II.

2 BI TON LP CTPT
HYDROCACBON
II.2.1 CC PHNG PHP LP CNG THC PHN T CA
HYDROCACNON
II.2.1.1 Phng php khi lng hay % khi lng.
1) Phng php gii :
Bc 1 : Tm M
A
: ty theo gi thit bi cho m s dng cc cch tnh sau tm M
A
Tm M
A
da trn cc khi nim c bn, cc nh lut c bn. C nhiu cch tm
khi lng phn t, ty tng gi thit bi cho m dng cch tnh thch hp.
1. Da vo khi lng ring D
A
(ktc)
M
A
= 22,4 . D
A
vi D
A
n v g/l
2. Da vo t khi hi ca cht hu c A
M
A
= M
B
. d
A/B

M
A
= 29 . d
A/KK
3. Da vo khi lng (m
A
) ca mt th tch V
A
kh A ktc
M
A
= (22,4 . m
A
)/ V
A
m
A
: khi lng kh A chim th tch V
A
ktc
4. Da vo biu thc phng trnh Mendeleep Claperon:
Cho m
A
(g) cht hu c A ha hi chim th tch V
A
(l) nhit T
(
o
K) v p sut P(atm)
PV = nRT
pV
mRT
M
(R = 0,082 atm/
o
Kmol)
5. Da vo nh lut Avogadro:
nh lut: cng iu kin nhit v p sut, mi th tch kh bng
nhau u cha cng mt s phn t kh.
V
A
= V
B
=> n
A
= n
B

B
B
A
A
M
m
M
m

=> M
A
= m
A
B
B
m
M
Bc 2 : t CTPT cht A: C
x
H
y

Xc nh thnh phn cc nguyn t trong hydrocacbon.
Cch 1 :Dng khi bi
-Khng cho khi lng hydrocacbon em t chy
-Tnh c m
C
, m
H
t m
CO2
, m
H2O
Tnh khi lng cc nguyn t c trong A v m
A
(g) cht A.
- Xc nh C:

22,4
V
12. n . 12
44
m
12. ) CO (trong mC A) (trong mC
CO2
CO2
CO2
2

- Xc nh H

O H
O
O H
n n
2
2
2
. 2
18
m
2 2 . 1 H2O) (trong mH A) mH(trong
H

- Xc nh m
A
m
A
= m
H
+ m
A
* Xc nh CTPT cht hu c A: C
x
H
y
Da trn CTTQ cht hu c A: C
x
H
y

;
12.m
m . M
x
m
M
m
y
m
12
A
C A
A
A
H C
x
>

A
H A
m
m . M
y
Cch 2 : Khi bi cho bit thnh phn % cc nguyn t trong hn hp
* Dng cng thc sau:

12.100
C .% M
x
100%
M
%H
y
C %
12
A A x
> ;
100
H .% M
y
A

CTPT A.
Cch 3 : * Tm CTG nht => CTN => CTPT A
:
1
m
:
12
m
y : x
H C
hoc
:
1
%H
:
12
%C
y : x
- CTG nht : C

=> CTTN : (C

)
n
- Xc nh n: bin lun t CTTN suy ra CTPT ng ca A :
y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn dng.
T xc nh c CTPT ng ca cht hu c A.
Lu : Khi bi tan yu cu xc nh CTG nht ca cht hu c A (hay CTN ca A)
hoc khi khng cho d kin tm M
A
th ta nn lm theo cch trn.
2) Cc v d :
V d 1 :
Mt hydrocacbon A c thnh phn nguyn t: % C = 84,21; %H = 15,79; T khi
hi i vi khng kh bng d
A/KK
= 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ca A
GII
Bc 1: Tnh M
A
:
Bit d
A/KK
=> M
A
= M
KK
. d
A/KK
= 29.3,93 = 114
Bc 2 : t A : C
x
H
y


100
M
%H
y
%C
12x
A


8
12.100
114.84,21
12.100
.%C M
x
A


18
1.100
114.15,79
1.100
.%H M
y
A

Suy ra CTPT A: C
8
H
18

V d 2 :
Mt hydrocacbon A th kh c th tch gp 4 ln th tch ca lu hunh ioxit c
khi lng tng ng trong cng iu kin. Sn phm chy ca A dn qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d th c 1g kt ta ng thi khi lng bnh tng 0,8g. Tm CTPT A.
GII
* Tm M
A
:
1V
A
= 4VSO
2
( cng iu kin )
n
A
= 4nSO
2

2 2
2
4 1
4
SO A SO
SO
A
A
M M M
m
M
m

(A v SO
2
c khi lng tng ng nhau)
16
4
64
4
M
M
2
SO
A

Cch 1 : gii theo phng php khi lng hay % khi lng :
t A : C
x
H
y
Bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
hp th CO
2
v H
2
O
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
m= mCaCO
3
= 1g
nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 1/100= 0,01mol
nC = nCO
2
= 0,01mol m
C
= 12.0,01=0,12g
mCO
2
= 0,01.44 = 0,44g
m
bnh
= mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
mH
2
O

= 0,8-0,44 = 0,36g
g
m
m
O H
H
04 , 0
18
36 , 0
2
18
2
2

LBT khi lng (A) :mA = mC + mH = 0,12 +0,04 = 0,16
Ta c
1
16 , 0 . 12
12 , 0 . 16
12.m
m . M
x
m
M
m
y
m
12
A
C A
A
A
H C
x
>

4
16 , 0
04 , 0 . 16
m
m . M
y
A
H A


Vy CTPT A : CH
4
Cch 2 : Bin lun da vo iu kin y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn
x =1 v y = 4 CTPT A.
V d 3:
t chy hon ton 2,64g mt hydrocacbon A thu c 4,032 lt CO
2
(ktc). Tm
CTPT A?
GII
* Tm thnh phn cc nguyn t :
mC
(trong A)
= mC
(trong CO2)
= (4,032/ 22,4)*12 = 2,16g
m
H
= m
A
m
C
= 2,64 2,16 = 0,48g
C H
m m 2,16 0,48
x:y= : = : =3:8
12 1 12 1
CTN : C
3
H
8
CTTN : (C
3
H
8
)n
Bin lun :
S H 2 s C +2 8n 6n + 2 n 1 m n nguyn dng n = 1
CTPT A : C
3
H
8
II.2.1.2) Phng php da vo phn ng chy:
Du hiu nhn bit bi ton dng ny : bi t chy mt cht hu c c cp
n khi lng cht em t hoc khi lng cc cht sn phm (CO
2
, H
2
O) mt cch
trc tip hoc gin tip (tc tm c khi lng CO
2
, H
2
O sau mt s phn ng trung
gian).

1) Phng php gii :
Bc 1 : Tnh M
A
( phn II.2.1.1)
Bc 2 : t A : C
x
H
y

* Vit phng trnh phn ng chy.
O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
M
A
(g) 44x 9y
m
A
(g) mCO
2
mH
2
O
* Lp t l tnh x,y

O H CO A
A
2 2
m
9y
m
44x
m
M

hoc
2pu
A O CO2 H2O
y y
x+
1 x
4 2
= = =
n n n n

A
O H A
A
CO A
9m
.m M
y ,
44m
.m M
x
2 2

* T suy ra CTPT A
Mt s lu :
1) Nu bi cho: oxi ha han tan mt cht hu c A th c ngha l t chy han
tan cht hu c A thnh CO
2
v H
2
O
2) Oxi ha cht hu c A bng CuO th khi lng oxy tham gia phn ng ng bng
gim khi lng a(g)ca bnh ng CuO sau phn ng oxi ha. Thng thng trong bi
ton cho lng oxi tham gia phn ng chy, tm khi lng cht hu c A nn ch
n nh lut bo ton khi lng
mA + a = mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
3) Sn phm chy (CO
2
, H
2
O) thng c cho qua cc bnh cc cht hp th chng.
4) Bnh ng CaCl
2
(khan), CuSO
4
(khan), H
2
SO
4
c, P
2
O
5
, dung dch kim, hp th
nc.
Bnh ng cc dung dch kimhp th CO
2
.
Bnh ng P trng hp th O
2
.
5) tng khi lng cc bnh chnh l khi lng cc cht m bnh hp th.
6) Nu bi ton cho CO
2
phn ng vi dung dch kim th nn ch n mui to thnh
xc nh chnh xc lng CO
2
.
7) Vit phng trnh phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c vi oxy nn oxy li cn bng
sau t v sau n v trc. Cc nguyn t cn li nn cn bng trc, t v trc ra v
sau phng trnh phn ng.
2) Bi tp v d :
V d 1 :
t hon ton 0,58g mt hydrocacbon A c 1,76g CO
2
v 0,9g H
2
O. Bit A c
khi lng ring D
A
2,59g/l. Tm CTPT A
Tm tt :
0,58g X + O
2
(1,76g CO
2
; 0,9 g H
2
O)
D
A
2,59g/l. Tm CTPT A?
GII :
* Tm M
A
:
Bit D
A
=> M
A
= 22,4.2,59 58
* Vit phng trnh phn ng chy, lp t l tm x,y
O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
M
A
(g) 44x 9y
m
A
(g) mCO
2
mH
2
O

O H CO A
A
2 2
m
9y
m
44x
m
M

=
0,9
9y
1,76
44x
0,58
58

x = 4
y =10
Vy CTPT A : C
4
H
10
V d 2 : Khi t chy han tan 0,42 g mt Hydrocacbon X thu tan b sn phm qua
bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng KOH d. Kt qu, bnh 1 tng 0,54 g; bnh 2 tng
1,32 g. Bit rng khi ha hi 0,42 g X chim th tch bng th tch ca 1,192 g O
2
cng
iu kin. Tm CTPT ca X
Tm tt :
0,42g X (C
x
H
y
)
+O
2
CO
2
H
2
O
Bnh 1ng ddH
2
SO
4

-H
2
O,
m
1
=0,54g
CO
2
Bnh 2 ng KOHd
-CO
2
,
m
2
=1,32g
Tm CTPT X?
GII
* Tnh M
X
:
0,42g X c V
X
= V
O2
ca 0,192g O
2
(cng iu kin)
=> n
X
= nO
2
=>
2
O
O2
X
X
M
m
M
m

=>
70
0,192
0,42.32
m
.M m
M
2
2
O
O X
X

* Gi X : C
x
H
y

O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
M
X
44x 9y (g)
0,42 mCO
2
mH
2
O (g)
Ta c :

H2O CO2 X
X
m
9y
m
44x
m
M

(1)
bi cho khi lng CO
2
, H
2
O gin tip qua cc phn ng trung gian ta phi tm khi
lng CO
2
, H
2
O
* Tm m
CO2
, m
H2O
:
- Bnh 1 ng dd H
2
SO
4
s hp th H
2
O do tng khi lng bnh 1 chnh l
khi lng ca H
2
O :
m
1
= mH
2
O=0,54g (2)
- Bnh 2 ng dd KOH d s hp th CO
2
do tng khi lng bnh 2 chnh l
khi lng ca CO
2
:
m
2
= mCO
2
=1,32g (3)
(1), (2), (3)
0,54
9y
1,32
44x
0,42
70

x = 5
y = 10
Vy CTPT X : C
5
H
10
(M = 70vC)
II.2.1.3 Phng php th tch (phng php kh nhin k):
Phm vi ng dng : Dng xc nh CTPT ca cc cht hu c
th kh hay th lng d bay hi.
C s khoa hc ca phng php : Trong mt phng trnh phn
ng c cc cht kh tham gia v to thnh ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut) h s t
trc cng thc ca cc cht khng nhng cho bit t l s mol m cn cho bit t l th
tch ca chng.
1) Phng php gii
Bc 1 : Tnh th tch cc kh V
A
, V
O2
, V
CO2
, V
H2O
(hi)
Bc 2 : Vit v cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng chy ca hydrocacbon A di dng
CTTQ C
x
H
y
Bc 3 : Lp cc t l th tch tnh x,y
O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
1(l)
,
_

+
4
y
x
(l) x(l)
,
_

2
y
(l)
V
A
(l) V
O2
(l) V
CO2
(l) V
H2O

(hi)
(l)

O H CO A
2 2 2
V
2
y
V
x
V
4
y
x
V
1

+

hay
O H CO O A
n
y
n
x
n
y
x
n
2 2
2 4
1
2

+

;
n
n
V
V
x
A
CO
A
CO
2 2


A
O H
n
n
2 2
2
V
2V
y
A
O H

Cch khc : Sau khi thc hin bc 1 c th lm theo cch khc:
- Lp t l th tch V
A
: V
B
: V
CO2
: V
H2O
ri a v t l s nguyn ti gin m:n:p:q.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c A di dng:
mC
x
H
y
+ nO
2

o
t
pCO
2
+ qH
2
O
- Dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cn bng phng trnh phn ng chy s tm
c x v y =>CTPT A
* Mt s lu :
- Nu V
CO2
: V
H2O
= 1:1 => C : H = n
C
: n
H
= 1: 2
- Nu tan cho oxy ban u d th sau khi bt tia la in v lm lnh (ngng t hi
nc) th trong kh nhin k c CO
2
v O
2
cn d. Bi tan l lun theo C
x
H
y
- Nu tan cho V
CxHy
= V
O2
th sau khi bt tia la in v lm lnh th trong kh nhin
k c CO
2
v C
x
H
y d
. Bi tan l lun theo oxy.
- Khi t chy hay oxi ha han ton mt hydrocacbon m gi thit khng xc nh r
sn phm, th cc nguyn t trong hydrocacbon s chuyn thnh oxit bn tng ng tr:
N
2
kh N
2
Halogen kh X
2
hay HX (ty bi)
2. Bi tp v d

V d 1:
Trn 0,5 l hn hp C gm hydrocacbon A v CO
2
vi 2,5 l O
2
ri cho vo kh nhin
k t chy th thu c 3,4 l kh, lm lnh ch cn 1,8 l. Cho hn hp qua tip dung dch
KOH (c) ch cn 0,5 l kh. Cc V kh o cng iu kin. Tm CTPT ca hydrocacbon
A.
Tm tt :
C
x
H
y
: a (l)
Gi 0,5 l hn hp
CO
2
: b (l)
0,5l hn hp + 2,5l O
2

ot
CO
2
,O
2
d,H
2
O
ll(- H
2
O)
CO
2
,O
2
d
KOH(- CO
2
)
O
2
d
GII :
* O
2
d , bi tan l lun theo Hydrocacbon A
O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
a a
,
_

+
4
y
x
ax a
2
y
(lt)
CO
2
CO
2
b b (lt)
Ta c V
hh
= a + b = 0,5 (1)
VCO
2
= ax + b = 1,8 0,5 = 1,3 (2)
VH
2
O = a
2
y
= 3,4 1,8 = 1,6 (3)
VO
2 d
= 2,5 - a
,
_

+
4
y
x
= 0,5
ax + a
4
y
= 2 (4)
ax + 3,2/4 = 2 ax = 1,2 (5)
(2), (3) VCO
2
= b = 0,1
V
hh
= a + b = 0,5 a = 0,4
x = ax /a = 3
y = ay/a = 8
Vy CTPT ca A l C
3
H
8

V d 2 :
Trn 12 cm
3
mt hydrocacbon A th kh vi 60 cm
3
oxi (ly d)
ri t chy. Sau khi lm lnh nc ngng t ri a v iu kin ban u th th tch
kh cn li l 48 cm
3
, trong c 24cm
3
b hp th bi KOH, phn cn li b hp th bi
P.
Tm CTPT ca A (cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut)
Tm tt :
12cm
3
C
x
H
y
60cm
3
O
2
(d)
ot
CO
2
H
2
O
O
2
d
lam lanh
-H
2
O
CO
2
O
2
d
(V=48cm
3
)
24cm
3
kh bhap thubi KOH
kh con lai bhap thubi P
(- CO
2
)
(-O
2
)
GII :
* Tnh cc V:
VCO
2
= 24cm
3
VO
2 d
= 48 24 = 24cm
3
VO
2 p
= 60 24 = 36 cm
3
* Tm CTPT :
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip t phng trnh phn ng t chy:
O H
y
xCO O
y
x H
t
y 2 2 2 x
2 4
C
0
+
,
_

+ +
12

,
_

+
4
y
x
12 12x (cm
3
)
VCO
2
=12x = 24 => x = 2
VO
2 d
= 60 12
,
_

+
4
y
x
= 24 => y = 4
CTPT ca A: C
2
H
4

Cch 2: Lp t l th tch
O H CO O A
2 2 2
V
2
y
V
x
V
4
y
x
V
1

+

O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
1
,
_

+
4
y
x
x
2
y
(cm
3
)
12 36 24 (cm
3
)

2 2
CO O A
V
x
V
4
y
x
V
1

24
x
36
4
y
x
12
1

+

=> x = 2 v y = 4
CTPT ca A: C
2
H
4

Cch 3:
Nhn xt: t 12 cm
3
A dng 36 cm
3
oxy v to ra 24 cm
3
CO
2
Suy ra O ?H 24CO 36O H 12C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+ +
LBT (O): => O 24H 24CO 36O H 12C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+ +
LBT (C): 12x = 24 => x = 2
LBT (H) :12y = 48 => y = 4
Vy CTPT ca A l C
2
H
4

V d 3 :
Trong mt bnh kn th tch 1dm
3
c mt hn hp ng th tch gm hydrocacbon
A v O
2
133,5
o
C, 1 atm. Sau khi bt tia la in v a v nhit ban u (133,5
o
C)
th p sut trong bnh tng ln 10% so vi ban u v khi lng nc to ra l 0,216 g.
Tm CTPT A
Tm tt :
V =1dm
3
C
x
H
y
(A)
O
2
t=133,5
o
C,P
1
=1atm
ot
sp chay
V=1dm
3
t=133,5
o
C, P
2
tang 10%
(lng H
2
O tao ra la0,216g)
GII :
Tm CTPT A?

0,03(mol)
133,5) 0,082.(273
1.1
RT
PV
n
1

+

V hn hp ng th tch nn n
A
= nO
2
= 0,03/2 = 0,015 mol
=> C
x
H
y
d, bin lun theo O
2
Sau khi a v nhit ban u, cc kh to p sut c trong bnh gm H
2
O, CO
2
,
C
x
H
y
d c s mol l :
n
2
= n
1
. P
2
/P
1
= 0,03.110/100 = 0,033 mol
nH
2
O = 0,216/18 = 0,012 mol
LBT khi lng (O) : nO
2
= n

CO
2
+ 1/2n

H
2
O
=> n

CO
2
= nO
2
1/2nH
2
O = 0,015-0,012/2 = 0,009mol
nC
x
H
y
d = n
2
- nCO
2
- nH
2
O = 0,033-0,012-0,009 =0,012mol
=>nC
x
H
yphn ng
= 0,015-0,012 = 0,003 mol
O H
2
y
xCO O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2 y x
0
+
,
_

+ +
1
,
_

+
4
y
x
x
2
y
(mol)
0,003 0,015 0,009 0,012 (mol)
Ta c :

012 , 0
2
009 , 0 015 , 0
4
003 , 0
1
y
x
y
x

+

=> x = 3
y = 8
Vy CTPT A : C
3
H
8
II.2.1.4 Phng php gi tr trung bnh (xc nh CTPT ca hai hay nhiu
cht hu c trong hn hp):
L phng php chuyn hn hp nhiu gi tr v mt gi tr tng ng, nhiu
cht v mt cht tng ng
c im
Phng php gi tr trung bnh c dng nhiu trong ha hu c khi gii bi tan
v cc cht cng dy ng ng. Mt phn bn cht ca gi tr trung bnh c cp
n vic tnh phn trm n v v khi lng hn hp kh trong bi tan t khi hi
chng u lp 10. Do , hc sinh d dng lnh hi phng php ny xc nh CTPT
ca hai hay nhiu cht hu c trong hn hp.
II.1.4.1 Phng php khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp (
hh M )
Cht tng ng c khi lng mol phn t
hh M l khi lng mol phn t trung
bnh ca hn hp. Cc bc gii :
Bc c bn : Xc nh CTTQ ca hai cht hu c A,B
Bc 1 : Xc nh CTTB ca hai cht hu c A, B trong hn hp
Bc 2 : Tm
hh M qua cc cng thc sau :
( )
100
M %A 100 %A.M
100
%B.M %A.M
n n
.M n .M n
n
m
M
B A B A
B A
B B A A
hh
hh
hh
+

+
+

Hoc
( )
100
M %A 100 %A.M
V
.M V .M V
V V
.M V .M V
.M d M
B A B B A A
B A
B B A A
X hh/X
hh
+

+
+

Gi s M
A
< M
B
=> M
A
<
hh M < M
B
Bc 3 : Bin lun tm M
A
, M
B
hp l => CTPT ng ca A v B
Phm vi ng dng: s dng c li nhiu i vi hn hp cc cht cng dy ng ng
1) Phng php CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp:
Phm vi p dng : Khi c hn hp gm nhiu cht, cng tc dng vi
mt cht khc m phng trnh phn ng tng t nhau (sn phm, t l mol gia nguyn
liu v sn phm, hiu sut, phn ng tng t nhau), c th thay th hn hp bng mt
cht tng ng, c s mol bng tng s mol ca hn hp. Cng thc ca cht tng
ng gi l CTPT trung bnh.
Phng php gii :
Bc 1 : t CTPT ca hai cht hu c cn tm ri suy ra CTPT trung bnh ca chng :
t A : C
x
H
y
; B : C
x
H
y
CTPTTB :
x y
C H
Bc 2 : Vit phng trnh phn ng tng qut v d liu bi cho tnh y , x
Bc 3 : bin lun
Nu x<x x < x < x
y<y y< y < y
Da vo iu kin x, x, y, y tha mn bin lun suy ra gi tr hp l ca chng CTPT
A, B.
Phm vi ng dng : Phng php gii ny ngn gn i vi cc bi
tan hu c thuc loi hn hp cc ng ng nht l cc ng ng lin tip. Tuy nhin
c th dng phng php ny gii cc bi ton hn hp cc cht hu c khng ng
ng cng rt hiu qu.
Ngoi phng php trn cn c phng php s C, s H, s lin kt trung bnh (
k
). Phng php gii tng t nh hai phng php trn
Mt s lu :
1) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B l ng dng lin tip th :
m = n + 1 ( y n, m l s C trong phn t A, B)
2) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B hn km nhau k nguyn t C th m = n + k.
3) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B cch nhau k nguyn t C th : m = n + (k +1)
4) Nu bi cho anken, ankin th n, m 2.
5) Nu bi ton cho A, B l hydrocacbon th kh trong iu kin thng (hay iu kin
tiu chun) th n, m 4
Bi tp v d :
Bi 1:
t chy han tan 19,2 g hn hp 2 ankan lin tip thu c 14,56 l CO
2
( O
o
C,
2 atm). Tm CTPT 2 ankan.
GII :
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca hai ankan :
2 2 + n n
H C

mol
RT
PV
n
CO
3 , 1
082 , 0 . 273
56 , 14 . 2
2

O H n CO n O
n
H C
n n
2 2 2
2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
+
+
+
X
X
M
m

X
X
M
m
. n
Cch 1: phng php s C trung bnh ( n )
S mol hn hp
X
X
X
M
m
n
S mol CO
2
: nCO
2
=
X
X
M
m
. n = 1,3
2,6 n 3 , 1 n
2 n 14
19,2

+

Hn hp gm 2 ankan lin tip C

n
H
2n+2

C
m
H
2m+2
; n<m; 1 n , m = n +1
n < 2,6 n < m = n +1
Vy n = 2 vy 2 ankan l: C
2
H
6
m = 3 C
3
H
8
Cch 2: Dng phng php phn t khi trung bnh
M
:
Gi 2 ankan A : C
n
H
2n+2
(a mol) ; B : C
m
H
2m+2
(b mol)
( ) O H n nCO O
n
H C
n n 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
1 3
+ +
,
_

+
+
+
a an (mol)
( ) O H m mCO O
m
H C
m m 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
1 3
+ +
,
_

+
+
+
b bm (mol)
nCO
2
= an + bm = 1,3 (1)
m
hh
= (14n + 2)a + (14m +2)b = 19,2
14(bm + an) + 2(a + b) = 19,2 (2)
T (1),(2) suy ra : a + b = 0,5 = n
hh
=>
M
= m
hh
/ n
hh
= 19,2/0,5 = 38,4
M
A
< 38,4 < M
B
= M
A
+ 14
A CH
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
C
4
H
10

M
A
16 30 44 58
M
38,4 38,4 38,4 38,4
M
B
30 44 58 72
Vy A : C
2
H
6
B : C
3
H
8
II.2.1.5 - Phng php bin lun
1. Da vo gii hn xc nh CTPT ca mt hydrocacbon :
- Khi s phng trnh i s thit lp c t hn s n cn tm, c th bin lun da vo
gii hn :
A : C
x
H
y
th : y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn.
- Nu khng bin lun c hay bin lun kh khn c th dng bng tr s tm kt
qu.
- iu kin bin lun ch yu ca loi ton ny l : ha tr cc nguyn t. Phng php
bin lun trnh by trn ch c th p dng xc nh CTPT ca mt cht hoc nu
nm trong 1 hn hp th phi bit CTPT ca cht kia.
2. Bin lun theo phng php ghp n s xc nh CTPT ca mt
hydrocacbon :
a) Cc bc c bn :
Bc 1 : t s mol cc cht trong hn hp l n s.
Bc 2 : ng vi mi d kin ca bi ton ta lp mt phng trnh ton hc.
Bc 3 : Sau ghp cc n s li rt ra h phng trnh ton hc. Chng hn : a + b = P
(vi a, b l s mol 2 cht thnh phn)
an + bm = Q (vi n, m l s C ca 2 hydrocacbon thnh phn)
Bc 4 : c th xc nh m, n ri suy ra CTPT cc cht hu c thnh phn, c th p
dng tnh cht bt ng thc :
Gi s : n < m th n(x + y) < nx + my < m(x + y)

nx+my
n< <m
x+y

Hoc t mi lin h n,m lp bng tr s bin lun

- Nu A, B thuc hai dy ng ng khc nhau ta phi tm x, y ri th vo phng trnh
nx + my = Q xc nh m, n CTPT.
3. Mt s phng php bin lun xc nh dy ng ng v CTPT
hydrocacbon :
Cch 1 : Da vo phn ng chy ca hydrocacbon, so snh s mol
CO
2
v s mol H
2
O. Nu t 1 hydrocacbon (A) m tm c :
* nH
2
O > nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng ankan
ptp :
n 2n+2 2 2 2
3n+1
C H + O nCO + (n+1)H O
2

* nH
2
O = nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng anken hay olefin
hoc (A) l xicloankan
ptp :
n 2n 2 2 2
3n
C H + O nCO + nH O
2

* nH
2
O < nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng ankadien, ankin hoc benzen
ptp :
n 2n-2 2 2 2
3n-1
C H + O nCO + (n-1)H O
2
( ng ng ankin hoc ankadien)

n 2n-6 2 2 2
3n-3
C H + O nCO + (n-3)H O
2
( ng ng benzen)
Cch 2 : Da vo CTTQ ca hydrocacbon A :
* Bc 1 : t CTTQ ca hydrocacbon l :
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
( y k l s lin kt hoc dng mch vng hoc c 2 trong CTCT A)
iu kin k 0, nguyn. Nu xc nh c k th xc nh c dy ng ng ca A.
- k = 0 A thuc dy ng ng ankan
- k = 1 A thuc dy ng ng anken
- k = 2 A thuc dy ng ng ankin hay ankadien
- k = 4 A thuc dy ng ng benzen.
chng minh hai ankan A, B thuc cng dy ng ng, ta t A : C
n
H
2n+2-2k
; B :
C
m
H
2m+2-2k
. Nu tm c k = k th A,B cng dy ng ng.
* Bc 2 : Sau khi bit c A,B thuc cng dy ng ng, ta t CTTQ ca A l C
x
H
y
.
V B l ng ng ca A, B hn A n nhm CH
2
- th CTTQ ca B :C
x
H
y
(CH
2
)
n
hay
C
x+n
H
y+2n
.
* Bc 3 : Da vo phng trnh phn ng chy ca A, B, da vo lng CO
2
, H
2
O, O
2
hoc s mol hn hp thit lp h phng trnh ton hc, ri gii suy ra x, y, n Xc
nh c CTPT A, B.
Cch 3 : da vo khi nim dy ng ng rt ra nhn xt :
- Cc cht ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng phn t lp thnh mt cp s cng
cng sai d = 14.
- C mt dy n s hng M
1
, M
2
, ,M
n
lp thnh mt cp s cng cng sai d th ta
c :
+ S hng cui M
n
= M
1
+ (n-1)d
+ Tng s hng S =
2
M
1 n
M +
.n
+ Tm M
1
, , M
n
suy ra cc cht
Trong mt bi ton thng phi kt hp nhiu phng php.
V d :
t chy mt hn hp gm 2 hydrocacbon A, B (c M hn km nhau 28g) th thu
c 0,3mol CO
2
v 0,5 mol H
2
O. Tm CTPT & tn A, B
GII :
Hydrocacbon A, B c M hn km nhau 28g A, B thuc cng dy ng ng.
Cch 1 :
A, B + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
67 , 1
3 , 0
5 , 0
n
n
2
2
CO
O H

>1 A, B thuc dy ng ng ankan.
t CTTB A, B :
2 n 2 n
H C
+
: a mol
O 1)H n ( CO n O
2
1 n 3
H C
2 2 2
2 n 2 n
+ +
+
+
+
a an a( n +1) (mol)
Ta c
n
1 n
3 , 0
5 , 0
n
n
2
2
CO
O H +


n
= 1,5
t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
v C
m
H
2m+2

Gi s n< m n< 1,5 n = 1 CTPT A : CH
4
(M = 16)
M
B
= 16 + 28 = 44 CTPT B : C
3
H
8
.
Cch 2 : t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
: a mol v C
m
H
2m+2
: b mol
Cc ptp chy :
O k)H - 1 (n nCO O
2
k - 1 3n
H C
2 2 2 2k - 2 2n n
+ +
+
+
+
a an a(n+1-k) (mol)
O k)H - 1 (m mCO O
2
k - 1 3m
H C
2 2 2 2k - 2 2m m
+ +
+
+
+
b bm b(m+1-k) (mol)
Ta c :

'

+ + +
+
0,5 k)b - 1 (m k)a - 1 (n
0,3 bm an
(a+b)(1-k) = 0,2 k = 0 v ch c k = 0 th phng trnh mi c ngha.
a + b = 0,2 v an + bm = 0,3
Gi s n < m
n(a+b) < m (a+b)
n <
b a
bm na
+
+
< m n <
5 , 1
0,2
0,3

< m
Bin lun tng t cch trn suy ra CTPT A : CH
4
v B : C
3
H
8
.