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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Animesh Dutta Energy, Asian Institute of Technology July 06, 2006

Driving to the future

Efficiency

Emission

Driving Forces
Determine
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Economics

Mass-produced widely distributed PV arrays and wind turbines may eventually generate 10-30 TW emission-free

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Ancient Resource Meets 21st Century Technology

The power of the wind has been used throughout human history, to power sailboats, to mill grain, and to pump water. Inventors first used wind power to create electricity late in the nineteenth century. Todays wind turbines are sophisticated machines that use state-of-the-art technology to convert raw power from the wind into electricity that can be contribute to the countrys power needs.
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

OBJECTIVE OF THIS PRESENTATION

This presentation discusses the following: (a) Fundamentals of Wind Power (b) Type of Turbines (c) Wind Energy Applications (d) Economics (e) Advantages and disadvantages

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Fundamentals of Wind Power

Wind is stochastic in nature Speed and direction of wind at a location vary randomly with time Apart from the seasonal and daily variations, the wind pattern may change from year to year-even to the extent of 10 to 30 per cent Hence, the behavior of the wind at a prospective site should be properly analyzed.

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Global Wind
At equator, a low pressure belt is created because of strong solar radiation. At the surface, this region is called doldrums. At the tropopause, the air cools until it reaches latitudes of about 30degrees where it sinks back to the surface, creating a high pressure belt. Some are forced back towards low pressure zone (trade winds). The rest moves towards pole until it reaches 60 degree latitudes and forms a similar kinds of loop both with the poles and with the 30 degree latitudes.
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Global wind
Also when earth is rotating, the winds are subjected to a phenomenon known as the Coriolis Effect. High pressure region Coriolis force Force due to pressure gradient
Resulting path

Low pressure region

The earth receives around 1.71014 kW of power from the sun in the form of solar radiation
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Fundamental of wind power

The wind, for example the shoreline breeze, is the result of uneven heating of the earth by the sun.

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Fundamental of wind power

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Similarly, mountain-valley winds are also created.

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Wind speed Classification of the Beaufort Wind Scale

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

FUNDAMENTALS OF WIND POWER

Single obstacles are no problem if the total rotor area is over three times higher than the obstacle or if there is sufficient distance (could be up to 35 times the height) available. The wind speed is increases with the height from the ground because of the roughness of the ground. The wind speed v(h2) at height Z0 can be calculated directly using the following equation
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Wind velocity, m/s

h d ln 2 z0 v(h2 ) = v(h1 ). h1 d ln z0

0 0 20 40 60 80 Distance from the ground, m

Here, Z0 is the height at which the wind is slowed to zero and d is the parameter for displacement boundary layer for obstacles
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Effect of Z0 and d on the wind speed at h2=10 m [v(h1)=10 m/s at h1=50 m]

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Energy and power in the wind

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1 E = m V2 2
Power available from wind energy

V V
The power in the wind is proportional to: The density of air. It is lower at higher mountainous regions; but avg. density in cold climates may be up to 10% higher than in tropical regions. The area through which the wind is passing; and The cube of wind velocity. Power increase a factor of 8 if wind velocity increases to double of its original.

1 3 P = AV 2

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Power Coefficient and utilization efficiency

For utilization of wind power, wind turbine should take as much power from the wind as possible. The turbine slows the speed from v1 to v2 and uses the corresponding power differences. Turbine power

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1 2 & PT = m v12 v 2 2
1 P0 = A v13 2

)
1 & m = A (v1 + v 2 ) 2

Wind power

The power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the wind.

Cp =

PT P0

Maximum Cp is about 0.6 when the ideal speed ratio (v2/v1=1/3) However, for a good system Cp lies between 0.4~0.5

Power utilization efficiency is defined as PTactual/PTideal = Cp/Cpmax

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Airfoil Lift and drag

L F

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Flow

1 L = CL A V 2 2

1 D = CD A V 2 2

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

TYPE OF TURBINES

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Lift machines and Drag machines

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Examples of wind energy conversion

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Examples of wind energy conversion

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Wind Turbine Classification

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Horizontal axis

Single-bladed Head-on Double-bladed Triple-bladed Multi-bladed Darrieus Vertical axis Savonius H rotor
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Savonius rotor
Use drag principle. It has two semicylindrical blades open on opposite sides. Near the axis blades overlap to redirect wind from one blade to the other

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It also utilizes lift to have a better efficiency than simple drag devices However, efficiency is much worse than that of good lift devices (max Cp=0.25) Star at very low speed and used for ventilation purpose, but requires higher material Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Vertical Axis: Darrieus

Consists of two or three rotor blades that have the shape of parabola. The profile of the rotor blades designed such a way that it uses lift principle. Because of vertical axis angle of attack changes continuously. Efficiency is much higher compared to Savonius rotor however only 75% of modern rotor with horizontal axis. It cannot start on its own; always needs an auxiliary starting system.

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

H rotor
H rotor is the further development of Darrieus rotor and uses the concept of lift device. A permanent-magnet generator is directly integrated into the rotor structure and needs no gearbox. The three rotor blades are attached vertically. Supports to vertical axis helps rotor maintain its shape. Used for extreme weather conditions such as in the high mountains or in Antartica.

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Wind turbines with horizontal rotor axis

A horizontal axis wind turbine generally consists of the following components
Rotor blades, rotor hub, rotor brake and a pitch mechanism if needed Electrical generator and a gearbox if needed Wind measurement system and yaw drive (azimuth tracking) Nacelle, tower and foundation Control substation and main connection

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Number of rotor blades:

Can have one, two or three rotor blades, Lower the number of blades less the material is. Single-bladed rotor must have a counter weight. Three-bladed rotors have optically smoother operation and hence integrated better with the landscape. Higher optimal power coefficient above two-bladed rotors compensate the disadvantages of higher material demand.

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Classification of wind turbines by number of blades

Tip speed ratio: 7-8 Tip speed ratio: 10 Tip speed ratio: 15

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Wind speed ranges: Cut-in speed = 2.5-4.5 m/s; design wind speed = 6-10 m/s; nominal wind speed = 10-16 m/s; cut-out wind speed = 20-30 m/s; and survival wind speed = 50-70 m/s
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

TYPE OF TURBINES

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Upwind and Downwind machines

Upwind

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Downwind

Wind Turbine Layout

2-bladed downwind

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Off-the-shelf generator

Hingedrotor blades FMRS

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Wind Industry Growth Trends

Larger multi-MW turbines Demand for new innovative technologies Led by Europeans Offshore & low wind regime focus in U.S.

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Altamont Region 10 m, 26 ft 0.15 MW Basics of Wind Energy Technology

WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS

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Wind Energy Applications

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)
Homes Farms Remote Application

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Intermediate (10-250 kW)

Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Community Wind
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Out of the Shadow:

The Bright Future for
Small Wind Systems

Modern Small Wind Turbines: High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
Products from 400 W 50 kW Technically Advanced Only 2-3 Moving Parts Very Low Maintenance Requirements

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10 kW 50 kW

400 W 900 W
(Not to scale)

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Small Turbines Require Less Wind

Large Turbines
Require ~ Class 3-4 Wind Regime Prefer Class 5

Small Turbines
Require ~ Class 2 Wind Regime

Class 1

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Clean Distributed Generation

Renewables for Homes, Farms, and Businesses

Status of the Technologies

Status Installed Cost Payback Period Cost Potential Typical Site
Available Resources

Photovoltaics Commercial $ 9 / Watt 30 Years $ 3 in 2010 Suburban Poor - Good

Solar Thermal Demo $ 10 / Watt 30+ Years ? Southwest Poor - Good

Small Wind Commercial $ 4 / Watt 15 Years $ 1.50 in 2010 Rural Poor - Great

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Rural Residential Wind

TYPICAL HOME SYSTEM
10 kW (6 m Rotor Diameter) Rural Site, 1 Acre or More Connected to House Wiring Produces ~ 13,000 kWh per Year Offsets ~ 7 Tons of CO2 per Year Excess Power Sold to Utility Cost: ~ $32,000 - $40,000

10 kW Wind Turbine

24 m (80 ft) GuyedTower

Safety Switch

Cummulative Production Meter Power AC Load Processing Center Unit (Inverter)

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Micro Wind Turbines

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Below 400 W for Battery Charging, Tourism Industry

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Small Wind Turbines

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0.4 to 100 kW Off-grid applications

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Large Wind Turbines

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100 kW and above Provide bulk power, grid or off grid

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Economics of Wind Energy

Wind Energy Cost Competitiveness
/kWh 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 12.8 8.2 4.3 4.2 5.2 8.7

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En er gy

G eo th er m al

W in d

Source: BTM Consult

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Nu cl ea r

Hy dr o

G as

Co al

Renewable Energy Cost Trends

Levelized cents/kWh in constant $20001
40 COE cents/kWh 100

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Wind
30 20

80 60 40

PV

10 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

20 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

10 COE cents/kWh 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1990

70 Geothermal 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2010 2020 1980

Solar thermal

15 12 9 6 3

Biomass

1990

2000

2010

2020

0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt) 1 These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data. Updated: October 2002

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Construction Cost Elements

Financing & Legal Fees 3% Development Activity 4% Interconnect/ Subsation 4% Interest During Construction 4% Towers (tubular steel) 10% Construction 22%
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Design & Engineering 2%

Land Transportation 2%

Turbines, 49%

Cost of Wind Energy

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Source: American Wind Energy Association

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

More Expensive, but Also More Valuable

Large Turbines
~ $1,000 / kW High Voltage Delivery

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Value of Power:

2-5
Small Turbines
~ $2 3,000 / kW Low Voltage Delivery

Value of Power:

6-18
Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Advantages of Wind Power

Environmental
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations

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Resource Diversity & Conservation

Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design reduces supply risk

Cost Stability Economic Development

Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities Increased tax revenue Purchase of goods & services

Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Noise pattern of a Typical Wind Turbine

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Basics of Wind Energy Technology

Wind Turbines: Power for a House or City

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Thank You for Your Attention

Basics of Wind Energy Technology