A R T I C L E I.

ON THE

VERBAL ROOTS OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

AND O F T H E S A N S K R I T GRAMMARIANS.
BY A. HJALMAR EDGREN,
INSTRUCTOR I N MODERN L A N G U l G E S I N Y A L E COLLEGE ( S H E F F I E L D S C I E N T I F I C ROHOOL).

Presented to the Society May 29th, 1878.

THEol~ject aimed at in tllis paper has been a separation of authenticated and unauthenticated verbal roots or root-forms in Sanskrit; a general classification and description of the former, and an attempt at determining the value and t l ~ e character of the latter. I t is a recognized fact that the majority of Sanskrit radicals enumerated by native lexicographers and grammarians have never been verified by modern investigation of the literature of the Hindus. DiRerent causes have been assigned to account for this fact. Some scholars have expressed a suspicion that a t least a considerable portion of these strange forms are counterfeits-products of scholastic inventiveness, which have never entered into circulatiorl in the living language. But others, and, it is believed, with the weight of authority on their side, have trusted to the disclosures of a more thorough sifting of all the material for the justification of such forms; or have rnade dialectic variations and borrowing from unrelated tongues responsible for these pariahs rejected by classical records. Another fact is also that not only a great number of these problematical root-forms..; but also a great many authenticated radicals, are invested with meanings which have never been recognized by modern researches. This also must be due to one of two causes : either to mere invention or guessing on the part of the native lexicographers and cornmentators, or else to the existence of parallel radicals, identical in their form, but diff'ering in their signification.

A. H.Edgren,

This whole subject seems, for two reasons, to deserve especial attention. The first and more general reason is the importance, in Indo-European etymology, of the evidence furnished by Sanskrit roots. The value of their testimony is in exact proportion to their authenticity. Indications are by no means wanting that etymologizers are tempted to lend an undue, indeed often a fallacious, importance to doubtful forms, in allowing them to stand a t the side of authenticated roots, as their full equals, supporting far-reaching conclusions: and it might be said with truth that the structure of Indo-European etymology, in so far as it is reared on such foundations, is loose and unsafe. The second and more special reason is the desirableness of facilitating a correct acquisition of the language by disencumbering the dictionaries of what is false, arid thus mislsads or unnecessarily burdens the memory of the student. The great dictionary of Bohtliugk and Roth, which determines the value of every root-form as far as the present knowledgc of the language permits, and which, no doubt, will for years to corne be the corner-stone of all etymological constructions on the Aryan field, will, we hope, some day yield a satisfactory solution of the enigma of these unidentified roots and definitions. I n the mean time, the following facts, mainly drawn from that source, and the conclusions founded on themconclusions given with all the caution which the consideration of a subtile and elusive question has constantly suggested -may serve as n slight contribution to such a result, if only by inviting to the subject a wider discussion than it has hitherto received.

THE ~%UTHENTICATED VERBAL ROOTS AND ROOT-FORMS.

By authenticated radicals is here meant all such as, given or not given' in native root-collections, especially i n P2nini's Dhbtu&ha, and further explained or illustrated by native commentators, have been actually found in any personal or impersonal form by modern reeearches in the Hindu literature. All forms not thus verified have been ruled out, whatever, in other respects, their claims might seem to be. THENUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION of these authenticated radical forms must vary according to different methods followed. In the first case a very large number of radicals catalogued in the
About fifty forms, found especially in the Rig-Veda, are wanting in Westergaard's Radices Ling. Sanscr. [aLkh (denom. ?), arp (?), lir, Bizkh (ulikh given), katt, kd (=?cam),kraksh, kqhup, khud, qadh, qy@h, qyshp, gil~dh, jaLh, jajhjh,,darn, land, 1, 2 tu!, trut, Crud, dan, dudh, dhav, nzd, paj, palpul, pibd, bhan, bhzshaj, bhw, bhuraj. mafi. (DhLt. under ?nasj),man, miqh (=mih), myaksh, ydd, rapp, rip, l e d , lam, vat, vkd, wad, nlidh, ?:la(rZ.)q, puj, push, hr7c.J-Many more, though found gat, in one sense or inflection, have others which necessitate their classification as separate roots (as 2 arj, 2 uh, 2 uksh, 2 can, 2 dii, 4 vas, 2 sarj, 2 har. etc. etc.); or have meanings entirely different from those given by the natives.

Ve~~erbal Roots o the Xanskril Language. f

Dh2tuplthas are only convenient duplicates of one and the same root, parallel forms corresponding t o slight inflectional changes or varieties which involve no change of sense whatever ; as in the case of dd, dad, ckiy; dh'hci, d('ctcZ/b; i, i, ay; vip, oep; the frequent nasalization of roots like baclh, btrndhl gubh, gunzbh; saj, sa6j (also sajj, by assimilation) ; and so on. If all such possible variations were taker] into accouut, the root-list would be increased beyond endurance. In point of fact it is considerably swelled by these parallel forms, without beginning to exhaust the possibilities ; and, moreover, the number varies somewhat according to the method of differe~~t lexicographers (European included). The following collection of verified root-forms (in the main though not absolutely agreeing in arrangement with that of the Dhktupltha) contains not less than 108 duplicates of the above descriptior~ (not counting s ~ ~ c:tsi kar, ky, since they art. not given separately l in the Dl&.). To these may be added kar, khicl, 2 tan, pag, h i n g himply later types of the likewise extant earlier skar, skhid, sttrn, spfcf, and implying IIO organic change or change followed by modihcatiori of the meaning, but only a wearing away of the i ~ ~ i t i consonant. Aside from these 1 1 2 duplicates, then, there al are altogether 880 radical forms which are autl1entic:ated on the principle laid down above. But, secondly, eve11 these 850 forms must be considerably reduced in number before we have what may be fairly called radicals. There are many forms which, in all probability, must be corisiderecl as denominatives, and which, as such, have no more right to occur in a root-collection than other and more evident denominatives, wllich are exclucled from it. I t cannot, indeed, be stated with absolute certainty which forms are denominatives ; and probably the weight of the best authority is now in favor of the supposition that all verbs of the cur-class were ultimately of that kind. Without resorting, however, here t o this theory, aud classifying as denominatives, for the most part, only such verbs as seern clearly derived from existing nominal bases both in form and sense, and whose late occurrence in the language, moreover, gives strong support to this theory of secondary formation, a number of' 48 is obtained. They are (ollly the 7 marked occur, ( ring also in the RV.) : a h , a ~ i ka~ilcht?), argh, artht, Irshy, kuth, klrt, kuts, kha?zd, g a ~ gapd, gupt, cdrn, tir, dand, dhdp, 2 patt, , path, 2 pag, p&l, pind, 2 phal, phftll, naaiztrt, mygf, mdrg, rt~igr, nzt21, 2 ntoksh, yantr, 2 ras, raksh, rdp, IaJCSh, lirig, warn, v&t, vds, vfrt, vyay, vrun (?), gabd, gtl, sabhdj, sukh, sdtr, sten, (compare also nid). Further, there are a few forms which are apparently nothing but (for the most part older and somewhat anomalous) derivative verb-forms (mainly desiderstives) from roots existing a t their side ; and with which, like other moye regular derivatives of the kind, they might be properly classed. There are about 16 of them, viz. : kri.liksh (desid. of'kanz), kshal (caus. of kshar), 2 ksha2~ (caus. of kshi), jcigar (intens. of 3 yur), daridr& (intens. of drd),

A. H. Edgren,
diksh (desid. of daksh), dhtksh (desid. of dih). &p (caus, of dl), p a r (caus. ofpar), 3 badh (desid. of bddh), bhiksh (desicl. of bhnj), n~tksh(desid. of ~ n i g nzih), moksh (desid. of muc), g d (desid. or ~ of cd), hiris (desid. of havz), tlmu (fr. uccr, vy!aoti); [compare also a few less certain as aksh (ag), naksh (nag), etc.]. Subtracting the preceding 64 forms from the number 880, there remain 816 radical forms. Though these figures represent the number of identified radical verb-forms with an independent character and with their own distinct meanings or shades of meaning, it is nevertheless generally conceded that many even of them are but the results of older processes of linguistic change, and that not a few among them are referable to simpler or more primitive roots, which are yet extant. Still the nature and scope of these processes are very differently interpreted, and the classitications, as a coriseyuence, very diverse and uncertain. In a limited number of cases, indeed, we need feel little or no hesitancy. Thus, especially, there are some radicals like ranab, Znrr~b(both meaning 'hang down,' but the former occurring only in its literal sense in the Rig-Vecla, ~ v l ~ i l e latter, with various the figurative meanings attached to it, occurs in the later language alone), or bhan, bhan (the former 'resound, shout,' and Vedic; the latter ' speak,' and post-Veclic) of which Zaw~band bha?a are evidently nothing but later forms of ramb and bhan. Such couplets, involving no addition or loss of consonants, and no vowel-change, are in fact but one root, and might conveniently be so given, were it not that they often show clifferent shades of meaning, giving rise to different derivations, and that they occur in different epochs, the more original forms generally alone in the Vedic period, and the later forms (mostly alongside the earlier) in a later stage of the language. On these grounds they are justly held apart, being in fact separate forms; only where the preceding distinctions are wanting have they been counted as one. Omitting, of course, the frequent interchange between v and b, which is optional rather than historical, there are altogether 2 7 such slightly varied radicals, for the most part on the r- 1- theme, viz. : larigh (rarih, rahgh), lap (rap), labh (robh), Znm (ram), lumb (ramb), 10s (ras), likh (rikh), lip (rip), lig (rig), lih (rih), Z l (lul), 1t~p z d (rup), (kshal, caus. of kshar), cal and gctl (car), jval (jvav), dul (ckcr), p h a l ( phar), sph~cl(sphur) , hval (hvar), plu (pru), mluc (rnvuc), glath (crath), glish (crish) ; bhayz (bhan), (1; (at) ; har (bhar), rrch (rudh,). There are also some, like 1, 2 ktal, 1, 2 karsh, etc., which are identical in form, but which follow different inflectional systems, and which have generally developed more decided changes of meaning. I t has seemed preferable, however, for various reasons, to arrange such forms, in the list which follows, under one head, Fvherever the kinship of meaning seemed to argue convincingly an ultimate identity; and to leave those subject to more uncertainty to be separated, merely suggesting their relationship.

Ve~baZRoots o the Scc7zslc7.it Lcrnguage. f

Reducing again the number 816, which was left above, by the 27 historically modified forms, there remain 789 radicals, wllicli may be considered as either entirely distinct roots, or secondary fornlatior~schiefly by means of accretion, or vowel-change and transposition, outside any of the 01-dinarygrammatical processes. The classificatiol; of the greater part of these root-words is necessarily fraught with much uncertainty; arid i t is here that individual feeling and theorizing, mostly nnsapported by direct historical evidence, have establislied very different principles, and arrived a t very diverse results. Leaving entirely to their wortli such bold classifications as those att?mpted by Fick, on the orie hand, and by P o t t and others, who resort to the prefix-theory (for an sno~nalorls exception conip. u j j ) , on the other, and building mainly on the princilrles cautiously and guardedly laid clown by Curtius in his Grz~nclziige deer Griechische~~ tymologie (pp. E 58-72, 4th ed'n), a tolerably correct, tl~ollgll no doubt very incomplete grouping rr~aybe obtained. Accortling to tl~ese pri~lciples a change of roots has taken place, or] sorrle l,rinciples not yet understood, chiefly by the safK\ing of certain consonants, more seldoni by a vowel.change, and very rarely by a loss of prefixed consonants.--The last cliange not being organic, or, as Curtius calls it, a TVurzelafeectio7~ and not a TV%rzelvariution, has been treated above (p. 3).Thus it seems reasonable to snppose that cou1)lcts or groups of radicals like i, ' go,' i l l , 'cause to go ;' ci, ' obserb e,' cit, ' observe, know,' cii~t,' think, reflect nlmn ;' gar, ' raise t h e voice,' gad, ' bellow, roar ;' si, ' bind,' siv, 'bind together, sew ;' mcir, ' grind, crush,' rnarcL, ' crus11,' tilartl, ' grind, crush,' nzarc, ' hurt '-and others of a similar character, are closely akin. And when, further, we consider the p r e v a i l i ~ ~ g n d e ~ ~ cof
Indo-E:m.opean roots to te y growth by rneans of suffixes, and that the niore original meaning
can be traced in most cases, though not in all, to the simpler forni,
it is natural to assume that the longer forms of the preceding
examples are later developments of the shorter, b y means of the
c o n s o n a ~ ~ tsuffises, i ( , t, j, v, cl, G
al . When, again, we meet with pairs likeptl, ' clrir~k,'pi, ' drink ;' sAtlh, ' accomplish,' siclh, ' be aecomplishetl ;' ~ q j ', be bright,' &j, ' shine,' and so on,-we cannot forbear to conhider the latter forms as weakenings or strengtllcnirlgs of the former, ar~tl thus to admit vowel-change as instrumental in tllir root-variation. Finally, such similar forms as man, 'think,' 1711t8, ' think ;' par., ' fill:' p d , ' fill ;' gar, ' s ~ ~ a l l o w , a s , ' swallow;' j a r , ' move near,' y' jri, move'-evidently show :I k ~ n s h i p :be it that the variatiorl of form was caused by metutllesis; or, as arqnecl recently by Dr. 1Srngman (Morphologishe U~ttersitch~~r~gan, niealis of I.), by a vowel-suffix [prd=p(ts)?-+&I. Adhering in the main t o these three l~riticiples (exceptionally an infix, and in two or three cases a prefix, being allowed), 156 forrns have been judged to be such derivatives from simpler a r ~ d more primitive radicals. I t sholiltl be remarked, however, that

most (about 110, comp. p. 7) of these presumable branch-roots appear hide by side with their stems in the earliest n~onumentsof the language, arid that a great part of them are shown b y corresponding forms in other cognate languages to have existed before the separation of the common primitive speech into its branches. I f these 156 co~~jectural-arid no doubt, on the whole, real-rootderivatives of extant roots be subtracted also from the sum '789, which remained above, we arrive at a total of 633. This may be considered as ii moderate estimate of all genuine Sanskrit roots which are really independent, in so far as, though somrtimes related, they are not derived, directly or indirectly, from one another. But not only do a great many of these indeperldcrlt roots bear traces of secondary foundatiori. though the more 1)rirnitive form is lost or u~iantherrticated,but several of them are so similar in hot11 form and seuse, that they appear to be varied clevelopments of some lost elenlentary root, or otherwisu kinctred forms. Thus, for instance, we have beside ktrrrqj, 'tremble,' kzq, 'be stirred or excited' (to wllich two forms an original kulj is wanting); beside kav~,' be plcased, lo1 e,' knrt~,' lo\ e ;' beside v~crcl,' sound,' nard, 'roar ;' beside jnhh, 'snap at with the mouth,' jejeh, 'gape' (by Uenfey wroogly, as it seems, considered to be en interis. of h a ) ; and su on. I t is often a matter of great difficulty to draw the line between these indirectly kindred radicals and those treated above ; and it has see~lled preferable, in the appended classification of root-forrns, to arrauge all evidently kir~dretl ones together. By this means a list of 58'7 roots and groups of related root-fbrms is obtained. I t must he remembered, however, that this claqsification nowise aims at beir~gexhaustive. I t only seeks to bring together tentativt.ly tliose forms which have seemed to bear more evident traces of kinship, leaving all that seemed too uncertain, by formation or mealling, to stand by therneelbes. There is no doubt that a more riqorous dealing with the subject would considerably recluee this number, for much latitude may be indulged here, but it would also, in so uncertain a field, be subjected to many doubtful and erron'eous inferences, a danger which even so general a grouping as this cannot hope to have ent~rely escaped. Such obscure questions as whether jn&, ' know,' comes from jan, ' bear, be born,' or man, 'think,' from rua (,,id),'form or measure,' though occasionally noted, have not been considered in the arrangement. Various forms like tud, 8tllj, both meaning ' push,' guc, gubh, both rneaulng 'shine,' though they may be originally akin, have also been left separated, in the absence of a comrnon ttc, 926. Further, var and vtrl, 1, 2 : 3 ga7u (all connected by Pick), etc., have been left separated for want of any closer connection in their meaningij. I t has seemed preferable, in regard to such forms as the above, to assume the possibility of their independent coexistence, rather than to follow a sweeping theory of reduction. Scarcely any :~ccou~lt, been taken of prefixed consonants has

Verbal Roots o the Sctnskrit Lnng7~age. f

though i t seems t o be not without significance that occasionally words occur with kindred forms and meanings like n ~ n k ram, , dram, bhrr~m motion, tan, kvan, dlcau~-r, for bhun (6hu~1), mccn (?), ?-an (rap), svan for sound, and some others less numerous. In some exceptional cases a deviation from a more generally accepted etymology has been ventured on. Thus the theory, apparently supported b y cognate languages, that bhd, ' shine,' and b/uc!?, 'speak,' belong to an original bha, 'speak, shine,' has not been followed, for various rea~ons. The alleged support of that theory by other Sanskrit roots which have the same two meanings is of a very dubious character, inasmuch as those other forms (not less than 38) are all, with one single exceptiol~, unauthenticated, and the definitions, as will be shown f'urther on, probably artificial. The one authenticated exception is las, which ir found both in t h e sense of 'shine' and 'sound,' and is b y the Petershurgh Dictionary given as one root. But it seems more probable, after all, that Zas, 'sound,' is but a later form of ras, 'give forth ally loud sound, roar,' etc. (comp. old bhav, 'resound, shout'); and which r a s never means ' shine.' To this should be added, however, calcsh, whicli, though not meaning ' shine,' is found in the sense of ' be visible, appear ; announce, say' (Petersh. Dict.) ; and which is derived from kdsh, ' shine.' Tt seems as if here the ' tneani~tg announce, say' (found chicfly w11er1 the root is comp'd wit11 (7, praty-&, etc.) had been de\eloped causatively through 'make apparent, etc.' As regards the root 6 h r c ~ (hhait), on the contrary, its earliest (Vedic) sense appears to be ' resouncl, shout,' not ' speak,' and this latter (post-Vedic) meai~ing therefore to be directly derived more naturally from the idea of so?cntl. Besides bha!? (bh(19~)seems in some way, if only b y analogy, to connect itself with a number of roots in -an (see above), meaning 'sound.' W h y not accept two different elements as ~vell 6hd, b h a ~as for for , Qr7-pf in Greek ? The rr.markable the kindred \ erbs c;oair/-we?, alternative coincidence of lengthened vowel and nasalization might be accidental, and is not found in other kindred tongue^.

TIIE O C C ~ T I < R E X C Eof the authenticated radicals and radical derivatives is as follows. Of the 8 3 2 forms which remain after the merely graphically differcrtt olles and the denominatives 11:ive been deducted 5 2 8 occur in both the Rig-Veda and the other literature.' Of' the remaining 304 forms, 6 2 occur ill the 12igan Veda alone (4 otherh in the i i t h a r ~ alone, see note below) : cir, {j, 2 t~lcksh, gaclh, g.LircZh,,j~~j?gl/,jortj, 2 jtri., 3 jar+,ji, jz?iav,.jeh, jri, talc, 2 tan+, tonclf, twv, tug, tvc/Lsh. dm, (Jtlgt, 3 di, d?cc?h, cclm, cl/~un,clhav, cZhraj, itas, ?/iris,)/id,paj, prtrksh, p h a r , bhon, bha)zdt, b/tnrv, bhishqj, bhw, bhurccj, bhrl, bhr esht, nzyciksh, ?/&tl,rcg,p, r q h , rarnbt, rifihf, r@t, 1 r?icZl$t,vidt, 2 vciksh, vcrt, 4 vas, vrtrcl, zvr(jcZ/t, guj, pncsh, sriu'll. vlay, pcaln, ~ i i(?) ~crrclh, r
The following 26 radicals occur in the Atliarvan, but not in the Rik (only 4, thus marked. in the Atharvan alone): art (AT. alone), zl, kash, kQ, kshan, k h u t h , gad, cal, cedi!, rhd, tiar, td( (? AV. alone), psti (AV. alone). thds, miv, n~drch, I)irUc, ~ u glap, Z~kh, , lup, lalq, vli, cat, 1 cad, has (AV alone).-Rome other Atharvan roots occur in the Hik in a participial form on11

Of these 62 there are 11 (marked however, which have derivative words in the later language ; and others appear t o be secondary forms o f also post-Vedic roots, riz. : i j ( = ~ j ) ,jeh ( , j f b h ) ,jtZrv ( j u a r ) , duclh ( d l ~ d ) , clJ~anc l h a 9 ~ )hhrcsh (bhra?ip?), ( , yud ( y d ) . On the whole, therefore, there are but 44 radicals which belot~g exclusively t o the earliest V e d i c period, and have no connection with the later literature. T h e following list contains the remaining 242 forms which do not occur in the Rig-Veda (those 26 found in the Atharvan, h o w e ~ e rare so marked) : , Forms with an &sound, 1 kal, 2 kal, klnth, klaw~,klid, klig, kshal, kshvel, klrel, gul, galhh, calt ( AV.), ju@t, jval, tul, dal, dul, l, pnlpdl, plush+, ph~cl,hal, bhal, il (AV.),~ r ~ ipr~lech,lag'(, lahyh, lajj, lop (AT.), Zcrtrz, lamb, Zal, lash, 1 las, 2 Icts, M , likh (AT.), dig, lih, li, lufic, 1 luth, 2 luth, lunth, lud, lup (AT.),zd, la, lok, loc, val, l valgt ( A V . ) , vcclh, vli (AV.),gal, glath, gldgh, glish, skhal, sphal, sphzcl, hldd, hva1t:-with a li~lgualmute or nasal, ct;, k a g , kutt, kzc?z;h,kt*, krd$, kua!z, kshap, ( Z k s h a n ) ,kshvid, gu!~;h, ghu(n);, ghat;, glzu;, ghdr!z, cat, cesh; (A'ST.), ,jha;, taizk, $at,&,dumb, dz", $harck, tat, paat, pa;, path, pant, hhat, b h a ? ~marl, n/an$, rtzred, , rat, ra? (=run), re$, ruth, vesht, ora?L, vrid, vrud, shtiv, spha;, sphut, hi!?$, (+ 1 lutk, 2 k@h, lunth, lzlj from the I-series) :terminating in a palatal, diich, azj, u j h , unch, kzc(G)c,khac, kha?Tj, garj, gu'ij, cat%, caw, tap?c, tc/rj,p@t, march (?), rnilrch ( A V . ) , ruc m ( A T . ; RV. verbal), z1(j, s ~ l c ,hurch (+klig, m l ~ c h lajj, dig, luge, , loc from the I-series) :-others, ntigt, artt (AV.),katth, kampt, kash (AV.), kdiiksh, kuth, kush, kz?t, k&j (AV.), kdrd, knQy, kruth, kvath, ksha~t(AT.),kshup, kshup, kshubht (AT.), hadt, k yacl (AV.), yord, gu)izpht, (julph, gharsh (ghush), camt, carv, c , >*i?7t, z p t , C U P I Z ~ cur, cflsh, chord, ehd (AT.),chur, jup, jyutt, jvart, 1 t m , tcxrk, tdv (AV.), tinzt, rap, tvlrtig, tvar (A'ST.), darhht, cZc~rp, daridrd, 3 dd, cidn, 2 div, iliksh, du, dr(trtz, 2 clrdt, d/ii(~zv), dhdsh, dhvart, nord, liiksh, ned, 2 par, pis, puth, pay, psdt ( A V . ) , bctrh (hrnh),hharts, hhash, hhdsh, hhds (AT.), hutiksh, b bhmn~t, mi~ail,W L ~ V(AV.), yabh, rtcksht, rarigh, rambh, 1 ras, 2 ras, wiht, rds (rdg), r i ~ i k h , ritig, riph, ruth, rtcd/hf, r r ~ p t(AV.), rash, 2 vurdh, 5 vas, vdt, vcih, vitk, pat (AV.), 1 gcrd (AT.), g a ~ i k t gik, sap, suhh, stlrksh, std, stigh, stirn, ~ t y d sthag, 2 snd, , , sphd!/t, had, hus ( A V . ) ,hikk, Ams, hrci'd, hresh, hldcZt. O f these 242 forms there are 31 (marked t), however, which hare derivative words in the Rig-Veda. There remain consequently 211 radicals which cannot be p r o ~ e d t o have existed in the language at that time. A considerable share o f these are found, however, in t h e other Vedns (26 in the Atharvan, o f which 4 there alone) or in the Brbhma?las (several there alone) ; and a comparison between the whole Vedic and the post-Vedic period would show a far smaller discrepancy here, whereas t h e exclusively Vedic radicals would be considerably increased in number. It is evident, also, that t h e absence o f any form in the Rig-Veda is no certain. nor hnrdly even presumptive, evidence o f its non-

t),

Verbal Rook o the SutzsL~it a~~~yuuge. f L

existence in the language a t that period ; since one single work of a not large or varied extent, like the Rig-Veda, can embody but a certain part of the laliguage of its time. But an examination of these 242 radicals evinces, nevertheless, that a considerable share of them may with great probability be considered :IS of later formation. Thus, as seen above, not less than 63 radicals (only 7 of then1 in the Atharvan), have the I-sound (25 initial, 25 final, 15 medial). 12ut ail l is generally conceded to be (for the most part, at any rate) a later change of a more original I. I t is rare in the Rig-Vedic root-forms, occur. ring altogether in but 11 out of 590 radicals (4 times as initial, lahh, lip, li, lzcbh; once as final, rrtfl; and 6 times as medial, kalp, ~ Z U T I L , @ , n~Z(2, la(9i)g; and in the denoni. jcrlp). The imvnluc, I v mense disproportion is evident, being nearly that of 14 to 1, or of one Gsour~ilin etery fourth root of the strictly post-Vedic material to one in every fifty-fourth root of the Vedic. Even the assistance of the seven Atharva~iroots in I would not change very much this di~crepancy. Moreover, several of these Giorms give a more direct proof of their late formation, inasrnuch as the older r-forms are found only in an earlier stage of the language (compare the list below). The preceding remarks apply also to the lingual mutes and nasal. They also are rare in the Rig-Veda, occurring altogether in only 12 radicals (id, kknd, krij, tad, nid. p, c i! ~ / L / Yrirarj, F, mar? (euphonic), vish!, vid, hid). But in the other literature they are found in 48 root-forms (only 1 of these in the Atharvat~), as is seen in the above list; the disproportion being here nearly as that o 10 to 1 , or of one lingual in every fifth root of the strictly f post-Vedic material to one in every forty-rrinth root of the Vedic. Even here the direct evidence of actual change is not wanting (see below) ; though probably foreign elements have also entered. I t is worthy of notice that while the Rig-Veda has 100 rootforms terminating in palatals (28 of these tlre palatal sibilant), only 26 ot all the non-Vedic forms (see p. 8) terminate thus (and of these only three in the palatal siljilant): i. e. there is four time6 greater frequency in a material little more than one and a half times larger, or about one palatal in every ninth or tenth root of the strictly post-Vedic material to one in every sixth root of the Vedic. In regard to the remaining non-Vedic forms, no such marked differences on a noteworthy scale have been remarked. Another feature wortlly of' mention, as helping to demonstrate the comparatively late character of many of these radicals, is that 47 of them are more or less evidently changes or developments of more primitive roots, also extant, viz. :With an I-soulid: 2 kal (=I kal), kshal (kshnr), crrl (car), j a b (jar),v a l (jvar), ckrl (rlur), 1 phal (phur), larigh (raiigh), lam j las , (ram), la7726 ( ~ ( C V L ~ )(ms), lilih (rikh), lig (rig), lih (rih), ltcp (rttp), loc (ruc), loc (ruca), gal (car), glath (path), glish (grisi~), hv(tl (hvar), sph~tl (sphur) :--with a lingual rnute or nasal, a t (crt), nat (nart), ptrth (prathj, bhalz (bhai~), kutt (Icccrt), ghat! (yf~wrsh),
VOL. XI.

sphu; (sphar, phal?), sphu? (spha?), vesh? (vish) :-others, diich (ac?), a?;j (ar), kdiLksh (desid. kam), cakds (kcig), gavj (gar), grciij (gtc), cint (ci), jyut (div), tim (tam), tuar (trrr), diksh (desid. dalcsh), daridrd (intens. drci), raksh (rig), rds (rd), ririkh (rihg), rudh (vardh).

THE PRODUCTIVENESS, finally, of the verified roots should be noticed. Like germs planted in the fruitful soil of living language, they have sprung up and borne fruit, o f t e ~ hundred-fold. Or, it a might be said with more appositeness that, like living members of the society of language, they have entered into union with other members, and given birth to new families of words: by means of suffixes, to nouns on the one hand ; and, b y means of prepositional prefixes, to new verbs or to nouns on the other. So qeneral is this productiveness, and the trace of it, that it might well be called the law of a genuine root. Out of our 832 radicals (denom. deducted), some of them of a very late formation, 814 obser\ e this law; and the vast majority of these, or rather more than 7 0 0 , have derivatives of both kinds (only about 35 being found cornpounded with prepositions, but without derived nouns or adjectives ; and about 65 vice versa). Only 18 authenticated root-forms (waiving a few uncertain ones) appear barren and isolated in the dictionary: viz. krz2$, gard, 2 <jar,tug, tvahg, dasz, bat, bhuvqj, bhri, r@h, vrctd, 1 gad, gca???, pdr, ~ u j sti.yh, vith, h&s. IZut almost every one of these appear , in a slngle passage only (and that nearly always in KIT.) ; only one of them ($ad) in more than three passages. They are therefore invested with much uncertainty in regard both to sense and connection. Besides, bhurqj is a late derivative, and $cum is perhaps incorrect writing for 9c;nnz. This feeble exception to the general rule is, therefore, of a wholly uncertain and insignificant value. Possibly a closer examiriation may add a few forms to these; but it is as likely to remove some of these from their present isolated state.
The nuniber of radical forms, graphically or otherwise distirlct, which have not been verified In use, is a little above eleven hundred. By allowing for forms of identical meaning, on the same principle on which this wan done for the other class of radicals, the number is reduced to somewhat less than a thousand. An important fact, however, must be considered i n col~nection with this statement. I t is this: not only a large part of these forms, but also a co~tsiderable number of the authenticated radicals, are invested with meanings incompatible with one another, and in the latter case, with the verified sense: and many of them are assigned to two or more conjugational systems. Were all these meanings to be accepted as real, then such radical rorms should rightly be divided into as many radicals as the meanings warrant. This ~vouldprobably raise the total number considerably above

Verbal Rooks o the Sansk~.itLa7lquage. f

11

two thousand. I n some instances (as for anzb, etc.), they are thus properly separated in the Dhgtupdtha; and etymologizers are also led, when necessary, to keep them apart. I t would, however, be an ungrateful task to t r y such a separation, so long as the whole subject is involved in much doubt ancl shows evident corruption; and, in general, only the unauthenticated forms, but not their varied meanings, will be cousidered for the present. T o determine the value and character of these doubtful forms is a very precarious task. The following considerations seem, however, to be strong presumptive evidence in favor of the ungenuineness of the vast majority of them. I. THEU I ~ P R O P O R T I O N hetween authenticated and unauthenticated radicals.-Some scholars of the highest authority have, to he sure, trusted to the discoveries of a fuller investigation of the whole literature for the jnstification of doubtful forms; or have made dialectic variations and foreign borrowing responsible for this mass of strange material. Thus \Vestergaarcl, in his Radices L i t z q l ~ mSanscritr~, xpresses himself iu regard to tlie idea of fice titiousness: " RIira tamen assertio, quum tam paululum Iiterze Indicze notze sint. Puto contra quemque pibi perstlasum habere posse, eas radices, tle quibus omnes grammatici consentiant, quunl literz Indicze melius cognotz fueriut, olnnes exemplis inde sumptis l~robatasrepertum ~ri." Ueufey, in his Vollstiirzclige Branz~jzcitik cler Sanskritsprache, # 140, without questioning the genuineness of any radical given b y native lexicographers, suggests that dialectic usages and the engrafting of foreign elements have caused a great diversity of forms. A vast progress in the study of the Sanskrit literature has been made since the Danish scholar uttered his cautious words (1842), and still the unverified e l e m e ~ ~ remain virtually a t t h e same ts point as then. The very oldest records of the language have been in tlie main thoroughly sifted; and all the more important parts of the later literature, theological, philosophical, and zsthetic, have beer] searched, and still over a thousand-or shall we say over 2,000?-alleged roots have never been met with. And we are t o 1)elicve that this host of radicals will be found chiefly in that part of the post-Vedic literature which has not been investigated, in spite of the fact that the vast field actually searched shows b u t a very small root-increase even from the earliest monuments down (comp. p. 8, 2, note). In view of these considerations, i t seems reasonable to suppose that we can never hope to find, at the best, more than a small fraction of this mass in the literature. Still, there are weightier objections than these, bearing also on the other opinion-that the dictionary has been recruited from dialects or unl-elated tongues. W e refer t o :1 . T H E DIFFERENT HELATION which the authenticated and the 1 unauthenticated radicals sustain to the other material of the vocabulary.-The authenticated elements (as has been pointed out, p. 10) are, almost without exception, living germs growing and ramifying: they have given birth to new parts of speech, and

have in union with prepositions formed new verbs. So general is this principle of organic development, that i t coulcl be used with a high degree of certainty as the special touchstone b y which nncertain roots might be tested. How, then, do the unverified roots come out of such an examination? Out of about 1,000 radicals (genuine forms with unverified meaning a d well a s inflection counted), less than 150 seem to have any possible connection in sense with burrounding or similar nominal forms, viz. :~ r i g = ~ ? i s ) , ag, ugh, uud, u ) L c ~ahhr, ark, ul, ind, 2 1 qj, OF, ( ~, 1, kac, kufic, ka;, kath, kud, ha?&, kanth, knnd, kab, kurn, kard, kal, kall, kav, kil, kid, kil, kel, kut, k ~ c ?kurnh, kul, kug, k$l ('enclose'), ~, krath, kla(n)d, klih, kshur, kshmdy, khaj, khur, guj, gad, nand/&, gur (yy, 'sprinkle'), garv, gtrh, gu, g$, gard, gosh;, granth, g h a r (' shine'), gharsh (= harsh), ghur, c a ? ~ d ,cash, cit, cu?,;, jaj, jut, jinx, tal, tik, din%,tatik, tay, tar?%,tal, ddn, dyai, d m p , duar, dhi, dhish, (?/&or, dhvdiLksh, nar, rial, nishk, pa(fi)c, p(tn<, p a r n , pit, pith, piv, p u p , prtr, pQsh, phakk, bal, bid, bis, Brikk, bcit, bus, hhand, bhalE, math, ~na?s, ~ a l ,mag, mas, mcicZ, nzdrj, n rn~rpd, mur, mus, ?/ant, ray, rek, laej, vcrt, ~ru??th, vark, anrc, valbh, vit, vel, veh, gac, gath, grcnd, gav, giiLgh, gish, gun@, gQrp, gal, gron, glak,.pabhr, sarj, sur, skhad, sthul, sthir, hnth, haL The connection which these radical forms may have with certain nouns or adjectives, has been noted on the very questionable supposition that the latter are all genuine. The list would be much smaller still, were only authenticated nominal forms to b e considered. Further, it must be observed that this connection is nearly always restricted to one of the meanings of the radicals, that it extends frequently to but one or two wordb, and that it is sometimes of a very donbtful character. This apparent relation may be owing to one of three causes. Either the root-forms are genuine, ant1 have given rise to the word or words in question; or they have been invented or inferred b y grammarians to account for the same, or to serve as their denominatives; or, finally, the agreement is purely :in accidental one. It is probable that each of these causes has be6.n active; but a study of this relation, which has often too artificial an aspect to be credited as natural, makes it more than likely that the second cause has been especially instrumental in bringing it about. The fact that the greater part of these radical forms are giver1 without connection with any prepositions (contrary t o the nature of real roots, p. LO),g.i~~es support t o this opinion. Even Bohtlingk and Itoth, who maintain a cautious reserve in regard t o the real nature of tlie authenticated root-forms generally, leaving them to stand for what they may be worth, not unfrequently suggest such forms as the above t o be artificial. But these few radicals form but a small fraction of tlie whole unidentified mass. There remain about 850, which either appear like perfect strangers in the midst of clusters of words that might be akin to thern in form, but nowise in meaning, or else stand perfectly isolated in hot11 respects (there are about 300 of the latter).

Ver71nZ Roofs ?f the ~Sr~uskrit /innytnr/~.

13

Thus, while the authenticated radicals appear l ~ k everitable pra$and$ surrounded b y a generally numerous kindred, which they never, as n rule, entirely survive, t h w c mnverifiecl forms have 110 kindred, or h a l e outlived them all, i t they ever had a n y ! Tllere seems t o he no escape f r o n ~ this anom:ily, except in the suppoqition that these forms are, fiw the most part, intruders of some sort. Shall we then call them dialectic horrowingq? But the samt. objection worild apply also t o this hyl)otlnesis I t seems, namely, in tlle tirst place, entirely incredible that all dialectic clerivatives should have been completely left out, while bnch a wholesale borrowing of dialectic roots took place. Arid, secondly, what must the dialect have heeu, if this host of roots had no connection in sense whatever with so similar classical words as those b y which they are o t t e ~ ~ surro~inded, r if they tiat1 no kindred whatever in
o the literary langnage?
'I'he idea that they could he I~orrowed from nnrelatecl tongues, if
i t was ever held, needs 110 reflitation. S ~ i c h borrowing coultl only
a he sporadic, and would more likely I)e of nouns than of' radicals.
But an equally strong argument anainst the genuine character
of tlle plurality of these forms seems t o be:-
111. THII: IFFERENT RKT,ATIOV hetweeu authenticated radicals
D of kindred fhrm and meanirrg on the one hand, and unauthenti-
cated ones of the same kind on tlle o t h e r ; and tlle artificial aspect
of the latter.--The \ erifieci radicals of kindred form and rlieaning
were conrlected with one another chiefly b y means of an exten-
sion or inner lowel-change of the siml~ler root. Iiatlicals of kin-
dred meaning without any such con~~ectiorr, running on the
hut same scale, as krctnz, hlivcln~,or cr'ht~rn, blicrn, etc., tllougl~not
wanting, are conlparatively fell- in nnmhcr ; and tlre loligest series
of them c o u ~ ~ but se\en (01. nine) verbs (tcr??, etc., see
p. 7). ts AII examination of the unauthenticated forms showq thnt they, on
the contmry, are connected chirfly, nr~dto a p~.otligions ~ t e n tor1
e , the lattn. principle. Radicals witti absolutcly idelltical m e a ~ r i ~ ~ g s , and with that an:tlogy of form excludes the prillciple oi growth or decay, are so Ireqnerrt, t h a t trot far from four-fifths of' thc whole material in question call be arranged in groups of
such parallel forms, containirlg each from two or three up to
twenty or even more of them. Yo enumerate all such groups
would conseq~iently amount t o giving the hulk of tlle unverified
root-formi. K I I ~ the scatterecl connections are generally
as pointeci out i11 dictionaries, a fbw of those larqer groups which
they form when collected may here slifice as exar~iples. Thus:
kev, kheu, gev, glev, pel-, plet?, itleu, mlev, Cru ;n~e6,peb; 11ie11,le;),
arc all in the Dhtitr~pGthadefirneci by sruons or 'serve, honor:'-
unzb, kanzb, khanzb, yamb, g h n n ~ h catrji~b, u n ~ bnar)lb,pnmb, buntb,
, t , nzamb, 9um6, shnmb, strnzh, scimb ;ctrmp, chnlnp are all defined
b y yatatr (gc~tydm)or Lgo:'-~~zrt, me@, mr.et, nared (also real),
mlet qilled are defined by unmc%cZeor ' he angry :'-ktrk/c, khakkh,
gaggh, ghagh, ghrrggh are defined b y hasane or ' laugh :'-)nure,
marj, mcirj, mzg, mufij, 9 7 i r j , grd, m a w arc all gabddrthdh or words

meaning ' sound :'-tup, tulilp, tumb, tubh, tumph, tlrru, trup, cund, p b h , g~uirbh, p h rirrxph, ramph, gribh, grimbh, sribh, srinzbh, all ~ , mean ' tiurt, kill :'-arb, karb, khnrb, garb, gharb, cnrb, tarb, narb, p a d , barb, marb, larb, garb, sharb, sctrb; purp, rarph, raph, Icarv, thnrv, pharv, marv, saro, all again meall ' go :'-etc., etc. But, further, many of thcse groups represent the same meaning, and I.an into one another; anti when all words with the same definition are collected, their number sometimes reaches enormous proportions. Thus especially in case of the radical forms with the alleged meaning 'go.' Counting all unauthenticated instances (the unverified ' go ' of auth. roots, and a few Santra-roots included) not less than 336 radicals are said to have that sense. And i t will be found b y the fhllowing arrangement that nearly all of tlie~nfall, more or less ebideritly, into such groupings of analogous forms. 2 wig, talig, truliy, nauticl, r d q , lcclig, vniig, grarig, glajLg, gvcthg, suu.liy; atigh, mntigh, vah!/h; cur,yh, dtcgh, ragh; ahk, karik, tralik, marik, vatik, gratik, glatlk, grccilk, srai;k, svniLk:nakh, pzatikh, mnkh, rizarikh, rcckh, rahkh, lakh, lulilch, vaklr, vatikh, t ~ a k h ,tmlikh, 7ckh;-ikh, lilikh, trihkh, rikh, lirikh, gihkh :-phaklc, makk, vukk, shuukk, sutskk, shtskk :-tik, tik, tik, tik, tig, pik ; sek, srek, suek :-mask, nzicshk, vask, vccshk, svask, svashk, svashkh:--l~tig (= ritig) :--ac, guac, sac, aqxc, tafic, t v m c . I I Z I C % ~ ~ , vutxc, gaiic, guafic, safic. ; marc :-kru~lc, mufic, mrufic, mluRc; r?zlrcp :--kclc*, kufic, grtcc, gluc, gltciic ; ~ c h ,oich :-aj, kshaj, d l ~ v a j ,clhva6jj, vc!j, r ~ j miij, vqj, gcqj, guaFij, sqj', sagj, , tlhy,?j,dhrij, nij, u3:-jesh, ~zesh, pesh, presh, 6resh, s a y ; ij, ilh~-j, bhesk, bhresh, bhlesh, 2 ~ s hctsh, push;-pis, bis, n ~ i sv z ~pes, ves ; , , , big, lig, vig, beg :-as, I ktrs, "as, kalis, sraris :-t~ksh, daksh, juiiksh. amb, kanzb, khat~rb, guwzb, ghamb, camp, cantb, champ, tamb, nccmc',,p u v ~ b ,baitzb, ma~itb, ramb, rimb, gamb, shamb, sanzb, sdrnb, ksh7ot7p :-tcrb, kuiab, kharb, garb, gltarb, ctcrb, tnrb, tllccrv, narb, parb, phctrv, bnrb, marb, marv, larb, garb, sharb, srtrb, surv ; raph, rnnzph, rarph, varph :--kap, kyip, krap; kep, glep, prep, mep, rep, reb, rev. lep ;--pau, gav, clanv, rinv ; druv :-jam, clrum, bi.ahv~, sytcm, hrtmn~,drumr?~, ~ d :--cay, day, n a y , pay, n n nzcty, ray, uay, hay, hary, v yay (or = v i i ):-kel, khel, kshuel, cel, cell, pel, phel, vel, gel, sel ; pal, pall, phal, val, vall, gal, gall, gaal, gvall, sval, sccl, hval ;til, till:-abhl , rnabhr, vabhr :-gur, ghdr, dh.c2r.:--an, knn, kan, ca??,f ~ h a p , pen, ven, ve71,pain, kcbin, Ea??, , gun, Eon, ,jun, &U?L :--kat, katzt, k a ! ~ dnut, pa;, pay^$, gat ;c+h, math, micyzth, grlth, p a t h , gvanth ;guart, svart ;-jud, ClrrZd, drzll, lu;, luth, lunth, r u n t h ; hud, hul, hdd, ho$, haud, h r u j , hr(1tcd:it, T;, kit, suit, 5nl.i;:--dhr&, psd, vd, gd (gai), ccyd ( g y a i ):?i, gvi, hi, vevi; pli, bli, lvC, vli:--ka, klu, gx6, chyu, jyu, j h ~ jbyu, , du, da, dru, dra, dhu, dhz2, dhru, dl~r-LZ, pru, su:--(ah, anh, zr, &I, gandh, nard, vast, gc(y)ut, sidh, not referable to any of the preceding groups). This grouping, though not always certain, is with very few exceptions perfectly evident. Into the whole number 336 enter

Verbal Roots o the Sunskrit Languc~ye. f

15

abotit 65 radicals verified in other sense than 'go, move.' But these ' go'-roots, though much exceeding any others in numhcr, are not the only ones of itbnormal nnmbers and obvious classifications. Another very frequent definition is 'hurt, kill' (hirisdydnz, etc.). There are abont 110 forms with that meaning assigned to them ; and they can all, with very few exceptions, be arrangecl into 18 or 19 groups of the same nature as those above (for examples, see p. 14). Then there are about 70 equally classifiable forms (fbr examples, see p. 13), called gabddrthdfi, or wortls expressing sourid; 37 (see p. 16) mean 'speak, shine:' about 60 meat] 'speak ;' and so on. These facts, it seems, hear an aspect too evidently artificial to be accepted as t h e natural results of liriguistic proceqses. I t appears even that they indicate the very cause of such strings of voot-growth which, spreading and ~amif'yingeverywhere in rank and intricate conf'nsion, underlie the whole soil of' the language. I t seems prolialjle that the actual existence of a few similar forms with a kindred meallirig, and perl~apsal?o some noticed di:tlectic varieties of the same word, have gradually led lexicographers to an artificial extension u d l i b i t u ~ of suc11kindred forms. i~ 'l'he first cause of the extension might have been a desire t o set up roots for certain classes of words tlie real elements of which were unknown. This suppoeitiori seems coy~firmed by t h e fact, that severizl words are said to be derived from unauthenticated root-forms with which they h a \ e a seeming colnlectioll in form, but none in idea. I n coining these counterfeits, however, i t seems as if the guidi~tg principle had been a t first to model then1 in form and sense on some genuine radical, rightly or falsely ir~terpreted ; for in the greater numher of instalices the strings of kindred forms clearly show such apoirat cl'mppui. Thus, in the euamples given above, kev, kheu, gev, lev, pev, etc., all meaning ' s e n c or honor,' lean on the real root sev of the same meaning; cay, clu!y, nay, ptry, etc., for ' go,' may depel~clon a?/, ' go ;' 2 a ~ ~ ~CL)LI/, g , nzall,c/, uarzg, ctc., for 'go,' are evidently variations of 1 atin, tunrig, 'go;' further, a n , kan, film, can, c(t?b, 2 ta~z, cl/a(~!z, L~/L(cI,, rf/tr(~!t, dhua?7, hnjt, ' cl/~vra?~, ba?z, ma!, (?) van, vtric, all rl~ear~ingsound,' clearly agree with tan, kvali etc. (p. 7) ; ant1 so on. These two principles, namely, tltat of coining roots for certairt classes of wordq, and of modelling thow new vocables on true radicals not only in form, but also in sense, indel)el~dently t h e of word or class of words they mere to preside o v c ~ would seem t o , have been the bepinniuq of thc extensior~. G r a d ~ ~ a l l y , however, these principle<, I'alse from the l,eginning, ran into evcesh i r ~two directions. On ttie olie hand, the mere desire of' ndtlirig a riew vocable b y nie:Lns of this current cllangc b y ari:llogy, would seem to have given rise to a host of ihrrnq, even when there were no ~ioun-for~ns acc+onnt for Iii a few exceptional c1i:~rtges the to larger part of the alphabet is taxed for wcli lariatione. Thus, for instance, ill the series of' u~iverifiecl roots begii~liii~g J C C O ~ , ~ , amb. /ihattrh. ynmb, yha~nb, tc. (some of which stand perfectly isolated), e

orlly eight conso~lants are u~antilig as ini~ials. I t is worth 11oticing that in theqe eight instances no nouns c a l h n ~ for such fictitious radical6 are found. T h e series hegir~ilirlgarb, karb, kha7-b, gtob, etc., represents a similar case. On the other hand, the desire to account fbr words without kr~own roots probably f'reed itself iu a limited number of cases fro111 the prevailing principle of dependence o ~ r other roots (especially where no suitable ones were found), and assumed, by Inearis of iriference, meanings akin with the word to I)e explainetl. From these inferred, and no doubt a t times rightly inferred, radic:tls new-derived groups again were established. Finally some sporadic causes of a still more arbitrary nature may have been instrumental in the creatio~iof new vocables. The subject of the dilersity of definitions nlay properly be co~isideredhere. As was pointed out above, a large proportion of the authenticated root-tornis have two or several irreco~icilable mearlirlgs assigned t o then]; and marly anthei~ticatedradicals are burthened with defi~litionsnever verified. The majority of tliese defirlitiorls seem plauvibly explained by the following considerations : First, the same principle which lccl to one fictitious meaning of a radical also led to others: i. e., a certain analogy of' fbrm with another radical suggested a renewed transfer of meaning; and somrti~iles the desire to explain words, additional definitions. Thus we find, for instance, in the series referred to already, that gandh, lik, tiy, clr~c, dhru, tlhd~.,vast are ellrolled among both the ' go-' and the ' kill-'groups. Secondly, within the very defil~itionsthe idea of using closely similar words has fbr some reason, perhaps to cover an uncertainty or frorri habit, been applied. Thus the two bhdgone and Dhdsro<e, so similal. iu form but difererit in senqe, have beer1 assigned t o not less thari 37 forms, also falling into different groups, riz. : kutjg, k~lfis,vtcrig, (lafig, caris, trmis, knaris, pifis, bhyrig:-kup, gtcp, dhup:-ghn;, ghan?, glta!r&, ta&, na;, rial, pa;, pcs;, purl?, puth, rtrt, 1~;:-piiij, nci13, tutij, Z Z L I ? ~ , bhu13':--barh, varh, ball^, vark :-af~h, nzatih, r u ~ i g h , 1a1igh:-(lok, loc real in sense of ' see,' probably originally 'shine:'-vich, vfc). Tlie two meanings in question seem too different to be of so frequent occurrence together; and only one root-form (or t w o ? c*omp.p. 7) having both of them is verified iu all the language. But the insufficiency of that support has lrecn pointed out already. The weak testimoliy of ~ ( X Z Y W , pi (same p.) appears also too uncertain t o outu7eigli the artificial aspect of the proceeding. Other clefiriitiotls of a similar character are dvurune, aprcivane, Cplava?ze; upaharwpe, apuhara!~e, rcva/tam?le; thdvakara!ze, kdvukara!ze, and so on. Sometime3 by prefixing the privative a, or iri some other way, t w o col~tratlictory definitipns for the same word are obtained : as in hivp, h h p , klap, defined by oya/;t&ydm v d c i and a u y a k t d y d n ~ v&,i or in si?rksh, definer1 b y trvddore, &dcve, etc. I 1 the thircl place. the real roots were subjected t o many vague 1

Ve~hnlRoots o the LYu~r f skrit Lan yzlcxge.

17

and stumblilig or even false interpretations, which in their turn reacted on the others. A t last, as a result of the whole artificial system, we may suspect arbitrarily appended meanings. And thus the dictionary became gradually burdened with a heap of inorganic rubbish, in some parts hiding and well nigh extinguishing its real life. So uncertain are the native definitions that in sonie instances not one of those given to genuine radicals have been accepted by modern investigations. W e have yet to note one more reason for considering the niajority of the unverified root-forms as spurious, namely :IV. THE DISCREPANCY between the number of authenticated and unauthenticated radicals represented in cognate languages.Fick, in his Wbrterbuch der Indogal-nzanischen Sprachen, finds about 450 of the authenticated radicals, as here given, proved by collateral evidence to have belonged to the original Indo-European speech. But of the whole mass of unauthenticated forms or meanings, only the follou~ing80 have been by him accepted on such evidence :ugh, a d , u, kakh, kac, kan, kar (kill), kark, k r ~ c (sound), kufij, kzcd, kuh, klzu, knily (stink), kmnar, khaj, khad, khad, khav, khd, khztr, khod, gugh, gclj, gandh, g a r (sprinkle), gu, ghiir, can, cup, jhar, tip, tic, tup, tump, tuph, tun~ph,tus, trakk, truiLk, trahkh, trarig, trup, trrlqh, trump, trumnph, tvufic, drdgh, dhor, dhrap,pan, pard, pifij, bhrdg, bhdg, mac, ~ n u y ,macj (= nzajj), minv, muj, r n u ~ ~ d , runzb ((sound'), lanlbh, ua,ig, galbh, ~ L I Sgibh, glcikh, szil, sur, , skund, skhad, stak, stigh, stip, sthal, svard, hrap, hlup. Though the evidence given in their favor be sometimes convincing, it seems, however, in other instances, too weak. Thus hrup, hlap, 'sound,' are supported only by Old Norse ,qjdlj%, ' sound, roaring,' and by a reference to Lith. xlepterhti and Sanskr. julp, ' speak lowly ;-tip, stip, 'drip, - sprinkle,' by Gr. riq-os, ' bog, ditch,' riq-zo-G, ' boggy,' riq-r/, ' water-spider,' Lat. tipQla, ' water-spider ;' Lith. tepd, tkp-ti, ' smear,' stem tap. --Moreover, in a few of the 80 radicals, Fick has been obliged to assign meanings different from those given in the Dhstupbtha. Though the general conclusions from the preceding arguments would be that the vast majority of the unauthenticated forms are pure figments of the native grammarians, the probability still remains that a certain percentage of them are real, and either stored away in some unexplored part of the literature,' or, for sonie reason, never recorded there. Aside from the possible disclosures of future research, only a careful weighing of all the evidence, external and internal, should decide. The collateral evidence of cognate languages is of course
1 Occasionally a root which seemed lost beyond recovery or false will come to light. Thus the roots stigh, i'ith (reth) pldy (not really a root, but from pra + i) have been found but recently, by Dr. Scbroder, in the MaitrOyani-Sanhit&.-Bothlingk-Roth were able to add, in their Beirrage, a dozen roots, nearly half of which, however, are not given in the DhOtupOtha. VOL. XI. 3

of prime importance, but should not decide alone, unless very clear. Thus, for instance, khaj, ' stir up, churn,' is supported not ' stir only b y Gr. xvx-dmv, ' stirred-up drink,' MUM-av-c+m, about ;' Lat. coc-dtu-m,, 'stirred-up drink;' Old Norse skak-a, etc. ; but it has also several clear derivatives, as khaja, ' churning,' khajaka, (churning-stick,' etc. :-skhad, ' split,' is supported by Gr. aX&Zm, 'split,' Lat. scandula, 'splint,' etc., and is followed by s k h a d a ~ ~ a , ' cutting to pieces :'-gudh, ' cover,' besides being assisted by Gr. xei'Om, Germ. ETccut, etc., and followed by some derivatives, seems to be the older form of guh:-gharsh seems to stand in the same relation to harsh: --kakh, 'laugh,' is supported by Gr. x a u x d2w7 'laugh;' Lat. cachinn-ari, 'laugh,' etc.; but it has no derivatives. Still its meaning is not one of the current coins of the spurious vocabulary; and it fitands alone with nothing to account for, and seems to be of onomatopoetic origin. But if it be established as a genuine radical, there is nevertheless reason to suspect its satellites khakkh, gaggh, ghagh, ghaggh as arbitrary variations. Much rnore uncertainty belongs to a form like pi6j, for insta?ce. T o be sure, the meaning 'paint' seems supported by Gr. zzvy-o-S, Lat. pingo, and Slav. peg-u; but, on the other hand, i t is overlaid with such a variety of meanings besides ' paint,' as ' sound, join, adore, kill, be strong, give, take, dwell, speak, shine' ! Its natural form-derivative pifija has no connection with it in senfie; while ' paint' may be added simply to explain pi6ga (of uncertain derivation), 'tawny, red.' Finally it seems in the senses of ' speak, shine' to connect itself with the suspicious groups of those meanings given above. On the whole, therefore, the weight of evidence appears to be less for than against its genuineness. Whatever proportion of the unauthenticated root-forms may be established as true, the doubtful aspect of' the great majority of them will probably remain unchanged; and this fact gives additional weight to the warning of Curtius: " Wer nicht bloss in Bezug auf die Laute sonderri auch in Bezug auf das geistigere Element der Sprache qenauigkeit erstrebt, der wird sich beim Etymologisiren vor den a p e v v v a x d p y v a der Wurzelverzeichnisse wohl zu hiiten haben."

Verbal Rook o the Sansk9,it La7iguage. f

[Abbreviations, etc. : *, denominative.- K, occurring in the Rik and in the Atharva-Veda (roots occurring only in the latter thus indicated: comp. note, p. 7. V-D., only derived )forms occurring in the Rig-Veda.-p V., occurring in the post-Vedic (= non-Rlk or Atharva-Vedic) literature.-p- V-D., only derived forms occurring in the postVedic literature.- P., found compounded with prepositions (almost always as a new verb).-D., derived words occurring.-BR., Bohtlingk-Roth.- Curt., CurGra8smann.-Dhdt., DhAtupAtha.1 tius, Griech. Etym.-F., Fick, Worterb.-Gr.,

a ri s.*

only with t:i, divide ; render I h a A e s s , - ward off.' [ p l y ex. (DhAt., 'divide 1, not found, For from anga, 'part'? p-V; P., D.] a ri h (?), 'join' (1). [Only one very doubtful form, andha (RV.). Other forms referred to ah, aeh belong to hi: see Aufrecht, Z. D. M. G., xxv. 234; and BR., Nachtriige.] a k s h , seeunderag. a, ii k,* see under a c. u h k h," see under a e. a ,g, l g o , move,! [v-D., p - ~ . p,, D.] , i ; From it :-i l g, i stir, tremble.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] a c (a 6 4, 'bend, curve, curl ; distinguish or adorn (1)' [V., p-V. ; P., D.]. Akin:-a h k,* 'mark, brand.' [Fr. ahka (aiic), ' mark'].-a Llc h,* cling to, clasp ; draw, check.' [Gehort ohne Zweifel zu ahka ('hook,' fr. age) (?), BR. V., p-V. ; P., D.1.--d ii c h, ' bend or put straight, straighten, put right.' [p-V. ; D.] a j , (drive, throw.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] F~~~ it :-4 j set in motion, drive., . [BR. Nachtr. V.; P., D.]-e j i set . itself in motion, move, stir ; tremble,' [V.. p-V. ; P., D.] aE c = ac. n riqj, ' 'smear, anoint ; adorn, honor.' [V., p-V.; P., D.]

a t, see under a t . .. a t, go, wander, run.'

[V., p-V.; P., D . ~prom it :-a ! go about, , [p-V ; P., D.] a d, lest.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] cx n, ' breathe, gasp.' [V., P-V. ; P., D.] a m (the simple pers. form in only one passage), ' fasten, fix' (BR. Nachtr.) ; part. perf. emirans, hurtful, destructive ;' causat. 'injure ;' with abhi, 'proceed violently against, torment ;' with Sam 'approach urgently, secure one's self of; bind or unite one's self; determine, fix.' [Gr. ' proceed with might, be hurtful or destructive.' Perhaps press down, fix ; oppress, injure;' with prepositions 'press against,' etc. [V., p-V.; P., D.]
t

ay( ='
tr

F ) , 'set in motion, send forth or up, stir up ; cause to reach a place (whence 'give ; return; fit in or fix,' etc.) ; reach, meet; meet as an enemy, injure.' [V.. p-V. ; P., D.] From it :-arc ( ~ c )'shoot forth, , beam ; adorn : praise ;' with sum, 'fix, ar). [In BR. divided three roots : 1 ' beam,' 2 ' shoot,' 3 'fix:' in Gr. as here. V., p-V. ; P., D.1-a r c h (r c h), 'proceed against, attack, hurt; reach, attain to; come into possession of.' [V., P-V. ; P.11 a r j (rj), arjati, <reach, come into

(r,

The meanings appended to these forms comprise, in the main, the leading definitions recognized by the Petersburgh Dictionary, or by Grassmann's Rig-Vedic vocabulary. The principles of arrangement have been pointed out above. Any important departure from especially the former authority is noted.

'

reach out, offer :' 2 apndti, 'enjoy possession of, procure.' [p-V.; P., (food), eat.' bEp only in perf. Both D.1-ard, ' b e stirred up, be shatV., p-V. ; P., D.] tered ; strain, hurt, torment, kill ; From or akin with i t : - a k s h, (stir by prayer 7 ) ask, beg.' [V., p-V.; P., D.1-1 a r s h (r s h), arshati, ' glide ' reach, meet ; obtain.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1-n a k s h, 'reach, arrive at.' [V., onward, flow, jet; run past.' [V.! p-V. ; P., D.1-1 nag, nagati, reach, p-V. ; P., D.1-2 a r s h (I. s h), rshalz, hit, fall to the share of.' [V., p-V-D; 'push prick.' [V.. p-IT. ; P., D.1P., D.1-B F, ' get in one's power, Br: ' set one's self in motion, proceed, master ; command, possess, dispose go away ; set in motion, raise, hurl ; promote ; raise (the voice): am~ounce.' of.' [V., p-V. : D.] LV.7 P-V. ; P., D.l-+"i, ~ $ 2 'set free, 1 a s , 'be.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] let flow; flow; dissolve; separate, scatter.' [v., P-V. ; P.. D . ] - ~ i c. 2 tc s, 'hurl, shoot, throw or drive away.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 'empty, set free; give up, abandon.' LFr. ri. In Zend ' Pour out.' V;: 1 a h (only in perf.), ' speak.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1-Compare also a r t h, p.i~ I).] ; p., r i p etc., esh. 2 a h , Ijoin, string together, prepare.' a r g h,* see under a r h. [V., p-V.; P., D.] A kin :-n a h , 'bind, tie on, put on.' a r c h (r c h), see under a r. [V., p-V. ; P., D.1 1 a r j (r j), see under a r. 2 a r j ( r ii j), rfijati, be stretched, run out in a straight line, spring forward; & 6 c h, see undw a c. strive after, desire.' [V., p-V. ; P., d p , ' reach, attain to, meet; come to D.1 the possession of, obtain, win ; (pass. Akin :-2 I. a j , . make straight, set refl.) reach its end, be full or complete.' right ; lead, comma,nd.' [Gr. ; BR. [Traces of aP in aPW aPnas. [V., only 1 raj: comp. note to 1 raj. P-V.; P.r D.1 V., p-V.; P., D.] From this:-2 r d j , rule, command. [Gr. ; BR. only 1rdj: (2 r, praise' (?). [Comp. ar, arc. V. ; see r a j above. V., p-V. ; P., D.] D.1 a r t (Tt), only one ex. (AV.) with anu, d S. 'sit: dwe!l, t a m ,, settle: sink or ' seek to gain, invite' (?) ; and one with lie down, come to an" end.' [connected abhi (7). [BR., Nachtrage. V. (only with as t Comp. Curt., 568. V., AT.); P. D.] p-V. ; P., D.l a r t h,* 'strive after, wish.' [Fr. artha (ar P), ' aim, work.' V., p- V. ; P., D.1 i, (a y, B), 'go, move; go to or away,' etc. rv., p-V. ; P., D.I a r d. see under a r. From it :-in,-inv, 'cause to go a r d h , seeunder 1 v a r d h . forth, drive (away) ; force ; promote ; a r 9 (1. g)=rig (7 BR. ; see note to r i ~ ) . exercise power over, master, possess.' [inv is from in, as this from i. V., 1, 2 u r s h (rsh), see under a r . p-V. ; P., D.1-is h, five conj'l forms : a r h , 'deserve, be worth; have a right; 1 ishyati, ' s e t in rapid motion, hurl, send ; raise (the voice), announce ; be obliged, fall due : be forfeited.' stir; promote;' with anu (' set one's [V., p-V., P., D.] self in motion after,' whence) ' strive Akin:-a r g h,* only two ex., 'have after, seek, seek to win, search:' 2 a value, be worth.' [Rather dellom. ishn&ti=l, without anu : 3 ishdtz, only of argha (arh), than older form of arh, with anu and =1 : 4 khati, with or BR. D -V.: P.. D.l , without anu, ' strive after, seek to cs v, ' have joy, be pleased ; be pleased reach or win:' 5 icchati, with or with, favor, help, protect, promote, without anu, ' strive after, seek, seek like ; wish.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] to win. wish, long for; intend.' [By a 9 (a n fi : 1 acnoti, ' reach, arrive at ; BR. divided into five separate roots. Three simple forms of eshati given in come into the possession of, obtain; sense of ' seek,' etc. ; but ' they might get in one's power, master, be able;
'

Verbal Rools

of

the Sanslcr7t Laiiguage.

21

also be referred to esh.' 1, 2, 5 Xr.,' p-V. ; 3 , 4 p-V. ; P., D.1-$ s h, ' hurry or run aN,ay, flee., [Perhaps a desid, of i. v., p - ~; . p., D . ] - ~ 4, 'go, proceed, go to or run away, etc. ; go or appeal to.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1ci (fr. yci), appealingly, apply to, entreat, pray,' [T., p . ~ ;. P., D.]_y d d (fr. yd), only in pres. partic. : proceeding in union with. proceeding.' [Gr. ; BR., 'closely connected or in union with.' V., p-V-D. 1 a y*, <doaway with, expend, D,]-v squander.' [Fr. vyaya (vi, i). p-V.] i 6 g, see under a li g. i cl h ( i n d h), ' kindle.' [V., p-V. ; P. D.1 i n ( i n v), see under i.

2 u k s h, see under 2 v a k s h . u C, 'like to do, delight in'; ucita, 'suitable, just right.' LV.9 P-T.; P., D.1

~ c jh? see 2 h d (under 1 hci). j u fi, c I t , 'glean.' Ipra-ufic, 'verwischen,'

BR. : 'wischen' original meaning, F. P V . ; P.$ u (n) d, 'spring (of water), flow out; wet, bathe.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] j, Or bend down, com~ress" rV.g pmV.; P., D.] u b h, ' hold together, bind, fetter.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] u s h , see under 1 v a s : (also = I a a s , v a c).

indh=idh. i lz ?>=in.
1

i l , keep still, become quiet.'

12 6 k h, only one ex. with ni, 'roar or grunt (as an eager [BR, LV.' p-V' ; P', D'l give a R.-Vedic form, but Gr. with r n zc, see under v a r: Aufrecht and Muller read it i(. [V. (AT.), p-V. ; P.. D.] I 72 h, see under v a h. i s h, see under i. 2 12 h, ohate, 'mark, observe; suppose, judge; be considered a s ; lie in wait, watch.' [V., p-T. ; P., D.].

Z=i.
[Desid. of a lost a$, from which akshi, +eye.' e j, see under a j . T., p-V. ; P., D.] , e d h, see under v a r d h. shake" LV'l P - ~;*"9 ! li h, ' h, 6 glide, creep,? [By Gr. derived D.1 from 1 avsh; 'Vgl. h h und 1,4 ish,' a j , see under a j. BR. T., p-V.; P., D.]
A .

i k s h, ' see, behold, perceive.'

Z d, implore, beg ; honor (by sacrifices, etc.)'. [V., p-T;. ; P., D.] k a $ $ ,see under k a r s h . 6 r , see under a r. i r s h y,* 'envy.' [Probably contrac- k n t t h i'display or proclaim loudly,'
tion of irasy. p-V. ; D.]

whence) ' boast, vaunt ; extol, praise ; blame, revile.' [p-V. : P., D.] k a t h," 'converse ; tell, relate, explain, command.' [Probably fr. kalh[V-D., am, 'how ;' 'declare how.' p-V. ; P., D.] p-V. ; P., D.] k a d, only in cakdda kadanam (R$mByana), ' h e wrought a destruction' (BR.). 24, 'cheer, urge' (BR.);-' call out, an- ' [p-V. ; D.] Ilounce' (Gr.) LPerhaps k a n, ' be contented or pleased; take of BR' Only ex': V'9 A'V'; pleasure in, seek to gain, love.' [V., P., D.] p-V., P., D. ?I 1 u k s h (v a k s h), ukshati, 'scatter in Akin :-k a m, ' desire, long for ; love; have sexual intercourse with.' drops, sprinkle, make water.' only in perf. V., p-V. ; P., D.f''aksh 1 [V., p-V. ; P., D.1-k d (= k a 4 , only

Zg, see under a $ . 1 z" s h, see under i. S h, ' strive after, long for.'

22

A. H. Edgren,

one part. form, 'desire, love.' [V. ; roots, but consider them as originally D.1-k & h k s h, 'desire, long or wait one. Gr. gives one root, and considfor, expect.' [Irreg. desid. of kam. ers 'draw furrows' as the first meanp-V. ; P., D.1-c a n , ' rejoice at, deing, from which the others. Possibly light in.' [Only in two aorist-forms to be separated into two roots of (one doubtful). V. ; p-V-D. ; D.] which one akin to 1 kar, which see. Both V., p.V. ; P., D.] k a WL, see under k a n. From it (through Pr&krit):-k a t t, k a 17, p, ' tremble, shake.' [V-D., hBufeln (Anzichen der Erde um die p-V. ; P., D.] versetzten Pflanzen):' BR., Nachtr. Akin :-k u p , 'be moved, stirred, [Two ex. p-V. ; D.] or agitated, be excited, be angry.' 1 k a 1, kalayati. drive, push on; [V., p-V. ; P., D.] convey, bear ; do, perform ; provide 1 k a r (k T , s k a r), 1. 2, 5, 8 conj'l with ; notice, consider.s [ p - ~;. P., classes, ' do, make, perform,' etc. [Gr D.1-2 k a 6, kdlayati, drive or push and F. suppose skar (in askrito, etc.j along.> ; P,, D,]
to be the original form: first mean-
see
ing, ' cut, fashion.' 1n' that case it might be akin to kart, ' cut ;' kut! k a l p ( k Cp), see under 1 k a r .
(see kart) ; chur ' cut ;' car, FUY, 'split.
kill ;' (karsh, cut the soil (?), plow:). k a S h, ' rub, scratch, scratch out or
away.' [V. (only AT.), p-V. ; P., D.]
V.. p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :-k a l p , ' be arranged, be k a s, , go, move,, (nrith ,&, , right ; accord, agree ; (with dat.) be fitted or favorable for, serve to,
[Only One ex. in simp1e form' V'3
P V . ; P.j D.]
cause ; be arranged, become, happen ; see under k a n.
(acc.), produce, prepare.' [V., p-V. ; k P., D.1--kr i, .buy.' [Comp. the
k 9; 'ik s h, irreg. h i d . of k a m , see double meaning of Germ. handeln, under k an. a c t , trade.' V., p-V.; P., D.] of, men- k & g, ' shine, be lustrous ; be visible, 2 k tc r (k y), cakarti, ' think appear.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] tion with praise.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :-c a k ri s, ' shine.' [By reduAkin :-k & r t (k j t),* mention, plication of kdg, p-V. ; P., D.1relate, communicate; mention with c a k s h, ' be visible, appear ; see, perpraise, praise.' [Fr. ktrti (2 kar), ceive ; announce, say (in this sense ' mention.' V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] chiefly with the preposition 4 and k a (k k kirhti, comp's vy-8, sum-d, etc ).' [By reduout, scatter, hurl; strew or heap over.' plication of kdc, Camp, what is said [V., p-V. ; P., D.] on p. 7. V.. p-V. ; P., D.] I k a r t (kr t), kyntati, ' cut, cut to k & s, ' cough.' [Akin with kash 1 p-V.; pieces, cut off or away, split: destroy.'
P., D.]
[See 1 kar. V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin:-ku;, k u t f , 'split, crush; k i r (kr) = 3 k a r .
strike, pound.' [p-V. ; P., D.]
k t r t (kpt),* seeunder 2 k a r . 2 k a r t (k y t), krnatti, ' spin, twist.' k u = kc. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin with it :-c (Cr t)! ' bind, k , ( f i ) or bent, be , be tie, connect.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] rounded or curled.' [p-V. ; P., D.] k a r p (krp) = krap. k u t , k u t t ? see under 1 k a r t . k a r 9 ( k r g), ' grow thin or lean.' k 7( ?1 t h, 'be blunt or dull ;' (Dh&t. [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] be maimed or lame, be lazy'). [Only k a r s h (k ?' A), kdrshati, ' draw, the part, form kunthita, alone or with drag, drag along, bend ( a bow) ; draw oi, found. p-V. ; P.! D.]
to one's self or into one's power, over-
power ; press to and fro, torture ; k u t s,* ' revile, scold, show contempt for.' [Fr. kutas, when?e ?', BR. draw furrows, plow :'---a kyshbti, drawfurrows, plow.' [BR. give two l p-V. ; P., D.]

cp-~,

a, a

t, r,

Verbal Roots o the ~Yanskrit anguage. f L

k t h, p a , ' decay').
8

[only kuthita (with / except in the partic. form kldnta, D.l ' tried+'etc. [ P - ~: . P., and once caus. kothayAkin :-p r a ?n. ' be weary ; weary uti. p-V. ; P., D.] one's self, exert one's self ; mortify k u p , see under k a m p . one's self, perform acts of penance.' k u s h, tear, tear asunder or out, [V., P-V. ; P., D.1 knead.' [p-V. ; P., D ?] k l i d, ,' he damp or moist.' [p-V. ; k r( (ku), 'see, behold' (Curt. 64) ; or P., D.] have in one's mind' (BR.). [Proba- I k l i 9, klignciti, torment, injore' : klibly in one of these senses giving kali, ~ a t c , he tormented. suffer.' [p-Y. ; wise, singer,' etc. The only form p,, D,] found is d-kuvate, ' intend,' BE. Dhdt. a 1 % ~sound, ring, [P-" ; V.D., p.Tr. ; P,, D.1 L sound, shout.' P., D.] k ?I$, ' coo, hum, groan,' etc. [V. k v a t h., ' cook, boil.' [p-V. ; P., D.] (only AT.), p-V. ; P., D.]
b

ktZd, see kill.

k 72 ?2, ' contract,

shrink together or cower.' [BR., Nachtr. p-V. ; P.. D.] k Q y <{, ' leap, play,j [pv.; P., U.1 Akin with it :-k r 5 II, ' play, sport, make fun.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] k .lI (Ail!), ' burn, scorch.' [Only five i times (RV. k5C). [V., p-V. ; P., D.] k n y, only one ex. with abhi, ' moisten, wet.' [p-V. ; P., D. I ] k r cf k s h, 1 roar? (1). [only in part. dtm. Onomatopoetic ? V., D.] k h, give vent to joy, be wan[one ex., B ~ . xachtr, -V. ; , p P., D.] k r a,ra d, ' neigh, roar, crack, wail.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] k r u p (k a v p , ~ T Z J ) , ' long, grieve ; moan.' [V., p-V. ; P., T).] k r u WL, ' go, proceed, go through ; go or apply one's self to.' [v., p - ~ . P., D.] k r i, see under 1 k a r. k r 2 d, see under k t2.r d.

k s h a n =kshan. k s h a d, ' carve or distribute (meat) ;

carve for one's self, take (food), con[Only five ex. (4V'). V', p-V. ; P., D.] k s h a r l ( k s h a p ) , see under 2 k s h i .

1 k s h a y , ' be abstinent, do penance.'

[Akin to ksham through the unau' endure ' ? thenticated h h a p-V. ; P., D.] 2 k s h QP,'destroy,' causat. of k s h 4 which see. k s /L a Y I L , 'be patient, submit; endure, beab be contented with; pardon, suffer.' [Comp. 1 kshap. V., p-V.; P., D.1 k a/& r, 'flow, glide; How apart or a away, disappear; pour out.' [V., P-V. ; P., D.] From it (as causat.) :-ks h a 1! khdlnyati. ' wash off.' [kshal (kshalati), ; "S a variation of kshar given in the Dhdt., but not found. p-V., P., D.] k s h a l , seeunderkshar.

k r u dh, become a,ngry.' [V., p-Q. ; P., D.] k r u p, cry, shriek ; cry against,

(ks hu i), burn, parch.' [By Gr. connected with 2 kshi, ' destroy' : by Brugman, Morphol. Untersuch'n, with ghm. V., p-V.; P., D.] 1 k s h i, I ksheti, 'dwell, abide': 2 ksha[camp. kraksh. Q,, p - .;~ yati, (' dwell in ' whence) 'possess, P., D.] exercise authority over, rule.' [More a d, t make [Only once original form in hh6, 'dwelling,' in the K&th.-recen'n of Ykj. V.] hxhatva, 'dominion.' BR. give two a t h , ' turn round or form itself roots, but suggest their ultimate ideninto balls' (BR.). [Only one ex., k2atity. V., p-V. ; P., D.] than, in the Vdjasaneyi-sahh. P-V. ; k h i , destroy, annihilate, harm; ='.I perish ' (Gr.). [Original form ksha in l a m, 'become tried or exhausted or tuvi-hha, etc, v,, p - ~; . p., D.] lax ; wither, pine.' [Hardly found Causat. of this (BR.) : 2 k s h a p , ' de-

k h (2 s

Jc

stroy, remove.' [Probably through ksha. p-V. ; P., D.]. Akin :-k s h a n (k s h a n), hurt, wound, break ;' (Atm.) 'be hurt.' [Fr: k original ksha? V. (only AT.), p-V., P., D.] k s h ip, throw, hurl ; scatter, pour; cast away, reject: despise, scold; (throw and) hit; throw down, destroy; pass away (time); set down.' V., 1 p-V.; P., D.] h u, ' sneeze.' onomatopoetic 1 p-V.; P., D.]

grieved: be wemy or enervated.' [Gr. and F. refer it to khad. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] h u cl, pene percuterc.' [V., p-V. ;

h e l, ' swing, shake, rock.' [Comp.

kshel. p-V.; D.] d , originally 'behold, see ' (BR., Gr.); the simple verb found only in pass. and causat.: pass. ' b e known, be noted announce, reveal ; praise.' or famous' ; calls. ' make known,

P., D.]

kshzc>h, 'hunger.' [V., p-V.; P.,

[Fr. gana, ' flock.' p-V. ; P., D.] cheek.' [Only one ex. p-V.] pecially of liquids, but also fig.), tremble; stumble (morally).' [V. (only g w c?, 'utter, express, speak.' [V. (only AV. ; V-D.); p-V. ; P., D.] AV.), p-V. ; P., D.] k s h n U, 'whet, sharpen.' [V., p-V. ; g a d h, only in gadhita, with 6, ' clung to.' and with pari, 'clung around, P., D.] k s h v i @, produce any inarticulate embraced.' [V. ; P., D.] sound, hum, buzz, roar,' etc. [kd~cid, g a rn (g a c h), ' go, move, come; go same meaning, given in DhQt.,but not away, pass; go to (with acc), attain found used. p-V. ; P., D.] to.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] Varied gd, 'go, k s h v e 1, ' leap, play.' [Comp. khel. come; go form :-1 to.' jigdti, p-V. ; [V., or attain p-V.; D.] P., D.l 1 g a r ( g g ir), grpdti. 'call out (to), invoke, hail ; proclaim, relate ; k h a c, leap o'r step forth' (1); khacita, [Thus BR. ; Gr. con' filled (or mingled) with; furnished praise,itextol.' giri, ' hight, mountain,' nects with or adorned with ' (BR., Nachtr.). and others, and supposes 'raise, exrp-v.; P.] -a l t ' as the first meaning. Comp. 3 jar. V.. p-V.; P., D.] k h a fi j, 'limp.' [Only kha@'an, twice. Prom it :-gar j (g rj), 'bellow, p-V.; D.1 P., D.1-g a r d, k h a n d,* 'break in pieces, divide ; roar, thunder.' [p-V. '; (DhAt.). [Only ' emit a sound, roar shatter ; interrupt ; disappoint. deone ex., BR., Nachtr. p-V.1-g a r h, lude.' [Fr. khanda, (khand, 1 Qtm., ' complain ; make complaint against, 'break,' not found) 'break, piece.' blame, accuse.: [V., p-V. ; P., D.1p-V. ; P., D.] g u r (g L2 r ) found simple only in k h a d, 'be firm or hard.' [Only one garta, ' approved, welcome, pleasant.' [The comp'd forms all contain the partic. form. V-D., p-V. ; D.1 express :' k h a n, ' dig, dig or root up ; bury idea ' utter, hail'? V., gur, ' express pleasure at, p-V.; P., D.] (=nikhan).' [V., p-V.; P., D.] -g B r d h , 'praise.' [Only one ex. k h d d, 'chew, eat, devour.' LV., p-V. ; Fr. g u r . V.] P., D.1 2 g a r (9 f , g i r), girhti, gilati, k h i d ( sk h i d, only in infinit. skhiddm, 'swallow, devour ; eject (= udgar).' [V., p-V: ; P., D.] AT.), 'press down; be depressed or D.l g a yz,* count, sum up, number ; count k s h u p , in one passage in RQmA~ana: as, consider ; take into consideration.' meaning? BR., Nachtr.

k s h u b h, 'be moved or agitated (es- g a n @,* denom. of ganda,

t,

Verbal Roots of the Sanskrit Language.

26

From it :g r a s , 'eat, devour, swal- y Q r (with ud, in sense of ' raise') low.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] = guy. 3 g a r ( j ic g a r , intens., only form q n r d h , see under 1 g a s . found), 'be awake or watchful, watch; r a (re) t h , tie or string together, guard, attend.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] unite, fasten ; begin' (BR., Nachtr.). g a r j (g yj), see under 1 gar. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] g a r d , see under 1 gw. g r a 6 h (g r a h), seize, take.' [grabh g a r d h (g y d h), ' strive after, covet, usua,l form in RV. ; g ~ a hprevailing form in AV., and the only one in the be greedy of.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] later literature. V., p-V. ; P., D.] B a r h , see under 1 gas. g r a s , seeunder 1 g a ~ . g a 2, ' drip, trickle, fall away, disappear ; fall, tumble.' [gal., ' sprinkle,' g r a h = g r a b h . in DhOt., not found used. p-V. ; P., g l a h, 'play with dice, gamble.' [p-V. ; D.] D.1 g a i h h , ' be bold or determined.' g 2 d (g Z a i), ' be weary, faint, fade ; [p-V. ; P., D.] be averse to, dislike.' [By ,Brugman, hlorphol. Untersuch'n, derived from 1 g d , see under g a rn. gal. V., p-V. ; P., D.] 2 g & ( g a i), gciyati, ' sing ; proclaim or sing about in verse, praise in song; sing to (acc.).' [V., p-V. P., D.] g d h, drive into, penetrate ; hide one's g h n be busy with, strive, endeavor ; reach, attain, succeed ; come to pass.' self, be lost in.' [gah, in DhBt., not [V., p-V. ; P., D.] found used : comp., however, note to janh. V., p-V.; P., D.] g h a t ( , see u n d e r g h a r s h . g u ' sound' (DhBt.); only in redupli- g h a r (g h y), 'besprinkle, drop on.' cated forms, 'cause to sound, speak [V.. p-V. ; P., D.1 . out, proclaim.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] From it : - g u iij ' hum, buzz.' ' h a r s h (ghysh), 'rub, grind; rub or tear open, make sore; rub in.' [Simple form gzq of Dh&t. not found. [p-V. ; P., D.] p-V. ; P., D.] From it :--qh a :t, rub or toucll g U iij, see under g u. gently in passing, graze ; strike g u n 8 h , ' close, cover.' [p-V.: P., D.] against, shake, set in motlon ; touch with words, revile.' [p-V. ; P.. D.1g up,"see under pd. g h u s h , same as g h a r s h . [Only 2 g u ( m ) p h , see under g u s h p . ex.. causat. with ni, ' crush b~ st am^ing, pound.' p-V. ; P., D.] " g u r (g T), see under 1 g a T. ' consume, devour, eat.' [V., g zc l p h, only one ex. of uncertain I h ct s, P., D.] p-V. ; meaning. [BR., Nachtr., perhaps From ja h, = gumph, ' form in a series, enjoy by jakshiti, ' it by redup1'n:-1 p-V. k sP., devour, eat.' [V., ; turns' ? p-V. ; D.] =.I g 7i s hp, only in gushpita (RV.), ' en. g h t c 8, only with ava, ' cover, veil ;' twined or twisted together.' [Not and i3yd, 'turn round.' [p-V. ; P.] given separably by BR. or by Gr. ; but referred to guph, which is said to 1 g h rc s h , ghbshati, ' sound loudly ; be derived from (BR.) or to be identicry out, announce loudly, proclaim ; fill with noise.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] cal with (Gr.) gushp. See also F., I., D . 7 7 . T.1
-2 2 g h u s h , see under g h a ~ s h . From it :-g u p h (g u m p h), twine 2 or string together.' [guph only one I g h 7 T F , 'move to and fro, shake, waver, quiver.' [p-V. ; P., D.] ex. ; gumph three, BR., Nachtr. See remark under gushp. p-V. ; D.] g h r ci, ' smell, scent ; smell or snuff g u h, ' cover, veil, hide.' [V., p-V. ; at ; kiss (esp. with abhi).' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] P., D.]

t,

26

A. H. Edgren,
c i (k i), ciketi (early form), cinoti classic form), ' observe, gaze upon, investigate, seek.' [Often identified with 1 ci; and with vi- the meanings (' search out,' etc.) of the two roots are very similar. V., p-V. ; P., D.] a k i n :-c i t. ' observe, notice : intend, have in view, desire; know, understand; make one's self noticed, appear, be known.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] From dhis :-c i n t, thlnk, have an opinion; reflect; think of, reflect upon, consider.' [p-V.; P., D.1Comp. also khyd. c i, eayate, 'detest, hate ; take revenge on, punish.' [Thus BR. ; by Gr. not separated from 2 ci. Comp. 4 ci. V., p-V.; P., D.1 4 C i (Cd y), cdyati, 'be timid or apprehensive about (acc.), fear ;' (dtm.) ' act timidly or with reverence.' [Comp. 3ci. V.,p.V.; P.,D.] c i t , see under 2 c i. c i n t , see under 2 c i. c u d, ' whet, sharpen (Gr.) ; incite, drive on, speed, procure rapidly; further, help; press with a request, urge, demand ; determine.' [V., p-V.; P., D.l c u p , 'move.' [Only two ex. V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] c u ~ Y L , 'kiss.' [p-V. ; P., D.] 6 c u r , 'steal.' [p-V. ; D.l c 12 r see under c a s v C Q s /L. o n l ~ pass., 'boil, flow vioin [BR. ; lently ; l Eaus. - l suck out., DhLt. 'suck.' [p-V.; P., D.] c e s h t, 'move the limbs, struggle, strive ; move, be busy ; do ; exercise ; visit.' [V. (only AV.); p-V. ; P., D.] c y 26, 'shake, move, stir, start; go forth or away; flow or fall out, trickle; fall away, perish ; bring about, make.' [V., p-V.. P., D.] 1 c h a d , chddayati. ' cover, veil ; con-
ceal, hide; protect.' [V., p-V.; P., D.]
2 c h a d (chand), see u n d e r ~ c a n d .
c h a r d (Ch y d), ' pour upon, sprinkle' (only one ex.); caus. ' pbur out; vomit.' [p-V. ; P., D.] c h & (co), ' cut.' [Only with prep'ns. Akin to khan? V. (only AV.), p-V. ; P., D.]

c a k,only forms cakita (alone or with

pra), ' terrified, intimidated, trembling ;' and (ue)cakanti, look up, see.' [BR. ; Dhdt., ' be contented ; resist ; shine.' p-V. ; P., D.] c a k cis, see under k & c. c a k s h , seeundcr k6.c. c a 6 c, leap, jump.' [p-V. ; D.]

c cc t, ' be' separated or loosed, fall

0ff.l

LComp. cal. p-V. ; P., D.] c a t , ' hide 'one's self ;' (caus. ' cause to hide ;' whence, 'drive or scare away).' [Uncomp'd only in part. pr. and past. V., p-V.; P., D.] c a n , see under k an.

c a n d ( 2 ) seeccand. c a m , ' take into one's mouth (esp.

drink), lap.' [V., p-V.; P., D.]

c ct r, 'go, move, travel; go or run

through ; pass (one's time or life), be ; go to, (fig.) practice ; attend to.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :--c a 1, ' move one's self, stir, quiver : set one's self in motion, start, set out, depart ; march ; depart from one's track, get in disorder ; swerve, desert (abl.).' [Later form of cas. V. (only AV. ; RV-D.), p-V. ; P., D.] -2 j a r (j?.), jhrati, 'move on : move near, approacl~.' [V.] - j T i, ' go, move' (7). [Only in hprr,jirayati, ' ~roceed Gr : 'extend.' BR. The to.' deriv. pwijri, ' running about,' Gr. ; ' running about or spreading around,' BR. V. ; P., D.1-6 a 1, only with ud (pra-ud, sum-ud), 'fly or start up, arise.' [Dhdt. ' go.' Found only in partic. pr. and past. p- V. ; P., D.]

n,*

c a r c, ' repeat ; cover over with (also

gleichsam verdoppeln, BR.).' [p-V. ; P., I).] c a r t (cyt), seeunder2 k a r t .

c a r v, crush, chew.' [p-V. ; D.]

Akin :-c r n*, ' reduce to powder, crush.' [Fr. c h a (c~arv), dust, pow' der.' p-V.; P.] c a I, see under c a s.

1 c i, cinoti,

' place in order, arrange, pile up, build ; collect, gain ; set with, cover.' [See note to 2 ci. V., p-V. ; P., D.]

Ver6al Roots of the Sanskrit Langua,ye.

c h i d, 'cut off or to pieces, split, pierce ; interrupt ; destroy.' [I.-Eur. skid@). V., p-V. ; P., D.] r, scratch or cut in, engrave, etch :' (caus. adorn by rubbing; powder I ) . [See 1kar. p-V. ; P., D.]

27

j a 6 h,

intens., strike with the wings Gr., Kachtr., makes or feet, kick.' it an intens, ga,~ .i(=gbh), 'hide one's self,' Camp. also Benfey, Giitt. gel. Anz., 1866, p. 742, etc. V., p-V.; P., D.] l j a k s h , seeunderghas.: 2 j a k s h , seeunder h a s . j a j h , j h, ' Hy or hiss like a spark ' (BR.). [Only one pr. part. Camp. next. Onomat. V.] a ri4, fly or hiss like a spark! glim- 1 j i, idya'i 'gain! gain by victory, merpart Gomy, jojhjh, (1). [DhOt. 'fight.' vanquish, surpass.' [V., victory D.] acquire, conquer ; gain apP.; over, P., y From it :j d, conquer, overj a n, ' generate, bear, produce, cause ; power; oppress, fleece, deprive ; be oppressed,' etc. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] procure ;' (Otm.), lbe generated,' etc. [U., p-ST.; P., D.] 2 j i, jinoti, ' enliven, quicken.' [Only j a p , 'mutter or whisper; pray to or in ~ r C i jinbshi, RV., 438, 1. Gr. as call in a low voice.' [Comp. jab. here; BR. refer it to prajinv. y.; p-V. ; P., D.] P..D.] From it :j ' i n u, j a 6 h ( j a 6 h), snap at or seize with 1 stir, enliven ; further,stir, be active ; promote, favor ; the mouth.' [ C o m ~ . Kuhnl 'eitsch'., grant (prayer), satisfy.' [\i.!p - ~ . I. 123. V., p-V.; P., D-] P.,.] j l : , .live ; revive ; gain one's D i Akin :-j h, ' gape. yawn ; pant, I livelihood,' [By reduplication of ji, breathe heavily.' [Gr., with Benv,,p-T. ; P,. D,] a, press forward, fey, connects it with hR; BR. with be stirring or active; set in rapid jrambh' . ; V a : motion, drive ; urge on, stir; furtiler. ( jmbh), ' Open the jaws, yawn ; ~ help.' [Camp. jinv. pr. earlier open (also of flowers), spread, stretch, arise; feel well or at ease (=have
(jci)? v., p-V, ; P., D,l
elbow-room, BR.) ; fly back (of a bow, j i n U, see under 2 ji.
= 'be stretched out, BR. ; = snap).' j ; v, see under ji,
[V., pT.; P., D.]
see under ' j a r . j am such a mot seems supported j " (' by jamad in jamodnqni, but its mean- j r s h, .be satisfied or pleased ; be ing is unknown. By some considered / pleased with, enjoy, like, love; resort = ram, 'go ;' by others said to mean to with pleasure, dwell i n ' [v., P-v,; ' consume' (DhOt.), ' blaze.' P., D.] jn.n?bh=jabh. j d, see under 2 j i . 1 j c( r ( j f), ihrati, jiryati, ' decay, be j 22 t, see j h a t. worn out, moulder, become old or decrepit ; be digested, dissolred.' [Orig- (1 T = j u 7. 22 inally ' rub to pieces.' Comp. Euhn v, under jv a r, Zeitschr. 9, 29, n. 11; Curt. 130. V., p-V.; P., D.] j e h, see under ja b h.

oL

Akin :-jar j (?)! jarjita, 'mangled,

wounded,' found (twice, p-V.1, but
probably for jarjarita, (jarjara, jar),
u r (jar), ' decay ; become de-
crepit or old, perish.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1 2 j a r, see under c a r . 3 j a r , jarate, crackle, roar (of the fire) ; call out; call on, invoke.' [BR. ; G r ' sing; ' whence fig.. ' crackle. ' C O m ~ . gar. V.,, PVmD. P., D.] ; .b*ln : i a l I J , ' speak indistinctly, mutter; speak about; address.' [Camp. jap. V-D.s p-V. ; , D.] j C6 r j (?) see under 1 j a r. j a Ep, see under 3 j a r.
j a s, 'be tired out or exhausted.' [V.,
P-V. ; P.,
D.1 j d g a r , see under 3 g a r .

Vy~lOne 1
1

(?I,

1 1

A. H. Edyren,
I know ; perceive, learn ; recog1 t a n, lanoti(tanvate), extend, stretch; nize, approve.' [Akin to jan ? V., last ; spread, diffuse itself (of light) ; p-V. ; P., D.] shine ; extend to, grant, cause.' [Curt., 230, and others connect 2 tan, ' thunj y d, see under 1j i. der,' as a secondary meaning, with j y u t , see d y u t . this, but the connections seem forced. j r a m b h ( j r m b h), see under j a b h. BR., Benf., Corssen, Pott and Gr. connect it with stan. V., p-V. ; P., D.] j r i, see under c a r . Akin :-t d y, stretch. extend.' Comj v a r, l be hot or feverish.' [V-D., Pare Pass of t a n P-v.i P.; D\ p-V. ; P., D.] 2 t a n, see under s t a n (and note to 1 Akin:-jtl r v, ' consume by heat, tan]. scorch, burn.' [Simple form in ni-jzlr, etc. V. ; p.1-jv a Z, 'glow, blaze; t a n.d, ' relax, let go, grow weary. [V., p-V-D.; D.] burn.' [Later form of jvar. p-V. ; P., D.] t a p , 'give out heat, be warm, shine j v a z , seeunderjvar. (of the sun) ; warm: heat, make glowj h a ! only in uj-jhutita (v. i. uj-jktita), ing, shine upon ; be burnt or burn , U ; be pained ; cause pain, torture ; P 6 brought into confusion,' [p-V. ; p., chastise, mortify.' LV., p-V. ; P., D.] D. ?I t a m , ' lose one's breath, suffocate, faint away, perish, be exhausted; be t a 6 k , 'cover' (?); vi-tahkita, 'stamp- still or immovable, grow stiff.' [V., p-V. : P., D.] ed, marked ; laden with.' [BR. ; Akin with it :-ti m; ' be quiet or compare also Nachtr. p-V. ; p., D ?] immovable.' 'be moist or wet.' p-V.; D[Pzd'mp. also r t l m . $ a m, 'resound as a drum.' [Only t a r ( 6 ?, t i r ; t u r in optat.), pass across (esp. a river, etc.), or through one ex. p-V. ; D ?] Or Over, cross Or 'peed over ;' (fig' $ a b, only with vi, L imitate, equal ; ' perform, succeed in ; master, overmock, [Dh&t. 'throw, power; help across, save,' etc.). [V., hurl.' p-V. ; P.] p-V.; P., D.] From it :-t a r d (t 7 d), ' bore thro', d 2, see under 2 d i. cleave, split open; set free.' [V., (taus. ' bring, Pro$ h a n k, ' p - ~;.p,, ~ , ] - t ir.* 1 accomplish, percure'). [p-V.; P., D.] form snccessfully.' [Fr. ttra (tar), ' shore ;' = bring to the shore.' Only one ex. p-V.1-t u r (t 5 r), ' press forward, hurry on ; overpower' (Gr.). t a li s, ' shake, move to and fro ; shake [Shorter and older form of tvar (BR.), or pour out (fig. a wish).' [According whlch see below. V., p-V. ; P., D.] to Gr., from 1 tan; comp. also unau--turv (tllrv), ' advance victoriously; thenticated tas = upakshepe. V., p-V.; overpower, conquer, overtake ; help p.1 t a k , 'shoot forth, dart (ssp. of birds), ~ , ~ ~ q ~~~ , r ~v B ~ l; , ~ : speed.' [V. ; P., D.] save.' [Ori inally 'help across.' T., t a k s h , see under t v a k s h . p-V. : P., D3-t r u t, t r u d, 'be split a ji C, Only with (and abhyti), , cause or rent, burst ; be left out or lost' (BR., Nachtr.). [Fr. tard. p-V.; D.] [ P - ~ .P., D.l ; to flow -t v a r, 1 speed, hurry.' [Later form t a t , 'rumble.' [Only one ex. p-V.; of tur, which see above. V. (only AV.), p-V. ; P., D.] D.1 t a d, ' strike, chastise with blows, t a r k , ' suppose ; try to form an idea knock ; strike a musical instrument, about, conjecture ; reflect on, consider, think of; expect.' [TVeber, originplay ; knock against, (whence) partly eclipse ; multiply.' [Gr. connects it p-V. ; ally ' turn, twist, torquere.' P., D.] with tard. V., p-V. ; P., D.]

j ?z

[Figlt,

Verbal Roots of the Sarzskrit Lauguage.

29

t a r j , threaten ; blame, revile.' [p-V. ; t r u t ( tr u $1, see under t a r . P., D.] t v a k s h, only in pratvakshdna (RV.). t a r d , ( t y d ) , see under t a r . 'prevailing in power, superior.' [Act a r p i t T P , t m p ) , be sated or cord'g to DhBt. =tnksh, (create, effect.'
6

Or&" form tusk, Curt., 235. Camp. be satisfied or pleased,' [V., the deriv. Icahxhas, 'activity, active p-V.; P., D.] power, vigor.' V. ; D.]. t a ? s h (tF sh), 'thirst.' [V., P-V. ; " Akin:-t a k s h, 'fashion (esp. of P., D.] wood, also fig.), build, chisel; create, Prepare ; cut off, split.' [Camp. note t a y h (t y h, t ri h), ' crush to pieces, V.l pvV.; P . ~ grind, squash.' [Ir., p-V. ; P., D.] t v a ri g , %leap, gallop.' [Only two ex. t ii y, see under t a n. t d v, only once (in AV.), vitdznti, t a r, see under t a r . for which BR. suggest z;idhd,uati. t 2, i S h, 'be in violent motion, be agit i j , be 01. become sharp ; sharpen tated ; stir up, revive ; glitter, sparkle.' (caus. sharpen ; goad on, incite.') [V., p-V-D. ; P., D.] [T., p-V. ; P., D.] t s a r, ' creep; creep np to, gain by t i jn, see under t a m. sneaking.' [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] ti'r," see under t a r . t u, ' have power, be capable, succeed.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] d a fi p=daF. t ZL (%)j, strike, push, impart a rapid , or violent motion to, hurl ; press out, d a f i (?)? only the caw. from dansayas (RV.. 964, I), 'didst chastize,' hurl forth, squirt out; impel, incite, Gr. [BR., with Nirukta, refer it to urge on.' [V. ; P., D.] dafisi = karma%. Orig'l meaning d, ,push, prick, goad, lash, bruise.l ' shorn, teach ' (Gr.). V., p-V-D. ; [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] D.1 t u r, see under t a r. d a k s h , 'do right; be competent or t u r v, see under t a r. strong.' V., p-V. ; D.] From it (as desid.1 t J, z lift ; lift and weigh, balance, pare one's self for the :-dt k s h 'preperformance of examine cautiously, test ; make equal a sacred rite (esp. the Soma in weight, esteem equal, ma,tch, com[Orig'ly, 'try to make one's self compare.' [Camp. d d . P-V. ; P., D.1 petent,' p-V. ; p., D,] V. ; P., 9, tc;cate~ ' d a g h, I reach, attain to,' [Not found 2 t 2( 9, see under t u s h. uncomp'd : with pagc&(t).'fall behind, fall short of ;' ati, 'reach above. pass t h, become or be beyond ;' d, ' attack, inflict harm ;' pleased; please" P - ~; ' pya, 'fall.! V,, p-V. ; P., D.] P., D.] ' chastise, punish.' [Fr. Kindred or same root :-2 t u c, 'be 1 d a 'L $, quiet ; pacify.' [In two RV., and two W d a , rod.' p-V. ; D.] AV. passages.] da(Z=l d d . t .i2 r , see under t a r . dccdh=l d h d . t y a j , lleave, abandon, reject; go away d a n, 'be straight; straighten, correct.' from> quit; let go, give /Only two ex,, besides the uncert. give away send Or shoot Off'' LV'' desid. diddhsate, by BR. referred here. p-V.; P., D.] V.1 t r a p , 'be embarrassed or ashamed.' d a b h (d an& h), 'bring harm upon, b [p-V. ; P., D.] injure ; deceive, betray.' [V., p-V. ; t r a s , 'tremble, shudder.' [v.,p-V. ; P.?D.] P., D.] d a m, .be tame(d) or gentle ; (gen'ly) t ,r $ (t r a i), see under t a r . tame, subdue.' [V., p-V.; P., D.]

tV',

Veda1 Roots d Z d h f = dh%. d Cp, see under d y u t. d i g (diu?), 'play (about,

the lSanskrit La?~gzbage.

1 d r d , see under d r n m . 2 d r d (d r a i), drbyati, ' sleep.' [V-D.,

P - ; ~ D.l P.l gen., instr., dat., acc.), play at dice ; wager ; play, d r 26, see under d r a 712. (cast, hurl ; beam, shine '1.' d r l l h, ' harm, seek to harm.' [Orig[The root dio is gen'ly given instead inally 'bend'? a root of dtl! (so Dh$it,, En,, Gr,). but the dhru, yet found as a V', theme is always dtc-. The infefred p-" ; P.7D'] and commonly accepted meanlngs Akin :-d h 6?" v (d h r ' bend, ' cast, beam, shine ' seem too quescause to fall, injure.' LFr. dhvar, betionable (supported, at best, by a low. V., p-T. ; D.1-d h i' a r (d h 1; ?), rliv besingle doubtful example). ' bend, cause to fB11. ' [Connected comes dyd in its othcr forms, as the with druh through dhru, yet found a s
noun &ir. dyu. Comp. dyut.] a verbal. V-D., p-V. ; D.1-h u r c h,
(d 1, 'burn, be consumed (fig. by , 8 go crookedly, swerve, be lost.' [Fr.
' pain, etc.1 ; burn (fig. Cause pain or / hoar, below. p - T ; P., D.1-h r 71,; grief, torment, etc.'). [Old form dun?: [By Gr. made 1 be bent or crooked,' in part., etc. p-V. ; P. D.] identical with hvar. V., p-V. ; P., D.1-h i , a r (h z: ?), ' bend one's course d u g / . = duh. from the right direction, go crookedly dz6 d h, see under d h 6. or astrav: bend; bend down;' IT.. d u l, ' swing, shake.' [Only in part. p-V. ; @., D.] -h I; a 1, ' go astiay, pr, and past. ~ h & ti raise or lift up, , swerve, be lost; stumble, fall.' [Later form of hvar. P-V. ; P.3 D.1 swing.' If so, connected with tul P p-V.; D.] drt2. 'seeunder d r a m . cz 7c s h, ' be spoiled, become bad or cor- d v i s h, 'hate, loathe.' [V., p-V. ; rupted or defiled; commit a sin.' [V.. P., D.] p-V. ; P., D.1 d u ?A (dug h), milk, extract (fig. an
advantage, etc.) ; yield milk, emit, let
flow (fig. things desired, etc.).' [V.,
d h a n , d I ~ u n v see under d h h . , p-V. ; P., D.l clt2 = d u. d h a n (d h m ii). 'blow, blow or z el y u t , 'beam, shine.' [If the root dir, breathe out ; hurl forth ; fan ; inflate ; ' shine' is real, then dvut would be blow (an instrument) ; manufacture by blowing, melt.' [By Gr. derived derived from it (div = diu). V., p-V.; from dhil. V., p-V. ; P., D.] P., D.] akin:-j y u t, ' shine.' [V-I)., p-V.; d h a r (dh r), ' hold or bear, support ; P., D.1-1 d i (d 2 d 2, d t d i), dz'dyati. (fig. contain, confirm ; keep, preserve ; 'beam, shine ; shine forth.' [V.. p-V. ; retain, posscss; bring, etc.).' [V., P., D.1-dip, 'blaze, burn.' [Old p-V. ; P.. D.1 causat, of di, above. V., p-V.; P., D.] From it:-dar h (d? h, d y ll h), 'make firm or constant, fix, fasten; d r a m, only intens. dandramyamiina, (htm.) be firm,' etc. [V., p-V.; P., D.] 'running or wandering about.' [Dhbt. ' run about, wander.' p-V. ; D.] d h a r s h (d h ? s h), be bold or coura k i n :-d a r i d r R (intens. of drii, ageous: have courage (to do), dare.' below), ' b e poor7 (lit. ' wander about V., p-V. ; P., D.] as a beggar'). [Set up as a root to ex- cl h a 77, see under d h 6 . plain darBd~,a,' beggar.' p-V.1-1 rl r d , drdti, 'run, speed.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 1 d h ii (d a dh), dhdhdti, Iput, wet, -d r u. ' run, speed ; run away ; run place ; (fig. bring; give. assign; cause: against, attack suddenly ; become bear, hold; fix, determine ; assert, flowing, mclt.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1etc.).' [V., p-V.; P., D.] d r 6 , 'hurry after. pursue' (Gr.); 2 d h c2 (d h e), dhhyati, ' suck, drink.' 'fetch a blow, hit' (BR.). [Only
[V., p-V. ; P., D.]
once in part. dranblza. V., D. (verbal 1, 2 d h d v , see u n d e r d h a .
in compln).]

*"

''

satisfy, rejoice, n a k s h , seeunder1 a$. please.' [p-V.; P., D.] TL a see under n a r t. d h E (d t d h t), ' appear, seem ; perceive, 7z a d, ' swing, vibrate ; sound, roar, consider; wish?' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] neigh.' [' vibrate' hardly except in Akin:-3 d t with accha, 'direct caus., 'cause to vibrate or tremble.' one's mind upon, turn affectionately Gr. considers it as an intens. and
towards.' [In three RV. ex.; for caus. develop't of the meaning
dht perhaps, by faulty writing. V.; I sound.' V., p-V. ; P., D.]
P., D.1-d h y d (dh y a i), 'think of, ' roar, cry,' etc.
Akin :-nard, consider, have in mind.' [V., p-V.; [p-V. ; P., D.]
P., D.] n a rz d, ' be satisfied or pleased.' d h z k s h , see under d i h . [V., p-V. ; P., D.] dhu=dhC. n cx b h, burst, tear.' [V., p-V. ; P., DI d h ,12 (d h u), ' shake, shake off or down, )z a m , 'bend, bow; bend or submit to ; avoid; change.' [V., p-V.; P., move rapidly to and fro ; fan, kindle : D.1 shake one's self, bristle up.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] From it:-du dh, only in dodhat, dance, ' rushing, boisterous ;' and dwlhita. n u r t ( 1 7~ t),P., D.] act on the stage.' [V., ; 'confused.' [By redupl'n of dhd. From it :-nu f, ' dance.' [p-V. ; V. : D.1-d h a n , 'cause to run, set in
P., D.1
rapid motion.' [By short'g of dhunv, below. V. ; P., D.1-dh a n v , 'run, I n a r c c s e e u n d e r n a d .
flow; cause to run.' [Fr. dhav. V., 1 n, a p, nhati, nnpgati, ' be lost, perp-V.; P., D.1-dh av, 'run, flow'? V. ; P., D.1-1 d h d v, 'run, flow,
ish, disappear.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] stream forth; run, hasten (to or away 2 12 a p, see under a f.
or against; swim.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] n a s, ' join, (esp. sexually).' [V. ; P.]
-2 d h ii ?;, ' wash or rub off, cleanse,
12 u /L, see under 2 ah.
polish.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Comp. also d h a m and d h u p . 12 d t h, older ?a & d h , be in need, seek d h ?Z *@., ' fumigate ; obscure with help, beg.' [In the older lang. only mist.' [Den. OF d h h p , BR.; caus. nddhamdna, nddhita, ndthita (RV. of dhd, Gr. V., p-V. ; P., D.1 twice). V., p-V. ; P., D.] d h q l r v (dhur?;), see u n d e r d r u h . n i f i s, ' kiss, greet1 (Gr.). [V. ; D.] d h .iZ s h, in -dhhhita, by BR. (Nachtr.)1 n i k s h, ' pierce.' [V. (only AV., exconsidered to stand for dhyshita. cept the inf. vi-nikshe, RV.) ; P., D.] d h n &=dham. h n i j , ' wash, clean.' [Comp. nag-nu, d h y & ( d h y a i ) , see under dhC. akj. V., p-V. ; P., D.] d h r a j , ' move or glide on.' [V. ; 2% i ( n )d, ' scoff, deride, blame.' [V., P., D.] 1 p-V. ; P., D.] d h v a r i s ( d h v a s ) , Lfallor dash to n i (nay), lead, guide, direct ; lead or pieces, be scattered, be destroyed; take away ; lead on or bring on, bring be strewn or covered with' (only in along, bring into a condition ; pass dhvasta). V., p-V. ; P., D.] away (time), spend ; brlng to concluAkin with it :-1 d h v a a, 'be covsion, settle,' etc. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] ered or closed.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] n T d, bring together or bring to 1 d h v a n , see u n d e r d h u a n s . rest' (?). [Only one RV. ex. BR. 2 d h v a n , dhvhnati, sound.' LV-D., make it a denom. of wida, 'restingplace :' Gr. objects. V. ; D.] p-V. ; P., D.] I n u (n Q), nauti, ' roar, shout, exult ; d h v a r (dhvr), see under d v u h . praise in song.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] d h v a s =dhvans.

d /L i ( d h i n v),

; ,

<+.

Verbal Roots o the ~YunskritLu?zg2/uge. f

2 n u nacate, ' move, move away.' [V., 3 p

33

r ( p T), priyate, only with ci or 1.i-2, ' b e busy (about).' [p-V.; P., p-V!; P.1 n zc d, push, push on or away; drive p cc r c ( p 7 c), see under I p a r . away, dispel.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 7 , e cl, only with ati, ' foam over, over- p ct Ip Q 1, ' wash in lye.' [p-V. ; D.1 How.' [Simple form narl in nudi, ~zada. a C=sp a (., see. p-V., P., D. ?I 2 22 a piiraynti, bind.' [Fr, p&a, ' rope, fetter.' p-V. ; P.] 1 p d l V. p i t i ; V.! p-V. pibati (gen'ly pivati), 'drink.' LV., p-V. ; P., D.] , From it :-I p i, P Z Y U ~ ~ 'drink. [V., 17 i t C , cook, bake, roast ; ripen, comp-V.; P., D.] plete, digest.' [V.. p-V. ; I'., D.] 'protect, keep ; watch obp tcj, only in perf. intens. with apa. L' 21 dr serve.' KV. , P - ~i . P.. D.1 'yield (BE.), or start kack terrified.' Akin:-g up,* 'guard, protect, hide; [V. : P., D.] (gupta, guarded, hidden: secret). ' h , ' speak or read aloud, deliver, [Only in general tenses. Secondary p a derived mention, decl,2re.' root from yopiv (go-p& a cow-herd.! fr. prath. p-V. ; P.. D.] 'g~iard.' V., p.V; P., D.1-2 pat,* p a 12, buy in, barter ; wager, stake.' patynfe, ' master, rule; possess, share [V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] in, be 6 t for.' [Orig'ly causat. of p"ti ( ~ 6older Pa. Curt., 37 7, Kuhn , 1 p 0 t, patat;, i fly, speed throIlgh the Zeitsch*.. 4. 317). 'lord.' But BR. air; move downwards, fall or sink derive this pat. V.>P - ~ . : down; fall attain, hit; fall or P., D.1-p ri l,* 'guard, protect.' [By happen into.' [V., p-V.; P., U.] considered as a 1 native grammar'ns rather denom. of 2 p rl t,* see under 2 p (1. causat. of pri: but p2la ( p i ) , 6gaardian.' p-V. ; P,, D.] p at 'bring upon a path.' [Only ex. apipdthayc~ti. Proh'ly denom. of pathi, ,I-' I,* See under 2 P (2. 'path,' BR. : or orig'l verb, 'go,' Gr., i = 2 2. Curt. p-V.; P.] pifig=pic. p o, cl, 'fall, sink down (esp. by exhaus- i tion), perish ; go to, proceed towards, ' p i fi S h = P is h.
reach.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] / , i ! A* 'roll into a lump or ball.' [Fr.
' p a n, ' be admirable ; admire, praise.' p i n ~ l a ,' lump.' p.V. ; P.]
[V., p-V-D. ; P., D.] see under z p i . p a (P? P '6 r). ~ ~ ~ p?a?.ti, , 1, i 6 d, only i n pibdamdaa, ' firm, corn-
; i t i 1 pd~yate, ' fill, sate; nourish, satisfy ; [v,,p-\-, ; P , ~
bestow, spend liberally [+at. of pers.); be filled,' etc. [Caus. p d ~ a y a t i ,8 fill ; p i 9 ( P i 6 !.), 'cut rightly, fashion ;
heap over; overwhelm,! in Dh8t. given 1 adorn: equip.' [P-V. ; P., D.] as a sep'te root. V., p-V. ; P., D.] Ip i s /t, ( p i h s h), ' crush, grind,' [V , From it :-p a r c ( p l c), enp-V. ; P., D.] tirely, give lavishly ; 611 up, mix, 'extend' (7). [DhAt. ' go.' P-V. ; mingle.' [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] this:-p r a k s h ( p ?. k s h). ' fill, [Thus Gr. ; BR. omit the root, 1 p 'Z, see under 1p d. ring one only of its three forms to 2 p i ( p i , p y d = p y a i , pyciy), payparc. V.; P..D.]-~li, 'fill.' ate P.1, pydyade (Ir.,-T.1, ' swell, be p p-V, ; P., D,]-Perhaps also full or exuberant, flow over, be fat ; which see. cause to swell,' etc. [V., p-V. ; P., 2 p a r ( p r), p i p i t i , piprdti, 'bring D.] across or to (acc.) ; fig. further, help ; From i t :-p i n v, ' cause to swell protect, save, conquer,' etc. [V., or overflow, pour forth ; swell, overp-V. ; P., D.] I flow.' [V., p-V.; P., D.]

c,*

/',*

1
'

/,

VOL. XI.

3 p i ( p i y), pi'yati, ' abuse, mock, p 1 1 6 s h , see under p r u. despise.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] p s Z, see under b h as. p ' press ; oppress, torment.' [V., p-V. : P., D.] p5y=3pl. p a t h, only in caus., crush, dash to , p and n( Only 'leap, jump.' t[Gr.leap ;' a intens., 'aus" ' cause o conpieces.' [p-V.: D.] nects it with phar, through pharn.* p u s h, thrive, prosper, bloom; cause V., p-V. ; P., D.] t o thrive or develop, bring up, nourh a ?, see under s p h a r , ish, further, increase, exalt ; enjoy, receive ; display.' [V.. p-V. ; P., D.1 1 2, h a 1, see under s p h a 7. - p a , ' m a k e clean or bright, purify;' 2 p h a l,* phalati, ' bear fruit (also fig.) ; obtain fruit (= reward),' BR., fig. ' clear b y thinking. discriminate, Nachtr. [BR. separate 1, 2 phal, think out, invent ; express clearly ; making the latter den. ofphala, 'fruit,' atone.' [V.,p-V.; P., D.] of which t h e y give no deriv'n. I t may p d j , ' honor, receive with honor, adore.' perhaps be orig'ly identical with 1 [V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] phal (comp. phull). p - T . : P.. D.] p y, putrefy, stink.' [V-D., p-V. ; p /& u 11," see under s p h a r. P., D.] p d r, 2d cans. form o f 1p a r ( p i). p y d ( p y d y , p y a i ) = 2pE. 6 a r i h ( b d h , v a n h ) , ' b e firm or p r a k s h , see under l p a r . strong.' [Only once i n the causat. p r a c h, ' a s k for, inquire about, seek ; ! banhayante, ' strengthen ;' and i n the part. bddha, with prep'ns. BR. conseek or solicit.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] a h ( py h), , spread, extend, d i f - nect it with barh.i n The simple bah, wanting, except deriv'ns. V. fuse.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] p-V. ; P., D.] p r &, see under 1 p a r. i 1 6r7dh= b a n d h . r $, ' please, rejoice, cheer ; oblige ; 2 6 a d h = .l. a h, be pleased,' etc. [Fr. par, ' fill, sate, 1 3 b n d h , desid. o f b d d h satisfy' 7 V., p-V. ; P., D.] p r zc, 1 move on, hurry, leap.' [Only 6 a n d h ( ba d h), ' bind, fasten, fetter, make prisoner ; unite, combine ; conwith prep'ns ati, ' l e a p over, run nect ( i n verses), compose; bind or away,' etc. Comp. plu. V., p-V. ; attach or direct (one's mind, etc.) to ;

$6,

hover,. fiy, r u n ; run away.' [Only 1 b a r h ( b a r k , b l h , x r h ) , byhhti, once i n R V . Later form of pru. V . , ' m o v e violently, tear, tear up.' p-V. ; P., D.1--2, I u s h, ' scattersparks, [ V l t h o u t prep'ns only with mala, burn ; (besprinkle DhLt.).' [Comp. L root.' V., p-V. ; P., 1 ] ) przlsh, above. V-D.. p-V. ; P., D.] 2 b a r h i b y h , v y h , brpzh, v y n h ) , p r z c t h ( p r o t h ) , .snort ( a s a h o r s e ) , blhiti, brnhatz, ' make fat or strong, pant.' LV., p-V. ; P.: D.] strengthen, increase, further.' TV.. p-V. ; D.] P., p r u s h , see u n d e r p r u . 3 b a r h (byh, erh. b y h h , v ~ n h ) , br'nhati, vhrhati, ' roar, bellow.' plav =plu. Lp-V. ; D.] p l d y, ' begin. undertake.' [Not b a 1, only one intens., ' whirl.' [p-V.] really a root, but from pra + i See . bdczh, see under v a d h . note, p. 17.1 1 bdh= bakh. p 1u ( p l a v), see under p r u.

Verbal
6 u d h , ' awake,

Rook o the f

Su7lskrit Langz~clye.
b h a l, only cans. wit11

35

be awake or watchful ; (gen'ly) observe, notice, perceive, know, learn to know ; consider as.' [T., P-V. ; P., n.1 6 r Q, speak, say ' [T., P-V. : P., D.1

6 h u k s h, see under b h a j . 6 h a j , ' apportion, distribute ; bestow,

i'

bring ; receive as one's portion, share, enjoy : practice ; resort or go to ; be attached to, love, worship.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] From it :-b a h, ' enjoy, sume (in older lang. gen'ly = 'drink ;' D.l in later lang. = 'eat'), devour.' [V., 1 T-" PT' p-T. ; P., D.1-b h ik s h (old desid. of b h d s h, ' speak, say, prattle.' [Curt., 407, and others connect this root, as b h a j), ' wish to share, desire, ask for, I ' D.1-s a b h tij,* 1 well as bhan, with bhd. P. ; P.9 D.1 beg.' IT., p-V. ; P.; L honor.' [Fr. sa and bhrf (bhaj), b & s, see under b h d . ' sharing.' p-T. ; P.; D.] 6 h a jl,j, j,' break, fracture ; bend.' [V., 6 h i k s h , seeunder b h a j . 6 h i d, split, burst, make a hole in p-V. ; P., D.] divide b cc ! only a taus, form, hire,j , betray,; open (of flowers) : illterrupt i , disclose; set at variance; [p-V. ; D.] disturb, change ; distinguish.' [I-., 6 h a ?, see under b h a 7%. p-V. ; P., D.1 b h n t / , ' sound. resound; shout' (BR.). h h l s a.j, heal.' [Secondly root of uncert. derir'n, and found only in (Curt. 407, and otllers connect this root, as well as bhdsh. with bhii. , RI7. ; D.] Camp., in regard to this, what is said 6 dread ; be anxious $, on p. 7. Gr. defines it 'speak, pro[I-., p-V. ; P.. D.1 claim.' V. ; p.] From it :-b h n s, fear, tremble.' From it :-b h aq, ' speak.' [Comp. [One ex. in RT7. and one in ST7. ; P., note to bhan. p-V. ; P., D.] P2 d>' be Or praised' (BR.); 6 /1 r'c, in bhuh/i,.h&'a (RAm' shine, beam' (Gr. and DhQt.). [V., 1 Qyana),. acc'gonce Comment. = bubhukto p-V-D.; D.] shita (bhuj) ; BR., Nachtr. 6 /L GC 1 (b h y), ' bear, carry ; contain, ' aside" ; bring, 1 b h 7 x g , bhujiLti, 'bend, possess ; bear or take [IT., i P., D.l P-I-. 2 h h u j , bhunakti, bhuiijati ' enjoy, nourish ; support, keep in one's raise ithe voice or a soundi.' have the pleasnre or benefit of, use. D.] p-V. ; P., eat or drink ; be deserving ; be of service to, serve ; pass through (a period).' [V.: p-V. ; P., D.]
8

n.l and sam, perceive.' [p-IT.; D.] b a h, bark, bark at.' [p-T. ; D.] 6 /L (z S , chew, crush ; consume.' [Camp. bharv. I-.. p - ~; . p., D.] Fro111 it :-p s ci, chew, devour.' [\-. (only AT7. ; RT-. has the verba.1 -psd); P., D.] b /A d , shine, appear.' [Comp. note to bhan and bhrish. T., p-V. ; P., D.] From it :-b h ri s, ' shine, beam ; I(only . appear, be evident.' [ * AV.), p-I-.; P., D.] I b h yt2, be wrathful.' [Only two ex.

rL

!
/

b h ' 6 r , ' move rapidly $0 or fro, shake, IP-I-. , D.1 fiicker.' [ . ; P.:

1 \mil' (?I. [Gr. connects it with blu.ajj. b h CLrj ( b h y j ) = b h r a j j , Only in one RT7. passage.] b h a r t S , ' threaten, rebuke, berate.' 6 h, 7~ r aej, see under b h u r . [p-T7. ; P., D.] 6 h d , ' become, come into existence, ' che5ir,consume-' [Only two / arise ; happen, take place ; come into
T., p-V. ; P., D.]

back.'

Akin (BR.):-b

h u r a j , 'gush forth,

ex-. Comp. bhas.

T7.; D.]

bhuj.9 (bhr~)=zbhraic.

or be in an7 state or condition, be.' [T., pl.;P., D.1

From it :-b h ash. ' h e active or 1 m tc n (1, 2 , 4 , 8 classes), 'mean, think, stirring, make effort, strive after, preconsider ; think of, intend, wish ; per pare;' (caus. 'adorn).' [By HE. divided ceive, know ; have consideration for, into two roots : 1, only with prep'ns, esteem, honor ; approve ; be considand indicating motion ; 2, ' exert one's ered, appear.' [Comp. md, with which self.' By Gr. as here. V.. p-V. ; P., it is by sense connected. V., p-V. ; D.1 P.. D.l From it :-2 m a d (orig'y 2 m o w, b h y a s , see under bh5. only form in RV.), madati, ('hesitate') b h r a r i p ( b h r a ~ ,b h a r ~ ,b h y ~ ) , Curt., p. 101: hence), 'tarry, delay, 'fall (away or apart or down) ; disapstill.' [Comp. Gr , 2 man ; BR. give pear, be lost; be separated from or pari-namanqcit under mnd, and refer deprived of.' [V., p-T. ; P., D.] the other two Ved. forms rnamandhi Prob'ly akin with it :-b h r e s h, and amaman to 2 mad, mand. They 'totter, stumble.' [T., p-V. ; P., D.] seem, however, to belong to man as b h r q j j (b h a r j , b h ? j), ' fry, roast.' a verb of the hu-class. The RV. form ?,zamcittana, by BR. referred to yv., p-T. ; P., n.] 2 mad, is by Gr. referred to 1 mad.b h r a m, ' roam, wander about, move In Catap. BrPhm. madati occurs. The to and fro ; turn round; waver, be two roots ought perhaps rightly to embarrassed or confused : roam be separated. V., p-V.; P., D.1through.' etc. [V-D., p-D. : P., D.] m a n t r,* speak, utter; take counsel, deliberate ; counsel, advice : conjure b h r a g = bhrany.. with a magical formula.' [Fr. mantra 6 h r d j , ' shine, glow, be bright.' [Gr. (man), 'instrument of thought (speech, connects it with bhrajj. V., p-V. ; P., sacred speech or text, counsel, etc.).' V., p-V.; P., D.1--mnd, mandmi, D.1 b h r F, ' wound' (BR.) ; ' be angry, pun- only with prep'ns : anu-, recognize ;' d-, ' mention; consider,' etc. [Orig'ly ish' (Gr.). [Only in one RV. pasindeutlc. n-ith man. V., p-V. ; P., D.] sage.]
2

b h r e s h , see under b h r a r i ~ .

down; sink under, be lost, perish; bathe.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] W La n (?), only in manita, as noun 'murmuring' (?) [Comp. BR., Kachtr. p-V. ; D.1 man 'adorn.' [p-V. ; P., D.] m a th (m a n t h), stir around or rub violently ; excite (fire) by rubbing ; churn; beat up ; agitate, shake; grind, crush; distress.' IT., p-V. ; P., D.1 1 W L a d ( m a n d), mhdati or mcindatz (V.), mddyati, (orig'ly ' gush forth.' of water : hence gen'ly) ' rejoice. feel (esp. heavenly) bliss, delight, revel, be intoxicated ; rejoice, gladden intoxicate.' [BR. give < rejoice ' as tho orig'l meaning, and consider .gush, boil ' as a fig. extension of that sense. V., p-V. : P., D.] 2 nz a d (2 m an), see under 1 man.

m a r i h , see undermah. ,m a j j (in DhPt. m asj), 'sink or dive 1 rn a r (my ; DhPt. m

6,

myndli, 'grind, crush.' [V., p.V. ; P., D.] ~ ; Akin :- 2 7 r a r (m y), morati (V.) mriyate, die, decease.' Orig'ly = 1 m w l Y., p-V. ; P., D\o r c, 'hurt, injure. ' [V., p-V. ; D.] m a r c h (my c h), be destroyed, perish.' nly one ex. p-V.1arj (m yj).[?rub or wipe ofi, clean; adorn, prepare properly: (Ptm.) cleanse one's self, etc. ; wipe off (impurities from one's self) upon some one else (loc).' [V., p-V.; P., D.1-marn (my?), crush, thresh.' [V., p-V.; P., D.1m a r d (m r d), 'press hard, crush, grind to pleces ; rub; rub away, annihilate. ' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1m a r c ( mT g), stroke, touch, mulgere : touch mentally, consider, reflect on.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] m~ a k s h ( m r k s h ) , 'rub, curry.' V., p-V. ; P., D.1-m r a d, 'rub.' =mard. Only two ex., with prep'ns. V., p-V.; P,, D.1-mr i t , 'decay,

t),

Verbal Roots of the Sanskrit Language.

37

crumble.' [V. (verbal), p-V.; P., D.] m i t h , ' meet, unite ; meet as rivals, --m I ci ( m1 a i ) , ' decay, wither, lanwrangle revile.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] guish.' [Fr. 2 mar? Comp. Brugnz i d , ' become fat (fig. richly rewardman, Morphol. Untersuch'n (nar + 6 ) . ed).' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :-?n, i n d, be attached to or 2 m a r ( mT). see under 1 m a T. drawn towards, feel affection for.' [Comp. in sense snih. BR. do not m a r c , seeunder 1 m a r . separate mid, mind ; but as each is found with its distinctive meaning only, and mind is not Vedic, a sepa,ra7 t h a r j ( m TI), see under 1 m a r. tion seems called for. Identified denz a r ( m?- d ) , ' be mild or gracious rivat's, meda, etc., point only to mid. (towards), pardon, spare.' [Akin to kV.1 n ~ a ~in sense of ' stroke gently'? m i ?La?, see under mid. d V., p-V. ; P., D.] Comp. m~ed. nz i 1, ' unite, meet, come together ; ocm a 1' n ( mr n), see under I mar. cur.' [p-V. ; P., D.] m n r d (m r d ) , see under 1 mar. Akin :-m $1, 'close (up the eyes). nz a r d h ( m T d h), ' be weary, neglect ; wink ; vanish ; coliect.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] forget, forsake, contemn.' [V., p-V. ; 7 ) i 9 (?) only in the desid. form :~ P., D.] m i k s h, ' mix, stir up, give a relish 116 CL r 9 ( mT p), see under 1 mar. to ; (Itrn.) be mixed.' [Thus BR : nz a r s h ( mT s h), ' forget, neglect ; Gr. (with the nat. comment rs) considers miksh as a desid. of mih, and bear pat~ently.' [Comp. ?nardh. meaning besprinkle, give relish to.' p-V. ; P., D.] V.,p-T.; P., D.(i.e.m@).] rn a h, ' elate, delight, cheer, stir up : Akin :-m i,rr,* ' mix.' [Fr. miya esteem highly, honor ; (8tm.) rejoice,' mi^ ?), ' mixed.' p-V. ; P., D.] etc. [Orig'ly ' b e great or high.' V., nt i 9 r, see under m i c. p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :-man h, ' b e grand or t ) i s h , ' open the eyes ; blossom.' ~ happy (Gr.) ; bestow ( = make rich or [V., p-V. ; P., D.] happy), give.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] m i h (migh, megh), *pourout,make 1 nz d, m d te, mimtte, mdyate. ' measwater, sprinkle ; emit seed.' [migh ure, mete; measure out, grant; arin (megh)only in nimaghamdna, t w ~ c e range, form, build.' [Some derive RV. The form mzksh by Gr. and nat. man, 'think' from this root (ma); comment'ors referred here as a desid., comp. mi below. V., p-V. ; P., D.] , is by BR. referred to m z ~which see Akin :-I m i, minotz, ' build, erect, V., p-V. ; P.. D.] establish ; measure ; estimate, recog1 nt i = 2 7nii. nize, perceive.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.]

1 I

I
I

2 n d (1 7n ii. mindti. low. bleat.' / 2 7" i = 2 m i .

L [The form vi-mayanate, RV.. 886. ,)2 i 1, see under m i 1.
iO 1s by RV. referred here; but by [Only with prep'ns. Gr. to a root may, go.' v.. p - ~;. "2 C g, 'move.'
P., D 1

V. (only AV.), p-V. ; P.]

n uc, 'loosen, set free ; let go; (Itm.) 2 n~d T g,* see under m g. be loosed or set free.' [V., p-V.; P., 1 n i, see under 1m G. z 2 nt i (2 ma),minati,?ni'yate,' diminish, From it : 1 m o k s h, mokshatr, set, lessen, annul ; injure, transgress. frnstrate ; miss (one's way); (Atm.) be diminished,' etc. [V., p-V. ; P , D.] 1 916 I k s h, see under m i ! : . free, deliver.' [Desid. treated as a sep'te verb 1-2 m o k s h,* mokshayati, L set free, deliver, wrest away ; let flow.' [Pr. molisha (muc), ' release.' p-V.; P., D.] m zc d, 'be glad or joyous, take pleasure.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.]

m i g h = nzih.

A. H.
vnurch=mBrch.

Edgren,

I v a k s h. only with pra, ' speed or , press onward ; strive-after, attain to.' steal, rob, plunder.' ["" ' [By Gr. connected with a lost yah, and 0. H. Germ. jagon. V., p-V-D. ; p-V. ; P., D.] P., D.1 m u h. 'be lost, wander;, be perplexed * or embarrassed, loose one's presence .l/ a,j, I honor, worship ; worship with of mind, stupid; fail.' [V., P-V. ; P., ' ~acrificesor oblations, sacrifice.' [V., D.l P - ~; . I?,, D.l m d r c h ( n z l ~ r c h ) ,'become firm o r / y a t , see y a k , underdam. solid or strong, take shape; become r,* see yam, under dam. torpid or senseless, faint away ; grow Y firmer or stronger or more intense ; I y a 6 h, ' future.' [p-V. ; P., D.] cause to sound powerfully.' [V. (only j m, see under dam. AV.), p-V. ; P , D.] 1 a 1," malati, only with nd, ,be rooted y s, methe, boil, bubble: make exertion ;' (esp'ly with d, ' make exertion, up, be eradicated , [miLl, , b e rooted or or firm, Fr. mkla, p-V. ; P., strive, trouble D.] weary one's self '). [V., p-V. ; P ,
m u s h,

r
/

'

D.1

117

seek.' [Fr. myga, ' deer.' P., D.] ~ e h= mih. g

~ g , mygayate, 'chase, pursue; hunt: *

From it :-y es h, ' boil up or over, gush.' [Only three ex. [V., p-V. ; P., D.] V., p-V. ; y d, see under i.

y a 9, see under i.

be separated.' [ST., p;V.; P., D.] From it:--y uc h, yield, turn or go away ;' (with pra, 'be absent : be careless '). [By Gr. treated as a form n l r u k s h ( m r k s h ) , s e e u n d e r l m a r . / o f z y u . V.; P.] y u c, see under 2 y u. nz r a d, see under 1 m a r. y u j , see y a m , under d a m . n z r i t , seeunder 1 m a r . n r 71, c, only with ni (abhi-ni). 'gq y.mdh, see y a m , under d a m . z down, set (of the sun).' [Dh&t. 'go. y u p , ' make smooth or level; efface, Comp. mluc. V. (RV. only verbal), obliterate ; confuse.' [V., p-V. ; P., p-V. ; P., D.] D.1 From it :-m l u c 'go down, go to rest.' [ni-mluc, also ' go down.' V., y e s h, see under y a s . p-V. ; P.. D.] r7~ e $, only caus. with &. ' repeat ;' r and $tm. with upani (comp. m a ~ d ) , 'gladden, make happy.' [p-V. : P.] y a ?i h, 'cause to flow, hasten on; m 1 d ( m l a i ) , see under m a r . (htm.) flow on.' [The form raligh, alluded to by KUidAsa, but nowhere m 1 i c h (m 2 e c h), 'speak barbarously, found in real use. V., p-V. ; P., D.] talk an unintelligible or foreign lanAkin :-1 a h g it, 'leap over, cross ; guage.' [p-V.; D.] transgress; surpass; ascend.' [Comp. nzlzr c h , see under m r u c . note to ranh, above. p-V. ; P , D.] nz Zup, said to be another form of 1 r u k 8 h , rhkshati, watch, guard, m 1u c; only in upamlupta, abhimlupta, protect, save; heed.' [V., p-V., P., ' concealed, withdrawn.' [p-V. ; P.] D.1 2 r a k s h , see under r i c . be' (BR ) ; 'sparkle, micare ' (Gr). [As second,g root, but whence V. ; p.1

1 n a Ic s h, desid. of m u c, which see.

y d d, see z $. 2 m o k s h , " see undermuc.
I y ?L, see y a m , under dam. n n d, see under 112 a n .
2 2 ?/U , yuyoti, 'remove, separate, prom y a k s JL (2 m i k s h), ' be fixed (in),
tect (from abl ) ; yard off; stay away.

/ /

Verbal Rook of the Sanskrit Language.

r cc c, ' fabricate,

39

Akin :-I r a n (r a v), r a ~ a t i , ranform, make, produce ; yati, ' take pleasure, rejoice ; delight.' adapt ;' rucita, ' provided (with).' [V., [Comp 2 ran. [V., p-V.; P., D.1p-V. ; P., D.] r u n v: ' delight.' [Fr. ran or denom. 1 r aj ( r a c j ) , ' b e bright or white; of ran,,, (,aP), agreeable,' Only glow, redden, be red ; (fig.) be affected one ex. v-D. 7, p-V. ; D. ?]-lam, by any strong feeling.' give 'enjoy (sexually).' [For older ram. only this raj, from which rdj, rcva. only one ex. p - ~; . D,]
etc. ; Gr. as here, driving ruj'a from
two rdj. Camp. Curt., 153. T., p-V. ; r a 71) b, 'hang down (loosely).' LV.1 p-V. ; P., D.] P., D.] From it :-1 a .ill b, ' hang down ; F~~~ it :- 1 R j, ' be splendid, hang on or from, (with Qua) depend ; shine. be distinguished.' [Comp. note cling to, hold t o ; drink down, lag to ~ a j above. V., p-V.; P., D.] , behind, tarry.' [Later form of ramb. 2 ~ a j seeunder2avj(andcomp.1 , p . ~ . ;P , , ~ . ]
raj).
I r n m h h =rabh. r u R j = 1 vaj. 2 r u w ~ b b h , eeunder2rd. s r a 'give forth a loud sound, howl, 1 ras, seeunder2rd. cry, roar,' etc. IpV. : P., D.1

; ,

/ 2 r a s," rmdyati, rasati, rasyati, 'taste.' ra?r = r a n . [Prob'ly ~ u s a y a t ifrom rasa, 'juice' r a ?z v, see under r a m . and the remaining to later form'ns, r a d, scratch or cut (by any instru- BR. P-V. ; n.1

ment), gnaw, crush; dig or open ?* a /L, ' leave, give up, surrender ;' (esp. roads) ; open (rivers, =),give a (~asiln, 'left, separated, free, without'). free course to (rivers); give, d~spense [Connected with radh ? V-D., p-D. ;
(gifts = give a free course to them).' I.., D.]
p h u s Gr. ; BR. give same meanings ;
but a somewhat different develop't: 1 r d, r (i ti, grant, give, give up.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 'scratch; dig (a road); lead (rivers) into a course; lead or bring (some- 2 r d (r a i), rdyati, ' bark ; bark at.' thing) to (one).' V., p-V. ; P.. D.] [DhAt. ' sound.' Prob'ly orig'ly ra, r u d h ( r a n d h), ' b e subject to (dat.) ; ' sound,' still retainec! in are, an interj'n of calling. Comp. rm, below; subject, deliver into one's (dat.) power; and F., I.. 187. Only three ex. V., subdue.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] p-V. ; P.] 1 r a n ( r a n ) , seeunder r a m . Akin :-2 r a n ( r a n ) , ' sound, ring.'
[By BR. classif 'd with 1 ran, 'delight,'
2~ a a& (r an), see under 2 r d . though defined as here, and suggested
ra?zdh=radh. to be a sep'te root. Formed in anal-
r n- r,> see under 2 r 4. I ogy with tan kcan, etc. (see p. 7). - Ap-V. ; P.1---rap, ' prattle, talk, whisr ap 9, only with Pa,' be sufficient ;' per.' [Later form lap, below. V., and ci. ' be abundant or exuberant, p-V. ; P., I?.]-? a nz b h: ' roar ;' with
swell.' [V. ; P., D.] upa, ' fill with sound, make resound.'
[Only two ex. Comp. rihh, below.
r ccp 11, only once in raphita, ' injured, p-V. ; P., D.1-1 r a s , rcisati, 'give
miserable' (?). [V. ; P., D.] roar, yell, r a b h (rambh), ' seize, grasp.' [V., forth a loud sound,las, below. neigh,';

etc. [Later form p-V. p-v.; P., D.] P., D.1-r d s (v. 1 r d ~ ) ,' scream,
From it :-la 6 h, ' grasp,, catch ; howl.' [Fr. ras, above. p-V.; P., procure, find ; obtain, recelve ; posD.1-r ip h, ' utter a rough or bursess ; grasp mentally, perceive.' ring sound, snarl.' [p-V. ; P.. D.1[Comp. Id. V., p-V.; P., D.] r i 6 h iv e b h), ' crackle, creak : murr u nL, 'bring to repose, calm, stop; mur, prattle ; speak aloud, shah (to).' pause, rest, like to stay (by, loc.) ; be [With abhi, 'bark at.' Comp. rambh, pleased with, take delight in, love; above. V., p-V.; P., D.1--1 ru, dally with, futuere, couple (of deer) ; rauti, racdti, ruuati, 'low, roar, yell, please, make happy.' [V., p-V. ; P., hum.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1--ru d, ' wail, howl, weep ; deplore.' [V., D. I
-

A. H. Edgren,
p-V. ; P., D.1--1 up, ' prattle, talk ; 2 r u, r67 ate, 'break or dash to pieces. murmur ; wail.' [Later form of rap, [V., p-V.;, P., D. I above. V. (only AT.), p-V. ; P., D.] From it :-r u j , ' break, shatter ; -las, 'sound.' [Fr. rm, above. afflict, pain ' [V., p-V.; P., D.1Comp. note to 1 Ins. p-V. ; P.] ruth, ' torment. ' [Only part. Btm. p-V.] - r up, ' suffer racking pain.' 1 r d j, see under 1 r a j . [Later form lup, 'break,' below. V. 2 r & j , see under 2 a r j. (only AV.; RV.-D.); p-V.; D.1Z u p , ' break to pieces : pounce r d d h , see under a r d h . upon; oppress; rob, plunder.' [V. ' cut, (only AT.), p- V. ; P., D.1-la, cut off or down, cut to pieces, destroy.' r & s(v. 1. rdg), see under 2 r d . [p-V. ; P., D.] r i (r t), see under a r. r u c (r u g, in rufant), ' shine, beam, disr i k h, ' scratch, tear.' [V. (only one play splendor. be adorned; appear ex. arikha in RV.); in the later lanbeautiful (to, dat ), be pleasicg. please guage Zikl~. Comp. r i f . V., p-V-D. ; (dat.) ; be pleased, desire (dat. or acc.) ; P.. D.1 make bright or resplendant.' [Comp. 'Later form :Z i k h, scratch, furware. T., p-V.; P., D.] row; mark by scratching, engrave, Akin:--1 o k, ' see, perceive.' [p-V. ; inscribe, write, paint.' [V. (only P., D.1-lo c, see, look.' [Only with AV.), p-V. ; P.. D.] prep'ns, p-V. ; P., D.] r i h k h, see under r i h g . r ~ l j , under 2 u. see r i r j 8, 'creep (of infants), move slowly.' r u t h . s e e u n d e r ~ r u . [p-V.; D.] Akin:-r i it k h, 'creep (of children), r 11 d, see under 2 r &. go slowly.' [One ex, p-V. ; D.] 1 r u d h , see under u a r d h . r i c, see under a r. 2 r ?6 d h, runadhi, ' stop, check, arrest; r i p, ' smear; deceive.' [V., p-V-D. ; withhold, retain ; sustain ; enclose, cover ; stop up, fill : oppress.' [V.D., F.,'0.1 p-V.; P.] From it :-l i p (1i mp), ' smear, soil; stick on, glue to.' [V., p-V. ; r up, see under 2 r u. P., D.] 1, 2 r u g = r u c a n d r u s h . r ip h, see under 2 r d. r u s h ( r u c), rushati or rufati, be r i b h (rebh), see under 2 r d . crossed or vexed, be angry ; displease, r i ( a r r f ) , ' tear or pluck off; graze ; disgust.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] break, hurt.' [Gr. connects this and r u h, see under 1 v a r d h. the following with ar, giving ar9 (rc) r 'LZ k s h,* ' make thin or lean ; smear, as the interm'te form. The only ex. soil.' [By BR. derived from rakshq. of arg is arfasdna, which BR. give (fr. rash), ' rough, dry, lean, arid. sep'ly as an adj. of uncert. deriv'n. The connection between r h h and They refer arf to ric, but without r a b h in all senses does not seem clear. noticing it there. V., p-V.; P., D.] p-V. ; P., D.] Akin:-lig, 'tear or pluck off; hurt.' [p-V. ; P., D.1-2 r a ks h, 'hurt, r ?Zp,*':' give form or shape to, represent.' [Fr. r&pa, form.' p-V. ; P., injure.' [Prop'ly @.sh=rig, rish, BR. Only in one AV.-passage (RV.-D.); D.1 D . ] n i s h, 'be hurt or wounded ; r 'LZ s h. ' strew or cover with dust : meet with disaster, fail, miscarry; smea;.' [Mostly in ricshita. Comp. hurl, harm.' [V., p-Q.; P., D.] r li ks h.* p-V. ; P., D.] r i s h, see under r ig. r e j , ' shake, cause to tremble, stir ; tremble, quiver, flicker.' [V., p-V. ; r i h , 'lick, caress.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] P., D.l Later form:-Zih, lick up, sip.' [p-V. ; P., D.] r e d , only in pr, part. with a-, non fkexs' (BR.). [p-V. ; D.] rz"=ri. rebh=ribh. 1 r u, see under 2 r d .

V e ~ b a R ook o the Sanskrit Lal~guage. l f

1, 2 l u k s h , * see under l a g . 1n (l, adhere, stick ; clasp ; follow
I 7 e d, see under l u 1 . closely; meet,.' [V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] 1, 2 Z t i n t h , s e e l l u f h , a n d l u l . Akin with it:-1 1 a k s h,* lakshay-
ati, ' mark, denote ; consider ; notice, 1UP, see under 2 r u
perceive, see.' [Br. laksha (lag), 1 7 6 b h, be perplexed or in disorder ; mark.' p-V. ; P., D.] From this : (gen'ly) desire eagerly (=,be dis--2 l rz k s h, labhate, notice, perturbed in mind, BR. ; F., p. 201.) ; ceive.' [p-V.]--li C g* (only with 8 , allure (= pratilubh) :' lubdha, ' desirand one liligya), clasp the limbs.' ing, covetous, greedy.' [V., p-V. ; [Fr. liliga (l~zg), ' limb.' Also one P., D.l lilig of 1 0 class, ' inflect according to I?L 7 'stir about, agitate.' [p-V. ; P., l, gender.' p-V. ; P., D.] u.1 l o h g h , seeunder r a h h . Akin :-2 Lu t h, luthhti, ' roll, weli h j j , ' b e ashamed, blusll.' [p-V. ; ter.' [p-V. ; P., n.1-l u d, only caus.. 'stir, stir up, set in motion, make P., D.1 uneasy.' [p-V.; P., D.1--2 l u n t h , 1n p , see under 2 r A. lbnthati, 'stir up, set in motion.' [BR. make 1 lunth a caus. of this. I a b h, see under r a b h. p-T.; P., D.] Earn see under r a m . I (1, see under 2 r u. a 1, ' play, sport, dally.' Causat. loll 1 o L, see under T UC. the tongue.' [p-V. ; P., D.] 1a sh, ' wish, desire.' [p-V. ; P., D.] I o C, see under r u e .

[BR. also refer 2 las, ' sound' here; but this comes no doubt fom 1 rm, roar, sound,' which root never means 1 v c t k = v a c .
' shine.' p-V. ; P., D.] 2 v a k, ' roll, revolve.' [V., p-V-D. ;
2 las, ~ e under 2 r d . e D.1 From it :-v a %e, ' proceed by reg18, 'take, grasp.' [Only in ldtia. ular motion or crookedly, totter, reel, Comp. labh, rabh. p-V. ; D.] roll on ; sneak along.' [V., p-V. ; P., t i k h , see underrikh. D.1 I i 12 g," see under 1a g. 1v a k s h = l u k s h . lip ( l i m p ) , see under r i p . 2 u u k s h, 'grow, become great or strong.' [Only in perf. and caus. l i 9, see under r i C. V. ; P., D.] 8 h, see under r i h. Weakened form :-2 u k s h, ' grow up, grow strong.' [V. ; P., D.] 1 1f , IPyate, 'cling or press closely to, adhere or stick: settle down or perch v a c (1 u a k), ' speak, say, tell, declare, upon ; cower down or hide In; disapannounce ; blame.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] pear.' [Gr. connects it with ~ 5 a r : v a j , ('be active or strong, be power, but the meanings are too different. ful) only in caus. (n dj), urge to v., p-V.; P., D.] speed, spur, incite ; speed.' [Thus 2 1i, only intens. Eeldyati, 'totter, shake, Gr. ; BR. make ucij in all cases a tremble.' [p-V. ; D.] denom. of vGja (vaj ?). Comp. Kuhn's Zeitschr. 3, 335 ; and Curt. 159. V., 6 2 6 R C, bpIuck, pull, pull out, peel.' p-V. ; P., D.] [p-V. ; P., D.1 v a ii see under 2 ;7 a k. 1 2 u 6 h, lothciyati, ' plunder, rob. ' v u n ' divide.' [Only one ex. p-V. ; [Only three ex. p-V. ; P., D.] From it:-1 l u n t h, lunthayati, 'rob, DI plunder ; peel.' [BR. make it caus. v a t , with api, ' receive mentally, corn of 1 luth. p-V. ; P., D.] prehend.' [Only 3 ex. V. ; D.]
(
(I,

1 I n s , 'shine, glitter; appear ; play.'

; ,

VOL. XI.

42
v a d,

A. H. Edgren,

grow or prosper; cheer up, animate, inspire ; incmase, grow, prosper,' etc. [ V . p- v. ; P., D.] Akin : - a r d h ( y d h), ' prosper, thrive, succeed ; further, cause to succeed, accomplish ; satisfy. p - ~; .P., D.]-~ d h, i grow, be great, thrive, be happy.' [v., p - ~ .p., D.] ; -r 4 d h , ' succeed, be accomplished ; accomplish, carry through.) [Comp. oridh. V., p-T.; P., D.1-1 I U d A, rc;dhati. I grow, sprout.^ [anly two ex. V., p-V. ; P., D.1u h, 'ascend, mounti grow up, grow, develop, increase, prosper ; grow together, heal;' (rildha, also 'spread abroad, difised, generally known I). [Fr. rudh, above. v., p-v.; P., D.]-U r 8 dh, stir up, spur on ' (BR.); 'be great or strong or powerful ' (Gr.). [Comp. r&h. Only in a few RV. ex. D.] v a ,r d h (?), ' cut off.: [z;ardhdpaa p , ?:&pati, shear, graze,, L ~ . , yati, Weber, Krshwj. P-V. ; D.1 p-V. ; P., D.] v n r s h (v y s h), 'rain, pour down.' IV.t PV. ; D.] 2 u op, vapati, ' strew, scatter, sow.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] varh=barh. v a nz, ' vomit, eject.' lV.1 P-V. ; P., v a 1, 'turn, tnrn to; burst forth, show D.1 itself ;' (?,alita, ' accompanied by '). 1 v a r (v v p), ' envelop, cover, [p-V. ; P., D.] enclose, surround ; confine, obstruct ; v tt l g , go by leaps, jump, speed.' restrain, check, guard.' [See note to [V. (only AV. ; RV.-D.), p-V; P., D.]
2 var, below. V., p-V.; P., D.] Akin :-a r n u, ' surround, wrap.' V U l h, only with ?/paand pra, ' test by
a question, propose a riddle to' (BR.).
[Fr. var through vyyti. By Gr. not sep'd fr. ear. V., p-V; P., D. ?I[p-V. ; P.]
G a r n,* ' paint, depict.' [Fr. varna a C, see under 3 8.
(oar). 'paint.' p-V.; P., D.] a (vr, choose, prefer, wish, 1 v a 5 , ucchati, 'be bright, shine.' [V., ; pmV. P.3D'] love.' [Perhaps from 1 var, as 'enit :-u h7 ' cOnsumel close mentally.' BR. as here. DhAt. d e s t r o ~ ;punish.' [V., P-V. ; P., '.I only one v y (vTnoti, cm&ti, varatz) for eligere, tegere,' etc. 2 v a 5, uhste, 'put on a dress or coverComp. also rarj. V., p-V. ; P., D.] ing, take form, appear: enter into.' D.] v a r j ( u y j, v T fij), 'turn, twist ; turu LV.? p-V. ; over (the sacred grass, Gr.: BR., un- 3 v a 5, h a t i , 'stay, dwell, linger, rema,in ; be, pass ; devote one's self to.' twist and strew it out) ; turn away ; divert ; (him.) appropriate, choose.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 4 v a s, ' direct (an attack) against, atv a re ?z,* see under 1 v a r. tack.' [V. ; P.] v a r t (v .r t), 'turn, roll, roll on (fig. 5 v a s , only with ni. 'cut down, kill;' pass on, take place; tarry in a place, and yari, ' cut out.' [p-V. ; P., D.] exist, live ; be (as a reg. ; pro- 0 h, ' lead, convey, bring, bear, carry, teed? act etc' P - ~;. P., cause; bear, endure ; pass (time); D.1 cause to flow, carry along or away; 1 v a r cl h (v y d h), vdrdhale, vy'dhate, travel, ride ; blow (of the wind).' [V., ' raise, increase, strengthen, cause to p-V. ; P., D.]
,' speak, say, declare, name.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] Fmm it :-iv a n d, ' praise, honor, greet.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] v a d h (b a d h ) , ' slay, kill, destroy.' I [Acc'g to P$nini only in aor. and prec. ; but found also in fut. and Pot., in spec. tenses passive, and once i'adhati (BR., Nachtr.1. V.9 P-T'. i P., D.1 From it :-b ci d h, ' press or drive
dispel i oppress. torment ;
apart.! [Comp. Kuhn's Zeitschr. 12,
; F. 156. The bibhatsati set U as a sep'te root 3 b a d h . V., P ; P.l D.1-L. Y a (3 i d h)t ~ l e r c e , penetrate, smite, shoot, wound ; injure, harm i goad on, incite i shake, move.' LV. P-V. i P. D.l 9 9 v a n, sce under 3 v ti. 2 u a n d , see under v a d .

rV,,

~-7.

r,

rV.,

vyadh(3vidl~),seeundervadh. 2,cad,seeunderlgad. see under i. p u p , curse, swear; promise on oath ; (Atm.) adjure, entreat.' [V., p-V. ; P., V y c% (v y a i), ' cover, envelop.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] D. 1 v r a j , 'go, proceed, move; go or at- ,c a 6 d,* 'sound; tell, call.' [Fr. pzbda, tain to (any state or condition).' [V.: sound.' p - V ; P.] p-V.; P.. D.] 1 9 a m (g im), pmyati, gimyati, 'work a ?' ! b a la), ' sound ' (?)> DhDt. l busy or weary one's self; [Only in vranattti cranm, Suqruta, prepare, arrange,' [Cornp. note to 2 2, 2, l.-vra'?,* 7;ranayati is a deca~j~yati, gimyati in parallel pas. ga,, nom. of vrana, 'wound.'] R a p s V., p-V.; D.] v r a d, 'become soft or ripe.' 2 $ a m , pclmyati, 'become quiet or apone ex. V. : D.] peased, cease, sink to rest, be extinV r a pc, 'cut off or down, guished.' [Gr., F. and others consider [Comp. yka. V., p-V. ; P., ' 1, 2 (am identical, in sense of ' weary one's self, grow quiet.' BR, as here. v r d d h , seeunder 1 ~ s a r d h . c o m p curt., p 104. p-V.; P., D.1 v T %$, abashed or ashamed.' [p-V.; 'be ~ k i , ,:-g a,, 1 quiet, smother.' [Prob'ly by faulty writing or from ",I
F, a. Only in one RV. passage.] V T u d, only vrudita, ' sunk down, lost.' / 1 3 c a m, garnayati, gdmayati, with ni, , IP-v.1 v 2 a g (V 2 a k g ) , ' twist the neck, throt- 'become aware, perceive, bum, hear, learn.' [By F. referred to 1, 2 cam. tle' (BR.) ; 'press hard, pursue' (Gr.). [Connected with vary'? V. ; P.] I P-V. ; P., D.1 harm.' [Only one v 15, ' press or cause to fall together.' [V. (only AV.), p-V.; P., D.] 1 9 a (,c f), ' break, burst, split ; decay. [Comp. 1 kar. V., p-V.; P., 9 a fi s, ' speak or repeat in a solemn D.1 Akin :+ iL r, ' crush, kill.' LOnly manner, recite (esp. a verse, etc. to once (RV.), garta. Gr. as here ; BR the gods); praise ; proclaim, angive 4 r t a sep'ly, without any other nounce.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] definit'n than that of Naighant., h h i Akin:-1 (.&s(2gish, p i s , i n some pra. V.] forms), ' reprimand, correct, punish (in words), check ; command, govern ; 2 $a r, only in g ~ t a(also with ri), instruct, teach ; praise ; announce, ' boiled, roasted.' [Orig'ly ' glow.' confess.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] The arrangem't followed here in the main that of Gr., who gives fir (for g a k,' b e able or competent, can ; give gar, to which he also refers g5rta), fr. help, aid, favor, grant, give in.' [BR. . which pd, crt. BR. give gar = crd. give two roots, but suggest that 2 gak where g ~ t ais found. They fnrther may be considered as a transit. to 1 give two prt, one 'cook' = pa, and gak. The desid. giksh ' try; learn ; one 'mix, ~~phvvpr,'independentV., help, wish to give,' by some regarded p-V. : P., D.] as a sep'te root. V., p-V. : P., D.] From it:-prd i), ,c a h k , . be sad or shy ; suspect, sup- crdta. ' cooked,' and( r r acaus.,only in in cook, pose.' [V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] boil, bake.' [Comp. note to car, p tr, t, gcitayati, ' cut in pieces, cnt off, above. V., p-V. ; P., D.1-c r O, ' glow ; cook, boil, ripen, finish off, sever.' [By Phnini s a ~ d be a caus. to gar machen (namentlich den Soma of 2 mad. V. (only AV.), p-V. ; P., D l durch warme Milch),' Gr. [BR. 2 1 ,n d. c , 'fall off or out.' CV. (onlv , ., p-0, as a sep'te root. 'mix (the Soma, AV.), p-V. ; P., D.] etc.)' ; comp. note to car, above. V., Prob ly aki~i :--2 g a d , l distinguish p-V. ; P., D.] one's self, triumph, prevail.' [Only in 3 ,cur=rri. perf. and perf. part. V.]

v y n y,*

L y

1;
1

Verbal Rook
19ar dh ( ,

o f

the ~ h n s k r i t nnguage. L

45

r d h), ,rardha(ya)ti, ' show one's self bold or strong, be defiant, mock.' [V. ; P., D.] 2 9 a r d h ( r d~ ra~dhate, ' break h), wind.' [p-V. ; P., D.1 $ a 1, see under c a r. p a s (2 c ci s), 'hew or cut down, slaughter.' [V.. p-V. ; P., D.] $ & ( ~ i ,3 c i), ' whet, sharpen ; (fig.) make eager or bold or strong ; hasten, promote, help ; (itm.) be eager,' etc. [By BR. divided into two roots: see, however, Gr. V., p-V. ; P., D.] Desid. :-,r c n, circiizsati, ' whet.' i [Treated as sep'te root.] c 6 n, see under g d. 1 c d s ( 2 ? i s h , cis), s e e u n d e r ~ a i s . 2 ,cds=;as. $i=~.ci.
$i

??j, 'give forth a sharp or shrill sound, ring, tinkle,' etc. [V., p-V.; P., D.]

ing;' (gen'ly in pass. ,rishyate, ' be left, remain'). [Rare except with prep'ns. esp'ly vi, ' distinguish,' etc. V., p-V. ; P., D.] 2 $ i s h , ( r i s ) = l c & s , see under cans. 2 9 i, ' lie, lie down or quiet : sleep.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 2 $ 5 , ' give way, disappear, be destroyed.' [p-V. ; P., I).] 3 pF=,rci. 4 $;=gyci. 9 F k, ' sprinkle, drizzle.' [p-V. ; D.] 9 i 1," ' do habitually, practice, enjoy.' [Fr. $la, ' habit.' p-V. ; P., D.1 $ u c , 'flame, shine, beam ; glow, burn (fig. be pained, grieve, wail, etc.).' [Thus BR.; by others divided into two roots. Comp. rubh, pudh. V., p-V.; P., D.] 9 ud, only in ~drujdna, 'boasting or self-reliant' ?. [V.] 9 ,ti (n) d h, lpurify.' [Comp. ruc, gubh. V., p-V.: P., D.] g zc ( r r z ) b h, ' shine, glitter ; adorn, beautify, attire : prepare, make fit;

1 $ i s h, ginshati, 'leave, leave remain-

(itm.) adorn one's self,' etc. [BR. give a sep'te root gubh, 'glide or pass on nimbly,' to explain a few RV. passages, by Gr. referred here; and they omit 'shine ' from this cubh. Comp. cut, cubh. V., p-V.; P., D.] I 9 14 s h w.shyati, 'dry, dry up, wither, languisi.: [v.,p-V. ; P., D., 2 g u s h , see under c v a s . $ ?I (later f ,u ci, v i), ' swell, increase, grow; be thriving or powerful.' [Thus Gr. ; BR. refer Ved. forms in c2- to a sep'te root 1 <:d. 'be superior or victorious;' and later forms in gd-, ci.ay-, etc. to rvd ( p i , 2 ~u),'swell.' V., p-V.; P.. D.] $ U T , see under 1 c a r. $ c a n d (later r a n d ?), only the intens. form canircadat, ' shining.' [By BR. referred to cand; hy C h . , as it seems with better reason, to pcand. gcandra and ca,ndra point to both these rootforms, and BR. give ~ c a n d as the original one. V., p-V-D. ; P., D.] Akin :-2 c h a (n) d, chkndati, chadayati. 's,ppear, seem; seem good, please; try to seduce.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] g c u %a, see under 2 g a nz.

t (Sc y u t), 'drip, trickle.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] $ 76 a t h, 'pierce, penetrate.' [Prob'le earlier form knath given, but not found in use. V , p-V.; P., D.] $ y (2 (4Aci), 'curdle, congeal.' [V (RV. only &a), p-V. ; P., D.] c r u t h. ' become loose or weak, yield, crumbie : weaken, make defenceless.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Later form:-r l a t A, 'become loose, crumble, yield.' [p-V. ; P., D.] $ r U V Z , see under k l a m . $r a (nr) b h (v. 1. s r a rn b h), only with I i (mostly alone), ' confide (in, loc.), trust, depend on.' [Mostly vicrabda, ' trustinz, confident.' The root alone 'suppor~ one's self, lean,' Gr. v-D.: p-V. ; P., D.] $ r d ( r r a i ) , see under 2 g a r $ r i ( 3 !.a r), 'xhlvw, lean: lean or put (against, upon, etc.) ; apply, bring ; (htm.) lean one's self (on, loc.); be attached, be found, be ; resort to, have recourse to; become.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.]
$C U

$2

r i s h , 'join, connect.' [V., p-V-11.; s a d, sidnti, ' sit, sit down ; besiege,

P., D.1 lie in wait for ; sink dowu (fig. colLater form :-c 1 i s h, ' adhere or lapse, decay, perish; be despondent, cling to, clasp, embrace, join.' [p-V. ; be low-spirited; be distressed or in P., D.] need, etc.).' [S7.,pV.; P , D.] prF, see under 2 c a r . s Ct ?? (2 s ri), 'gain, procure, obtain, possess, procure (for another), bestow.' 1 $2 r l 6 , cpoti, 'hear. listen; be atten. [V., p-V.; P., D.1 tive ; listen to (a teacher, etc.), learn, 1 s a p , see under s d find out.' [V., p-V.: P., D.] From it :-gr u s h, 'hear (Gr.), listen 2 5 U p , only in one corrupt passage, to.' [With certainty only in (rosh~rsdpayan, ' futuens' ( ? BR.). [p-V. ; mcina, by HR. defined 'complaisant, ='.I confiding.' croshan, yoshantu might c also be referred to cru. T. ; P i?D.] s c h h &j," see under b h aj. ), 2 9 r t / , see under s n r. s a r (sy), ' move or hurry on, glide, Born, flow away.' [V., p-V . P., D.] p r ~ s h seeunder 1 r r u . , , From it :-I s a r j ( s ~ j , s&ti, let p l a t h , seeunder ~ r n t h . loose, end forth, fling, hurl; throw go, set free; p & g h, ' have confidence (in, dat.) ; or pour out; letproduce, beget ; pubprolish ; procreate, speak confidently, boast, be proud; duce, procure, give.' [V., p-V.; p., D.] flatter. praise.' [p-V. ; D.] -8 a r p (s ?.p), ' creep, crawl.' \V., p l i s h , seeunder c r i s h . p-V. ; P., D.1-2 pr u, ~rriztzti, be set in motion ; flow apart, be dis$2 v a ( 6 )c, .open itself, receive in open solved or disconnected.' [Varied arms' BR. : ' bend,' with ud, .arise ; form or incorrect writing for sru, open,' Gr. [Only a few RS-. forms below V.,,p-I-. ; P., D.1-sr u, Iflow, somewhat differently treated by BR. stream ; trickle ; let flow, emit, shed ; and Gr., and not all quoted by the flow or trickle away, slip away, fail, former. V. : P., D.1 perish; flow (from), originate.' [V., p v n s, ' blow. hiss, pant ; breathe ; p-V. ; P., D.] sigh.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] 1 sa (s ~ j )see under s a r. , L4kin:-2 ? u s h, chhati, ' hiss ' 2 8 a r j , shrjnti, ' creak.' p., p-V. ; [V. ; P,, D.] P., D.] p v (3, c z>i = < u, which see. , p 7) i t , ' be white or bright, shine.' s a r p (S ~ p )see under s a r. s a $2 c = s a c (see note). [V., p-V-D. ; P.. D.] a 8, ' sleep, be inactive or idle.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] h, see under s a g h. s h i v , 'spit, spit out.' [p-V. ; P., s & (so),syati, bind, connect ; yoke, D.1 fetter.' [Only with prep'ns, esp'ly ava, ' unbind, unyoke ; (fig. desist, cease ; stop, stay; abide by, decide upon, s a c/ /L. 'bear, be able to bear : cometc.).' V., p-V. ; P., D.] pFeh&d' (ifr ). [Only in 3 passages. Akin :-sac ( sa c), 'be connected V., p-V. ; D.] or associated or together with; be From it :-s a h, ' overpower, connear, belong to ; possess ; be attached quer. 'master, check ; be able : bear, to, serve; follow, seek; pursue.' endure. suffer, allow.' [Though 'bear' [Sev'l RV. forms sap occur, referred seems to be orig'l meaning, ' over11y both BR, and Gr. to sac: only one power' is the one prevailing in the sc~/casi, VBlakhilya, and the noun in RV. V., p-V.; P., D.1 sa~cat(RV.), are by BR. referred t o a sep'te root safc, 'stop, withhold.' s c ~ c s a ~ c ) , under 1 s d . ( see They seem, however, both explainable (s a j j, s a iij), see under 1 s d. s under sac. The two roots (sac, saw) a 17$ = s a j . should perhaps be considered as

rj

I
/

Verbal Rouk o the S c ~ ? ~ s k / - i t f Lanyziage.

closely connected, but not as identical. V.: p-V.; P., D l - s a j ( s a j j . in pass., by assimil'n ; s a lij), ding, be attached or connected, adhere, stick.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.1-1 s a p , ' adhere or be devoted to ; strive after, seek to reach.' [Akin to sac, and orig'ly sakr, Kuhn, 9, 17. The verbform sapary, ' honor,' not in the DhBt., seems connected with this as a denom. fr. a sapar (fr. sap). I-.,-\-. ; P., D.], p -s i, bind, twine around ; connect. [By weak'g of orig'l sa. V., p-V. ; P., D.1-s i v (s i v), 'bind or stitch together, sew.' [Fr. si. T., p-V. ; P.! I D.1-s e o, be connected with ; tarry in a place, stay or dwell in or b y ; attend to, serve, honor; be attached to, devote one's self to, cultivate, practice ; enjoy (sexually).' [Comp. sue, above. V., p-V. P., D.1-s 2 t ,,,* 'tie or string together : declare. etc.. 1 in a Sfitra.' "[Fr."siltra (siv), p-V. ; P.. D.]
8 I/,

47

Ii h," ' gladden, delight.' [Fr. sukha, 'joy.' p-V. ; D ] S u ( ? t ~ b /( ' stifle' (7). [Only two ex. ) p-V. ; n. 71 s 71 = su.
s 1 c, point out. indicate, show, betray.' 1
[By BR. considered as a denom ? p-T. : P., D.] s i2 t r,* see under 1 s d.

s zZ tl, see under szvid s 12 r k s / I , ' care for, regard.' [p-V. ;

D.1

s e u , see under 1 s ci. s k a (?z) d, . leap, spring, spirt, be

ejected or hurled forth, be spilled, fall ont ; cover (of animals, bespringen).' [I7.. p-V. ; P., D.] s k a r = kar. s k 7 1 , cover, heap over ; protect.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] s k h ( L 2, stumble, reel, falter, slip, err, fail; stammer; stick.' [p-V. ; P., D.] skhid=khid. s t c6 n, ' thunder, roar, groan.' [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] Akin :-2 t a n , tanyati, ' thunder, resonnd.' Comp. note to 1 tan. V., p-V-D.; D j s t a ( r t r ) b h, 'fix firmly, prop up (whence) reach t o check; (dtm.) become stiff or rigid.' [V , p-V. ; P., D.1 s t n r (s t st ' strew, scatter. diffuse; s ~ r e a dover, cover : throw away or down (an enemy, etc."). [V., p-V. ; P., D.] s t d, ( s t a i), only in sttiycrrzt, stealthy, secret.' [T. (only ilV.), p-V. (BR., Nachtr.) : D.l Akin :-st e n.* ' steal, rob.' [Fr. stenr~ (std), ' thief.' p-V.]

s d d h, reach the goal or be acconiplished, succeed; carry out, adjust, set in order; accommodate one's self, obey.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] Akin :-1 s i d h, sidhyati, ' reach goal, be accomplished. succeed ; be the valid, be proved : be healed.' [Comp. also 2 sidh, by Gr. connected with this. V., p-V. ; P., D.] s i, see under 1 s 2.

s i c 'pour out ; emit ; sprinkle.' LV.,

p-V. ; P., D.]

~1

1 s iclh, see under s d d h . 2 s i d h, skdhati, ' scare or drive away,

ward off.' [Thus BR. ; by Gr. referred to 1 sidh, proceed straight to one's goal,' in a caus. sense, drive on or away' ? V., p-V. ; P., D.] s i u (stvi, see under I sd.

r,

t),

s u (s a) : 1 su, sunolz, ' press out (esp'ly attack.' [See note, P. Soma juice) :'-2 su (ski, shlali, sul hiz, set in motion, cause, produce : destine (for), consecrate, empower:'-3 s t i r t z , only in stzrliita, ' heavy, dull, su (sa), stivati, sauti. sitte, ' bring forth, quiet ; wet' ?. [Comp. tim. p-V. ; generate, beget, bear.' [For the conrl.1

'L,

p. 397 ; Pott, Zeitschr., 6, 8 6 5 : F., p. LV., PV.; P., D.l 230: some excluding 3 su Orig'l it :-s t u b h, ' shout for joy, meaning ' set in motion, send or exult, praise.' [ V , P-V. ; P.3 D.1 bring forth1? 911 three V., p.V. , ; P., D.] s t e n,*, see under s t ~ i .

y d (St y a i), ' coagulate, grow thick s p h n t, only in sphdtita, split open, ' torn.' rp-V. ; P., D.1-sp h u <, split or solid.' [p-V. ; P., D.] open, burst ; expand, blossom.' [Fr. s t h a g , ' veil, cover.' [p-V. ; D.] sphat. p-V. ; P., D.] s t h d, ' stand, stand still ; stay, abide. s f ? /L n l, only caus. with d, ' strike, remain, endure, be in any state or sitslap ; hurl ; tear ;' and sum, ' strike uation ; abide (by, lac.) ; desist (from, on or dash to pieces.' [Comp. sphar abl.), etc. ; stand or take place upon, and sphur. p-V. ; P., D.] mount.' [V., p-V. ; P., D.] only in sphiyante s n d, sndti, ' bathe, perform ablution.' s p h d (y), 'are fattened;' and (BR., Nachtr.), san[V., p-V. ; P., D.] sphdna, ' growing fat, being fattened.' [By Brugmau, Morphol Untersuch'n, s n i h, ' b e adhesive, be sticky or derived fr. 1 sap. V-D., p-V. ; P., D.] moist ; have affection, be attached (to, lac. or gen.), love.' (Caus. .smear, s p h zt 6, see under s p h a r . anoint, make pliant or subn~issive,' BR. ; ' make fat, melt, whence destroy, 923 h t c pa, impart a sudden motion to, jerk ; throb, quiver, tremble : flash, kill,' Gr.). [V., p-V. ; P., D.] appear suddenly. be revealed.' [Comp. yield any liquid (esp. mother's s n 26, sphal. V., p-V. ; P., D.] milk), fiow.' [p-V. ; P., D.] From it :-sp h u I, only in sphulita, revealed, appeared.' [p-V. ; D.] S P a n d, ' move with a quick motion, throb, kick.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] s p ~1 r<j sp h a rj), 'make a low noise. ( rumble, roar; break forth, appear.' s)? a r (sp y), .gain by struggle or con[In latter sense camp. sphur. Pertest; save, set free, protect; subdue.' haps ' break forth,' whence ' begin to [Comp. Gr. V., p-V. ; P., D.] rumble.' T., p-V.; P., D.] From i t : - s p a r d h (spydh, s p 5 r d h), ' struggle, compete, rival ; s p h u l , s e e u n d e r s p h u r . strive for.' [V., p-V.; P., D.] z s p a r h (spy h), 'be eager to gain, s n a r, ' remember, think of; be mindful of; record, declare, teach ; rememdesire ; envy.' [V., p-V. ; P.. D.] ber with regret, long.' [V., p-V.; s p c t r d h (spyclh), see u n d e r s p a r . P., D.] s w a r - (sp y R, 'touch, feel, stroke; s nl i. 'smile, smile sweetly or with a c reach, attain, d e c t ; feel, experience.' blush; (whence fig.) blodm (of flow[V., p-V. ; P., D.] ers).' [V., p-V.; P., n.] s p a r h . ( s p r h ) , see under s p a r . s y a ( a )d, 'flow, run, pass or move s p cc g ( p a c). 'see, behold, perceive ; on.' [V.,p-V.; P., D.] consider; (Atm.)live to see, experience.' s r , I ( f i ) s, 'fall off or asunder, crumble [pac in the pres't formations; spac down; hang loosely.' [V., p.V; P., In remaining tenses and caus., but D.l only in the older language. V., p-V. ; s r i d h, ' make a false step, stumble, P., D.] fail.' [V.; D.] sp$rdh=spardh. s r i o (s r i v), 'fail.' [Only 3 ex. s p h a see under s p h a r. s p h a r, only in caus., ' tear apart, T., p-V. : D. ?] open, spread ; draw (a bow).' [p-V. ; s r U , see under s a r. P.. D.l s v a ( f i ) j , 'clasp, embrace. ' [V., ~ k < :-p h a r. only in intens., n p-V. ; P., D.] ' tear its way, advance with might' (1). i [Only once in a corrupted and artifi- s v a d (S u a d, s v c d), ' make palatable or agreeable, sweeten, spice ; taste cial Vedic hymn, 932, 7. B R , with good : relish, enjoy.' [By BR. divided Shyana refer it to par, ' fill;' Gr., ' strew,' to sphur. V. ; D.1-1 p h a 2, into two roots : 2 s v a d, 'put aright z tame,' to which sud. V.,p-V. ; split, burst ; deflect, rebound.' P., D.] [Comp also 2 phal.* p-T. ; P., D.] Akin :-s 6 c7, sweeten, make agree-p h u l 1,* ' expand, blow.' [Pr. phulla able, beautify ; bless ; put aright, ( I phal), 'burst open.' p-T. ; P.1S6
L

t,

.\kin :-2 h 2, jahdti, 'leave, abanheal.' [See note to si ad. 1-., p-T7.; don. reject, omit: emit.' [T., p-7'. ; P., D.] s v n r t , *sound,rush, roar.' [T , p-V. ; P.,D.] From this:--ujj?! (fr. ud+ h ~ i ) , ' leave, abandon ; avoid.' [p-V. ; P., P., n.] D.1-?A ri s, ' race. contend in running.' [I-.,
p-V.] s v n p , sleep, go to sleep ; lie dead.' [T.,p-V. ; P., D.] 2 /I d , see under 1 h !i. 1 s 8 (t r, svhatz, emit a sound, re(2. sound; sing, praise in song.' [Ir., h d s, see under 1 ?i p-Tr. ; P., D.] h i , 'set in motion, impel. cause; promote, ftrvor, honor; procure.' [V., 2 s 7. ( L r, st a ~ n t t , sl~ine [I7 p-IT.; ' , p-V ; P.. U.] P., D.] 1)i rj s, see under h 0 72. sndd=si3ad.

s v i (1, ' sweat.' [V., p-V. : P., D.]

h i 7 k, ' hiccough.' [Onomat. p-T. ; ;

D.1

h CI d , ' cacare.' [p-V. ; P.. D.] [p-I-.: P.] /L a 97, ( g h s n), ' strike, hit ; strike down: h i 6 ( h i 4. h e d), ' b e angry or hostile ;
slay, kill ; destroy, ruin.' [V., p-T7.; P., n.] From it (desid.) :-h i f 1 8 , ' hurt. wound, injure.' [V., p-T7. ; P., D.] 1 h r c v ( ? i r ) , seeunder b h a r . offend ; be frivolons ;' (orig'ly ' pull, pluck'?, BR.). [T., p - T . ; P.. D.] h 7 6 , pour (esp. clarified butter, BR. : sacrificial libation, Gr.) into the fire, sacrifice.' [T'., p-I-. ; P., D.] be angry.' h ?A 7" c h, see under d r u 71. T., p-T. ;

/, i !, $, one ex. of nncert. meaning.

2 /L n r, ( hy, h t),lirnite, [Orig'ly ghar. bnrn' 7 P., D.] Akin :-h r b, be ashamed, blush.' h P ( J ( h e l )= h i d . [I7.,p-V. ; P., D.l /I e s h, . neigh.' [Comp. hresh. h n ?. (y), ' wish, yearn after ; love, p - 6 . ; P.. D.]
like.' [I-., p-T7. ; P., D.]

T'.,

h a s //, (h r s h ) , . bristle or become

/, .pnt out of the way, drix e away;

71,

erect (as the hair of the body : hence) be intensely moved (esp. by joy), rejoice :' or the reverse develop't of meaning (BR.). [Probable orig'l form gha~sh (ghrsh)given, but not qiiotable, except in deriv'ns grhyshu, etc. Per- h 7" i, see under 2 h a T . haps orig'ly ' he intensely moved,) and hary. h r 7 6 , see nnder d r u h.
and connected with 2 i l a ~ V., p-T7. ; P.. L),] /L 7 s s h, neigh.' [Comp. hes?~. p-V. :
. h a s, 'laugh, laugh at, (fig.) bloom (of D.1 flowers).' [Comp. s~ni.V. (only AT7. ; h l d d, cool or refresh one's self ' in RT7. the verbal has and derir.); [V-D., p-7'. ; P., D ] p - T ~ . P., n.] ; h v (( I . ( h , r), see under d r u h. From it:-2 j a k s h, la~cgh.' [By redupl'n. Only two partic. forms. /1 'L' CI I, see nnder d r u it. V., p-V. ; P., D.] h v (2 ( hv a i, h a ) , call, invoke.' [Per1 // &, pAite, 'ruqh np, run away, yield. haps two verbs: 1 hzc, from which turn and flee, run to ' [V , p-V ; hi -cr : comp. Brugman. hforphol. Untersuch'n.] P , D.1

deny, excuse one's self.' [V.. p-V. ; P.D l /I r ct s, 'become small, diminish.' [p-T ; P . D.] 7, v (7 sound.' [p-T. ; P., D.]

(a,

A. H. Edgren,

kk 1 gb 2 gb chb

3 vb 4 vb (ve)

ji3
st% sthb 1 db 2 dii 3 db 4 db (do) 1 dhb 2 dhb mnii snb
1P ! 2 pa

9"b hv2 98 ksh2 1 sb (SO) 2 ~ i (= san) i ps8 1 ha 2 h2

1

bhP
1 mf (= mri)
2 mf (= 2 mi)
ri (= ri)
krf
bhrP 9r t hri 1 li 2 li

I)*

VIP
1v P 2 vf 3v P

bhii 1 m2 2 mb dhnlb EBya jy2 sty8 dhy& py! (= vya

2 P')

F Y ~
1 rb 2 rb

ghrb trk 1 dr$ 2 drb daridrh

P'"
9 " ' 12

9"

nlla 1 vb 2 vb

dhi pi (=pi) 1 mi 2 mi smi ri jri. 9r1 vli 9i (= FA) 1 kshi 2 kshi si f di 1 d? 2 df 3 df dfdf (= 1 di) dhf dMhf (= dhi) nf 1 pf 2 pf 3 pf

1 ci 2 ci 3 ci 4 ci 1j : 2 J1

9vf 1 qf
2 gf
3 qf (= FA) 4 qi (= cyb)
11f

sku gu drnu kshnu tu stu du dhu (= dhh) 1 nu 2 nu snu h nu

1 YU 2 YU

cyu 1 ru 2 ru dru pru 1 gru 2 gru

RU r hru plu kshu su (1, 2 , 3 ) hu k a (= ku) jfi dd I= du) dhb pa 1)hd drQ brd ld 9Q sQ (= SU) h a (= ~ V A ) cak tak 1 vak (= vac) 2 vak 9ak qfk lok dhauk hikk tahk qaii k tark rikh likh sukh* ahkh* ririkh frikh diikh sthag 1% vlag mrg* ahg tvahg

ihg rihg
lihg
mhg*
valg
dagh
sagh
pllgl1
stigh
migh (= mih)
dugh (= duh)
megh (= mih)
larigh
argh*
ac
khac

mlich yuch mlech (= mlich) hiich vliich uiich arch march

bhaii.j svaiij (= svaj) saiij (= saj) 9 3

nPd

tun^ (=

~ f d krfd ~r4
hid rrud lud kad (= khl) krad red nired hed (= hid) khand" gand* dand* mand pin(!* hind mar4 gan* par! phan bhan man ran vran kvan kshan (= kshan) kar! marn varn* gharn cQm* at cat 1 pat 2 pat* Yat vat Eat vkt* cit mrit pvit i;c(y)ut JYut dyut cint art 1 kart

tuj)

mirth
hnrch aj paj bhaj yaj tyaj. 1 raj 2 raj bhuraj dhraj vraj v aj svaj bhishaj saj sabhij* 1 rkj 2 rij bhr:ij tij.

v yac rac vac gvac (= qvafic) sac ykc ric 1 vic 2 vie (= vyac) sic uc kuc muc rue mruc mluc 9uc sac loc aiic (= ac) caiic taiic vaiic gvaiic kuiic (= kuc) lniic arc care pare marc vrapc sapc prach

pat

"$1

J '
fj
vTj.
tU
J 1 bhuj 2 bhuj
yuj
ruJ.

k F j:
ppj eJ rej majj bhrajj lajj. SaJJ (= saj) aiij khaiij j aiij

ubj 1 arj 2 arj gag JVJ (?) t arj bharj (= bhrajj) marj varj 1 sarj 2 sarj sphurj ~jjh. J%J~J~
at
ghat
cat
jhat
tat
nat
pat
sphat
bhat
rat
kut (= kutt)
ghut
sphut
jut (?,
katt
ghat$
kutt
van!
visht (= vesht.)
cesht
path
ruth
1 luth
2 luth
kulgh
gunth
lunth
tad
vrid
kshvid
id

2 kart cart uart vart kErt* kath* path path* math vyath krath grath prath qrath klath glath kvath nkth (= nLdh) mith vith kuth puth pruth veth (= vith) proth (r pruth) katth mailtll (= math) grailth (= grath) arth* ad kad skad (= skand) khad gad 1 chad 2 chad dad (= 1 dL) nad pad 1 mad 2 mad syad rad mrad vrad vad svad 1 gad 2 gad kshad

sad gurd j an bard 1 tan had khld gadh 2 tan ykd dadh (= 1 dhL) stall 1 badh (= bandh) dan hrhd 2 badh (= vadh) dhan hl A d svhd (= svad) 3 bad11 pan khid vyadh bhan radh 1 man skhid (= khid) 2 rnan (= chid vadh rl Atlh 1 ran nid 2 ran bhid bhdh mid rAd h van 1 dhvan klid vr2dh sadh 2 dhvan vid (1,2) svid idh svan ud sridh kshan kud 1 vidh san cud 2 vidh han 3 vidh ( = vyadh) dbn tud nud 1 sidh pan mud 2 sidh in rud dudh ven trud budh sten* kshud yudh jap 1 rudh sfid tap iled 2 rudh rap skand krudh krap gudh trap cand (?) qcand ksliudh lap chaiid (= 2 chad) edh 1 vap ta~rd ba~rdll 2 vap nand raridh (= radh) gap 1kshap spand indh (= idh) bhand vindh (= 2 vidh) 2 kshap mand (= mad) gundh (= qudh) 1 sap syand (= syad) ardh 2 sap krand gardh svag vand spardh : ip nind (= nid) mardh lip niind 1 vardh rl.P vind (= vid, 1) 2 vardh vlp urid (= ud) 1g ~ r d h kship 2 gardh dip qabd* pibd gardh kup ard spfirdh RUP* chard ari CP U tard kan YU P nard khan rup mard can lup

2 mad)

Verbal Roots o the Sanskrit Language. f

mlup kam kshup gam dhQp* cam rap* gcam vep (= vip) jam kamp dam tarp tam dam darp dham sarp nam kalp yam jalp g~~shhp ram raph kram rip11 dram gll(m)ph bhram gulph gran1 damb lam ramb klam lamb vam cumb 1 gam 2 gam skabh j abh 3 gam stabh 4 gam dab11 ksham nabh bhdm yabh tim rabh stim grabh ay (= i) labh day ribh nay (= ni) ubl1 ~Y"Y* stubh c i y (= 4 ci) lubh t:iy gubh d l y (= 1 dL) kshubh sphdy subh pydy (= 2 p?) rebh (= ribh) pfy (= 3 pi) skambh (=skabh) knQy jambh (= jabh) pay stambh (= stabh) hary dambh (= dabh) irshy* 1rambh (= rabh) a r 2 rarnbh 1 kar 2 kar jrambh qrambh 3 kar gumbh (= cubh) skar (= 1 kar) sumbh(= subh) 1 gar 2 gar darbh galbh Y gar am $gar ghar car 1 jar 2 jar 3 jar tar star 1 dar 2 dar dhar 1 par 2 par 3 par spar phar sphar bhar 1 mar 2 mar smar 1 var 2 var jvar tvar dhvar 1 svar 2 war hvar 1 gar 2 gar 3 gar ( = p i ) kshar sar tsar 1 har 2 har nr kir (= 3 kar) ir tir* vir* gur cur chur j ur t ur sphur bhur gQr (= gur) j a r (= jur) tQr par gQr (= 1yar)
sQtr*
mantr*
yantr*
migr*
1 kal
2 kal
skh a1
gal
cal
dal
1 phal
2 phal*
sphal
bal
bhal
la1
val
jval
hval
gal
kshal il mil mil gil tul dul sphul lul kQ1 palpal mdl* khel kshvel he1 (= hid) phull* av dhav plav (= ~ I U ) t l v (?) dhar shtiv div sriv (= s r b ) siv jiv div

53

miv sriv sev ranv dhanv iilv (= in) ~lnv dhinv (=dhi) pir~v carv bharv turv dhurv (= dhQrv) jfirv d harv "9 ( I , % ] clap 1 nag 2 nag 1 pap (= spap) 2 Pa9 "a9 bhrag va9 kig dig rig (= rAs)

kash bhash lash bhksh ish (1-5) pish mish rish grish glish vish tvisl~ dvish 1 qish 2 gish (= 1 $As) ish ush kush 1 ghush 2 ghnsh jush tush dush push mush rush prush V?C qrush plush $9 PIE 1 gush r?9
2 gush llq
dhash (= dhrsh) kliq
bhQsh vig
rash esh f9
1 tug
yesh 2 tug
bhresh 1 rug (= rut)
hresh 2 rug (=rush)
hesh kruq
pirisli (= pish) dalig (= dag)
aksh bhrariq
caksh pilig (=pip)
1 jaksh rap9
2 jaksh al-9 (?)
taksh karg
daksh ~iaksh darg
bhaksh sparg
bharg (= bhranp) yaksh marg myaksh

1 raksh 2 raksh

kraksh praksh 3 vas mraksh 4 ras 5 vas laksh* 1 vaksh (=uksh) khvas (= dhvans) 2 vaksh gvas tvaksh gas iliksh sas bhiksh has 1 miksh is 2 miksh(=myrtksh)k:is iksh cakls diksh dbs dhiksh bhbs 1 uksh rls 2 uksh vbs* raksli* qis (= pas) 1 moksh hAs 2 moksh* p$ kkriksh ans* bhuhksh taris sarksh dalis (?) 1 arsh sralis 2 arsh dhvaris karsh (I, 2) garis gharsh niris tarsh hiris dharsh kuts* marsh bharts varsh 1 ah harsh 2 ah 1 as dah 2 as nah kas hah ( = b a d ) ghas mah jas rah das grah (= grabh) ilas glah bhas vah Yas sah bhyas ~ ? h 1 ras vah has* dih gras snih tras mih sras (= srans) rih hras lib 1 las ih

2 las 1 vas 2 vas

Verbal Boots o the Sanskrit Lunyzcage. f

guh duh ~nuh ruh druh 1 ah
2

55

Qh

jeh arih (= ah) jarill bahh mai~h

rafih va6h (= banh) arh garh tarh darh

spar11 1 bar11 2 barh 3 bar11 varh t= valh

barh)

Co~rigenda:-Add to the note, p. 7 , etc., 2 raksh (AT. alone), st$.-p. 3 , line 23 from top, read 880 for 860.-p. 28, read ghauk for $hank.-p. 3 6 , read bhishaj for bhisaj.