SOLID MECHANICS LAB LAB-REPORT NO.

2 BATCH - E

ANIL KUMAR CHEJARA ROLL NO. 09003022

HARDNESS TEST

OBJECTIVES: 1) To develop an understanding the hardness property of materials and its importance. 2) To become familiar with the principle of Vickers/Rockwell Hardness machine and its hardness measurement techniques. STANDRDS: a) Rockwell: ASTM E18-08b or IS: 1586 b) Vickers: ASTM E92 or IS: 1501

APPRATUS: Vickers/Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine.

INTRODUCTION: Hardness is resistance of material to plastic deformation caused by indentation. Sometimes hardness refers to resistance of material to scratching or abrasion. Hardness may be measured from a small sample of material without destroying it. Hardness is not fundamental property and its value depends on the combination of yield strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Principle of any hardness test method is forcing an indenter into the sample surface followed by measuring dimensions of the indentation (depth or actual surface area of the indentation). There are three main types of tests used to determine hardness: 1) Scratch test: mainly used for mineralogy. 2) Dynamic Hardness test: Shore hardness is measured by this method 3) Static Indentation test: these tests are based upon the relation of indentation of the specimen by a penetrator under a given load. The relationship of total test force to the area or depth of indentation provides a measure of hardness.

The Rockwell, Brinell, Knoop, Vickers, and ultrasonic hardness tests are of this type. Hence for engineering these test are mostly used.

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST:

The basic principle is to observe the material's ability to resist plastic deformation from a standard source. The Vickers test can be used for all metals and has one of the widest scales among hardness tests. The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH). The Vickers indenter is a 136 degrees square-based diamond pyramid. The impression, produced by the Vickers indenter is clearer, than the impression of Brinell indenter, therefore this method is more accurate. The load, varying from 1kgf to 120 kgf, is usually applied for 30 seconds.

PROCEDURE1. first place the specimen on anvil of Vickers machine and adjust the focus of the microscope, so that surface of the specimen is clearly visible from the microscope. 2. Bring the indenter (diamond, in this case) over the specimen and apply the load. 3. Again, bring the microscope exactly over the position the of indentation. 4. Measure the diagonals of the square shaped indentation visible on the screen with the help of cross hairs.

CALCULATIONS:

The Vickers number (HV) is calculated by the formula: HV = 1.854*F/ D Where F-applied load, kg D length of the impression diagonal, mm. The length of the impression diagonal is measured by means of a microscope, which is usually an integral part of the Vickers Tester.

Geometry of indentation and angle and other digrams.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sample-A Sr. No D1(m) D2(m) Davg(m) HRV(by formula) 107.2 107.6 104.1 103.5 105.1 105.5 HRV(by Machine) 107 108 104 104 105 105.6 HRB

1 2 3 4 5

413.8 410.2 425.5 426.6 420.1

418.0 419.7 418.6 419.7 420.1 Average

415.9 415.0 422.0 423.2 420.1

59.9 60.4 58.3 58.3 58.8

Sample-B Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 283.5 278.0 284.2 275.9 275.1 D2((m) 283.0 281.9 284.5 277.4 279.5 Average Davg(m) 283.2 280.0 284.3 276.6 277.3 HRV(by formula) 231.1 236.4 229.4 242.3 241.1 236.0 HRV(by machine) 231.0 237.0 229.0 242.0 241.0 236.0 HRB 96.7 97.6 96.4 -

Sample-C Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 361.8 359.9 370.0 350.0 362.2 D2((m) 362.0 359.5 371.5 354.4 363.1 Average Davg(m) 361.9 359.7 370.7 352.2 362.6 HRV(by formula) 141.5 143.3 134.9 149.4 141.0 142.0 HRV(by machine) 142.0 143.0 135.0 149.0 142.0 142.2 HRB 75.5 75.9 72.7 78.3 75.5

Sample-D Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 413.7 416 423.7 427.5 413 D2((m) 412.7 415 421 422.5 428.7 Average Davg(m) 413.2 415.5 422.3 425 420.8 HRV(by formula) 108.6 107.4 103.9 102.6 104.7 105.4 HRV(by machine) 109 107 104 103 106 105.8 HRB 60.9 59.9 58.3 57.8 59.3

Sample-E Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 327.3 340.4 331.2 346.2 299.8 D2((m) 325.2 340.4 334.4 331.4 312.5 Average Davg(m) 326.2 340.4 332.8 338.8 306.1 HRV(by formula) 174.2 160.0 167.4 161.5 197.8 172.2 HRV(by machine) 174.0 160.0 168.0 162.0 198.0 172.4 HRB 85.4 81.5 83.7 82.1 91.1

Sample-F Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 312.3 312.3 318.6 317.6 319.6 D2((m) 304.1 316.0 318.5 326.0 322.5 Average Davg(m) 308.2 314.1 318.5 321.8 321.0 HRV(by formula) 195.2 187.9 182.7 179.0 179.9 184.9 HRV(by machine) 195.0 188.0 183.0 179.0 180.0 185.0 HRB 90.4 88.9 87.8 86.8 87.1

Sample-G Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 D1(m) 327.2 348.1 329.8 328.9 316 D2((m) 318.4 338.7 341.1 351.0 316.4 Average Davg(m) 322.8 343.4 335.4 340.0 316.2 HRV(by formula) 177.9 157.2 164.8 160.4 185.4 169.1 HRV(by machine) 177.0 157.0 165.0 161.0 186.0 169.2 HRB 86.3 80.7 82.9 81.8 88.4

RESULT: Sample No. Vickers Hardness Number Standard Deviation A 105.5 B 236.0 C 142.0 D 105.4 E 172.2 F 184.9 G 169.1

1.62

5.21

4.44

2.135

13.60

5.90

10.74

DISCUSSIONS: The times taken for by Vickerss hardness test all for different materials are different. Time taken by Steel, copper and copper alloys is 10 to 14 seconds, grey cast irons are 15 to 30 seconds and aluminium is 25 to 30 seconds.

Surface observations of the materials:-

Sample no Surface appearance

A Smooth Finished

B Smooth

C Polished

D Rough Finished

E Mirror smooth finished Shiny Mild Steel

F Rough compared to E Mild Steel

G Unpolished

Probable material Aluminium

Cast Iron

Brass

Aluminiu m

Brass

CONCULSIONS: 1) Result based upon mathematical values which are calculated that B is the hardest metal among all and A and D are the least hard materials. Hence i can say that B is Cast Iron, E and F are Mild Steel, C and G are Brass, A and D are aluminium. 2) Also as observed in the lab the surface properties of the specimen predict B to be Cast Iron, E and F to be Mild Steel, C and G to be brass, A and D to be Aluminium. 3) The mathematical arguments are also supported by the ASTM standards as we can observe the same pattern in them also.

4) Based upon mathematical and the surface observation argument also support each other. Hence we can predict the materials to be:Sample no Material A Aluminium B Cast Iron C Brass D Aluminium E Mild Steel F Mild Steel G Brass

P.T.O

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST:

The determination of the Rockwell hardness of a material involves the application of a minor load followed by a major load, and then noting the depth of penetration, hardness value directly from a dial, in which a harder material gives a higher number. The chief advantage of Rockwell hardness is its ability to display hardness values directly, thus obviating tedious calculations involved in other hardness measurement techniques. In the Rockwell test the depth of the indenter penetration into the specimen surface is measured. The indenter may be either a hardened steel ball with diameter 1/16, 1/8 or a spherical diamond cone of 120 angle (Brale). Loading procedure starts from applying a minor load of 10 kgf (3kgf in Rockwell Superficial Test) and then the indicator, measuring the penetration depth, is set to zero. After that the major load (60, 100 or 150 kgf)is applied. The penetration depth is measured after removal of the major load.

PROCEDURE: 1) Place the specimen on the anvil and apply the minor load so as to ensure proper holding of the load to the specimen. 2) Adjust the pointer at set position and set the dial to zero position. 3) Apply major load by operating handle without any interference. 4) Read the position of the pointer on the appropriate dial, which gives the Rockwell hardness number.

CALCULATIONS:

Sample No A Machine 51.1 Reading(HRB) 57.4 50.4 50.9 52.0 Average(HRB) 51.9 Standard 2.61 Deviation

B 94.1 94.5 94.7 94.5 93.8 94.5 0.37

C 71.1 70.9 71.9 70.6 71.2 71.1 0.43

D 50.1 50.5 50.3 50.8 50.7 50.5 0.27

E 88.2 89.1 82.2 91.3 88.7 87.7 3.01

F 84.8 85.1 80.7 79.9 84.5 83.6 2.30

G 70.2 72.1 72.4 73.7 72.3 72.1 1.12

Take the average of the values obtained and tabulate them.

RESULTS: The average HRB of samples are tabulated below.

Sample HRB

A 51.9

B 94.5

C 71.1

D 50.5

E 87.7

F 83.6

G 72.1

CONCULSIONS:

BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Strength of Materials Laboratory Manual. www.wikipedia.com http://nptel.iitm.ac.in http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/#mechanical-engineering Text books http://www.ndt-ed.org www.efunda.com