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Influence Lines for Beams Influence Lines for Floor Girders Influence Lines for Trusses Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment
Influence Line
Example 6-1 Construct the influence line for a) reaction at A and B b) shear at point C c) bending moment at point C d) shear before and after support B e) moment at point B of the beam in the figure below. C A B 4m 4m 4m
1 C
8m
By
4m
1 Ay = 1 x 8
Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,
B y (8) 1x = 0,
Shear at C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1 x A Ay 4m 1 x
0 x4
4m
By
4m
C MC VC
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
+ Fy = 0:
1 1 x 1 VC = 0 8 1 VC = x 8
x
4 < x 12
C MC VC + Fy = 0:
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
1 1 x VC = 0 8 1 VC = 1 x 8
6
0 x<4
4 < x 12
x
1 VC = x 8
1 x A Ay 4m 4m By 4m C
0 44+ 8 12
1 VC = 1 x 8
VC 0.5 4m
1 VC = 1 x 8
8m
12 m
1 VC = x 8
-0.5
-0.5
Bending moment at C
0 x<4 4 < x 12
1 x A Ay 1 x
0 x4
4m
4m
By
4m
C MC VC + MC = 0:
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
1 M C + 1(4 x) (1 x )(4) = 0 8 1 MC = x 2
x
4 < x 12
C MC VC + MC = 0:
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
1 M C (1 x)( 4) = 0 8 1 MC = 4 x 2
8
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1 x A Ay 4m
1 x 2
x
MC = MC = 4 1 x 2 1 x 2
MC 0 2 0 -2
0 4 8 12
4m
By
4m
MC =
MC
MC = 4
1 x 2
2 8m 4m -2 12 m x
1 C
+ MB = 0: Ay 1
Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,
0.5
8m
12 m x
4m -0.5
10
Reaction at B 1 x A Ay Ay 1 0.5 8m By 4m
Ay + B y 1 = 0
+ Fy = 0: 8m
B y = 1 Ay
12 m x
4m By
B y = 1 Ay
-0.5 1.5 1
0.5 x 4m 8m 12 m
11
Shear at C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1 x A Ay 4m 1 x
0 x4
4m
By
4m
C MC VC
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
+ Fy = 0:
Ay 1 VC = 0 VC = Ay 1
x
4 < x 12
C MC VC + Fy = 0:
Ay VC = 0 VC = Ay
12
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
C A B 4m Ay 1 0.5 8m 12 m x 4m
VC = Ay 1 VC = Ay
4m
4m
-0.5
VC 0.5 4m 8m 12 m x
-0.5
-0.5
13
Bending moment at C
0 x<4 4 < x 12
1 x A Ay 1 x
0 x4
4m
4m
By
4m
C MC VC + MC = 0:
Ay (4) + 1( 4 x ) + M C = 0
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
M C = 4 Ay (4 x)
x
4 < x 12
C MC VC + MC = 0:
Ay (4) + M C = 0 M C = 4 Ay
14
A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m
C A B 4m Ay 1 0.5 8m 12 m x 4m M C = 4 Ay (4 x) M C = 4 Ay MC 2 8m 4m -2
15
4m
4m
-0.5
12 m
4m
By
4m MB Ay 8m VB- = Ay VB-
Ay
0.5 4m
8m
12 m x -0.5 x -0.5
16
VB-
-0.5
-1.0
By
4m MB 1
MB VB+ 4m VB+ = 0 Ay 1
VB+
4m VB+ = 1
0.5 4m
8m
12 m x -0.5 x
17
VB+
4m
By
4m MB Ay 8m MB = 8Ay VB-
Ay
8m
12 m x -0.5 1 -4 x
18
MB
P=1 B
y = 1
P=1 y'
sB =
y
L
1 L
B By
Ay
Ay (1) 1( y ' ) + B y (0) = 0 Ay = y '
19
P=1 A
x'
L P=1 C Ay
sA =
y'
= 1 L
y = 1 B By
y
L
- Pinned Support A a L C b B
B A RA RA 1
b L
x
21
- Fixed Support A a L B b
RA RA 1 1 x
22
Shear
P=1 A a L VC A Ay
sA = 1 L
C b
P=1 yR
y=1 yL VC
y'
sB =
1 L B
By
y=1 VC = y '
23
C b
VC
Slope s B =
-1
24
- Fixed Support A a L VB A B B b
VB VB 1 1 x
25
Bending Moment A a L C b
P=1 B
= A + B = 1
P=1 h A Ay MC MC
y'
B
A =
h a
B =
h b
By
1 M C ( A + B ) = y '
M C = y'
h h ( + ) =1 a b
h( a + b) = 1, ab
h=
ab ( a + b)
26
C b
B MC MC
C = A + B = 1
A =
A =
a L
27
- Fixed Support A a L B b
A MC MB
B MC
x -b
28
General Shear A L/4 C L/4 L VC 3/4 1 -1/4 1 VE -2/4 1 -3/4 x -1 1/4 x 2/4 x D L/4 E L/4 B L/4 F L/4 G L/4 H
VD
VBL
29
A L/4 VBL
C L/4
D L/4 L
E L/4
B L/4
F L/4
G L/4
x -1 VBR 1 x VF 1 x VG 1 x
30
General Bending Moment A L/4 C L/4 L MC 3L/16 D L/4 E L/4 B L/4 F L/4 G L/4 H
= sA + sB = 1 B = 1/4
4L/16 x
A = 3/4
MD
= sA + sB = 1 B = 1/2
3L/16 x
A = 1/2
ME
= A + B = 1 B = 3/4
A = 1/4
31
A L/4
C L/4
D L/4 L
E L/4
B L/4
F L/4
G L/4
MB 1 MF 1 MG 1 x L/4
32
x 3L/4 x 2L/4
Example 6-2 Construct the influence line for - the reaction at A, C and E - the shear at D - the moment at D - shear before and after support C - moment at point C A B 2m Hinge D 2m 4m
2m
33
SOLUTION
B A RA 2m 2m
C 2m
D 4m
RA
34
B A 2m 2m RC 8/6 RC 1
C 2m
D 4m
4/6 x
35
B 2m 2m
C 2m
D E 4m RE 1
RE
2/6 x -2/6
36
VD A B C D E
2m
2m
2m
VD
4m
1 VD 2/6 1 sC = 1/6 =
-1
1 D 2m 4m 1 VD E
2m 4m RE VD = -RE
x 4m RE 1
MD
MD
VD = 1 -RE
RE
VD
2/6
MD D
MD
2m
2m
2m
4m
(2)(4)/6 = 1.33 2 MD
D = C+E = 1 C = 4/6
2/6 = E
-1.33
39
1 D 2m 4m 1 VD E
2m 4m RE MD = 4RE
x 4m RE 1
MD
MD
MD = -(4-x)+4RE
RE
2/6 x -2/6
MD
8/6 x
-8/6
40
VCL A B 2m 2m VCL 2m C D 4m E
VCL x -1 -1
41
C 2m
D 4m MB RA VCL VCL = RA
VCL = RA - 1
x VCL x -1 -1
42
VCR A B 2m 2m VCR 2m C D 4m E
1 VCR 0.333
0.667 x
43
Or using equilibrium conditions: A B 2m 1 C 2m 1 MC VCR VCR = -RE RE MC VCR VCR = 1 -RE RE 1 RE 2/6=0.33 x -2/6 = -0.333 1 VCR 0.333 0.667 x
44
D 4m
2m
B 2m 2m
MC C MC 2m
D 4m
MC 1 -2 x
45
D 4m
MC VCR 6m MC = 6RE RE RE
MC VCR 6m
M C = 6 RA x'
RE 1
MC 1 -2 x
46
Example 6-3 Construct the influence line for - the reaction at A and C - shear at D, E and F - the moment at D, E and F
Hinge
E 2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
47
SOLUTION
D A
RA
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
RA
1 0.5 x -0.5 -1
48
C RC
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
0.5 RC
1.5
49
VD A D B E C F
VD 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
VD =
0.5 x -0.5 -1
50
VE A D B E C F
VE
51
VF A D B E C F
VF 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
VF =
= x
52
A MD 2m
D MD 2m
2m
2m
2m
2m 2
MD
D = 1
-1 -2
53
B ME
ME C
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
ME
(2)(2)/4 = 1
E = 1
x
B = 0.5
C = 0.5
-1 -2
54
C ME
ME
2m MF
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
F = 1
-2
55
Example 6-4 Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and the maximum positive moment that can be developed at point C on the beam shown due to - a single concentrate live load of 8000 N - a uniform live load of 3000 N/m - a beam weight (dead load) of 1000 N/m
A 4m
C 4m
B 4m
56
SOLUTION
3000 N/m
A 4m
B 4m 4m
RB 0.5 1
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
1.5
(RB)max
3000 N/m
3000 N/m
A 4m VC
B 4m 4m
0.5
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
x -0.5
-0.5
(VC)max
8000 N
A 4m MC
B 4m 4m
2
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4
(MC)max positive