MC LC

Chng I: TNG QUAN V NC SCH. I. Tng quan ngun nc. II. Tng quan v ngun nc di t. III. Tiu chun cht lng nc. IV. Tnh hnh x l v phn phi nc sch ti TP.HCM. Chng II: LA CHN CNG NGH X L. I. Cc phng php x l nc di t. II. C s la chn cng ngh x l. III. xut dy chuyn cng ngh x l. IV. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh. Chng III: TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH N V. I. Cc thng s tnh ton. II. Tnh ton cc cng trnh n v. 1. 2. 3. Ti liu tham kho

CHNG I:TNG QUAN V NC SCH

I.TNG QUAN V NGUN NC: 1.Vai tr ca ngun nc i vi i sng con ngi: -Nc khng th thiu i vi cuc sng ca con ngi v nc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh s sng trn tri t.Nc tham gia tch cc vo phn ng l, ha hc, s hnh thnh v tch ly cht hu c, l dung mi ca rt nhiu cht v ng vai tr dn ng cho cc mui i vo c th con ngi. -Trong cc khu th v nng thn, nc sch dng phc v cho dn sinh.Trong cng nghip, nng nghipnc c dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau nhm to ra cc sn phm pht trin kinh t, nng cao i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi dn. 2.Ti nguyn nc trong t nhin:

Vng tun hon nc trong t nhin -Tng lng nc trn tri t c khong 1.390.000.000 km ,trong 97% nc trn Tri t l nc mui, ch 3% cn li l nc ngt nhng gn hn 2/3 lng nc ny tn ti dng sng bng v cc m bng cc cc. Phn cn li khng ng bng c
3

tm thy ch yu di dng nc ngm, v ch mt t l nh tn ti trn mt t v trong khng kh. Nc trong cc lc a khong 8.600.000 km3,trong : -Cc sng -Cc h nc ngt -Cc h nc mn v bin ni a -Tng cng nc mn trong lc a m ca t: -Nc di su n 800m: -Nc di t su ln hn 800m: Tng cng lng nc ngm: Bng cc cc ca tri t khong : Lng nc trong cc i dng khong: 4.000.000 km3 4.300.000 km3 8.300.000 km3 29.000.000 km3 1.350.000.000 km3 40.000 km3 90.000 km3 105.000 km3 235.000 km3

T nhng con s trn cho thy lng nc dng cho sinh hot v sn xut ch chim mt t l rt nh so vi lng nc c trong t nhin.Tuy vy trn th gii c rt nhiu vng thiu nc ngt. -Nc mt l nc trong sng, h hoc nc ngt trong vng t ngp nc. Nc mt c b sung mt cch t nhin bi ging thy v chng mt i khi chy vo i dng, bc hi v thm xung t. - Vit Nam vi lng ma trung bnh nm khong 1960 mm phn b tng i u, nc ta li c mng li sng ngi dy c nn lu lng nc mt rt phong ph (324km3/nm). - Nc ngm l nc xut hin tng su di t, thng t 3040,60-70 c khi 120-150 v cng c khi ti 180m.

Nc ngm c thm thu t trn xung, hoc cng c th t ni xa chy v. Dng nc ngm xut hin trn mt lp t hoc hon ton khng thm nc. Qua cc lp si b hp ph ht cc tp cht nn cht lng nc ngm sch,n nh. Nc ngm c th c nhng ti ln nm ri rc trong lng t, cng c th chy thnh mch. Tr lng nc ngm kh ln v rt quan trng cho cp nc thnh ph v nng thn vng phn mn Nc ngm c khai thc t cc tng cha nc di t cht lng nc ngm ph thuc vo thnh phn khong ha v cu trc a tng m nc ngm thm qua. Do vy chy qua cc a tng cha ct v granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht khong. Khi nc ngm chy qua a tng cha vi th nc thng c cng v kim hydrocacbonat kh cao. Ngoi ra c trng chung ca nc ngm l: - c thp. -Nhit v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh. -Khng c oxy nhng c th cha nhiu kh nh:CO2,H2S -Cha nhiu khong cht ha tan ch yu l:st, mangan, canxi, magie v flo. -Khng c s hin din ca vi sinh vt. Theo bo co ca Lin Hip Quc,ch c khong 2/3(60%) dn s Vit Nam c s dng nc sch theo tiu chun cht lng nc ca Lin Hip Quc. (Bo co din bin mi trng nc Vit Nam 2003). II:TNG QUAN V NGUN NC DI T 1.Gi thiu v nc di t: Nc di t l nc chy trong mch kn di t, l cc ti nc thng nhau hoc l nc chy st vi tng m, thng su t 3040m v cng c khi su hn, c th ti 180m. Nc di t c hnh thnh l do nc c thm t trn xung, hoc t ni xa chy v. Dng nc ngm xut hin trn mt lp t hoc hon ton khng thm nc. Qua cc lp ct si b hp ph ht cc tp cht nn lng nc di t thng sch v n nh. Nc di t c th chia thnh nc di t tng mt v nc di t tng su. c im chung ca nc di t l c kh nng di chuyn nhanh trong cc lp t xp to thanh cc mch nc di t theo a hnh. Theo khng gian phn b, mt lp nc di t tng su thng c ba vng chc nng: Vng thu nhn nc. Vng chuyn ti nc.

 Vng khai thc nc c p. Khong cch gia vng thu nhn v vng khai thc nc thng kh xa, t vi chc n vi trm km. Cc l khoan nc vng khai thc thng c p lc. y l loi nc ngm c cht lng tt v lu lng n nh. Nc di t c khai thc t cc tng cha nc di t, cht lng nc di t ph thuc vo thnh phn khong ha v cu trc a tng m nc thm qua. Do vy nc chy qua cc a tng cha ct v granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht khong. Khi nc di t chy qua a tng cha vi th nc thng c cng v kim hydrocacbonat kh cao.

Thnh phn ca nc cng Cc c trng chung ca nc ngm: - c thp. - Nhit v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh. - Khng cha oxy nhng c th cha nhiu kh nh: CO2, H2S - Cha nhiu khong cht ha tanchu3 yu l: st, mangan, canxi, magie v flo - Khng c s hin din ca vi sinh vt. u v nhc im khi s dng nc ngm: u im:

- Nc ngm l ti nguyn thng xuyn, t chu nh hng ca cc yu t kh hu nh hn hn. - Cht lng nc tng i n nh, t b bin ng theo ma nh nc mt. - Ch ng hn trong vn cp nc cho cc vng ho lnh, dn c tha, nht l trong hon cnh hin nay bi v nc ngm c th khai thc vi nhiu cng sut khc nhau. - khai thc nc ngm c th s dng cc thit b in nh bm li tm, my nn kh, bm nhng chm hoc cc thit b khng cn in nh cc loi bm tay. Ngoi ra nc ngm cn c khai thc tp trung ti cc nh my nc ngm, cc x nghip, hoc khai thc phn tn ti cc h dn c. y l u im ni bt ca nc ngm trong vn cp nc nng thn. - Gi thnh x l nc ngm nhn chung r hn so vi nc mt. Nhc im: - Mt s ngun nc ngm tng su c hnh thnh t hng trm nm, hng nghn nm v ngy nay nhn c rt t s b cp t nc ma. V tng nc ny ni chung khng th ti to hoc kh nng ti to rt hn ch. Do vy trong tng lai cn phi tm ngun nc khc thay th khi cc tng nc ny b cn kit. - Vic khai thc nc ngm vi qui m v nhp iu qu cao cng s lm cho hm lng mui trong nc tng ln t dn n vic tng chi ph cho vic x l nc trc khi a vo s dng. - Khai thc nc ngm vi nhp iu cao s lm cho mc nc ngm h thp xung, mt mt lm cho qu trnh nhim mn tng ln, mt khc lm cho nn t b vng xung gy h hi cc cng trnh xy dng mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy hin tng ln st t. - Khai thc nc ngm mt cch ba bi cng d dn n tnh trang nhim ngun nc ngm. 2. Cc thnh phn c trong nc ngm: Cht lng nc ngm ni chung l tt, t c trng hp b nhim bn hu c, nhiu vng c th s dng trc tip khng cn lm sch. Tuy nhin, nc ngm thng c tng khong ha cao, nhiu khi cha cc cht

kh ha tan, c nhiu cht st v mangan. Hm lng st dao ng t vi mg/l n hng chc mg/l. nhiu vng c ngun b nhim mn hoc c cng cao. Mt loi nc ngm tn ti trong t( phm vi t 1m n 15m) thc cht l nc mt, thng c gi l nc ngm mch nng. Cht lng nc ngm mch nng nhiu vng kh tt, nhng nhiu vng cng ch kh hn nc mt mt chc v b nh hng trc tip ca nc mt b nhim v thi tit. Tuy nhin, hin nay nhiu vng dn c nng thn khng ch da vo loi ngun nc ny phc v cho cc nhu cu i sng hng ngy. Nc di t nhn chung l ngun nc tt, thun li khi khai thc s dng cho cc mc ch sinh hot, n ung. Cht lng nc ngm ph thuc vo ngun gc ca nc ngm, cu trc a tng ca khu vc v chiu su a tng ni khai thc nc. cc khu vc c bo v tt, t c ngun thi gy nhim bn, nc ngm ni chung c bo v v mt v sinh v cht lng kh n nh. a. Cc ion c th c trong nc ngm: Ion canxi Ca+ : Nc ngm c th cha Ca2+ vi nng cao. Trong t thng cha nhiu CO2 do qu trnh trao i cht ca r cy v qu trnh thy phn cc tp cht hu c di tc ng ca vi sinh vt. Kh CO2 ha tan trong nc ma theo phn ng sau: CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Axit yu s thm su xung t v ha tan canxi cacbonat tao ta ion Ca2+ 2H2CO3 + 2CaCO3 Ion magie Mg2+: Ngun gc ca cc ion Mg2+ trong nc ngm ch yu t cc mui magie silicat v CaMg(CO3)2, chng ha tan chm trong nc cha kh CO2. S c mt Ca2+ v Mg 2+ to nn cng ca nc. Ion natri Na+ : S hnh thnh ca Na+ trong nc ch yu theo phng trnh phn ng sau: 2NaAlSi3O3 + 10H2O Al2Si2(OH)4 + 2Na+ +4H4SiO3 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

Na+ cng c th c ngun gc t NaCl, Na2SO4 l nhng mui c ha tan ln trong nc bin. Ion NH4+: Cc ion NH4+ c trong nc ngm c ngun gc t cc cht thi rn v nc sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip, chy thi chn nui, phn bn ha hc v qu trnh vn ng ca nit. Ion bicacbonat HCO3c to ra trong nc nh qu trnh ha tan vi khi c mt kh CO2: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ion sunfat SO42- : C ngun gc t mui CaSO4.7H2O hoc do qu trnh oxi ha FeS2 trong iu kin m vi s c mt ca O2: 2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 2Fe2+ + 4SO42- +4H+ Ion clorua Cl-: C ngun gc t qu trnh phn ly mui NaCl hoc nc thi sinh hot . Ion st : St trong nc ngm thng tn ti di dng ion Fe2+, kt hp vi gc bicacbonat, sunfat, clorua; i khi tn ti di keo ca axit humic hoc keo silic. Cc ion Fe2+ t cc lp t c ha tan trong nc trong iu kin ym kh sau: 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H+ 4Fe2+ + O2 + 10H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

Khi tip xc vi oxy hoc cc tc nhn oxy ha, ion Fe2+ b oxy ha thnh ion Fe3+ v kt ta thnh cc bng cn Fe(OH)3 c mu nu . V vy, khi va bm ra khi ging, nc thng trong v khng mu, nhng sau mt

thi gian lng trong chu v cho tip xc vi khng kh, nc tr nn c dn v y chu xut hin cn lng mu hung. Trong cc ngun nc mt st thng tn ti thnh phn ca cc hp cht hu c. Nc ngm trong cc ging su c th cha st dng ha tr II ca cc hp cht sunfat v clorua. Nu trong nc tn ti ng thi ihyrosunfua (H2S) v st th s to ra cn ha tan sunfua st FeS. Khi lm thong kh kh CO2 hyrocacbonat st ha tr II s d dng b thy phn v b oxy ha to thnh hyroxit st ha tr III. 4Fe2+ + 8HCO3- + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2

Trong qui trnh x l st trong nc ngm, iu quan trng l bit c iu kin chuyn st ha tr II thnh st ha tr III v hyroxit st (II) v hyroxit st (III) c to thnh t trng thi ha tan sang cn lng. Vi hm lng st cao hn 0.5 mg/l, nc c mi tanh kh chu, lm vng qun o khi git, lm hng sn phm ca cc ngnh dt may, giy, phim nh, hp. Trn dn lm ngui, trong cc b cha, st ha tr II b oxy ha st ha tr III, to thnh bng cn, cc cn st kt ta c th lm tc hoc gim kh nng vn chuyn ca cc ng dn nc. c bit l c th gy n nu nc dng lm nc cp cho cc ni hi. Mt s ngnh cng nghip c yu cu nghim ngt i vi hm lng st nh dt, giy, sn xut phim nh Nc c cha ion st, khi tr s pH < 7.5 l iu kin thun li vi khun st pht trin trong cc ng ng dn, to ra cn lng g gh bm vo thnh ng lm gim kh nng vn chuyn v tng sc cn thy lc ca ng. Ion mangan: Mangan thng tn ti song song vi st dng ion ha tr II trong nc ngm v dng keo hu c trong nc mt. Do vy vic kh mangan thng c tin hnh ng thi vi kh st. Cc ion mangan cng c ha tan trong nc t cc tng t iu kin ym kh nh sau: 6MnO2 + 12H+ 6Mn2+ + 3O2 + 6H2O

Mangan II ha tan khi b oxy ha s chuyn dn thnh mangan IV dng hyroxit kt ta, qu trnh oxy ha din ra nh sau: 2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 + 6H2O 2Mn(OH)4 + 4H+ + 4HCO3-

Khi nc ngm tip xc vi khng kh trong nc xut hin cn hyroxit st sm hn v st d b oxy ha hn mangan v phn ng oxy ha st bng oxy ha tan trong nc xy ra tr s pH thp hn so vi mangan. oxy ha mangan tr s pH cn thit >9.5. Cn mangan ha tr cao l cht xc tc rt tt trong qu trnh oxy ha kh mangan cng nh kh st. Cn hyroxit mangan ha tr IV Mn(OH)4 c mu hung en. Trong thc t cn v cht lng ng trong ng ng, trn cc cng trnh l do cc hp cht st v mangan to nn, v vy ty thuc vo t s ca chng, cn c th c mu t hung n mu nu en. Qu trnh oxy ha din ra ngay vi cc cht d oxy ha, do vy , oxy ha hm lng mangan xung n 0.2mg/l, pH ca nc phi c gi tr xp x bng 9. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy khi pH < 8 v khng c cht xc tc th qu trnh oxy ha mangan (II) thnh (IV) din ra rt chm, pH ti u thng trong khong t 8.5 n 9.5. Vi hm lng tng i thp, t khi vt qu 5mg/l. Tuy nhin, vi hm lng mangan trong nc ln hn 0.1mg/l s gy nhiu nguy hi trong vic s dng ging nh trong trng hp nc cha st vi hm lng cao. 3. Cc cht kh ha tan trong nc ngm: a. O2 ha tan: Tn ti rt t trong nc ngm. Ty thuc vo nng ca kh oxy trong nc ngm, c th chia nc ngm thnh 2 nhm chnh sau:
-

Nc ym kh: trong qu trnh lc qua cc tng t , oxy trong nc b tiu th, khi lng oxy b tiu th ht, cc cht ha tan nh Fe2+, Mn2+ s to thnh nhanh hn. Hn na, cng xy ra qu trnh kh sau: NO3NH4; SO42H2S, CO2 CH4

Nc d lng oxy ha tan: trong nc c oxy s khng c cc cht kh nh NH4+, H2S, CH4. chnh l nc ngm mch nng. Thng khi nc c d lng oxy s c cht lng tt. Tuy nhin, nc ngm mch nng ph thuc nhiu vo ngun nc mt, nu nc mt b nhim th n cng s b nh hng.

b. H2S: Hyrosunfua c to thnh trong iu kin ym kh t cc hp cht humic vi s tham gia ca vi khun. 2SO42- + 14H+ + 2H2S + 2H2O + 6OHc. Metan CH4 v kh CO2: c to thnh trong iu kin ym kh t cc hp cht humic vi s tham gia ca vi khun: 6C10H18O10 + 2H2O 21CO2 + 19CH4

Nng cc tp cht cha trong nc ngm ph thuc vo cc v tr a l ca cc ngun nc, thnh phn cc tng t trong khu vc, ha tan ca cc hp cht trong nc, s c mt ca cc cht d b phn hy bng sinh ha trong cht . Nc ngm cng c th b nhim bn do cc tc ng ca con ngi nh phn bn, cht thi ha hc, nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, ha cht bo v thc vt. Cc ngun nc thng cha hm lng ln cc cht bn hu c NH4+, PO43- cng nh cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. X l nc nhim bn l cng vic kh kh khn t c cc ch tiu cht lng nc sinh hot. Do vy cc khu vc khai thc nc ngm cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip cn phi c bo v cn thn, trnh b nhim bn ngun nc. bo v ngun nc ngm cn khoanh vng khu vc bo v v qun l, b tr cc ngun thi khu vc xung quanh. Tm li, trong nc ngm c cha cc cation ch yu l Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, NH4+ v cc anion HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-. Trong cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ch tn ti trong nc ngm khi nc ny chy qua tng vi. Cc ion Na+, Cl-, SO42- c trong nc ngm trong cc khu

vc gn b bin, nc b nhim mn. Ngoi ra, trong nc ngm c th c nhiu nitrat do phn bn ha hc ca ngi dn s dng qu liu lng cho php. Thng thng th nc ngm ch c cc ion Fe2+, Mn2+, kh CO2, cn cc ion khc u nm trong gii hn cho php ca TCVN i vi nc cp cho sinh hot. 4. Nc ngm Vit Nam: Vit Nam l quc gia c ngun nc di t kh phong ph v tr lng v cht lng. Nhng vic khai thc s dng nc di t Vit Nam cn thp so vi nc mt. Nc ngm tn ti trong cc l hng v cc khe nt ca t c to thnh trong cc giai on trm tch ca t hoc do s thm thu thm ca ngun nc m, nc maNc ngm c th tn ti cch mt t vi mt, vi chc hay hng trm mt. Do nhu cu khai thc nc di t cp nc sinh hot, cng nghip, nui trng thy sn tng nhanh d dn n nguy c cn kit v nhim cc ngun nc di t, lm cho nhiu ngun nc di t ven bin ang d b nhim mn. i vi cc h thng cp nc cng ng th ngun nc ngm lun l ngun a thch. Bi v, cc ngun nc mt hay b nhim v lu lng khai thc phi ph thuc vo bin ng theo ma. Ngun nc ngm t chu tc ng bi con ngi. Cht lng nc ngm thng tt hn cht lng nc mt nhiu. Trong nc ngm hu nh khng c cc ht keo v cc ht l lng, vi trng v vi sinh vt gy bnh thp.

Thng s Nhit . Cht rn l lng.

Nc ngm Tng i n nh. Rt thp hu nh khng c.

Nc b mt Thay i theo ma. Thng cao v thay i. theo ma

Hm lng Fe2+, Mn2+.

Rt thp ch c khi nc st y h. Kh CO2 ha tan. Rt thp hoc bng 0. Kh O2 ha tan Gn nh bo ha. Kh NH3. C khi ngun nc b nhim bn. Kh H2S. Thng c. Khng c. SiO2. Thng c nng cao. C nng trung bnh. NO3 . C nng cao do b Thng rt thp. nhim bi phn bn ha hc. Vi sinh vt. Ch yu cc vi trng do Nhiu loi vi trng vi st gy ra. rt v to. Mt s im khc nhau gia nc ngm v nc mt: Cc ngun nc ngm hu nh khng cha rong to, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim ngun nc. Thnh phn ng quan tm trong nc ngm l cc tp cht ha tan do nh hng ca iu kin a tng thi tit, nng ma, cc qu trnh phong ha v sinh ha trong khu vc. nhng vng c iu kin phong ha tt, c nhiu cht bn v lng ma ln th lng nc ngm d b nhim bi cc cht khong ha tan, cc cht hu c mn lu ngy theo nc ma thm vo t. Ngoi ra nc ngm cng c th b nhim bn do tc ng ca con ngi. Cc cht thi ca con ngi v ng vt, cht thi sinh hot, cht thi ha hc v vic s dng phn bn ha hctt c cc cht thi theo thi gian s thm vo ngun nc, tch t dn v lm nhim ngun nc ngm. c khng t ngun nc ngm do b tc ng bi con ngi b nhim bi cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy, cc vi khun gy bnh c bit nht l cc ha cht c hi nh l kim loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng loi tr bi cc cht phng x. III: QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA V CHT LNG NC SINH HOT :

Thng xuyn c trong nc. C nng cao. Thng khng tn ti. Thng c.

TT

Tn ch tiu

n v tnh

Gii hn ti a cho php I 15 Khng c mi v l 5 Trong khong 0,3-0,5 Trong khong 6,0 - 8,5 3 II 15 Khng c mi v l 5

Phng php th TCVN 6185 - 1996 (ISO 7887 - 1985) hoc SMEWW 2120 Cm quan, hoc SMEWW 2150 B v 2160 B TCVN 6184 - 1996 (ISO 7027 - 1990) hoc SMEWW 2130 B SMEWW 4500Cl hoc US EPA 300.1 TCVN 6492:1999 hoc SMEWW 4500 - H+ SMEWW 4500 - NH3 C hoc SMEWW 4500 - NH3 D TCVN 6177 - 1996 (ISO 6332 - 1988) hoc SMEWW 3500 - Fe TCVN 6186:1996 hoc ISO 8467:1993 (E) TCVN 6224 - 1996 hoc SMEWW 2340 C TCVN6194 - 1996 (ISO 9297 - 1989) hoc SMEWW 4500 - Cl- D TCVN 6195 - 1996 (ISO10359 - 1 - 1992) hoc SMEWW 4500 - FTCVN 6626:2000 hoc SMEWW 3500 - As B TCVN 6187 - 1,2:1996 (ISO 9308 - 1,2 - 1990) hoc SMEWW 9222 TCVN6187 - 1,2:1996 (ISO 9308 - 1,2 - 1990) hoc SMEWW 9222

Mc gim st

Mu sc

(*)

TCU

Mi v(*)

c(*)

NTU

Clo d

mg/l

Trong khong 6,0 - 8,5 3

pH(*)

Hm lng Amoni(*) Hm lng St tng s (Fe2+ + Fe3+)(*) Ch s Pecmanganat cng tnh theo CaCO3(*) Hm lng Clorua(*) Hm lng Florua Hm lng Asen tng s Coliform tng s E. coli hoc Coliform chu nhit

mg/l

7 8 9

mg/l mg/l mg/l

0,5 4 350

0,5 4 -

B A B

10

mg/l

300

11

mg/l

1.5

12

mg/l Vi khun/ 100ml Vi khun/ 100ml

0,01

0,05

13

50

150

14

20

Bng gii hn cc ch tiu cht lng

Ghi ch: - (*) L ch tiu cm quan. - Gii hn ti a cho php I: p dng i vi cc c s cung cp nc. - Gii hn ti a cho php II: p dng i vi cc hnh thc khai thc nc ca c nhn, h gia nh (cc hnh thc cp nc bng ng ng ch qua x l n gin nh ging khoan, ging o, b ma, mng ln, ng ng t chy).

IV:TNH HNH NC SCH TI THNH PH H CH MINH: Hin ti thnh ph h ch minh c cc hnh thc s dng nc sau y: - S dng nc qua ng h nc: chim a s trong ni thnh (80% trong ni thanh c v 56% trong ni thnh mi). Tuy nhin khu vc ngoi vi t l h s dng ng nc ca cng ty cp nc ch chim 21% bi v mng li cp nc km hoc khng c mng li cp nc. Ngoi ra cn tn ti tnh trng nhiu h s dng chung mt ng h nc do cha cp c ng h ring. - S dng nc t ging t nhn hoc i nc. y l loi hnh s dng nc khi h thng phn phi nc khng ti c cc khu vc ny hoc c ti nhng khng cp nc tiu dng. Ging t nhn l loi hnh cp nc chnh ni thnh mi v vng ngoi vi (chim t 34 45 %). i nc (hoc dng nc ca lng ging) l gii php ch yu trong khu vc ni thnh c ni m iu kin nh ca khng thun li cho vic khoan ging. T l ny kh cao trong vng ngoi vi (34%), c bit l Bnh Chnh v Nh B (ni m cht lng nc ngm xu). Nhn chung hin trng phn phi nc ca thnh ph H Ch Minh cn nhiu tn ti sau: - Khng phn phi lng nc cn cho cc i tng tiu th. - thc s dng nc ca ngi tiu dng km, nhiu vng cui mng nhn dn t c ng xy b ngm, lp my bm ht trc tip t ng ng gy tt p cho ton mng. - Phn b khng u dn chnh lch ln trong tiu th.

- Kh nng cung cp nc ca cc nh my khng p ng nhu cu dng nc cho ngi dn. -T l tht thot ln (1985: lng nc tht thot chim 29%, 1993 1994 l 40%, hin ti lng nc tht thot gim cn khong 31,5%). -Phn ln h thng phn phi qu c do tui th t 50 nm tr ln, cha c ci to v thay th. -ng b c, b r v st p ln. -Cc thit b ph tng van ng h, vi cng cng h hng khng c bo dng gy tht thot nhiu. -H thng b cha v thy i cha c s dng tng thm cng sut vo gi cao im s dng nc. Mng cp I v II cha pht trin theo yu cu quy hoch v tnh hnh th ha tng nhanh nn nhu cu nc ln ln rt nhiu. Tm li tnh hnh cung cp nc hin ti l cung khng cu. H thng cp nc qu c v qu ti, h thng mng phn phi cha a nc ti cc khu vc mi pht trin. V vy phi cn thit ci to v m rng h thng cp nc.

CHNG II: LA CHN CNG NGH X L

I: CC PHNG PHP X L NC DI T Mc ch x l nc cp: cung cp s lng nc y v mt ha hc ,vi trng hc tha mn yu cu v n ung v sinh hot, dch v ,sn xut cng nghipv phc v cc hot ng cng cng c s dng nc. cung cp nc c cht lng tt,khng c cha cc cht vn c gy ra mi, mu,v ca nc. cung cp y cc thnh phn khong cht cn thit cho vic bo v sc khe ca con ngi.

nc sau khi x l phi tha mn tiu chun "tiu chun v sinh i vi cht lng nc cp cho n ung v sinh hot" (b y t s 1329/2002/BYT/Q ngy 18/4/2002) A/ phng php x l nc phng php c hc: nc t ngun c bm cp 1 phun qua gin ma thnh nhng tia nh oxy ca khng kh tc dng vi Fe2+ thnh Fe3+. Nc sau khi qua gin ma c dn i n b lng ri n b lc cha cc vt liu lc (than hot tnh, ct,) phng php ha hc: l phng php dung ha cht ,cc phn ng ha hc trong qu trnh x l nc. nu nc c c cao chng t c nhiu tp cht hu c , vi sinh vt ph du th dung phn v cht to keo t. nc cha nhiu ion kim loi (c cng ln) th x l bng vi hoc x a hoc dung phng php trao i ion nc cha nhiu kh ha tan H2S th x l bng phng php oxy ha ,clo ha,phn. Nc cha nhiu st th oxy ha Fe2+ bng oxy khng kh (lm thong gin ma, thng qut gi) hoc dung cc cht oxy ha x l Nc cha nhiu mangan tng t nh x l s l kh mangan bng cch lm thong hay dung cc cht oxy ha mnh nh clo,ozon, kali penmanganat, oxy ha Mn2+ thnh Mn4+ Nc cha nhiu vi khun th phi kh trng bng clo,ozon. Phng php vi sinh: Trn th gii hin nay phng php x l bng vi sinh ang c nghin cu v c 1 s ni p dng. trong phng php ny 1 s

loi vi sinh c nui cy v a vo qu trnh x l nc vi liu lng nh nhng hiu qu cao. Tuy nhin cho n nay nhng kt qu nghin cu ca phng php ny cha rng ri. Ty thuc vo ngun nc lm nguyn liu cho cc lnh vc khc nhau m ngi ta s dng cc phng php x l n c cp cho cc lnh vc . Thong thng ngi ta thng kt hp c 2 phng php c hc v ha hc d x l nc. B/ Cc k thut cng ngh x l nc di t 1/ Cc cng trnh thu nc ngm: Ging khoang: ging khoan l cng trnh thu nc ngm mch su vi cng sut trung bnh v ln,c su t vi chc m n vi trm m v ng knh ging ph thuc vo lu lng cn khai thc. Ging khoan gm c: ging khoan hon chnh (khoan ti lp cch nc) ging khoan khng hon chnh (khoan ti lng chng n lp t cha nc) ging khoan c p v khng p. Khi cn khai thc nc vi lng ln th ngi ta dung 1nhoms ging khoan. Cc phng tin ly nc t ging ln: phng tin ch yu ly nc t ging ln l bm ,ngi ta thng s dng cc loi bm li tm hoc my nn kh,i vi cc ging khoan cng nghip th ngi ta thng dng bm ha tin. 2/ Cc cng trnh x l st v mangan: Trong nc ngm, st thng tn ti dng ion,st ha tr II l thnh phn ca mui ha tan nh Fe(HCO3)2 ;FeSO4 hm lng st c trong nc ngm cao v thng phn b khng ng u trong cc lp trm tch di su. Nc c hm lng st cao gy mi tanh, c nhiu cn vng gy nh hng ti cht lng nc sinh hot v n ung. Hin nay th c ba nhm kh st thng p dng l: kh st bng phng php lm thong. kh st bng ha cht.

kh st theo 1 s cch khc nh trao i ion hay dng vi sinh. a/ Kh Fe bng cch lm thong: kh st bng lm thong thc cht l phng php lm giu O2 to iu kin oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+, sau Fe3+ thc hin qu trnh thy phn to thnh Fe(OH)3, ri dng b lc gi li. lm thong th c lm thong t nhin v lm thong nhn to, qu trnh oxy ha Fe2+ v thy phn Fe3+ c th din ra trong mi trng t do, mi trng ht hay xc tc. b/ Kh Fe bng ha cht: khi trong nc c hm lng cht hu c cao th khi st c bao bc bi 1 lp keo hu c, khi mun kh st th phi ph b c lp mng hu c bng tc dng ca cc cht Oxy ha mnh nh Clo,Ozon, KMnO4, c/ Mt s bin php khc: - Lc qua cc vt liu c bit, cc vt liu ny c kh nng xc tc cho qu trnh Oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+, Fe3+ b gi li trong tng lc. - bin php trao i ion. - s dng vi sinh: mt s vi sinh vt c th Oxy ha st trong iu kin m Oxy ha ha hc rt kh c th xy ra. Chng ta cy cc mm khun y trong lp ct lc ca b lc, thng qua cc mm khun th st c loi ra khi nc. i vi Mn th tng t ta cng c cc bin php kh Mn trong nc ngm ging nh kh Fe. 3/ kh trng nc: - Kh trng nc bng Cl2 v cc hp cht ca n nh Ca(OCl)2 ;HClO - Kh trng bng I2 (thng dng kh trng cc h bi). - Kh trng bng kim loi nng. - Kh trng bng Ozon. II.C S LA CHN QUI TRNH X L:

1. C s la chn cng ngh: Theo yu cu ngun nc cn x l nc cp phc v cho khu dn c cng sut 5000 m3/ngy m. Hm lng st trong nc l 20 mg/l, kim k = 2 mgl/l, hm lng cn max 2000 mg/l. Gi s l ngoi cc thng s trn th mt s cc thng s cn thit thit k h thng x l ngun nc di t c cht lng nh sau: Nc di STT Ch tiu n v TCVN-5501 t pH 01 6.5 6 - 8.5 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 c mu(pt-Co) Hm lng cn Tng hm lng mui ha tan Nitrit(N-NO2) Nitrat(N-NO3) Amonia(N-NH3) Mangan St mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Bng TCVN 5501 Nhn xt cht lng ngun nc: i vi nc di t c cht lng nh trn th h thng x l dng kh st. Nh vy h thng x l c thit k di y s dng x l c Fe. N.T.U 6 10 2000 300 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.05 20 <5 < 15 0 <5 <3 < 0.1 < 0.3

2. Cng ngh x l: - phng n 1 (lm thong n gin v lc):

Clo ha s b kh trng

kh trng

Nc t trm

Lm thong n gin

B lng tip xc

B lc nhanh

B cha nc sch

S cng ngh phng n 1. Phm vi p dng: phng php ny c th s dng cho ngun nc c hm lng st 15 mg/l; Oxy ha [0,15 (Fe2+) *5] mg/l O2; NH4 < 1 mg/l; mu ca nc khi bm khi ging phi 15o ; pH sau khi lm thong 6,8 v kim cn li trong nc l >
(1 + Fe 2+ ). 28

S ny c th p

dng cho cc trm x l c cng sut bt k. u im ca phng php l x l c hiu i vi nc c hm lng Fe cao, khi i vo hot ng th d qun l v thun tin cho vic duy tu bo dng. Nhc im, chi ph u t ban u cao, tn nhiu din tch. - Phng n 2 (lm thong t nhin): Clo ha s b
B nn bn

Gin ma (lm thong t nhin) Nc t trm

B trn ng

B lng ng

B lc nhanh

Kh trng
B cha nc sch

S cng ngh phng php 2. S dng phng php ny c th kh c 75 - 80% lng CO2 hiu qu cao hn so vi phng n x l lm thong n gin. sau khi lm thong nc c dn vo b lng to iu kin Fe2+ chuyn ha thnh Fe3+ kt ta lng xung,to iu kin cho qu trnh lc din ra nhanh hn. Dng b lc nhanh, thi gian lc nh, cng sut ln v nhanh. - Phng n th 3 (thng qut gi - lng tip xc lc): Kh trng
Nc t Trm bm Thng qut gi B lng tip xc B lc nhanh B cha nc sch

S cng ngh phng php 3. y l phng php x l rt hiu qu i vi ngun nc ngm c hm lng Fe cao t 20 mg/l tr ln. C th p dng i vi cc trm x l nc c qui m va v ln. nhng chi ph u t ban u cao. 3. La chn v thuyt minh cng ngh: a. Dn ma: Nhim v ca dn ma l: - Ha tan O2 t khng kh vo nc Oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+, Mn2+ thnh Mn4+ d dng kt ta d lng ng kh ra khi nc bng lng v lc.
-

Kh kh CO2, H2S c trong nc, lm tng pH ca nc, to iu kin thun li v y nhanh qu trnh Oxy ha v thy phn Fe v Mn, nng cao cng xut ca cc cng trnh lng lc. Tng lng O2 ha tan trong nc, nng cao th Oxy ha kh ca nc thc hin d dng cc qu trnh Oxy ha.

b. B lng: Lng l khu quan trng trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc. cc loi lng c thit k loi tr ra khi nc cc ht cng l lng c kh

nng lng xung di y b bng trng lc. Nhim v ca b lng l to iu kin tt lng cc ht ct c kch thng ln hn hoc bng 0,2 mm v t trng ln hn hoc bng 2,6. loi tr hin tng bo mn c cu chuyn ng c kh v gim lng cn nng t li trong b lng. c. B lc nhanh: Lc l qu trnh khng ch gi li cc ht cn l lng trong nc c kch thc ln hn kch thc cc l rng to ra gia cc ht lc m cn gi li keo st, keo hu c gy c mu. B lc thng c dng lc mt phn hay ton b cn bn c trong nc ty thuc vo yu cu i vi cht lng nc. B lc c thit k gm 2 lp: lp ct thch anh v lp si. Nc cp khi qua b lng hu ht cc cn l lng u c gi li, ch cn khong 20% cn l lng khng c lng b lng v c i vo b lc. B lc nhim v gi li tt c nhng ht khng c lng . d. B cha nc sch: Dng cha nc sch sau khi lc, ti y ta thm mt lng Cl2 va nhm m bo ch tiu vi sinh v kh trng trong ng ng, ngn chn to pht trin trong ng ng lm tc nghn ng ng. B cha nc sch c t gn b lc v trm bm cp II. Ngoi ra, ct mc nc trong b la chn cho ph hp vi iu kin a hnh, cao mc nc ngm v c th t mi nc cho trm bm cp II. f. Trm bm cp II: Nhim v phn phi nc ra mng tiu th, bm ra lc, my gi ra lc Trm bm cp II phi m bo vic phn phi nc theo yu cu v cng sut v tin cy. Khi b tr trm bm cp II cn cc yu cu: - Din tch chong ch vo chiu cao trm bm. - Cao trc bm so vi ct mc nc thp nht trong b bm. - Ct nn trm bm. - V tr trm bm thun tin v an ton cho vic b tr cc tuyn cp in, ng ht v ng y, cha hnh lang sa cha thit b. - Trc trm bm phi c v tr t cc thit b hoc thp chng va. - Trm bm v nh iu hnh l hai cng trnh to kiu dng kin trc v cnh quan chung cho nh my x l nc cp.

Chng III: TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH N V.

I. Dn ma:
Din tch dn ma:
F= Q 208 = = 20 ,8m 2 qm 10

Q = 5000 m3/ngy = 208 m3/gi = 0,057 m3/giy qm chn bng 10 m3/m2.h (10 15 m3/m2.h) S dn ma chn bng 1 => kch thc gin ma l 4,5 x 4,5 (m) Thit k dn ma 3 tng, s sn tung chn bng 3, khong cch sn tung l 0,8m, chiu cao ngn thu l 0,5 m. Thit k chn ng gin ma l 3,8m.
Tng chiu cao ca dn ma:
3.0,8 + 0,5 + 3,8 = 6,7m

Sn tung l cc tm inox khoang l c ng knh l l 10 mm, bc l l 100 mm. Tm inox c cc cnh l 4,5 x 4,5 (m) H thng ng phn phi nc cho dn ma _ng chnh:

Fng chnh = v

0,057 = 0,028 m 2 2

v l vn tc nc chy trong ng chnh (1,8 2 m/s) ng knh ca ng chnh l:

F=

.d 2
4

d =

4 Fngchinh

4.0,028 = 0,19 m = 190 mm 3,14

_ng nhnh: Khong cch cc ng nhnh chn l 300 mm. S ng nhnh ca dn ma:
B .2 0,3 4,5 = .2 0,3 = 30 m=

Lu lng trong ng nhnh:

057 qnha nh 0,30 qnh anh = v. f n hanh f nhan h = = = 9,5.10 4 m 2 v 2

ng knh ng nhnh:
d nhanh = 9,5.10 4.4 = 0,035 m = 35 mm 3,14

_Cc l trn dn ma: Tng din tch cc l chn bng 35 40% tit din ngang ca ng chnh.
S1 = 0,35 .Fngchinh = 0,35 .0,028 = 9,975 .10 3 m 2

Chn l ng knh 3mm, c din tch ca 1 l l:

S2 =

.0,003 2
4

= 7,065 .10 6 m 2

Tng s l phn phi trn dn ma l:

S1 9,975 .10 3 = = 1386 S 2 7,065 .10 6

(l)

S l trn ng nhnh:

n=

1386 = 46 (l) 30

Khong cch gia cc l trn ng l:

u= l 4,5 = = 0,048 m = 48 mm n.2 46 .2

_ng knh ng dn nc vo v ra khi dn ma: Lu lng thit k Q = 0,057 m3/s = 57 l/s Chn ng c ng knh 300 mm, 1 ng ng dn nc ln dn ma. _ng dn nc t dn ma qua 3 b lng: Chn ng c ng knh 100 mm v 3 ng ng qua 3 b lng.

II. B lng ng tip xc:

Dung tch ca b:
W = QT 208 ,3.40 = = 139 m 3 60 60

Q = 5000 m3/ngy = 208,3 m3/h = 0,057 m3/s T l thi gian lu nc ca b 30 45 pht Chn T = 40 pht Ly chiu cao l 2,5m (theo qui phm t 1,5 3,5 m) =>Tc i ln ca nc trong b l:
Vdng = H L .100 2,5.100 = = 1,04 m / s 60 .T 60 .40

Din tch ton phn ca b lng l:

F= W 139 = = 55 ,6m 2 HL 2,5

Chia thnh 3 b lng => Din tch ca mi b l:

f =

F 55 ,6 = =18 ,6m 2 N 3

Lu lng nc chy qua mi b lng l:

qb = Q 208 ,3 = = 69 ,4m 3 / h = 19 ,3l / s N 3

Tc nc chy qua ng trung tm ca b l 1,01 l/s nn ng knh ng trung tm l d = 200mm. Din tch mt ct ngang ng trung tm:
f ngTT =

.d 2
4

= 0,0314 m 2

Tng din tch ca mi b lng:

f b + f ng =18 ,6 + 0,0314 =18 ,63 m 2

Kch thng b lng ng hnh vung l: 4,3 x 4,3 Chiu cao phn tr ca b lng ng:
H tru = HL 2,5 = = 3,125 m 0,88 0,8

Chiu cao phn hnh nn ca b lng ng:

Hn = D d 4,3 0,2 .tg = .tg 55 o = 2,95 m 2 2

D l kch thc ca b lng ng hnh vung = 4,3m. d = 0,2m chiu rng ca h x cn. =55o (qui phm 50 55o). Tng chiu cao ca b lng l:
H = H tru + H n + H bv = 3,125 + 2,95 + 0,5 = 6,6m

Hbv l chiu cao bo v 0,5 1,5m H thng mng thu nc:

Lu lng mng thu:

qmang = K .Q 0,7.208 ,3 = = 12 ,2m3 / h = 3,4.10 3 m3 / s 4. N 4.3

K = 0,7 N=3 Mng c tit din hnh ch nht, chiu rng ca mng xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
0 bm = 0,9.qm, 4 = 0,9.(3,4.10 3 ) 0 , 4 = 0,09 m = 90 mm

Mng ch V c chiu di 1650m m Cao 250mm Dung tch cha nn cn:

Wc = . 3 4 2 3,14 .2,95 4,3 + 0,2 2 + 4,3.0,2 = . 3 4 3 = 15 m

.H n D 2 + d 2 + D.d

Thi gian lm vic gia 2 ln x cn:

T= Wc .N . 15.3.41000 = 5h Q.(Cmax C ) 208 (2000 12 )

tra bng 3.3 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung

Cmax = 2000 C l hm lng cn sau khi lng (10 12mg/l) Lng nc dung cho x cn tnh theo % lng nc x l:

P=

K p .Wc .N Q.T

.100 =

1,2.15 .3 .100 = 5,1% 208 .5

Kp h s pha long cn (1,115 1,2).

III B lc nhanh:
-Din tch b lc nhanh:

Trong : -Q = 5000m3/ngy = 208,3m3/h -W cng ra: W=14 l/s.m2, T = 24h -a l s ln ra b trong mt ngy a=1 -t1 = 1 gi, t2 = 0,35 gi [Theo bng 4-5 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung] -Vbt = 6 (Theo bng 4-6 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung) Chn ct lc dtd = 0,7 mm, h s khng ng nht k = 2 Chiu dy lp ct lc: L = 0,8 m [Bng 4-6 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung] S b lc cn thit xc nh theo cng thc: = 0,5 = 3,04 b Chn N = 3 Kim tra li tc lc tng cng vi iu kin mt b ng ra > (khong 6 7,5): khng an ton V vy ta phi thit k thm 2 b lc d phng. Ba b vn hnh, hai b d phng ra lc vo cui ngy. -Din tch b lc l: Chn kch thc b l : Chiu cao ton phn ca b lc nhanh xc nh theo cng thc: H = h + hv + hn + hp -h : chiu cao lp (m) : h = 0,7 m [Bng 4-7 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung] -hv : chiu dy lp vt liu lc : hv = 0,8 m [Bng 4-6 sch Nguyn Ngc Dung] -hn : chiu cao lp nc trn vt liu lc : hn = 2 m H = 0,7 + 0,8 + 2 + 0,3 =3,8 m

Xc nh h thng phn phi nc ra lc : Chn phng php ra b bng nc, cng nc ra lc W = 14 l/s.m2 vi trng nc 45%. Lng nc ra lc 1 b l: Chn vn tc chy trong ng chnh l: V = 1,8 m/s (Quy phm ng knh ng chnh l: = Chn ng knh ng chnh 350 mm Ly khong cch gia cc ng nhnh l 0,3 m (Quy phm: 0,25 0,3 m) th s ng trong 1 b l: Lu lng nc lc chy trong mi nhnh l: Chn vn tc chy trong ng chnh l: V = 1,9 m/s (Quy phm ng knh ng nhnh l:

Chn dn = 70 mm

Hnh: H thng phn phi nc ra lc Vi ng chnh l 350 mm th tit din ngang ca ng l:

Tng din tch l ly bng 35% din tch tit din ngang ca ng (QP 30 -35%), tng din tch l tnh c l: = 0,35 Chn l ng knh 12 mm (QP 10 12 mm) din tch 1 l s l Tng s l trn mi ng nhnh l:

S l trn mi ng nhnh l: Trn mi ng nhnh, cc l xp thnh 2 hng so le nhau, hng xung pha di v nghing 1 gc so vi mt phng nm ngang S l trn mi hng ca ng nhnh l: = 7,5 l -Tnh ton mng phn phi nc lc v thu nc ra lc: B c chiu di l 4m, chn mi b b tr 2 mng thu nc c y hnh tam gic: Khong cch gia cc mng s l: d = = 2m (QP khng c > 2,2m) Lng nc ra thu vo mi mng xc nh theo cng thc : l/s) Trong : -W : Cng ra lc : W = 14 l/s.m2 -d : Khong cch gia cc tm mng : d = 2 m -l : Chiu di ca mng : l = 5,6 m -qm = 14 Chiu rng mng l: = 0,0868 m3/s

Trong : -a : l t s gia chiu cao hnh ch nht vi na chiu rng ca mng Ly a = 1,3 (QP a = 1 1,5) -k : H s i vi tit din mng hnh tam gic: k = 2,1

Vy chiu cao phn mng hcn l: hcn = 0,26 m ly chiu cao phn y tam gic l h = hcn . dc y mng ly v pha mng tp trung nc l i = 0,01. Chiu dy thnh mng ly l: Chiu cao ton phn ca mng thu nc ra l: Hm = hcn + h + = 0,26 + 0,17 + 0,08 = 0,51 m Khong cch t b mt lp vt liu lc n mp trn mng thu nc xc nh theo cng thc: Trong : -L : Chiu dy lp vt liu lc, L = 0,8 m -e : gin n tng i ca lp vt liu lc, ly theo bng 4 5, e = 45% + 0,25 = 0,61 m Theo quy phm , khong cch gia y di cng ca mng dn nc ra phi nm cao hn lp vt liu lc ti thiu 0,07 m Chiu cao ton phn ca mng thu nc ra: Hm = 0,51 m, v mng dc v pha mng tp trung i = 0,01, mng di 3,1 m nn chiu cao mng thu tp trung l: 0,51 + (0,01 = 0,541 m Vy s phi ly bng: Nc ra lc t mng thu trn vo mng tp trung nc Khong cch t y mng thu n y mng tp trung xc nh theo cng thc :

-qm : Lu lng nc chy vo mng tp trung nc (m3/s) -A : Chiu rng ca mng tp trung Chn A = 0,75 m (QP khng c nh hn 0,6 m) -g : gia tc trng trng = 9,81 m/s2

-Tnh tn tht p lc khi rt b lc nhanh:

Trong : -v0 : Tc nc chy u ng chnh : v0 = 1,8 m/s -vn : Tc nc chy u ng nhnh : vn = 1,9 m/s -g : Gia tc trng trng: g = 9,81 m/s2 - : H s sc cn KW: tng din tch cc l trn ng hoc trn mng v din tch tit din ngang ca ng hoc mng chnh, KW = 0,35

= 3,3 Tn tht p lc qua lp si : h = 0,22 Trong : -Ls : Chiu dy lp si : Ls = 0,7 m W : Cng ra lc : W =14 l/s.m2 h = 0,22 Tn tht p lc trong lp vt liu lc: hvl = (a + b Trong : vi kch thc ht d = 0,5 ; a = 0,76 ; b = 0,017 hvl = (0,76 + 0,017 p lc ph v kt cu ban u ca lp ct lc ly hbm = 2m Vy tn tht p lc trong ni b b s l : ht = hp + h + h + hbm = 3,3 + 2,16 + 0,35 + 2 = 7,81m T l nc ra lc so vi lng nc vo b (cng sut trm) c th tnh nh sau: Trong : - W:Cng ra lc ; W = 14 l/s.m2
-

f :Din tch mt b lc ; f = 12,33m2

- N: S b lc ; N = 3
-

Q: Cng sut trm x l ; Q = 208,3m3/h

To : Thi gian cng tc ca b gia 2 ln lc

Trong : - T : Thi gian cng tc ca b lc trong mt ngy, T = 24h - n : s ln ra b trong 1 ngy, n = 1

-

t1, t2, t3 : thi gian ra, x nc lc u v thi gian cht ca b lc

= 3,8%

B cha nc sch: tit kim chi ph xy dng nn ta dng h thng chm nh lng cht kh trng trn ng ng dn t b lc sang b cha. Nhim v ca b cha l: Ch yu l cha nc sch u ra ca h thng x l. i 5000 m3/ng = 5000/(24 -Th tch b cn thit l:(10 15% cng sut) Wh = q * T= 0,05787 * 10 * 3600=2083,32 m3 -Chn kch thc b: Di Rng = 30m * 20m Cao: h=2083,32/(30*20)=3,47m -Chiu cao cng tc b: (m3/s)

Chiu cao d tr ca b 0,3 m Chiu cao thc ca b l 3,47 + 0,3 = 3,77 m