bo n, 432 kg
Cbo Nhit dung ring ca bng thu tinh, 0,84 kJ/kg.
tboc,tbod Nhit cui v nhit u ca ca bo n, C
Q5 = 432.0,84.(42 23,4) = 6749,568 kJ
Tnh Q6
Q6 = Qbx + Qdl
Trong :
Qbx Nhit mt mt do bc x,
Qdl Nhit mt mt do i lu.
y chia lm hai phn tnh:
+ Mt nhit phn bo n
+ Mt nhit phn khng bo n
a. Tnh nhit lng mt mt phn khng c bo n
Phn khng bo n gm np pha trn v phn thn thit b khng c o

bc. Din tch ca cc phn c tnh nh sau:
Din tch phn np pha trn c tnh t phn trc, F1 = 6,56 m2
Din tch phn thn thit b khng c o bc.
F2 = 2..R.h
Trong :
R Bn knh trong ca thit b (1,2 m)
h Chiu cao tnh t o n mt bch ( h = h1 = 0,8 m )
F2 = 2.3,14.1,2.0,8 = 6,03 m2
Do din tch phn khng bo n l:
Fkbo = 6,56 + 6,03 = 12,59 m2
+ Nhit bc x phn khng bo n:
Nhit bc x c tnh theo cng thc:
Qbx = C0.F( T14 T24 ). , J
- 94 -
N TT NGHIP
Trong :
Co H s bc x i vi vt en tuyt i Co = 20,72.10-5 J/m2. h
T1 Nhit v thit b, K
Thi gian, gi
T2 Nhit ca mi trng xung quanh (23,4 +273 =296,4 K)
i vi cc b mt khng phi vt en tuyt i th C = Co.P
Vi st thp:
P = 0,9
Vi nc:
P = 0,7
Vi bng thu tinh:
P = 0,9
Nhit np thit b l 32 C tng ng vi 305 K. Vy nhit bc

x phn khng bo n trong 1 gi l:
Qbxobo = 20,72.10-5.12,59.0,9.(3054 296,44).1 = 2016,37 kJ
+ Nhit i lu phn khng bo n c tnh theo cng thc cp
nhit:
Qdlobo = kbo.Fkbo.(tkbo tkk)., W.h
Trong :
kbo H s cp nhit ca v thit b phn khng bo n v pha
khng kh, kbo = 2 = 11,16
tkbo Nhit ca phn khng bo n, tkbo = 32 C
tkk Nhit khng kh, tkk = 23,4 C
Thi gian, gi
Thay s tnh c:
Qdlobo = 11,16.12,59.(32 23,4).1 = 1208,338 W.h = 4350,016 kJ
b. Tnh nhit lng mt mt phn c bo n
Phn c bo n bao gm ton b phn v o thit b (phn thn v phn

y). Din tch phn ny tnh tng t phn trn (Fbo = 18,624 m2).
+ Nhit bc x ca phn bo n tnh tng t nh trn.
Nhit b mt ngoi ca bo n tip gip vi khng kh l 42 C,
3150K
- 95 -
N TT NGHIP
Qbxbo = 20,72.10-5.0,9.18,624.(3154 296,44).1 = 7388,669 kJ

+ Nhit i lu ca phn bo n:
Qdlbo = bo.Fbo.(tbo tkk).
= 11,74.18,624.(42 23,4).1 = 4066,811 W.h = 14640,52 kJ
Nh vy tng nhit i lu v tng nhit bc x ca thit b phn ng
chnh l:
Qdl = Qdlobo + Qdlbo = 4350,016 + 14640,52 = 18990,536 kJ
Qbx = Qbxobo + Qbxbo = 2016,37 + 7388,669 = 9405,039 kJ
Tng nhit mt mt l:
Q6 = Qdl + Qbx = 28395,575 kJ
Vy Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 = 1392931,083 kJ
Mt khc:
Q = D.(r + .C)
Suy ra
D = Q/(r + .C) = 1392931,083/(2208 + 100.4,220) = 515,519 kg
Tng lng hi t cn dng cho mt m ng vi 3 ni phn ng l:
D = 3.515,519 = 1546,556 kg
3.2. Giai on gi nhit phn ng 70 C.
Gi Q l nhit ca phn ng to ra ta c:
Q = Qpu.GVC , J
Da vo [29] ta tra c nhit phn ng tnh cho mt kg VC:
Qpu = 1466, kJ/kg
GVC Lng VC tham gia phn ng trong mt m (GVC = 3438,354 kg)
Do
Q = 1466.3438,354 = 5040627 kJ
So snh vi nhit mt mt ca giai on trn ta thy nhit ca phn ng
to ra ln hn rt nhiu. V vy y ta phi dng nc lm mt duy tr nhit
phn ng 70 C.
- 96 -
N TT NGHIP
Gi Qn L nhit do nc lm mt nhn c,
Qm Nhit do mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh.
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit trong giai on ny nh sau:
Q = Qn + Qm
Nhit mt mt ra mi trng c tnh tng t nh giai on gia nhit:
Q = Qbx + Qdl
Nc lm lnh vo c nhit ly t1 = 20 C
Nc ra c nhit t2 = 70 C
Gi thit nhit ca b mt bo n tip gip vi khng kh tbo = 28 C
Trong khi nhit ca cc b mt khc vn ging nh phn trn do nhit
trong thit b phn ng khng i.
+ Kim tra li nhit b mt bo n.
H s cp nhit ca b mt bo n v pha khng kh l:
2 = 9,3 + 0,058.30 = 11,04
H s cp nhit t nc lm mt ti b mt v o c tnh theo cng
thc:
d
1 = 0,023.Re .Pr . . tn
d td d nt
0,8
0,45
0,4
Nhit trung bnh ca nc lm mt l ttb = (20 + 70)/2 = 45 C

Tra cc thng s:
H s dn nhit ca nc nhit trung bnh
= 0,55 kcal/m.h. = 0,64 W/m. [13 155]
Vn tc ca nc i trong v bc = 0,2 m/s
Khi lng ring ca nc nhit trung bnh
= 990,25 kg/m3
[13 14]
nht ca nc nhit trung bnh

= 0,5988.10-3 N.s/m2
[13 105]
Cp Nhit dung ring ca nc nhit trung bnh

Cp = 4,18 kJ/kg.
- 97 -
[13 195]
N TT NGHIP
Re =
0, 2.990, 25.0.18
= 59534,068
0,5988.103
Cp .
4,18.0,5988.103
Pr =
=
= 3,91
0,64
Thay vo tnh c:
1 = 8903,335 W/m2.
H s truyn nhit K.
K=
1
1
=
= 1,752
1 bo 1
1
0,06
1
+
+
+
+
1 bo 2 8903,335 0,125 11,04
Khi nhit thnh bo n l:

tbo = tkk + K.(ttb tkk)/2 = 26,83 C
Sai s l (1,17/28).100 = 4,2% < 5%. Do gi thit c chp nhn.
a. Tnh cho phn bo n
+ Nhit bc x:
Qbxbo = Co.Fbo(T14 T24) , W
Trong T1 = 28 + 273 = 301 K, T2 = 23,4 + 273 = 296,4 K
Thay s vo ta c:
Qbxbo = 20,72.10-5.0,9.18,624.(3014 296,44)
= 1703,156 kJ
+ Nhit i lu:
Qdlbo = bo.Fbo.(tbo tkk)
= 11,74.18,624.(28 23,4) = 1005,77 kJ
b. Tnh cho phn khng bo n
Do nhit thnh trong v thnh ngoi ca lp khng bo n khng

thay i so vi trng hp trn nn tng nhit mt mt trong trng hp ny
bng vi trng hp trn.
- 98 -
N TT NGHIP
Vy tng lng nhit mt mt trong giai on ny l:

Qm = 1703,156 + 1005,77 + 2016,37 + 4350,016
= 9075,312 kJ
Thay vo phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
Qn = Q Qm = 5040627 9075,312 = 5031551,688 kJ
M
Qn = Gn.Cn.(tnc tnd)
Trong :
Gn Lng nc dng trong mt m, kg
Cn Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cn = 4,18 kJ/kg.
tnc, tnd Nhit cui v nhit u ca nc lm mt, C
Lng nc lm mt trong mt m l:
Gn =
Qn
5031551,688
=
= 26750 kg
Cn .(t nc t nd ) 4,180.(70 25)
Lng nc cn dng cho ton b 3 ni phn ng l:

G = 3. 26750 = 80250 kg (80,25 m3)
- 99 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 4. AN TON LAO NG
Di ch x hi ch ngha, con ngi l vn qu do vy vic m bo

an ton lao ng cho con ngi trong sn xut l mt vn quan trng. m
bo an ton lao ng l m bo tnh mng sc kho cho con ngi sn xut. Do
, n gp phn nng cao nng sut lao ng v cht lng sn phm. ng thi
m bo an ton lao ng cn hn ch c thit hi v ngi v ti sn ca tp
th vo nh nc.
Phn xng sn xut PVC l mt b phn trong x nghip cng nghip
ho cht. N kt hp c im ca phn xng x nghip v nghnh.
Ni dung an ton lao ng gm nhng vn chnh sau:
1. T chc m bo an ton lao ng nh my:
Nh my cn c ni quy v an ton lao ng, trong phi nu ln c
mt cch y v y nhng ni dung cn phi thc hin (s c nu
phn cc bin php dm bo an ton lao ng).
m bo an ton lao ng trong sn xut, bt c ai, cn b hay cng
nhn vin nh my cng nh khch n cng tc, khi vo nh my cn c ph
bin mt cch nghim tc v an ton lao ng.
- cc b phn sn xut u phi c nhng qui nh c th v an ton
lao ng cng nhn thao tc v lm vic tun theo.
- Chnh quyn phi tng xuyn theo di v kim tra vic thc hin an
ton lao ng.
- Chnh quyn v cc on th phi thng xuyn gio dc cn b cng
nhn vin thc hin an ton lao ng mt cch nghim tc v trit , t gic.
- C hnh thc khen thng kp thi nhng c nhn, nhng b phn thc
hin tt an ton lao ng ng thi c nhng k lut thch ng vi nhng c
nhn, b phn vi phm cng nh gy ra mt an ton lao ng.
- 100 -
N TT NGHIP
2. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra mt an ton lao ng v bnh ngh

nghip:
Nhng c im ca phn xng sn xut PVC v c im chung ca
x nghip ho cht c th gy ra tai nn v bnh ngh nghip:
- Phn xng dng nhiu loi thit b b tr xen k nhau trn mt bng
(thit b in, thit b c kh, ng ng). Do d gy nhm ln, va chm
trong thao tc gy tai nn.
- Phn xng c nhiu ho cht d gy chy n, c hi nh hng n
ngi sn xut. Trong qu trnh sn xut sn sinh ra nhiu bi, nhiu qu trnh
nhit nh hng ti sc kho ca cng nhn. Nhng vn chung nh: v sinh
cng cng, ni ngh ngi, vn ci to mi trng nu khng thc hin tt u
c th nh hng xu n ngi lao ng.
3. Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng:
- i vi thit b in: B tr thit b in trnh nhng ni m t, cc
dy in khng c h, ng ngt cu dao phi theo ng qui nh, khng
s dng in lm vic ring. Khi sa cha cc thit b in, h thng dy dn,
n chiu sng phi do th in ca nh my v phi c bo h tt.
- i vi thit b c kh: Thng xuyn thc hin ch kim tra, bo
dng, sa cha c vt che chn, vn hnh thit b ng qui trnh.
- Thc hin tt ch bn giao gia cc ca v tin sn xut, tnh
trng my mc, thit b v cc vn lin quan.
- Chiu sng: cn b tr chiu sng cho cng nhn lm vic v i li
trong phn xng sn xut.
- Chng n: Trong phn xng PVC, giai on nguy him c th gy n
l giai on phn ng trng hp xy ra, p sut trong thit b phn ng trng hp
tng cao. Do vic lm sch v duy tr nhit , p sut phi tin hnh ng
qui trnh. Nu p sut vt qu p sut cho php (ln hn 10 at) th phi tin
hnh phng khng.
- 101 -
N TT NGHIP
- Chng chy: Trong sn xut dng cc cht khi u, cht m, cht n

nh l cc ho cht d phn hu, hoc d bay hi nn khi gp tia la in hoc
tn la th d bt chy nn cn cm ht thuc l phn xng sn xut, trnh
khng pht sinh tia la in. Cc dng c cha ng v thit b phn ng
phi kn, mi mt b phn sn xut u phai trang b bnh cha chy.
- Chng c: ti phn xng sn xut th VC l cht c, hi VC c tc
dng gy m, chng mt, ri lon cm gic, mt phng hng. Do nng
gii hn cho php ca VC trong khng kh phn xng sn xut l 0,03 mg/l.
Cn phi bo n cn thn v kim tra thng xuyn h thng bo n c th
bo qun VC trnh thi lng. Cc thit b cha, bm, ng dn phi m bo
kn, nht l thit b trng hp.
- Chng nng: Do c nhng b phn s dng hi t v kh nng nn
cn c nhng bin php chng nng nh cc lp bo n, h thng thng gi m
bo yu cu.
- Chng bi: Bi trong phn xng ch yu l bi PVC. Nng PVC
gii hn cho php ni lm vic phi nh hn 10 mg PVC/1 lt khng kh. C
bin php bao che kn thit b c cha PVC nh my sy, sng, ng bao, c th
b tr h thng ht bi cho phn xng.
Ngoi nhng vn trn cn b tr hp l cc cng trnh v sinh cng
cng, ni ngh ngi, ni lm v sinh c nhn cho cng nhn.
- 102 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 5. IN NC
A. in
in trong phn xng c dng vo hai mc ch chnh:

- Dng cho sn xut.
- Dng cho chiu sng
1. Tnh in chiu sng:
Phn xng lm vic 3 ca, nh xng c thit k tn dng tt nh
sng t nhin ban ngy, nh sng t nhin nhn c t mt tri c nh hng
tt n sinh l con ngi v ng thi c tc dng tit kim in nng. Trong
xy dng cng nghip thng ch trng n nh sng t nhin c tn dng
bng cc ca s.
Khi dng n chiu sng cho phn xng, trong phn xng khng c
cht d chy nn b phn sn xut cng nh cc b phn khc ch dng n
chiu sng bnh thng.
a, n cho khu vc sn xut c tnh theo cng thc:
N=
E.S.K.Z
F.
[26]
Hnh thc chiu sng: chiu sng trc tip. n chiu sng l loi n
dy tc c cng sut 1000W in th 220V.
F Quang thng mi bng F = 1050 lumen.
hc Chiu cao treo n trung bnh hc = 4 m,
E chiu sng cn thit E = 30,
H s li dng quang thng, = 0,38.
Ch s hnh phng i =
Sp
h c .Cp
18.36
=3
4.(18 + 36)
Trong :
Sp: Din tch phn xng.
Cp: Chu vi phn xng.
- 103 -
N TT NGHIP
Ta c:
H s phn x ca trn:
= 70
H s phn x ca tng:
= 50
H s d tr ca phn xng c bi:
K = 1,3
H s chiu sng cn thit, chiu sng u:
z = 1,2
Din tch cn chiu sng:
- Tnh din tch ni chiu sng tng 1:

Din tch chung:
36.18 = 648 m2
Din tch cu thang:
36 m2
Din tch kho:
36 m2
Din tch phng:
36 m2
Din tch sn xut tng 1:

648 3.36 = 540 m2
- Tnh din tch ni chiu sng tng 2:
Din tch chung:
36.18 = 648 m2
Din tch cu thang:
36 m2
Din tch phng:
36 m2
Din tch sn xut tng 2:

648 2.36 = 576 m2
- Din tch sn xut dn ph: 4.36 = 144 m2
T ta tnh s n cn thit:
- S n ni sn xut tng 1:
N=
E.S.K.Z 30.540.1,3.1,2.80
=
= 51 ci
F.
1050.0,38.100
(Din tch chiu sng ly bng 80% din tch phn cn li)
- S n ni sn xut tng 2:
N=
E.S.K.Z 30.576.1,3.1,2.80
=
= 55 ci
F.
1050.0,38.100
- 104 -
N TT NGHIP
- S n ni sn xut dn ph:
N=
E.S.K.Z 30.144.1,3.1,2.80
=
= 14 ci
F.
1050.0,38.100
Vy s n cn dng cho khu vc sn xut:

B phn
S bng n (ci)
Cng sut 1 n (W)
Ni sn xut tng 1
51
1000
Ni sn xut tng 2
55
1000
Ni sn xut dn ph
14
1000
b, Tnh n cho cc b phn khc:

B phn
S bng n (ci)
Cng sut 1 n (W)
Kho
75
Cu thang
75
Phng th nghim
100
Phng qun c
75
Phng v sinh
75
n bo v
14
100
c, Tnh in nng chiu sng:

W=
n i .pi t i
1000
Trong :
ni: S bng n loi i,
pi: Cng sut bng n loi i,
ti: Thi gian chiu sng (12 gi/ngy).
Thi gian chiu sng trong 1 nm:
290.12 = 3480 gi
- 105 -
N TT NGHIP
- n sn xut tng 1:
W=
n i .pi t i 51.100.3480
=
= 17748 kWh
1000
1000
- n sn xut tng 2:
W=
n i .pi t i 55.100.3480
=
= 19140 kWh
1000
1000
- n sn xut tng dn ph:

W=
n i .pi t i 14.100.3480
=
= 4872 kWh
1000
1000
- n cc b phn khc:
W=
n i .pi t i 12.75.3480 16.100.3480

=
+
= 8700 kWh
1000
1000
1000
Vy tng in nng cho chiu sng trong 1 nm l:

W = 17748 + 19140 + 4872 + 8700 = 50460 kWh
2. Tnh in nng tiu tn cho sn xut:
Lng in c tnh theo cng thc:
n
W = K1.K 2 . n i .t i
i =1
Trong :
K1: H s ph ti (cos = 0,75)
K2: H s tn tht trn ng dy, K2 = 1,05
ni: Cng sut ng c in th i,
ti: Thi gian s dng trong 1 nm, h.
- 106 -
N TT NGHIP
Bng in nng tiu tn cho sn xut:

Thi gian
S
Tn thit b
lng
s dng, h
K1
K2
Cng
sut,
1 ngy 1 nm
kW
Tiu th,
kWh
M t trng hp
0,7
1,05 12
3480
45
345303
M t khuy trn
0,7
1,05 0,4
114
4,74
397,165
M t x l nc
0,7
1,05 12
3480
1,82
4655,20
Bm nc ct
0,17 1,05 0,5
145
7,6
196,707
Bm VC
0,27 1,05 0,17
48
7,6
103,42
Bm nc lnh
0,17 1,05 1
290
6,3
326,12
Bm nc ra
0,17 1,05 0,5
145
6,4
165,648
My ly tm
0,7
1,05 24
6960
55
281358
Qut
0,8
1,05 24
6960
1,7
19877,76
Vt ti
0,7
1,05 24
6960
10231,2
Calorife
0,9
1,05 24
6960
50
328860
Sng
0,7
1,05 24
6960
20462,4
Tng: 1011936,62 kWh

in dng cho phng ho nghim
M t hi c:
0,8
kW
Qut hi c:
0,2
kW
Bp in:
kW
L nung:
1,8
kW
T sy:
1,2
kW
Cc thit b khc: 0,5
kW
Tng :
kW
6,5
- 107 -
N TT NGHIP
Thi gian s dng trong mt ngy l 8 gi v mt nm l: 15080 kWh

Vy tng lng in nng cn dng trong mt nm l:
W = Wchiu sng + Wsn xut + Wha nghim = 1077476,62 kWh
B. Nc
Nc dng cho sn xut: c tnh phn cn bng vt cht v cn
bng nhit lng.

Trong mt ngy m lng nc cn dng nh sau:
Lng nc trng hp:
30945,957 kg
Lng nc ra nha:
120701,042 kg
Tng nc ct:
Lng nc lm mt:
151647 kg
80250 kg
Nc dng cho sinh hot:
Tng s cn b v cng nhn vin ca phn xng l: 54 ngi

Theo tiu chun v sinh cng nghip mi ngi 1 ngy cn 75 lt nc
Lng nc dng cho sinh hot l:
54.75 = 4050 kg
Vy tng lng nc cn dng cho mt ngy m l:
G = Gsx + Gsh = 151647 + 80250 + 4050 = 235947 kg
Nhu cu nc cho mt nm sn xut l:
V = 236.290 = 68440 m3
- 108 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 6. KINH T
I. Mc ch.
Tnh ton phn kinh t cho d n gip ta bit c tnh kh thi ca d n

t mi a ra phng n u t cho d n m y l u t cho phn
xng sn xut PVC.
Qui trnh tnh ton mt d n bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Xc nh nhu cu u t: nhu cu sn phm trn th trng, kh nng cung
ca doanh nghip.T d bo nhu cu th trng v xc nh c nng sut
ca nh my.
2. La chn phng n cng ngh: my mc thit b, ni cung cp, gi. T
xc nh c vn u t cho ti sn c nh.
3. Huy ng vn: vn t c, vn vay, c phn...
4. D kin chi ph sn xut:
+ Gi thnh sn xut: nguyn vt liu, nhn cng, chi ph sn xut chung
(khu hao: do nh nc qui nh bao gm khu hao nh xng, my mc thit
b).
+ Chi ph qun l (xc nh theo phn trm gi thnh sn xut: do doanh
nghip ra sao cho ph hp nhng 2,4%).
+ Chi ph tiu th 7% gi thnh sn xut.
T tnh c chi ph ton b
Ztb = Zsx + Zql + Ztt
Suy ra gi thnh n v sn phm z = Ztb/nng sut.
D kin doanh thu: xc nh gi bn d kin sao cho thch hp vi gi th
trng (g)
Tnh hiu qu u t.
LN = (g z).SL
Nu LN > 0 khi d n gi l kh thi.
- 109 -
N TT NGHIP
II. Ni dung phn kinh t.

II.1. Xc nh chi ph nguyn vt liu(bao gm: in, nc,nguyn liu).
II.1.1. Chi ph in nc.
a. Chi ph cho nhu cu in nng.

1077476,62.500 = 538,738.106 (ng).
b. Chi ph cho nhu cu nc.
Lng dng
Lng dng
trong mt ngy trong 1 nm
Gi mua
mt n v
Chi ph
(tn)
(/t)
(ng)
Loi nc
(kg)
Nc ct
151647
143977,63
0,8.106
35,182.109
Nc lm mt
80250
23272,5
1500
0,349.109
Hi nc
2403
696,87
26.103
0,181.109
Nc sinh hot
4050
1174,500
1500
0,018.109
35,73.109
Tng
II.1.2. Chi ph mua nguyn liu.
Lng dng trong
Gi mua mt
nm (tn)
n v (tn)
VC
5982,736
14.106
83,758.109
POB
6,232
15.106
0,093.109
PVA
3,149
12.106
0,038.109
Na4P2O7.10H2O
2,519
6.106
0,015.109
Tng
5994,636
Tn nguyn liu
Chi ph (VN)
83,904.109
a. Chi ph vn chuyn nguyn vt liu:

ng vn chuyn trung bnh di 30km, n gi vn chuyn 3000/km.tn:
5994,636.3000.30 = 0,54.109 (ng)
b. Chi ph bc d, bo qun ly bng 2% chi ph nguyn vt liu.
0,02.83,904.109= 1,678.109 (ng)
- 110 -
N TT NGHIP
Tng chi ph cho nguyn liu l:

(83,904 + 0,54 + 1,678).109 = 86,122.109
Vy chi ph cho nguyn vt liu l:
Z1 = Zin + Znc + Znguyn liu
= (0,539 + 35,73 + 86,122).109 = 122,391.109
- 111 -
N TT NGHIP
II.2. Chi ph sn xut chung.
a. Chi ph mua my mc thit b.
2400
S
lng
3
n gi
(triu ng)
135,7
Thnh tin
(triu ng)
407,1
Bm ly tm
4H
10
Bm ly tm
AP - 60
4,3
8,6
Bm ly tm
AP - 100
10,5
21
Bm pitng
r.2
26
42
Qut
0,90
3,6
Mt
1,2
1,2
Thng khuy
250
1,75
1,75
Thng lng VC
1500
4,6
4,6
10
Thng lng nc
1800
6,75
6,75
11
My ly tm
A-1800-3
12
Cnh khuy
1,5
4,5
13
Calorife
4,5
4,5
14
Thit b sy tng si
20,5
15,5
15
Xycln
UKK5
16
Sng
No. 14
17
Mt
7,5
22,5
18
Bm chn khng
19
Lc khng kh
20
Cn bn
1,5
1,5
21
Thng cha PVC
5,6
5,6
22
Thit b x l
250
250
23
Thng cha nc
3800
6,7
13,4
24
Thng cha VC
3400
STT
Tn thit b
c im
Thit b trng hp
3200
Tng
- 112 -
852,1
N TT NGHIP
+ Chi ph lp t bng 20% chi ph mua thit b.

852,1.0,2 = 170,42.106 (ng)
+ Chi ph vn chuyn bng 10% chi ph mua thit b.
852,1.0,1 = 85,21.106 (ng)
+ Chi ph cho h thng ng dn, dng c o lng 20% chi ph mua thit
b:
852,1.0,2 = 170,42.106 (ng)
Tng chi ph lp t, vn chuyn, h thng ng dn = 426,05.106 (ng)
Vy tng s vn u t cho my mc thit b:
(426,05 + 852,1).106 = 1,278.109 (ng)
Gi s khu hao my mc ly bng 7%, khi chi ph cho my mc trong
mt nm s l:
1,278.109.0,07 = 89,46.106 (ng)
b. Chi ph xy dng nh xng.
Danh mc
c im
Din tch
(m2)
n gi(/m2)
Thnh tin
(ng)
1. Nh xng
2 tng
1296
18.000.000
23,328.109
2. Hm lnh
ngm
45
18.500.000
8,325.109
31,653.109
Tng
Gi s khu hao nh xng l 5% khi chi ph cho nh xng trong mt nm

l:
31,653.109.0,05 = 1,583.109 (ng)
Vy chi ph sn xut chung l:
Z2 = Zmy mc + Znh xng
= (0,089 + 1,278 + 1,583).109 = 2,95.109 (ng)
- 113 -
N TT NGHIP
II.3. Chi ph nhn cng.

II.3.1. Tnh nhu cu lao ng.
a. Xc nh s nhn cng cn c mt hng ngy.

Tn thit b
S lng
ngi/my
Ni trng hp
Thit b x l
Ra ly tm
Sy
Sng
ng bao
S cng nhn 1 ca
6
2
3
3
2
2
Tng
S cng nhn mt ngy

18
6
9
9
6
6
54
b. Xc nh s cng nhn bin ch.

Cc ch tiu
Cng nhn sn xut

chnh
Cng nhn sn xut ph
1. Thi gian theo lch

2.
365
365
+ Ch nht, ngy l
60
60
+ Ngh php
12
12
+ Ngh m
+ L do khc
279
279
Thi gian khng lm

vic
Thi gian lm vic bnh qun

trong nm
- 114 -
N TT NGHIP
Tnh h s in khuyt.
K=
290
= 1,04
279
S cng nhn trong bin ch.

54.1,04 = 56 ngi
c. Cn b cng nhn vin gin tip.
i. Cn b k s
ii. Cn b qun l
iii. Thng k
iv. Trng ca
v. Ha nghim
Tng
Vy tng s cn b cng nhn vin bin ch trong phn xng l: 63 ngi.

II.3.2. Tnh qu lng cng nhn.
0,405.109
Vy gi thnh sn xut tnh c l:
ZSX = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = (122,391 + 2,95 + 0,405).109
= 125,746.109
II.4. Chi ph qun l.
Chi ph qun l ly bng 2% gi thnh sn xut:

ZQL = 125,746.109.0,02 = 2,515.109
II.5. Chi ph tiu th.
Chi ph tiu th ly bng 6% gi thnh sn xut:

ZTT = 125,746.109.0,06 = 7,545.109
Chi ph ton b cho qu trnh sn xut tnh c l:
ZTB = ZQL + ZTT + ZSX = 135,536.109
Gi thnh mt n v sn phm:
z=
ZTB 135,536.109
=
= 27,107.106 /tn
NS
5000
- 115 -
N TT NGHIP
II.6. D kin doanh thu v hiu qu u t.
Tng vn u t l:
VDT = VTB + VNX
= (1,278 + 31,653).109 = 32,931.109 (ng)
Gi bn d kin ra th trng l g = 30.106 (/tn).
Li nhun hng nm c tnh theo cng thc:
L = (g z).SL = (30 27,107).106.5000
= 14,465.109 (/nm).
Tnh t sut li nhun (sc sinh li ca vn):
T=
L
14,465.109
.100% =
= 43,92%
VDT
32,931.109
Thi gian thu hi vn:

T=
VDT
32,931
=
= 1,9 nm
L + KH 14, 465 + 2,95
- 116 -
N TT NGHIP
PHN 7. XY DNG
1. Xc nh a im xy dng nh my.
Ngy nay nh s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut ni chung v trong

lnh vc cng nghip ni ring. N i hi cc chuyn gia c bit quan tm n
vn chuyn mn ho trong sn xut, quan tm n mi mi quan h, hp tc
gia cc x nghip nhm p ng nhu cu sn xut ca nn kinh t quc dn.
i vi mt nc mi pht trin cng nh c mt nn cng nghip t
lu th vn sp xp cc khu cng nghip, la chn t ai xy dng nh my
c mt ngha quan trng. Vn quy hoch khu cng nghip c ngha ln c
v mt kinh t, k thut cng nh nh hng ca n n cc nghnh khc (chnh
tr, vn ho, x hi, giao thng, thng mi)
Trong cng cuc xy dng ch ngha x hi i hi sp xp hp l cc
khu cng nghip nhm m bo tit kim v sc lao ng, vn u t, v to
iu kin cho s qun l chuyn mn ho c tt.
Vic la chn a im xy dng nh my l mt cng tc rt quan
trng v phc tp, n l mt vn tng hp kin thc ca rt nhiu nghnh v
n nm trong quy hoch tng th cng nghip ca quc gia, v vy i hi phi
c s cng tc ca rt nhiu cn b cc ngnh nh: kin trc, a cht, xy dng,
kinh t, giao thng, cng ngh
Khi la chn a im xy dng nh my u tin ta phi tin hnh iu
tra c bn m trong giai on ly s liu cu tt c cc mt: ti nguyn,
khong vt, t ai, dn s, ngun nguyn liu, nhin liu, thu vn, giao
thng V mt xy dng chng ta cn ch cc yu cu sau:
+ Yu cu chung:
a. Gn ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu cho sn xut, xem xt ti nguyn
c tr lng tt, c dung cp cho nh my tn ti lu di.
b. Gn cc ngun cung cp nng lng (than, in, kh).
- 117 -
N TT NGHIP
c. Vn cp thot nc: Chn a im cho nh my ho cht. Gn ni

c nhiu nc v thot nc d dng, khng nh hng n v sinh cng
nghip.
d. m bo giao thng vn ti thun tin, y l mt vn quan trng,
n m bo hot ng lin tc ca nh my. Chn ni gn ng giao thng
chnh ca quc gia nh ng sng, ng bin, ng st, ng b
c. m bo ngun cung cp vt liu xy dng, gim vn u t cho
xy dng c bn.
g. m bo iu kin hp tc gia cc x nghip.
k. m bo yu cu quc phng, phng khng.
+ Yu cu v a cht:
Cc x nghip ho cht cng nh cc x nghip cng nghip khc yu
cu phi xy dng trn nhng lp t tt c cng chu lc t 2,105 2,5.105
N/m2 tr ln. Nn xy dng trn nhng lp t st, st pha ct, t ong,
i. Khi kho st phi thn trng trnh ni c khong sn di.
+ Yu cu b mt a hnh:
a im xy dng ca nh my, phn xng ph hp vi quy hoch
ca nh nc, ca vng. N m bo cho s pht trin ca nh my, to iu
kin hp tc vi cc nh my x nghip khc, a im xy dng nh my cao
ro khng ngp lt vo ma ma, bng phng, dc ca khu t khng qu
1%.
+ Yu cu v mt v sinh cng nghip.
Do a phn cc nh my ho cht thi cc cht c nn khi thit k chn
a im phi ch m bo sc kho ca ngi lao ng v cc khu dn c
khu vc xung quanh nh my v nn t gn sng v cc nh my ho cht cn
rt nhiu nc, tuy nhin nn t vng h lu ca sng cch vng dn c t
500 m tr ln.
Ni tm li vic la chn a im xy dng hp l l vn rt quan
trng, n khng nhng gp phn lm tng hiu qu kinh t, h gi thnh sn
- 118 -
N TT NGHIP
phm m cn m bo an ninh quc phng v x hi. Trong thc t khng c

a im no tho mn c ton b cc yu cu trn nn phi phn tch xem
vn no l quan trng ch yu, cn bn chiu c mt cch thch ng, vn
no ch yu c th khc phc c. c th la chn c mt phng n
ti u.
Trong khun kh n ny ta chn a im xy dng khu cng
nghip Vit Tr tnh Ph Th.
a hnh: khu vc phn xng nm pha t ngn sng hng trong nh
my ho cht Vit Tr pha Bc l vng i ni, pha Ty l ng quc l 2,
ng st H Ni Lo Cai.
cao ca khu t so vi mt bin l 25 m, cng chu lc ca t
l 2,5 kg/cm2.
Phn xng quay v hng ng Nam n gi mt nhiu nht v trnh
gi ma ng Bc.
Giao thng vn ti: Nh my rt thun li v giao thng vn ti do gn
cc trc ng st, ng b v ng sng.
Nhn cng: Ph Th gip gii trung du ng bng nm trn trin sng
Hng dn c ng c, nhn lc di do, cung cp lng thc thc phm thun
li.
c im kh hu: Ph Th thuc vng kh hu II c hng gi thi
nhiu nht l hng ng Nam. Lng ma trung bnh 1500 mm/nm. Lng
ma cc i 1 ngy m 200 250 mm. Nhit trung bnh ma ng 8 10
C. Nhit trung bnh ma h 34 C.
Tc gi rt tng i ln, c bit l m tng i ln, nht l
tun thng 2 v thng 3 thng ngng t hi nc, do cn ch n vt liu
khi thit k kt cu bao che cng trnh.
2. Thuyt minh thit k mt bng, mt ct phn xng.
Phn xng sn xut nha PVC l mt phn xng c s dng cc ha

cht c, d bay hi, d chy nDo cn bm bo thng gi tt, cn loi tr
- 119 -
N TT NGHIP
pht sinh tnh in v trnh s dng ngn la h. Phn xng c mt s b phn

nng cn c thng gi tt v lm mt.
2.1. Chn hng nh.
Do c im k thut ca phn xng v kh hu ma h nng ma ng

tc gi rt tng i cao phi chn hng nh n c gi mt nhiu nht
v trnh c gi rt, y chn hng nh ng Nam, ca s nhiu tng.
2.2. Thit k nh.
Da theo c im ca dy chuyn sn xut v nng sut ca phn

xng, chn phng n thit k phn xng dng khung thp lp ghp Zamil
Steel gm:
+ Mt nh 2 tng.
+ Chiu cao nh 16,8 m, trong tng 1 cao 8,4 m, tng 2 cao 8,4 m.
+ Chiu rng nh: 18 m.
+ Chiu di nh: 30 m.
+ Bc ct 6 m.
+ Li ct tng 1: 6x6 m
+ Li ct tng 2: 6x18 m
Tng din tch phn xng.
S = 30.18 = 540 m2.
2.3. B tr thit b.
a. Mt bng:
Tng 1: B tr thit b v cc phng chc nng nh sau:

T tri sang phi:
Bc ct th 1: Khu vc cu thang 25 m2, kho nguyn liu 36 m2.
Bc ct th 2, 3, 4: Thng cha PVC kh, thng cha nc, thit b
sy tng si, thit b ly tm, vt ti, caloriphe, qut.
Bc ct th 5: Khu vc v sinh, ca ra vo.
Tng 2: B tr thit b v cc phng chc nng nh sau:
- 120 -
N TT NGHIP
T tri sang phi:

Bc ct th 1: Khu vc cu thang 25 m2, phng ho nghim, phng
qun c.
Bc ct th 2, 3, 4: thng cha PVC kh, cc thit b trng hp, dn
ph t cc thng lng v thng cao v, thit b khuy trn.
Bc ct th 5: Khu vc m rng.
iu kin lm vic trong phn xng tt, chiu sng, thng gi t nhin
thi c. Khu vc m rng ln, rng ri, d dng i li cho cng nhn, khi cn
thit c th lp thm cc thit b mi.
b. Mt ct:
S dng thit b nng chuyn cu trc theo tiu chun ca Zamil Steel,
m bo thun tin trong nng chuyn vt liu nng. Ca s knh xoay m bo
chiu sng v thng gi t nhin. C lp y n phc v cho ca m.
Mi c rnh thot nc ma bng thp.
Chiu cao ca s: 3 m, c ca s ph 0,9 m.
2.4. Cc gii php kt cu nh.
Nh khung thp tng gch dy 220mm.

+ Mi nh: Lp bng tn, x g bng thp, trn mi c h thng thot
nc v c t h thng thu li.
1500
- 121 -
N TT NGHIP
+ Sn nh: Sn tng 2 lm bng b tng theo phng php ton khi

v y cn chu lc, c l trn sn treo thit b phn ng c 4 tai treo t
trc tip ln sn nh, trn sn c lp va xi mng chu axt dy 20 mm.
Sn b tng mc 200
= 100
400
100
2000
I 400
I 300
+ Ca s: Lm bng knh quay, ca ln lm bng thp.

+ Cu thang: Lm bng st c 2 v, chiu rng bc thang 250mm,chiu
cao bc thang 150mm, tay vn v lan can lm bng chn song thp.
+ Nn nh: Chu c axt v d ra, c lt 1 lp gch chu axt dy
15 mm, lp di l b tng chu axt dy 100 mm.
+ Tng: Bo v khung nh khng chu tc ng trc tip ca mi
trng bn ngoi, bo v my mc trong nh khng b nng ma.
Tng bao: 220 mm
Tng ngn: 110 mm
+ Thang thot him: ngoi tri, chy dc hin nh.
- 122 -
N TT NGHIP
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
V Tin Trung Tng lun: Cht do Tnh hnh v trin vng pht
trin. Trung tm thng tin v khoa hc k thut ha cht H ni 1994.

[2]
Edward S. Wilk Industrial Polymer Handbook. Vol. 2. WILEY
VCH Verlag GmbH. 2001 p.865 905.

[3]
Leonard I. Nas Encyclopedia of PVC. NewYork 1976.
[4]
B mn Cao phn t K thut sn xut cht do i hc Bch Khoa
H ni 1970.
[5]
G. C Berry, K. Matyjaszecwki. Progress in Polymer Science. O. VOGL,
NewYork 2002.
[6]
www.vinachem.com.vn/Xut bn phm/Tp ch Cng nghip Ho

Cht/1998/S 07.
[7]

Cht/2003/S 10.
[8]
www.industry.gov.vn
[9]

Cht/1998/S 04.
[10]
Nguyn Minh Tn K yu hi tho Trin vng ngnh nha Vit Nam
gii php v chnh sch. H Ni. 14 12 2001

[11]
Herman F. Mark Ecyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NewYork, 1971.

[12]
Nguyn Bin, Vn i, L Nguyn ng, Long Thanh Hng, inh

Vn Hunh, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phan Vn Thm, Phm Xun Ton,
Trn Xoa S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht tp II. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1992.
- 123 -
N TT NGHIP
[13]
Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phm Xun Ton - S tay qu trnh
v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp I. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K

thut, H Ni 1999.
[14]
. . , . .
. 1963, 1970.
[15]
Vn i, Nguyn Trng Khung, Trn Quang Tho, V Th Ngc

Ti, Trn Xoa C s cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
hc Tp 1. Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H

Ni 1982.
[16]

Ti, Trn Xoa - C s cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho

Ni 1982.
[17]

Ti, Trn Xoa - Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho

Ni 1982
[18]

Ti, Trn Xoa - Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho

Ni 1982.
[19]
Nguyn Bin. Tnh ton qu trnh, thit b trong cng ngh ho cht v
thc phm Tp 2. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni 1999.

[20]
Nguyn Bin. Tnh ton qu trnh, thit b trong cng ngh ho cht v
thc phm Tp 1. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni 1999.

[21]
Vn i, Nguyn Bin, Phm Xun Ton, Ngc C , inh Vn

Hunh. C s cc qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc Tp 2.
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni 2000.
- 124 -
N TT NGHIP
[22]
Vng nh Nhn. S tay k s ha cht. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut. H Ni 1982.
[23]
B mn silicat. Tnh v chn thit b Silicat Trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni 1970.
[24]
Hong Doanh, V Thanh Khit, T Ngc nh. S tay ton l ha Nh
xut bn gio dc 1991.

[25]
H L Vin. Hng dn v tnh ton my thit b ha cht Trng i
hc Bch Khoa H Ni 1972.

[26]
Ng Bnh. Hng dn tt nghip phn xy dng Trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni 1970.
[27]
B mn xy dng cng nghip. C s thit k xy dng nh my ha
cht Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni 1970.

[28]
B mn Silict. Gio trnh l Silict Trng i hc Bch Khoa H
Ni 1970.
[29]
. . . . , .
1985.
- 125 -

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N TT NGHIP

PHN 1. L THUYT CHUNG

nhng tnh cht yu km ca PVC, v d nh ng trng hp vi cc monome

- S tng trng kinh t s ko theo s tng nhu cu PVC.

nn ngnh sn xut ny sm chm dt, c bit khi bc vo chin tranh ph

Ngun cung cp PVC bt v ht, cng nh mt s bn thnh phm PVC (tm

Bng thng k nhp khu PVC: vt triu USD [10]

Cc d n sn xut PVC theo danh mc cc d n nguyn liu v bn

B Cng nghip vch ra mt chin lc ca ngnh ha du n u

II. Vinyl clorua

Nhit si 760 mmHg, C

Nhit nng chy C

T trng ti -20C, g/ml

Sc cng b mt ti -10C, dyne/cm

Nhit dung ring ca lng, cal/g/C

Nhit dung ring ca hi, cal/g/mol/C

n nhit ha hi ti 25C, cal/g

p sut ti hn, atm

II.2. Cc quy trnh sn xut vinyl clorua (VCM)

2. Quy trnh kt hp etylen v axetylen

3. Quy trnh kh trn t Naphta

4. Quy trnh oxy-clo ha

II.2.1. Quy trnh axetylen

[6]Di y l cng ngh ca Cng ty EVC sn xut VCM v etylen

Nhit ca phn ng c s dng chng ct EDC to thnh cng

y l phn ng pha hi, din ra trong tng xc tc c nh, nhit phn

Sau khi lm ngui nhanh v thu hi nng lng trong mt h thng c

mt trong hai nhnh ca thanh ch U m bo s tun hon t nhin ca

* Linh hot: thit b c th vn hnh mc 20% cng sut thit k v c th

Sn xut EDC bng quy trnh oxy- clo ho mt bc

Nng lng lm lnh:

Hi sinh ra (17,5 bar):

III. Tnh cht ca PVC

PVC to thnh l hp cht no v phn ng trng hp c khuynh hng

III.2. Trng thi tinh th v v nh hnh

tnh cht c v tnh cht in km i. S kh HCl c xc tin mnh bi chnh

IV. ng dng ca nha PVC

- Sn phm mm: ng nc, mng mng mm, gi da, dp nha

V. Phn ng trng hp- c s l thuyt trng hp gc.

nhnh ho ca gc ang pht trin v chuyn mch ln polyme c th xy ra dn

(IV) Nhanh ngan

(I) (V) Nhng n v lp li

Loi khuyt tt cu trc

S trong ngoc l kt qu gi lp:

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH2

Bng hm lng lin kt u ni u trong PVC.

V VC l mt monome vinyl khng lin hp, ngoi s cng hp u

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2Cl

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2Cl

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2Cl

Nhm C1 ny khng phi l cu trc khng n nh nhit trong PVC, v

Cu trc nhnh to thnh trong qu trnh trng hp c th chia lm 2 loi:

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH

CH2 CH CH2 CH2

CH2 CH CH2 CH2

CH2 CH CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 Cl

CH2 CH CH2 CH2Cl

S ko di nhnh ngn thu c t s chuyn dch ca nguyn t hir

thnh t nguyn t clo lin kt vi cacbon bc 3 v nguyn t clo ti v tr allyl

Phng php Phenol

Phng php NMR

Phng php SOCl2

Trong qu trnh trng hp gc ca VC, hng s tc pht trin mch c