IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

We must be able to answer

The Localization Factors of Iron and Steel Industry
Distribution of this industry in India and why this pattern of distribution
Its Growth and Development in pre and post-Independence periods
Future prospects of Iron and Steel industry in India

LOCALIZATION FACTORS OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

O Raw Material
O Market
O %ransportation
O abour
O overnment Policy
O %echnology

Raw Material

O ron and Steel industry is a Weight Losing Industry (Material Index, M.I. > 1). All the raw
materials oI this industry Coking Coal, ron Ore, imestone, Dolamite, Mn are heavy and
bulky
O ocation is governed by proximity to raw materials particularly coking coal and ron ore.
O Localization either near coal and Iron ore or in between.
O 'ISW is an exception, located Iar Irom main coal producing areas. Earlier it used locally
available charcoal and now using HEP Irom Sharavati Power Project.











Market

O Finished steel products are quite bulky, and transport cost per tonne km oI steel product is
about 3 times more than that oI coal and iron ore. %hereIore market plays an important role in
localization.
O Agglomeration of market forces brings economics in the cost oI production, thus making
market Iavourable location.
O One oI the major consumers oI steel industry is Automobile industry which in itselI preIers a
market location. %hese industries have also raised the importance oI market Ior iron and steel
industry. Further their waste in the Iorm oI scrap provides additional raw material Ior iron &
steel industry.

Transportation

O oth raw materials & Iinished products are bulky and require big transportation facilities.
O Optimum transportation cost oI carrying raw materials Irom source and Iinished products
to market play important role.
O However, setting up oI large integrated steel plants boosted the growth oI inIrastructure,
especially road and rail links in these regions.

Technology


O ncreasing popularity oI Open Hearth Process. t uses scrap as raw material (1/2 oI world`s
raw material). t is easier to transport in raw Iorm. %hereIore, changed location oI industry
Irom traditional raw material site to market.

Port location

O Port locations provide easy and cheap means of transportation. %hese are also highly
helpIul in the import oI raw materials and export oI Iinished products.
O %he 'izag Plant is a glaring example oI this kind oI location.

Government Policy

O Trickle down hypothesis Ior balanced regional development guided tremendously the
location oI &S industry in the backward regions.
O Policy oI developing Growth Centres & Growth Poles with &S industry as their core also
inIluenced its location in ndia.
O Political lobbying at times inIluences greatly its location.
O 'SW Plant was set up to IulIill DeIence requirements.

Labour

O Cheap and abundant labour is required Ior this industry. %hereIore Chottanagpur, West
Bengal and the nearby regions were Iavourable locations.













DISTRIBUTION OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA


PLANT IRON ORE COAL HEP/ WATER REMARKS
TISCO
urumahisani
(Orissa) Noamundi
(Jharkhand)
Singhbhum
Jharia-
Raniganj
Subarnrekha
River
Calcutta Port NH5,
NH6
IISCO
una (Jharkhand)
Singhbhum
Jharia D'C, Damodar
River
Calcutta Port NH2
'ISW
Kemmangundi
(Chikmaglur,
Karnataka)


Sharavati
Power, hadra
River
Mangalore Port NH4
BHILAI
Dalli Rajhara Korba-
Kargali

Korba %hermal
power Plant,
Mahanadi
asin
Calcutta Nagpur Rail
NH6
ROURKELA
Sundargarh Keonjhar Jharia
%alcher
Hirukud HEP,
Sankh-South
Koel River
Calcutta Nagpur Rail
NH6
DURGAPUR
olani, Mayurbhanj Jharia,
Raniganj
D'C, Damodar
River
Calcutta Port Calcutta
Asansol Rail NH2
SALEM
ocal Mettur dam Puducherry
Coimbatore by NHs
Exports Stainless steel
'IZAG ailadila
(Chattisgarh)
mported
Damodar
- largest producer,
NH5
'I1AYNAGAR
Nearby Sringareni %ungabhadra
dam

BOKARO
Kiriburu (Orissa)
(Keonjhar)
Jharia D'C, okaro
& Damodar
Rivers
argest &S plant,
Calcutta port connected
through NH2




TISCO 1amshedpur

O Raw material is the most important determinant Ior the location oI %SCO Plant in
Jamshedpur. esides, the latter development oI transportation, easy availability oI labour
and Iacilities oI nearby Calcutta Port alongwith market around helped this plant to grow.
O Haematite Iron Ore: urumahisani and Noamundi, Singhbhum District within 100 km.
O Coal: Jharia (Jharkhand) and Raniganj (West engal) within 200 km.
O Calcutta: Port and industrialized hinterland Ior market within 250 km.
O Water: Subarnrekha River Ior cooling purposes.
O abour: Cheap and abundant: ihar, Chottanagpur (%ribals), Orissa.
O ood transport Iacilities: NH6 (Mumbai Kolkata) and NH5 (Chennai Kolkata) passes
near to it (part oI olden Quadrilateral)







IISCO Kulti, Hirapur and Burnpur

O Hirapur (pig iron), Kulti (steel) and urnpur (rolling)
O Iron Ore: una mines, Singhbhum district (Jharkhand) within 300 km



O Earlier received coal Irom Jharia, but now power Irom D'C extensively used.
O Kolkata Port: 200 km, provides port as well as Market Iacilities.
O Cheap Labour available Irom West engal and adjoining areas.
O Road links with Kolkata Port and other major destinations through NHs provide good
transportation Iacilities.




'ISW, Bhadaravati

O High grade Haematite iron ore Irom Kemmangundi Mines in Chikmaglur district
(Karnataka): 40 km away
O Coal not available in vicinity; earlier used locally available charcoal, but now HEP from
Sharavati Power Project.
O Bhadra (vati) River passes through it. Water easily available. Also its valley 13 km wide
providing enough land Ior expanding activities.
O Well connected to Mangalore Port.
O NH4 (part oI olden Quadrilateral) passes near to it. Well connected by transport linkages.
ies on Biru - Shimoga railway line.
O Engaged in producing steel Ior Defence purposes.





Bhilai Steel Plant

O Durg happens to be a backward area. Purpose oI setting up this plant was to bring prosperity
to this area.
O Rich Haematite iron ore Irom Dalli-Rajhara Range within 100 km.
O Coal Irom Korba and Kargali (Chattisgarh) within 200 km distance.
O Power Irom Korba Thermal Power Station.
O Connected with Kolkata-Nagpur railway line. ies on NH6 (Joining Mumbai with
Kolkata). Well connected network.
O Cheap labour available Irom adjoining areas (%ribal population).
O ies in Chattisgarh basin drained by Mahanadi and its tributaries, thereIore water availability
is high.





Rourkela Steel Plant

O Iron Ore Irom Sundargarh and Keonjhar districts within 100 km
O Coal Irom Jharia Iield (Jharkhand) and %alcher within 200 km
O HEP Irom Hirakud dam
O Water Irom Sankh - South Koel Rivers crossing near to it
O ocated on main Nagpur-Kolkata railway line and enjoys railway Iacilities. Well connected
to NH-6 passing south to it
O Kolkata provides port Iacilities and its hinterland serves as a market




Durgapur Steel Plant

O Iron Ore: olani mines (Kendujhar district) and Mayurbhanj (Orissa) within 300 km distance
O Coal: Jharia and Raniganj close to it.
O Also uses D'C power
O Damodar passes near it: it provides the required water supply
O Dense Rail Road network. NH-2 (connecting Delhi with Kolkata) passes though it. ies on
Kolkata-Asansol railway link connecting it to other parts oI the country
O Cheap labour available due to high population density
O Kolkata Port close to it. Rich hinterland Ior market.




Bokaro Steel Plant

O Largest &S making centre oI ndia. Engaged in manuIacturing oI rails
O Obtains Iron Ore Irom Kiriburu Mines in Orissa.
O Coal Irom Jharia Iield, just 65 km Irom it.
O ies on confluence of Bokaro and Damodar Rivers easy water availability.
O HEP Irom Damodar 'alley Corporation (D'C).
O Kolkata is just 300 km Irom it provides port Iacilities. NH2 (connecting Delhi and
Kolkota) passes just north to it.
O Cheap labour Irom adjoining areas (%ribal population)



Salem Steel Plant

O Area is rich in ron Ore. %his ore is converted into higher grade and then smelted in Plant
O &ses HEP Irom nearby Mettur dam.
O Well connected to Puduchery and Coimbatore by National Highways.
O Major producer oI the world class stainless steel. Exports to &SA, Mexico, Australia and SE
Asia.
O State-of-art technology, and thereIore not much labour required

'ishakapatnam Steel Plant

O First shore based integrated steel plant of the country
O Most sophisticated technology
O Second largest producer oI ron & Steel in ndia
O Port location makes import and export easy. Major export-oriented steel plant.
O Iron Ore: ailadila mines oI Chattisgarh
O Coal: uses imported coke, thus relieving pressure on ndian coal mines. Also well connected
to coal Iields oI Damodar valley.
O ies on NH-5 connecting Chennai with Kolkata

'ijaynagar Steel Plant


O ocated near Hospet in ellary District oI Karnataka
O Production oI mild steel is the special Ieature
O Iron ore Irom nearby mines in Karnataka
O Coal Irom Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh
O HEP Irom closely located Tungabhadra Dam





MINI STEEL PLANTS

O Secondary units using steel scrap and sponge iron as raw material; and electric arc and
induction furnaces Ior processing
O Produce mild and alloy steel especially stainless steel
O ocated away Irom integrated plants to meet local demands
O Mainly concentrated around urban areas






GROWTH AND DE'ELOPMENT

O ndians known Ior art oI smelting iron in early times e.g. Mehrauli Pillar. ut Iirst &S unit on
modern lines was set up in 1830 at Porto-Nova (T.N) - not succeeded.
O Other attempts in second halI oI 19
th
century same Iate.
O Real beginning in 1907 with setting up oI TISCO Plant at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur)
O 1919 IISCO (ndian ron and Steel Company) set up at urnpur
O 1923 Mysore Steel Works set up at Bhadravati. Now called 'ishvesvaraya ron and Steel
Works ('SW)





Rapid growth after independence

O %he development oI &S industry was envisaged during Iirst Five Year Plan (FYP), but it was
during Second FYP that three integrated steel projects were started at Bhilai (with erstwhile
&SSR`s %echnical and Financial support), Rourkela (with ermany`s assistance) and Durgapur
(with &.K`s assistance)
O During Third FYP, Bokaro Steel Plant was started (Production started in 1972).
O %hree more steel plants planned during I' FYP to meet the requirement oI steel.
1. Salem (%.N.)
2. 'izag (A.P.)
3. 'ijayanagar (Hospet district in Karnataka)
O Coming up oI SAIL in 1973 provided an umbrella corporation Ior managing plants in public
sector.

Slow Growth (1950-60)

4 New PS&s had yet to start production
4 ow capital availability
4 ow installed capacity
4 ow Demand Ior the Iinished products

Exponential growth (1960 - mid 90s)

4 Started with coming up oI Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela Plants
4 Expansion oI existing plants
4 Industrialization took place at a Iaster rate, thereIore higher demand Ior steel
4 Increased per capita consumption

Plateau Section (Stagnation) (Mid 90s - 2001)

4 AIter liberalization, tertiary sector started becoming more important
4 Losses of PSUs mounted high pressure on the plants themselves
4 Competition Irom abroad.

Impact of Liberalisation

4 AIter decades oI state orchestrated industrial development, the government going by the
experience world over decided to launch the process oI liberalization and the steel sector was
also opened to international market and associated competition.
4 With the start oI new millennium, increase in production because oI infrastructure
development and exports. Annual R oI Production 2001-02 3.7 and 2002-03 8.





FUTURE PROSPECTS OF STEEL INDUSTRY

O %he recent upswing in the international steel market has been a booster dose Ior ndian steel
industry but the real party can begin only when the domestic market oIIers right environment
and opens up avenues Ior long-term sustenance and growth.
O %he potential Ior growth oI this sector is enormous. %his can be gauged Irom the Iact that the
per capita consumption of steel is still around 29 kg whereas the world average is 150 kg.
Even to equal the world average, with its population over a billion, will have to touch 150
million tones (present consumption 29 million tones).
O eneration oI such kind oI demand is dependent on health and rate oI growth of other
sectors of economy like roads, power, railways, ports, drinking water, housing and
manuIacturing.
O New Road Projects estimated to cover around 10,000 kms, Iour laning oI existing roads is
also planned. %hese will be a good source oI new demand Ior steel.

O As the country will need more Greenfield capacities in the coming years, the steel sector can
hope to get the required impetus Ior steady growth.
O Track renewal plans of railways Ior about 35000 kms. %his will boost the demand Ior steel
in a major way. More high-speed trains, new demand Ior coaches and wagons, and building oI
underground railway system will help boost its demand.



























EARTHQUAKE


RELE'ANCE OF THE STUDY

Earth is in a dynamic equilibrium, always adjusting herselI to maintain this dynamism. Earthquakes
are the most prominent evidence oI present day earth`s movements. %hough man has no control over
earthquake, its proper study, early prediction and remedial measures could help in better management
oI disasters and saving precious human and animal lives.

CONCEPT

Crustal plates are continually in motion, interact with neighbouring plates, strain and deIorm rocks at
their edges. %he energy stored by such deIormation is released when it crosses the elastic limit oI
rocks, in the Iorm oI waves called Earthquake.

WA'ES

Earthquake waves are oI 3 types: P, S and . P are Iastest. However maximum damage is caused by
-waves, which travel along the surIace oI earth.

MECHANISM

%here are major 3 mechanisms that cause earthquakes:-

1. Plate Tectonics
2. 'olcanoes
3. Anthropogenic Factors

ROLE OF PLATE TECTONICS

O %he Crustal Plates have three kinds of motions, namely:
Divergence
Slip and
Convergence

O At the 'Divergent boundaries, Crustal Plates move away Irom each other. %here is Iormation oI
faults and ruptures and an associated volcanic activity. %his causes earthquake tremors,
though oI shallow origin. e.g. the earthquake activity along Mid-Oceanic Ridges of Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific Oceans.



O Along the Slip Boundaries, one side oI the slip Iault slides along the other part and the locked
rocks in a jig-jag fashion break. %he creation oI transform faults takes place, resulting in severe
earthquakes. e.g. in California (&SA), PaciIic Plate moves north west the American Plate along
the San Andreas Fault. %he earthquakes oI intensity are experienced here.


O %he maximum number oI earthquakes takes place along convergent boundaries. Here one
Crustal Plate moves under another Plate. %he huge Iorce oI such a movement is responsive Ior an


intensive earthquake activity here. t explains the earthquakes along Pacific Ring of Fire and
Alpine-Himalayan Mid-Continental Belt. On these margins, simultaneous activity of
mountain building, faulting and explosive volcanicity cause earthquakes oI shallow,
intermediate and deep origin. %he epicenter oI shallow earthquakes lies near the trench (where
two Plates meet) and that oI deep earthquakes lie on the interiors oI continents.

Along Pacific Ring of Fire, Subduction oI PaciIic Plate under N. American and
Asiatic Plates causes earthquakes in eastern and western margins respectively. t accounts Ior
65 of total earthquakes of the world. Earthquakes in Rockies, Andes, Kamchatka,
Sakhalin, 1apan and Philippines are attributed to this kind oI movement. n Japan alone, about
1500 seismic shocks are Ielt every year.








Mid-Continental Belt accounts Ior about 21 earthquakes in the world every year.
Earthquakes in Alpines, Mediterranean, North Africa and Himalayas are attributed this
cause. n ndia, Himalayas Plates are still moving 5cm/ year, as evident Irom recent
earthquakes oI Uttar Kashi (1991) and Chamoli (1999). Himalayas Iold at places and when
the energy reaches the elastic limit, the rocks break up and trigger strike-slip earthquakes.
Himalayan Fault Zone consists oI a complex grid of interactive faults extending all along the
colliding zone.





%he Indian earthquake zones consist oI Indian Plains (moderate intensity) and
Peninsula (least intensity) alongwith the Himalayan Region (max. intensity). %he plains, though
exhibited moderate intensity earthquakes, Iew exceptions oI ihar (1934), Assam (1950),
Kolkata (1737) and ihar (1988) are oI severe earthquakes. %he Plate Tectonic Theory well
explains the origin oI severe earthquakes here (the epicenter of deep and severe earthquakes lie
in the interior of continents).

Recent Bhuj Earthquake (2001) was because oI Sea Floor Spreading oI ndian
ocean 5cm/ year, gradual northward movement oI ndian Plate and the reactivated faults
below the surIace. %wo major connecting Iaults located in Kutch region: one, E-W between huj
and Ahmedabad and the other, N-S through Ahmedabad and aroda.


ROLE OF 'OLCANICITY (details in the chapter on 'olcanicity)

'olcanicity and earthquakes are so intimately related that they become the cause and eIIect oI each
other. 'iolent eruption oI Krakatoa 'olcano (between Java and Sumatra) caused severe
earthquake and consequent tsunami (30-40 m high) killing many thousand people.





ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS

Pumping out oI ground water and oil, mining, nuclear explosion and dams trigger earthquakes
through the collapse of rocks above and powerIul vibrations caused by them. Dams disturb the
equilibrium of already iso-statically adjusted rocks below the reservoirs and cause the
development oI Iaults and Iractures. 1931 Greece earthquake (Marathan Dam), Koyna earthquake
(1967), hatsa Dam (ndia) are Iew oI the examples.


DISTRIBUTION

O About 68 oI the earthquakes are concentrated around Pacific Ring of Fire and 21 along
Alpine-Himalayas Chain.
O 95 oI the earthquakes are along distributed along Plate boundaries and rest are caused by
'olcanicity and other Iactors.
O OI the total earthquakes, 90 are oI shallow origin along the divergent boundaries and along
convergent boundaries near the trench areas.








IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes demonstrate a man-nature interaction where the nature clearly dominates over man.
%hese have both geographical as well as human consequences, both long term and short term.
%hese include:

O andsides (athur), damming oI rivers, Iloods.
O Faults Iormation, Iall oI buildings, loss oI liIe and property.
O Damage to Oil pipelines, electric wires and consequent Iires.
O Change in surIace drainage and underground circulation oI water.
O %sunamis and consequent damage to liIe.

huj Earthquake oI 2001 killed 1 lakh people; in Kolkata (1737) it claimed 3 lakh lives.

REMEDIAL MEASURES

Man is unable to prevent earthquakes; all he can do is to take steps Ior saIety.


O More seismic stations Ior issuing warning. ong term predictions based on cyclic nature oI
earthquakes and paleo-seismology.
O Suitable building designs
O Observations like sudden change in climate, abnormal behaviour of animals.
O Special trainings as in case oI Japan.
O EIIective Disaster Management Mechanism based on the principle oI 3RS- Rescue, RelieI
and Rehabilitation.
O Coordination among various national and international agencies.



























SOCIAL FORESTRY

We must know:

Introduction and concept
Difference between Agro and Social forestry
Social forestry in India
(a) Farm Forestry -
1.Block Planting
2.Peripheral Planting
(b) Extension Forestry
Case Studies
Problems in social forestry

Social Iorestry is a concept or mission and a program that aims at providing social, economic and
environmental security to the people especially those who are poor and more so to the
downtrodden, by involving them as beneIiciaries right Iorm the planting stage to the harvesting stage.
t envisages the use oI village land, community land, wasteland and degraded land to raise crops that
will be useIul Ior the community as a whole. Concept oI social Iorestry will be diIIerent in diIIerent
regions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL AND AGRO FORESTRY

Agro Forestry Social Forestry
Combines with the production of agriculture,
crops, Iorest, Iorest plants and Iodder species
simultaneously or sequentially on the same units
oI land
nclude Iorest crops including food, fodder,
fuel wood and small timber to meet the
multiIarious demands oI the society
t is a diIIerent package oI technology that has
to be developed before implementation
%his is not required in social forestry and
Iallow lands are utilized Ior raising Iorest
crops
%here is a close crop relationship whose
cultivation is determined by the demands oI
region, demands oI person etc.
Forest crops are raised either independently
or in combination with other Iorest crops
including legumes and grasses. %his does not
require such a deep research on the
interrelationships.
Guided generally by economic consideration
taken into account the combined yield oI trees
and agriculture crops
Social demands and requirement are more
important than any other economic
conservation.
t is done on dry-lands water logged, alkaline
and saline soils and nearly all cultivable areas
and Iorest blocks.
t is practiced around Iield bunds, palm pond
unproductive land and village common.


FARM FORESTRY IS A PART OF AGRO FORESTRY

Social forestry in India took the form of farm forestry. Farm forestry has two components:-

(i) Peripheral Planting: it involves the planting oI the Iorest at the edge oI the Iorm. %he selected
trees were oI mulberry.

Advantages:
1. Requires little amount oI space
2. t acted as an umbrella Ior the Iarm
3. t was used to improve the productivity oI marginal lands
4. Judicial selection oI the trees helps and encourages the biological pest control

Disadvantages:
1. %he shadow reduced the productivity
2. %he leaI litter derived there called Ior some type oI weed control.

(ii) Block Planting

Advantages
1. t helps to utilize the Iarmers` Iields which have reduced to agricultural eIIiciency
2. t provides substantial income to the Iarmers

Disadvantages
1. t has a mono-cultural plantation that provides nutrition deIiciency.
2. Eucalyptus trees planted under this were responsible Ior the lowering oI the water table.

oth components oI Iarm Iorestry were part oI centralized sachems oI the government. %his has
been one oI the most successIul aspects oI the social Iorestry in which saplings were distributed to the
Iarmers Ior aIIorestation on their Iield bunds.

Further, in order to encourage poor Iarmers to undertake aIIorestation, saplings were distributed
free. %he department established large centralized nurseries primarily oI eucalyptus Ior distribution
to Iarmers. Eucalyptus was selected not because the poor Iarmers wanted it Ior Iuel and Iodder but
because it was easier and cheaper to raise eucalyptus sapling and because they were non-browsable
and had a ready market.

n reality Iarm Iorestry became subsidized program Ior the bigger farmers and they came in their
trucks and tractors and collected thousand oI Iree saplings planting them in their Iields. Many
converted agricultural lands to eucalyptus plantation because oI their higher proIits and when the trees
were ready they sold produce in markets as poles or wood Ior paper and pulp industry. %he mission
oI Iuel wood and Iodder Ior the rural poor seemed sight Iact by the strategies Iollowed.

Another reason Ior large centralized nurseries and Iree distribution was the pressure to achieve
targets. What land, what survival rates, who beneIited all oI these became inconvenient questions.
%he major beneIiciaries have been larger Iarmers on one hand, and paper and pulp and building
industry on other. Acute shortages oI Iuel wood and Iodder continued to persist.

CASE STUDIES

West Bengal

n West engal, the social Iorestry has been more successIul because the village panchayats were
actively involved in identifying land and beneficiaries. Revitalization oI village panchayats in West
engal was based on implementation on land reforms and distribution of surplus lands. A group
scheme oI social Iorestry emerged in these villages by landless people who were distributed surplus
land, Iuel wood Iolder, and also cash incomes increased. %he Iorest department also negotiated with
several village communities to protect Iorest on the basis oI an agreed sharing scheme. %he
protection oI Iorests by the village communities has been so successIul that the West engal
government has extended scheme to others parts oI the state.

Chipko Movement

t is a successIul story oI aIIorestation and sustainable use oI Iorests and the principle oI equality in
the distribution oI equal resources. n the chipko villages in the Himalayas, the women in villages
have organized themselves Ior saIeguarding their ecosystem and developing their Iuel wood and
Iodder resources in their common land. %hey identiIied Iragile slopes and planted them to prevent
landslides. %he species were planted by the liking oI the people. Chipko woman have developed an
equity approach to sharing the biomass. %hey all are entitled to ahead load oI the commons on a
given day date oI the week and this is strictly adhered to.

Sukhomadri

t is another successIul example oI local organization based on equitable sharing oI resources in the
Shivalik hills. %he sukhomadri village has been able to protect its watershed and saved the village
Irom Ialling into a widening gauge because oI massive erosion. Apart Irom it they have been also able
to achieve social well-being oI the village people in the span oI 3-4 years. %his village also
established the water users association which provide equal share of rain water collected by
building a small dam. Even the landless are entitled to eco-share which they can barter Ior share
cropping, money etc. Everyone in the village has vested interest in saIeguarding watershed so that the
dam does not get silted. Although the Iorest department did try to impose certain restrictions but
realized later on that unless the people themselves do not show concern and the communities did not
get involve, they will hardly be able to saIeguard their watershed. When the community established its
own organization and assured equitable distinction oI beneIits, only then the every member oI the
community endeavored to saIeguard aIIorestation in the watershed.

However, Social foresting program of government dominated by bureaucracy eliminated wider
participation of people in their own programme. Lack of land use policy and market for minor
produce of beneficiaries further accentuated the problem.
PROBLEMS WITH SOCIAL FORESTRY

1. Social Iorestry was conceived as people centered program. A program to empower poor
people Ior the Iuel wood, Iodder and other timber needs. ut it actually became a
government program and the program oI the Iorest department.
2. People`s participation was the major causality and it was realized later on that people`s
participation cannot be achieved through bureaucratic structure.
3. %here had been a neglect of land use policy especially Ior the Iorest lands, revenue lands and
community lands and the price Ior this had been paid by the poor.
4. Different administrative jurisdictions oI land have led to property and custodial approaches
to land use policies, irrespective oI their best use and contribution to social welIare.
5. %here is a lack of appropriate policy regarding access oI land Ior aIIorestation purposes.
DeIormed act and laws hindered rather than motivate people, resulted in vested interest
controlling social Iorestry program. nstead oI Iuel wood and Iodder, social Iorestry has
largely provided raw materials to paper, pulp and building industry by passing rural poor.
6. %he structure of marketing arrangements and pricing oI minor Iodder produce has been
totally ignored in comparison oI production eIIorts under social Iorestry program. %he Iorest
cooperatives which have once played a signiIicant role have now been disappeared.
7. %he employment programs under anti-poverty schemes have speciIic target provision to cover
Iorest development work which could be easily linked to social Iorestry program. Such
linkage is missing due to lack of coordination among government departments.
8. Social Iorestry programs did not involve the women who had to collect the Iuel Ior the
Iamily everyday. t has also not involved the tribals who are deeply interested in promotion
and protection oI Iorests.