Qui trnh thi cng phn th nh cao tng bng b tng ct thp

5.1. Phm vi p dng : Qui trnh ny hng dn nhng iu c bn lp thit k bin php cng ngh v thi cng phn th nh cao tng xy chen. Qui trnh ny c s dng ng thi vi cc Tiu chun Xy dng ban hnh v thi cng nh cao tng nh : TCXD 194:1997 Nh cao tng - Cng tc kho st a k thut TCXD 203 : 1997 Nh cao tng - K thut o c phc v cng tc thi cng TCXD 199 : 1997 Nh cao tng - K thut ch to b tng mc 400-600 TCXD 200 : 1997 Nh cao tng - K thut ch to b tng bm TCXD 197 : 1997 Nh cao tng - Thi cng cc khoan nhi TCXD 196 : 1997 Nh cao tng - Cng tc th tnh v kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi. TCXD 202 : 1997 Nh cao tng - Thi cng phn thn TCXD 201 : 1997 Nh cao tng - K thut s dng gio treo TCXD 206 : 1998 Cc khoan nhi - Yu cu v cht lng thi cng Qui trnh ny c s dng gn lin vi cc yu cu k thut nu trong b h s mi thu v cc bn v. Nu iu no cha ch r trong cc h s mi thu v bn v th qui trnh ny c coi nh ngh ca pha nh thu i din k thut ca ch u t duyt. Tun theo qui trnh ny sau khi c ch u t chp thun l c s lp gi thi cng. 5.2. Nhng ch dn chung. 5. 2.1 Cn kim tra tnh trng thc t cng nh cc kch thc v cao trnh ti hin trng v bn bc thng nht v nhng khc bit pht hin c vi ch u t trc khi tin hnh cng vic. 5. 2.2 Trc khi thi cng cn nghin cu rt k h s thit k v cc yu cu k thut trong b h s mi thu. Cn kim tra mi kch thc v cao trnh trong cc bn v, ch s n khp gia cc bn v vi nhau. Cn lu cho ch u t v nhng khc bit v thng nht bin php gii quyt trc khi thi cng. 5. 2.3 Cn thit k chi tit v qun trit cc bin php thi cng mi c vch c tnh cht phng hng khi np h s thu. Ch phi hp ng b cc khu t xy n lp phi hp trong tng tin . Khi s dng cc bn thnh phm thng phm hoc cn c thu ph tham gia cn c bn v ch dn thi cng hoc yu cu phi hp b sung trnh ch u t duyt trc khi thi cng. Thng thng bn thu chnh l ngi duy nht chu trch nhim v bo m phi hp v kt cu, c kh v cc cng tc k thut khc nn cn c cch nhn tng th khi lp tng

tin thi cng. Cc bn v trin khai thi cng cn lu n cc chi tit k thut s t trong b tng hoc khi xy cng nh cc l cha nh trc trnh c o sau ny. Bn thu chnh phi pht hin cc sai st ca thit k v thiu ch phi hp chung ch u t nht tr trc khi thi cng. 5.2.4 Khi cng trnh xy t cao vt qu 10 mt, phi lm v thp n v cm c bo hiu cao theo qui nh an ton hng khng. C th b tr n v c trn nh cn trc thp hoc thp cao nht cng trnh. n phi pht ra nh sng mu da cam v c cng sut ln hn 100 W. Chp n trong sut, khng cn sng do n pht ra. n v c c th nhn thy t bt k v tr no trn khng. 5.2.5 ng dy dn in i l trn khng c nm trong vng nh hng ca cn trc. 5.2.6 Mi cng vic gy n v chn ng lm nh hng s ngh ngi v yn tnh ca dn c gn cng trng khng nn tin hnh t 23 gi n 5 gi sng. Trong trng hp khn thit cn c s tho thun vi nhng h s b nh hng v rt hn ch xy ra. Hn ch ti a vic pht ra ting n ca my bng cc phng tin gim chn cng nh ca cc phng tin loa i. 5.2.7 Vic s dng h ng, cn c s tho thun ca c quan qun l tng ng v nn hn ch n mc ti thiu. 5.2.8 Cn tun th nghim cc quy nh v an ton , bo h lao ng. Qun, o, m, gng tay, giy ng, knh bo h cho mi dng lao ng u c trang b y . Cc khu vc nguy him nh phm vi hot ng ca cn trc, ca my o v cc my mc khc, phm vi c th c kh nng nguy him do vt trn cao rt xung, phm vi c th rt xung h o su, cung trt t, u c ro chn tm v c bo hiu mu sc n v c cng nh c sn theo quy nh. Khng cht ti quanh mp h su. Nhng sn c cao h trn 2mt cn c lan can chng ri ng v li chn pha di. Ni lm vic phi m bo sng theo qui nh v mc n di mc quy nh. Ni pht sinh bi, hi v mi c hi, ni pht ra nh sng h quang in cn c che chn v cng nhn lm vic ni ny c trang b mt n chuyn dng. 5.3. Nhng ch dn c bit cho xy chen. 5.3.1 Cn kho st v nh gi y v tnh trng cc cng trnh hin hu lin k c v phn ni cng nh phn chm c gii php thi cng v chi ph ph hp, bo m tuyt i an ton cho cng trnh hin hu . Vic kho st v nh gi phi lm ng cc qui nh hin hnh, c ghi hnh nh lu tr v lp bin bn c xc nhn y ca cc bn lin quan. 5.3.2 Khi nghi ng v a gii v phn ngm ca cng trnh hin hu s nh hng n thi cng cng nh s an ton cho cng trnh hin hu phi cng ch u t thng nht bin php gii quyt cng nh v kinh ph s l. Cn bn bc v thng nht ch v

trch nhim bo him cho cng trnh hin hu v s bo him ny c s tham gia ca c quan bo him chuyn trch. 5.3.3 m bo an ton tuyt i khi gp cng trnh lin k hin hu qu ru r, c kh nng xp trong qu trnh thi cng, cn thng qua ch u t , bn bc vi ch s hu cng trnh hin hu gii php hp l m cc bn cng chp nhn c. Vic chng cho cng trnh lin k hin hu trong qu trnh thi cng l mt trong nhng kh nng nu thy cn thit. 5.3.4 Vi mng cc nhi to l kiu xoay nn li ng vch cho nhng cc st nh lin k hin hu. Mng cc nhi o bng my gu ngom phi lm c chn su ti ng phn gii khu t v khng nht thit thu hi sau khi lm xong mng cng trnh. Hn ch hoc khng s dng bin php h nc ngm v l do an ton cho cng trnh hin hu lin k. 5.3.5 Nu c phn ngm ca cng trnh lin k hin hu ln vo mt bng thi cng cn bn bc s l trc khi tin hnh thi cng phn nn mng. Khi cn neo tng chn trong t cn c tho thun ca c quan hu quan v ch s dng t lin k. Cng trnh xy dng cch sng Hng nh hn 100 mt phi c tho thun ca c quan qun l iu v cc bin php thit k v thi cng phn ngm. 5.3.6 Khi thi cng st nh bn c ti ln tc ng ln t cng nh khi cng trnh lm h mng su hn y mng nh bn , cn c bin php chng thnh vch bng c thp hoc c b tng ng lc trc gi an ton khi thi cng cng trnh cng nh m bo an ton cho nh lin k. Thit k tng c phi ch n vng chng v neo m bo bin dng trong phm vi c php. Bin php cn thng qua Ch nhim d n v c ph duyt lm c s php l thi cng. 5.3.7 Khi cng trnh vt khi im cao nht ca cng trnh hin hu lin k st l gii hai bn cn lm sn che chn m bo an ton chng va hoc vt liu ri trc tip v c tho thun ca ch cng trnh lin k v cc gii php thch hp cho an ton. Vic lm hng ro v pan gii thiu cng trnh phi tun theo quy tc ca thnh ph ( hng ro cao trn 2,5 mt, chc chn v kn kht, phn trn c on chch chch 30o hng vo trong cng trng khng nh hn 0,5 mt ). Vi nh hin hu lin k khuyn khch lm ro kn ti cao theo quy tc chung v c s bn bc thng nht vi ch s dng nh lin k. Khi c li i li cng cng khng th trnh c nm trong vng nh hng ca phm vi thi cng cn lm thnh ng giao thng an ton cho ngi qua li. ng ny c che chn an ton v c hai u phi nm ngoi phm vi nguy him. 5.3.8 Cn che ph kn mt dn gio ngoi cng trnh bng li kn v chc chn m bo khng ri rc xy dng ra khi khu vc thi cng. Rc xy dng t trn cc tng cao cho xung bng thng kn do cn cu chuyn xung hoc qua ng dn kn m u di phi c vi bt chm st t gim ti a lng bi gy trn cng trng.

5.3.9 Xe ch t v cht gy bn cho ng ph phi ra sch gm v bnh xe trc khi ln bnh ra ng cng cng. 5.3.10 Nc thi ra cng cng cng phi gn lng cn v bn, t v c tho thun ca c quan qun l nc thi th. 5.3.11 Cn thit k tng mt bng cho nhiu giai on thi cng v tun th theo thit k tng mt bng ny nhm trnh by ba vt liu v cu kin ra ng cng cng. 5.3.12 Cn s dng b tng ch trn sn v a vo v tr cng trnh bng bm b tng gim n mc ti a nhng cng vic phi lm ti hin trng. Cn gia cng nhng cu kin v bn thnh phm ti a im khc v chuyn ch n lp ti hin trng . Tranh th nhng din tch va thi cng xong lm mt bng thi cng , gia cng nhng phi tun theo cc qui nh k thut v thi gian c cht xp ti trn sn hoc mt bng. 5.3.13 Cn c nhng nhm c phn cng lm v sinh cng nghip , m bo mt bng thi cng an ton , sch s , khng gy tai nn hay tr ngi cho thi cng tip tc cng nh thun li cho di chuyn trn mt bng. 5.4. Cng tc chun b. 5.4.1 Cng tc chun b y c hiu l chun b xy dng. 5.4.2 Vic di chuyn, ph d cng trnh c hin trng khng nm trong i tng ca quy trnh ny nhng phi hon tt khi bn giao mt bng cho thi cng. Nh thu phi kim tra k mt bng lng ht mi kh khn xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng sau ny. Mi sai lch vi iu kin u thu cn bn bc vi ch u t c gii php tho ng ngay trc khi thi cng. 5.4.3 Mi iu kin cung cp k thut cho thi cng nh cp in, nc, phng tin thng tin phc v thi cng c chun b trc nht. Cn s l ngay vic thot nc mt bng. Vic thot nc mt bng gn lin vi cc gii php tng mt bng xy dng giai on thi cng phn ngm. 5.4.4 Nn thu hi dung dch khoan vi hai ngha m bo v sinh cng nghip v kinh t. Tu theo thit k trnh t thi cng cc nhi v tng barrettes m vch h rnh thu hi dch khoan cng nh v tr cc h tch ct, my tch ct v my bm dch s dng li. Cn c h thu nc v cu ra gm xe, bnh xe t ch t trong qu trnh thi cng phn ngm m bo v sinh v an ton th. H ny tch bit vi h thu hi dch khoan. Mt bng thi cng cc giai on ( k c thi cng phn ngm) cn lun kh ro v gn, sch. 5.4.5 Kho, bi vt t, thit b cn sp xp chu o, d nhp xut hng cng nh an ton, bo qun tt, chng mt mt, h hng.

5.4.6 ng l giao thng trong cng trng theo phng ngang cng nh phng thng ng cho mi loi phng tin ( k c ngi i b ) cn m bo cht lng nn, iu kin gn kt cng nh chiu rng ngang v cc trang b che chn (lan can, li chn) an ton, v sinh cng nghip v thun tin. 5.4.7 Cc ng cp ( in mnh v in yu) , ng ng ( cp thi nc v nng lng , kh cc loi) cn b tr hp l, m bo an ton chng tai nn. Cn c bit lu tm n quan h gia t, phng tin nng ct v ng dy in trn. 5.4.8 Cng trng cn b tr khu toilet m bo sch s v v sinh. Ni trc y t, sc kho cn c bin hiu , c hiu v ni d tm, d thy. 5.4.9 Ti vn phng k thut thi cng ngoi mt b h s bn v thi cng y k s, k thut tra cu bt k lc no phi c t lu tr mt b thit k v h s thi cng y ch s dng c bit do lnh k s trng thi cng. Cc ti liu a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn ( lm theo TCXD 194:1997, Nh cao tng - Cng tc kho st a k thut ) phi by ch m ngi thi cng c th ly tham kho bt k lc no. Dng c kim tra cht lng bentonite cng nh cc dng c kim tra n gin khc nh my theodolites, niveleurs, thc dy, thc cun, niv, qu di, thc tm chun 2m, 4m, . . . phi y v sn sng s dng c. 5.4.10 Phng tin lin lc in thoi, my faximile, e-mail v my tnh in t lun lun trong tnh trng sn sng s dng c v c ngi trc ban. Phng tin ra lnh bng ting ni ( micro-ampli-loa - i) lun trong tnh trng vn hnh c. Nn trang b b m ni b iu khin t trung tm vn phng k thut n cc k s, i trng thi cng cc v tr trn khp cng trng. 5.4.11 K thut o c phc v thi cng tun theo TCXD 203:1997, Nh cao tng - K thut o c phc v cng tc thi cng. 5.5. Thi cng phn ngm. 5.5.1 Trong iu kin xy chen ti H ni, nn thi cng cc khoan nhi hoc tng barrette trc khi o t lm i v tng hm nu c. 5.5.2 Thi cng cc khoan nhi tun theo TCXD 197:1997, Nh cao tng - Thi cng cc khoan nhi. TCXD 196:1997, Nh cao tng - Cng tc th tnh v kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi. TCXD 206:1998. Cc khoan nhi - Yu cu v cht lng thi cng. Thi cng cc khoan nhi cn tun th cc yu cu ghi trong b h s mi thu ca cng trnh. Nhng iu ghi trong ch dn ny c coi nh li khuyn quan trng cn c cc bn ch u t, bn thi cng v kim tra cht lng tham kho , nu chp nhn s c coi l iu kin hp ng. 5.5.3 Cn lm tt cng tc chun b trc khi thi cng. Mt ct a tng phi treo ti phng k thut v h s i cht c lin k . C khoan c 2m su cho mi cc k s phi i chiu gia lp t thc t v a tng do kho st cung cp. Khi c khc bit

phi thng bo cho i din k thut ca ch u t c gii php ng ph kp thi. Trc khi thi cng cn ti phng k thut y dng c kim tra cht lng dung dch gi thnh vch khi khoan. Cn ph bin y qui trnh thi cng v cc yu cu k thut, cc iu kin an ton cng nh s phi hp cho mi thnh vin tham gia thi cng trc khi bt tay vo cng tc. Vic ghi chp qu trnh thi cng cn c thc hin nghim tc theo qui nh v bng biu trong TCXD 197:1997, Nh cao tng - Thi cng cc khoan nhi. 5.5.4 Trnh t tin hnh khoan nhi hp l theo th t nh sau: (1). Tin hnh cc cng tc chun b nh lm h rnh v h thu hi dch khoan. Ch to dch khoan. t ng dn dch khoan ti h o. (2). nh v l khoan ( nn s dng dng b tng ct thp ). (3). Khoan mi khong 1 mt u. (4). Lp v a ng vch vo v tr. (5). Khoan to l c s dng dung dch gi thnh vch . (6). Lp ct thp. (7). Lp ng tremi v ng xc kh (8). Xc ra gim hm lng ct trong l khoan (9). b tng (10). Rt ng vch. 5.5.5 H thng mc chun c vch vo ni khng dch chuyn qua qu trnh thi cng, c s dng thng xuyn kim tra trong thi gian thi cng. Nn lm dng nh v ming l khoan bng tm b tng ct thp ghp hai na m ngoi ng vch. Tm ny c tho ra s dng cho l khoan khc khi khoan c su n ht tm ng vch. 5. 5.6 Vic chn my khoan nhi ph thuc ng knh, su cc v tnh cht cc lp t theo su. Vi cc nhi cn khoan n su khong 40m, ng knh 600 mm nn dng dn my khoan Hitachi 100. Cng su khoan y m ng knh khoan t 800 ~ 1500 mm nn dng dn my khoan Hitachi 125 hay Soilmex RT3-ST. ng knh t 2000mm ~ 3000 mm nn s dng dn my khoan Leffer hay Cassagrand loi my Italia c k hiu GCL-GCP HB/E loi GL-GV.. My mc cn c kim tra k mi b phn ( b phn pht ng lc, truyn ng, dy cp, cht khp ni, gu ...) trc khi tin hnh cng tc khoan. 5.5.7 Dung dch gi thnh vch c th s dng mt trong hai th sau: dung dch bn bentonite hoc dch khoan supermud. Khi s dng cn c k hng dn s dng ca tng loi theo h s bn hng. * S dng dung dch khoan bentonite: Nn ch sn dung dch khoan dng cho mt ngy cng tc nu dng bentonite nn khi s dng bentonite cn lm sil cha. Dung dch c trn trong mt b c dung tch khong 10 m3 ri bm ln silo cha. Cn

m bo ngun nc cp cho vic ch to dung dch. Ti b trn b tr my khuy to c dung dch ng u. Nu thu hi dch khoan nn lm giu dch khoan dng li bng cch bm vo b trn v cho thm bentonite cho t cc ch tiu. * S dng dung dch khoan SuperMud: Vic s dng cht SuperMud lm dung dch khoan l ng khuyn khch. Liu lng s dng l 1/800 ( supermud/ nc). SuperMud l dng cht do trng, hi nho ho tan trong nc. SuperMud to lp v siu mng gi thnh vch. SuperMud khng cha cc thnh phn ho gy nhim mi trng E.P.A. SuperMud khng bn, b phn hu sau 8 gi sau khi tip xc vi Chlorine, Calcium. Khng cn c bin php phng h lao ng c bit. C th ho trc tip SuperMud vo nc khng cn khuy nhiu hoc ch cn cho nc chy qua SuperMud, khng tn sil cha. Nc thi trong h khoan ra thng t khi thu hi v c th x trc tip vo cng cng cng v cha cn bn khng ng k. S dng SuperMud chi ph cho khu dch khoan thng nh hn s dng bentonite. to p lc y ngc t trong h khoan p ra thnh vch khng cho xp thnh, cn cung cp dch khoan gi cho cao trnh ca mt dung dch trong l khoan cao hn mc nc ngm tnh t bn ngoi ti thiu l 1,5 mt. Thng nn mc cao hn l 3 mt. 5.5.8 Khi khoan n su thit k cn kim tra su cho chnh xc v ly mu dung dch bentonite ti y l khoan kim tra hm lng ct. Sau khi ngng khoan 30 pht, dng gu y thoi vt ct lng ng. 5.5.9 S c hay gp khi khoan to l l xp vch do mc bentonite trong h thp hn mc nc ngm bn ngoi, phi nhanh chng b sung bentonite. Bentonite long qu cng gy xp vch. Nhiu khi khoan cha n su thit k gp phi thu knh bn hay thu knh cui si mt dy c hoc c ht ln ( hin tng trm tch y ao h xa). Khi gp ti bn cn s dng dung dch khoan c mt ln thm khoan qua. Khi gp cui si dy c hoc ng knh ht ln cn i gu khoan. Gu thng khng thch hp vi ng knh cui si c c ht bng 1/2 chiu rng khe h no t. Trng hp ny phi dng gu xon (augerflight) hoc dng mi khoan ng knh nh c qua lp cui si. Khi dng my LEFFER khoan, phi treo lng thp vo mc cu ca my o. Khi tho ng v kim mi o cho ng ra sau khi b tng phi tho mc treo ct thp, sau li phi mc treo li khi xoay rt nhng on ng tip trc. Nu thp t xung y h khoan, phi c tn hiu theo di s c mt ca ct thp ti v tr. Nu thy thp c kh nng b chm, phi treo gi ngay. 5. 5.11 Cng ngh b tng: Nn dng b tng ch trn sn thng phm. Thng dng c ph gia ko di thi gian ng kt ng thi vi ph gia gim nc ( loi R4 ca Sika vi t l #0,8 ~ 1% ) phng qu trnh vn chuyn b ko di cng nh ch i tuyn thi cng ti cng trng. - B tng n cng cng trng c ngn li kim tra : phm cht chung qua quan

st bng mt. Kim tra st hnh cn Abrams v c mu kim tra ph hu mu khi n tui. 5.5.12 Cc c trng k thut dng kim tra cc khu trong qu trnh thi cng cc nhi v cc, tng barrette ch yu nh sau: Cc yu t ch yu nh hng cht lng cc nhi * iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn. * Trang thit b thi cng * Cng ngh thi cng. * Cht lng ca tng cng on thi cng. * Vt liu thi cng. Vic kim tra k cht lng thi cng tng cng on s lm gim c cc khuyt tt ca sn phm cui cng ca cc nhi. Cn lu cc khuyt tt c th : + Trong khu chun b thi cng cha tt nh nh v h khoan khng chnh xc dn n sai v tr. + Trong khu thi cng : Cng on to l xp vch, co tit din cc, nghing cc qu mc cho php. Nhiu khi thi cng cha n chiu su tnh ton m bn thi cng dng khoan lm cc khu tip theo, c khi s dng ny c ng tnh ca ngi gim st hoc thit k khng c kinh nghim quyt nh m khuyt tt ny ch c pht hin l sai khi th ti khi ngy. Cng on b tng khi y h khoan cn bn lng ng, rt ng nhanh lm cho cht lng b tng khng ng u, b ti bn trong thn cc. C khi thn cc b t on. Cng on rt ng vch c th lm cho cc b nhc ln mt on. cc b tht tit din. Nhng khuyt tt ny trong qu trnh thi cng c th gim thiu n ti a nh khu kim tra cht lng c tin hnh ng thi im, nghim tc v theo ng trnh t k thut, s dng phng tin kim tra m bo chun xc. Kim tra cht lng sau khi thi cng nhm khng nh li sc chu ti tnh ton ph hp vi d bo khi thit k. Kim tra cht lng cc sau khi thi cng l cch lm th ng nhng cn thit. C th kim tra li khng ch cht lng chu ti ca nn m cn c cht lng b tng ca bn thn cc na. Kim tra trc khi thi cng: (i) Cn lp phng n thi cng t m, trong n nh ch tiu k thut phi t v cc bc cn kim tra cng nh s chun b cng c kim tra. Nhng cng c kim tra c c quan kim nh kim v ang cn thi hn s dng. Nht thit phi thng trc nhng dng c kim tra cht lng ny k vi ni thi cng v lun lun trong tnh trng sn sng phc v. Phng n thi cng ny phi c t vn gim st cht lng tho thun v k s i din ch u t l ch nhim d n ng .

( ii) Cn c ti liu a cht cng trnh do bn khoan thm d cung cp cho thit k ngay ti ni thi cng s dng i chiu vi thc t khoan. (iii) Kim tra tnh trng vn hnh ca my thi cng, dy cp, dy cu, b phn truyn lc, thit b hm, cc ph tng my khoan nh bp chut, gu, rng gu, cc my ph tr phc v khu bn khoan, khu lc ct nh my bm khuy bn, my tch ct, sng ct. (iv) Kim tra li nh v cng trnh v tng cc. Kim tra cc mc khng ch nm trong v ngoi cng trnh, k c cc mc khng ch nm ngoi cng trng. Nhng my o c phi c kim nh v thi hn c s dng ang cn hiu lc. Ngi tin hnh cc cng tc v xc nh cc c trng hnh hc ca cng trnh phi l ngi c php hnh ngh v c chng ch. Kim tra trong khi thi cng: Qu trnh thi cng cn kim tra cht ch tng cng on yu cu kim tra: (i) Kim tra cht lng kch thc hnh hc. Nhng s liu cn c khng nh: v tr tng cc theo hai trc vung gc do bn v thi cng xc nh. Vic kim tra da vo h thng trc gc trong v ngoi cng trng. Kim tra cc cao trnh: mt t thin nhin quanh cc, cao trnh mt trn ng vch. thng ng ca ng vch hoc nghing cn thit nu c thit k cng cn kim tra. Bin php kim tra thng ng hay nghing ny gii trnh v c k s i din ch u t duyt. Ngi kim tra phi c chng ch hnh ngh o c. (ii) Kim tra cc c trng ca a cht cng trnh v thu vn. C khoan c 2 mt cn kim tra loi t v tr thc a c ng khp vi bo co a cht ca bn kho st lp trc y khng . Cn ghi chp theo thc t v nhn xt nhng iu khc nhau, trnh bn k s i din ch u t cng thit k quyt nh nhng iu chnh nu cn thit. c cng trnh ngay ti H ni vo cui nm 1994, khi quyt nh ngng khoan lm tip cc khu sau khng i chiu vi mt ct a cht cng nh ngi quyt nh khng am tng v a cht nn phi b hai cc c b tng khng m bo su v kt qu p tnh th ti ch t 150% ti tnh ton cc hng. (iii) Kim tra dung dch khoan trc khi cp dung dch vo h khoan, khi khoan su v khi xc ra lm sch h khoan xong. (iv) Kim tra ct thp trc khi th xung h khoan. Cc ch tiu phi kim tra l ng knh thanh, di thanh ch, khong cch gia cc thanh, sch du m. (v) Kim tra y h khoan: Chiu su h khoan c o hai ln, ngay sau khi va t su thit k v sau khi lng v vt li. Sau khi th ct thp v th ng trmie, trc lc b tng nn kim tra xc nh lp cn lng. Nu cn c th ly thp ln, ly ng trmie ln vt tip cho t sch y h. y h khng sch s gy ra ln d qu mc cho php.

(vi) Kim tra cc khu ca b tng trc khi vo h. Cc ch tiu kim tra l cht lng vt liu thnh phn ca b tng bao gm ct liu, xi mng, nc, cht ph gia, cp phi. n cng trng tip tc kim tra st Abram's, c mu kim tra s hiu, s b nh gi thi gian s ninh. (vii) Cc khu cn kim tra khc nh ngun cp in nng khi thi cng, kim tra s lin lc trong qu trnh cung ng b tng, kim tra thng ca mng , mng n dung dch tro t h khi b tng ... Cc phng php kim tra cht lng cc nhi sau khi thi cng xong: Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi da vo TCXD 196:1997, Nh cao tng - Cng tc th tnh v kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi. Tiu chun ny mi cp n ba loi th: nn tnh, phng php bin dng nh PIT v phng php siu m. Ngy nay c nhiu cng c na hin i xc nh nhng ch tiu m khi tin hnh kim tra kiu th cng thy l ht sc kh. Vic s dng phng php kim tra c bn bc vi ch u t n nh. Nhng phng n c th s dng: (i) Kim tra bng phng php tnh : Phng php gia ti tnh : Phng php ny cho n hin nay c coi l phng php trc quan, d nhn thc v ng tin cy nht. Theo yu cu ca ch u t m c th thc hin theo kiu nn, ko dc trc cc hoc y theo phng vung gc vi trc cc. Th nghim nn tnh c thc hin nhiu nht nn ch yu cp y l nn tnh. C th chn mt trong hai qui trnh nn tnh ch yu c s dng l qui trnh ti trng khng i ( Maintained Load, ML ) v qui trnh tc dch chuyn khng i ( Constant Rate of Penetration, CRP ). Qui trnh nn vi ti trng khng i (ML) cho ta nh gi kh nng chu ti ca cc v ln cu cc theo thi gian. Th nghim ny i hi nhiu thi gian, ko di thi gian ti vi ngy. Qui trnh nn vi tc dch chuyn khng i ( CRP) thng ch dng nh gi kh nng chu ti gii hn ca cc, thng ch cn 3 n 5 gi. Nhn chung tiu chun th nghim nn tnh ca nhiu nc trn th gii t khc bit. Ta c th so snh tiu chun ASTM 1143-81 ( Hoa k), BS 2004 ( Anh) v TCXD 196-1997 nh sau: Chuyn dch tng trong khi lc khng tng hoc gim trong khong 10mm Chuyn dch t 10%D Cha c qui nh cho loi th kiu ny. Ghi ch: Qa = kh nng chu ti cho php ca cc V i trng gia ti, c th s dng vt nng cht ti nhng cng c th s dng neo

xung t. Tu iu kin thc t c th m quyt nh cch to i trng. Vi sc neo kh ln nn khi s dng bin php neo cn ht sc thn trng. i b phn cc cng trnh th ti tnh dng cch cht vt nng lm i trng. Cho n nay, ch c mt cng trnh dng phng php neo th ti l cng trnh Grand Hanoi Lakeview Hotel s 28 ng Thanh nin do Cng ty Kinsun ( Thi lan) thuc tp on B&B thc hin. Do chng ta cha c qui phm nh ra cht lng cc khi th xong nn cn bn bc thng nht trc vi ch u t xc nh cc tiu ch cht lng trc khi thi cng. Phng php gia ti tnh kiu Osterberrg: Phng php ny kh mi vi th gii v nc ta. Nguyn tc ca phng php l mt lp b tng dy di y ri th h hp kch ( O-cell ) xung , sau li tip phn cc trn. H iu khin v ghi chp t trn mt t. S dng phng php ny c th th nghim ring bit hoc ng thi hai ch tiu l sc chu mi cc v lc ma st bn ca cc. Ti th nghim c th t c t 60 tn n 18000 tn. Thi gian th nghim nhanh th ch cn 24 gi, nu yu cu cng ch ht ti a l 3 ngy. su t trang thit b th nghim trong mng c th ti trn 60 mt. Sau khi th xong, bm b tng xung lp h kch cho cc c lin tc. (Tin s Jorj O. Osterberg l chuyn gia a k thut c tn tui, hin sng ti Hoa k. ng hin nay ( 1998 ) v hu nhng l gio s danh d ca Northwestern University, Vin s Vin Hn lm K thut, 1985 l ging vin trng Tersaghi, nm 1988 l thnh vin Vin nn mng su. Nm 1994 phng php th tnh Osterberg ra i vi tn OCell , c cp chng ch NOVA. Chng ch NOVA l dng c coi nh gii Nobel v xy dng ca Hoa k. Phng php th tnh O-Cell c th dng th ti cc nhi , cc ng, tng barettes, th nghim ti hng cc, th nghim cc lm kiu gu xoay ( Auger Cast Piles ). Nc ta c mt s cng trnh s dng phng php th ti tnh kiu Osterberg. Ti H ni c cng trnh Thp Vietcombank , ti Nam b c cng trnh cu Bc M thun s dng cch th cc kiu ny). (ii) Phng php khoan ly mu li cc: Dng my khoan khoan vo cc, c th ly mu b tng theo ng knh 50~150 mm, dc sut su d nh khoan. Nu ng knh cc ln, c th phi khoan n 3 l nm trn cng mt tit din ngang mi tm c khi nim v cht lng b tng dc theo cc. Phng php ny c th quan st trc tip c cht lng b tng dc theo chiu su l khoan. Nu th nghim ph hu mu c th bit c cht lng b tng ca mu. u im ca phng php l trc quan v kh chnh xc. Nhc im l chi ph ly mu kh ln. Nu ch khoan 2 l trn tit din cc theo chiu su c cc th chi ph xp x gi thnh ca cc. Thng phng php ny ch gii quyt khi bng cc phng php khc xc nh cc c khuyt tt. Phng php ny kt hp kim tra chnh xc ho v s dng ngay l khoan bm pht xi mng cu cha nhng on hng. Phng php ny i hi thi gian khoan ly mu lu, qu trnh khoan cng phc tp nh phi dng bentonite tng mt khoan ln b, phi ly mu nh khoan thm d v tc

 khoan khng nhanh lm. Phng php ny c u im l c th nhn dng c ngay cht lng m ch yu l chc c ca b tng. Nu em mu th nn ph hu mu th c kt qu sc chu ca mu . Tuy phng php phc tp v tn km nhng nhiu nh u t vn ch nh phng php ny. (iii) Phng php siu m: Phng php th l dng k thut nh gi kt cu khng ph hu mu th ( Nondestructive evaluation, NDE ). Khi th khng lm h hng kt cu, khng lm thay i bt k tnh cht c hc no ca mu. Phng php c Chu u v Hoa k s dng kh ph bin. Cch th thng dng l qut siu m theo tit din ngang thn cc. Tu ng knh cc ln hay nh m b tr cc l dc theo thn cc trc khi b tng. L dc ny c ng knh trong xp x 60 mm v l l ng nha hay ng thp. C khi ngi ta khoan to l nh phng php kim tra theo khoan l ni trn, nu khng l trc. u thu pht c hai kiu: kiu u thu ring v u pht ring, kiu u thu v pht gn lin nhau. Nu ng knh cc l 600 mm th ch cn b tr hai l dc theo thn cc i xng qua tm cc v nm st ct ai. Nu ng knh 800 mm nn b tr 3 l. ng knh 1000 mm, b tr 4 l... Khi th, th u pht siu m xung mt l v u thu l khc. ng qut kim tra cht lng s l ng ni gia u pht v u thu. Qu trnh th u pht v u thu cn m bo hai u ny xung cng mt tc v lun lun nm cng su so vi mt trn ca cc. Qui phm ca nhiu nc qui nh th nghim kim tra cht lng cc b tng bng phng php khng ph hu phi lm cho 10% s cc. (iv) Phng php th bng phng x ( Carota ): Phng php ny l mt phng php nh gi khng ph hu mu th ( NDE ) nh phng php siu m. Cch trang b th nghim khng khc g phng php siu m. iu khc l thay cho u thu v u pht siu m l u thu v pht phng x. Nc ta sn xut loi trang b ny do mt c s ca qun i tin hnh. Ging nh phng php siu m, kt qu c biu thu phng x c th bit c ni v mc ca khuyt tt trong cc. (v) Phng php o m di: Phng php ny th nghim kim tra khng ph hu mu bit cht lng cc , cc nhi, cc barrettes. Nguyn l l s dng hin tng m di ( Pile Echo Tester, PET ). Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng php l g bng mt ba 300 gam vo u cc, mt thit b ghi gn ngay trn u cc y cho php ghi hiu ng m di v my tnh s l cho kt qu v nhn nh cht lng cc. My tnh s dng s l kt qu ghi c v m di l my tnh c nhn tiu chun ( standard PC ) , s dng phn cng b sung ti thiu, mi tn hiu thu nhn v s l qua

phm mm m phn mm ny c th nng cp nhanh chng, tin li ngay c khi lin h bng e-mail vi trung tm GeocomP. Phm mm da vo c s Windows theo chun vn hnh hin i , c nghin cu ph hp vi s hp l ti a v cng thi hc ( ergonomic ). Mt ngi lm c cc th nghim v m di vi nng sut 300 cc mt ngy. Khi cn thit nn tip xc vi http://ww.piletest.com/PET.HTM ta c th c c kt qu chun mc khi th cc v c cung cp min ph phn mm cp nht theo ng email. Vi s tin li l chi ph cho kim tra ht sc thp nn c th dng phng php ny th nghim cho 100% cc trong mt cng trnh. Nhc im ca phng php l nu chiu su ca cc th nghim qu 20 mt th chnh xc ca kt qu l thp. (vi) Cc phng php th ng: C rt nhiu trang thit b th ng nh my phn tch ng cc th theo phng php bin dng ln ( PDA), my ghi kt qu th theo phng php bin dng nh (PIT), my ghi saximeter, my phn tch hot ng ca ba ( Hammer Performance Analyzer, HPA ), my ghi kt qu gc nghing ca cc ( angle analyzer), my ghi kt qu ng cc ( Pile installation recorder, PIR ), my phn tch xuyn tiu chun ( SPT analyzer) ... * My phn tch cc theo phng php bin dng ln PDA c loi mi nht l loi PAK. My ny ghi cc th nghim nng cho mi trng xy dng c nghit. My ny ghi kt qu ca phng php th bin dng ln cho cng trnh nn mng, cho thm d a k thut . Phn mm s l rt d tip thu. S liu c t ng lu gi vo a s dng v sau. Chng trnh CAPWAP ci t c vo PAK nn vic nh gi kh nng ton vn v kh nng chu ti ca cc rt nhanh chng. * S dng phng php th Bin dng nh ( PIT ) l cch th nhanh cho s ln cc. Php th cho bit cht lng b tng cc c tt hay khng, tnh ton vn ca cc khi kim tra cc khuyt tt ln ca cc. Cc loi my phn tch PIT dung ngun nng lng pin, c ng nhanh chng v s dng n chic. Dng c ca phng php PIT dng tm cc khuyt tt ln v nguy him nh nt gy, tht c chai, ln nhiu t trong b tng hoc l rng. (vii) Phng php tr khng c hc: Phng php ny quen thuc vi tn gi phng php phn tch dao ng hay cn gi l phng php truyn sng c hc. Nguyn l c p dng l truyn sng, nguyn l dao ng cng bc ca cc n hi. C hai phng php thc hin l dng tr khng rung ng v dng tr khng xung. Phng php tr khng rung s dng m t in ng c kch hot do mt my pht tc ng ln cc. Dng mt my ghi vn tc sng truyn trong cc. Nhn biu sng ghi c, c th bit cht lng cc qua ch tiu ng u ca vt liu b tng cc v tr . Phng php tr khng xung l c s cho cc phng php PIT v PET. Hai phng

php PIT v PET ghi sng m di. Phng php tr khng xung ny ghi vn tc truyn sng khi p ba to xung ln u cc. S khc nhau gia ba phng php ny l my ghi c cc hin tng vt l no v phn mm chuyn cc dao ng c l hc y di dng sng ghi c trong my v th hin qua biu nh th no. 5.5.16 Khi cng trnh c h o su hn mt y mng ca cng trnh hin hu lin k t 0,2 mt tr ln phi lm c quanh ng bin h o. C c su theo tnh ton khng b p lc y x vo trong sau khi o. C khng cho nc qua theo phng ngang. Vic la chn c thp, c b tng ct thp , c b tng ct thp ng lc trc, c g hay c nha cn c vo thit k cng ngh thi cng. Nhng loi c s dng c hiu qu l c thp Lacsen, Zombas. C nha polyurthan mi vo th trng nc ta l loi hu hiu. Cn cn nhc khi s dng c cc thp I-20, bng vn g v hiu qu k thut v kinh t khng cao. Cng ngh c b tng ct thp ng lc trc mi nhp vo nc ta v c ch to nhng nm gn y c th s dng c. Khi cha c c kn kht khng nn h mc nc ngm. 5.5.17 Tng c c chng nh neo, cy chng hoc khung chng, m bo khng dch chuyn, khng bin dng trong sut qu trnh thi cng. H chng tng c c thit k, tnh ton k trc khi thi cng, v l bin php m bo cht lng cng trnh quan trng. H chng ny c th lp t theo tng mc su o t nhng nm trong tng th nh. 5.5.18 t t cc h o ly ra khng nn ct cha ti mt bng m cn di chuyn khi cng trng ngay. Khi cn dng t lp s cung cp chng loi t c cc tnh cht ng theo yu cu. 5.5.19 Cn bm nc thun li cho thi cng , ch nn h mc nc bn trong phm vi vng chn tng c hoc trong phm vi kt cu vy quanh v l do an ton cho cng trnh hin hu lin k. 5.5. 20 Trc khi lp t phi dn sch v san phng mt lp. Mi chi tit kt cu v h ng k thut s nm trong t phi lp t xong, thc hin y cc gii php bo v cng nh chng thm. Cn nghim thu cng trnh khut trc khi lp t. Vic lp c tin hnh thnh tng lp dy 20 cm ri m k. 5.5.21 Qui trnh thi cng cc v tng barrette tun theo ch dn sau y: Cc hay tng barrette l kt cu dng tng hoc tr btng ct thp c chiu su tng ng vi cc nhi. Chiu ngang tit din barrette thng l 600 mm , 800 mm hay hn na. Chiu di ca tng thng theo chu vi nh hoc do kt cu bn trn nh ot. Cc barrette c tit din ngang l hnh ch nht thng l 600x2400mm, 800x2400mm . C th loi cc ny c tit din ngang hnh sao 3 nhnh u, t tm n u nhnh l 2400mm ( ch Y ), c th tit in ngang to thnh ch I m hai u cnh l hai hnh ch nht 600x2400mm c ni vi nhau bng on bng cng 600x2400mm. C th cc barrette c tit din ngang hnh ch U ging hnh I trn nhng on bng chuyn dch ra

mp ca hai cnh. Qui trnh thi cng tng trong t ch khc thi cng cc nhi khu to l. Nhng khu khc tng t nh thi cng cc nhi. Cng c to l l gu clamshell c b phn dn hng ni pha trn gu.. Phi lm khoang dn hng cho on o lp trn cng cho n khi o su bng chiu cao gu. Qu trnh o cng dng dung dch gi thnh vch nh i vi cc nhi. o thnh tng on c chiu di khong 2400mm ( gi l cc panel). t thp v b tng xong mi lm tip cc panel sau. Dng b phn ni nm trong hp thp di ngn nc c th thm qua mi ni gia hai panel. B phn ni ny l sng ch ca cng ty Bachy-Soletanche c tn l mi ni ngn nc (WaterStop Joint). Vic th thp, xc ra, b tng v kim tra hon ton ging nh cc nhi. Ring kim tra nn tnh phi dng phng php Osterberg v ti cho mi cc kh ln, hng ngn tn. 5.5.22 Phng php Top-down hay l lm hm nh theo kiu t trn xung. i vi nhng nh s dng tng barrette quanh chu vi nh ng thi lm tng cho tng hm nh nn xy dng tng hm kiu top-down. Ni dung phng php nh sau: * Lm sn tng trt trc khi lm cc tng hm di. Dng ngay t ang c lm coppha cho sn ny nn khng phi cy chng. Ti sn ny mt l trng khong 2mx4m vn chuyn nhng th s cn chuyn t di ln v trn xung. * Khi sn cng, qua l trng xung di m moi t to khong khng gian cho tng hm st trt. Li dng nn lm coppha cho tng hm tip theo. Ri li moi tng di na cho n nn cui cng th lp nn y. Nu c ct th nn lm ct lp ghp sau khi sn di. * Ct thp ca sn v dm c ni vi tng nh khoan xuyn tng v la thp sau. Dng va ximng trn vi Sikagrout bm st vo l khoan t thp. 5.6. Thi cng phn thn. 5.6.1 Vic thi cng phn thn tun theo TCXD 202:1997 Nh cao tng- Thi cng phn thn. Khi thit k bin php thi cng nh cao tng xy chen trong thnh ph cn quan tm c bit n cc yu t sau y: vn chuyn vt liu, trang b v ngi theo phng thng ng, phng ngang , m bo kch thc hnh hc, gin gio v an ton trn cao chng ri, thit b nng ct phi n nh k c gi bo trong qu trnh thi cng, ging v st, ting n v nh sng, s lan to kh c hi, s giao hi vi cc cng trnh k thut hin c, s nh hng mi mt n cng trnh hin hu ln cn. 5.6.2 Cng tc o c v xc nh kch thc hnh hc cng trnh v kt cu: (1) Vic nh v cng trnh, m bo kch thc hnh hc v theo di bin dng cng trnh trong v sau khi hon thnh xy dng cng trnh l nhn t ht sc quan trng nn

phi t chc nhm o c chuyn trch, cht lng cao thc hin. Vic o c tun theo TCXD 203:1997 Nh cao tng - K thut o c phc v cng tc thi cng. Phi lp phng n thc hin o c cho cc giai on thi cng, lp thnh h s v c k s i din ch u t duyt trc khi thi cng. (2) Phng n o c phi c trnh duyt cho ch u t ng thi vi phng n thi cng xy dng. Ti liu o c trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh o c hon cng , o bin dng n giai on bn giao v phng n o bin dng trong qu trnh s dng cng trnh l c s bn giao nghim thu cng trnh. Thiu h s o c, cng trnh khng c php bn giao v nghim thu. (3) Xy dng nh cao tng nn thnh lp mng li b tr c s theo nguyn tc li c lp. Phng v ca mt trong nhng cnh xut pht t im gc ly bng 0o00'00'' vi sai s trung phng ca li c s b tr o gc l 10'', o cnh l 1:5.000. (4) Xy dng nh cao tng nn chn cc ch tiu sau y khi lp li khng ch cao: Hng I Khong cch ln nht t my n mia: 25 m Chnh lch khong cch sau, trc: 0,3 m Tch lu chnh lch khong cch: 0,5 m Tia ngm i cch chng ngi vt mt t: 0,8 mm Sai s o trn cao n mi trm my: 0,5 mm Sai s khp tuyn theo mi trm my: 1 n chnh xc v cc ch tiu dung sai do pha thi cng ngh v c ch u t chp nhn ng thi vi bin php thi cng cc phn vic tng ng. C s quyt nh la chn dung sai v phng php xc nh nhng dung sai ny l TCXD 193:1996 ( ISO 7976-1:1989), Dung sai trong xy dng cng trnh, Cc phng php o kim cng trnh v cu kin ch sn ca cng trnh; TCXD 210:1998 ( ISO 7976-2 : 1989 ), Dung sai trong xy dng cng trnh, Cc phng php o kim cng trnh v cu kin ch sn ca cng trnh - V tr cc im o; TCXD 211:1998 ( ISO 3443:1989 ) Dung sai trong xy dng cng trnh - Gim nh v kch thc v kim tra cng tc thi cng. Mu s o v cc qui cch bng biu trong tnh ton bin dng theo qui nh trong ph lc ca TCXD 203:1997, Nh cao tng - K thut o c phc v cng tc thi cng. 5.6.3 Cp pha v cy chng cho nh cao tng thc hin theo TCVN 4453-1995, Kt cu b tng ct thp ton khi - Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu. Do tin thi cng cn nhanh v ch i k thut cho b tng cng nn cp pha v cy chng nn lm theo "phng php hai tng ri". Khi thi cng theo phng php hai tng ri cn tun theo nhng qui trnh sau y: 1. Mt ct chng li:

Chiu dy sn cm Kch thc mt cnh sn 6,0 m 7,5 m 9,0 m 10 Khng m bo --- --15 2,4 m Khng m bo --20 2,4 m 2,4 m Khng m bo 25 --- 2,4 m 2,4 m 30 --- 2,4 m 2,4 m Ghi ch: * Cc trng hp " Khng m bo " do chiu dy sn mng, thi gian thi cng ngn , khng nn p dng phng php hai tng ri. Nn p dng phng php hai tng ri khi chiu dy sn ln hn 15 cm. Thi gian thi cng b tng cc tng phi cch nhau trn 7 ngy m bo b tng sn cng thi cng c bn trn mc d vn c cy chng. * Cc trng hp --- khng c ngha thc tin v tng quan gia chiu dy sn v nhp ca sn khng hp l. 2. Thi gian thi cng b tng hp l cho mt tng ( ngy): Chiu dy sn cm Kch thc ca mt cnh sn 6,0 m 7,5 m 9,0 m 10 >7 --- --15 7 >7 --20 7 7 >7 25 --- 7 7 30 --- 7 7 Ghi ch: Nh bng trn. 3. Cc yu cu k thut: * Cy chng tng nm trn tng chng li nn lm c mt ct chng l 1,20 x 1,20 mt. * Cy chng tng trn tng chng li nn trng theo phng thng ng . * Nu s dng cy chng li l cc tr n c iu chnh c cao nh ren vt th khng nht thit phi lm ging. Nu dng cy chng li bng ct chng phi nm chn th nn lm ging theo c hai phng vung gc vi nhau. * Vic gim ct chng trong qu trnh chng li c thc hin theo tng phn on lm sao nhng phn on ny c b tng xong tng trn cng trnh hot ti do thi cng gy ra. V tr chng li trc ht nn l ni c ni lc ln nht ca cu kin. 5.6.4 Nhng l ch ng k thut xuyn qua dm, sn, ct, tng b tng phi c b

tr y trnh s c o sau ny nh hng n cht lng kt cu. Nhng l ny phi do th mc t theo ch dn ca th lp t k thut. 5.6.5 B mt cp pha cn bi lp chng dnh trc khi t ct thp. Vic s dng loi cht chng dnh phi thng qua k s i din ch u t. 5.6.6 vng thi cng ti gia kt cu c hai u l 0,3% v vi kt cu c u t do ca nhp th vng ti u nhp l 0,5%. 5.6.7 Khi s dng cp pha bay ( flying forms ) hay loi tng t cn kim tra bn v n nh m bo cng v n nh khi chu cc ti trng tc ng ln trong qu trnh thi cng. Cch di chuyn cp pha bay v cc dng cp pha kch thc ln ti v tr khc cn ch m bo khng b bin dng cng nh m bo lp rp cho v tr mi thun li nht. Phi ht sc ch v cn kim tra hnh dng, cc mi lin kt , cc kt cu ging, no trc khi di chuyn v khi bt u lp t vo v tr mi. 5.6.8 Cp pha v cy chng hng khng c s dng cho cng trnh mc du sa cha. 5.6.9 R cp pha v tho cy chng ch c thc hin khi m bo cng theo yu cu ca TCVN 4453-1995, Kt cu b tng ct thp, tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu. 5.6.10 Trc khi b tng, bn thi cng phi thng qua i din k thut ca ch u t s mch ni thi cng vi cc gii php s l khi gp cc tnh hung kh d xy ra. Cn chun b phng tin, dng c v vt liu cn thit khi c s c tr liu . 5.6.11 Ngun cung cp ct thp cho b tng phi c s tho thun ca k thut i din cho ch u t. 5.6.12 Ct thp c cha trong kho h c lt hoc lng pha di v che ma pha trn. Cn trnh h hng v gim phm cht trong qu trnh lu kho. C 50 tn thp li phi lm th nghim mt t mu theo cc ch tiu : ko, un 90o ( bend test ). C 100 tn li lm thm mt t mu th nghim un 180o ( rebend test ). Mi th nghim phi c vn bn bo co v kt lun c rng thp s s dng p ng c yu cu ca thit k cng trnh. 5.6.13 Ct thp c gia cng v lp t vo v tr ph hp vi thit k hoc bn v thi cng c k s i din cho ch u t thng qua. Cc ch tiu kim tra cht lng cng tc thp l chng loi thp, s lng thanh trn tit din, ng knh thanh thp, di thanh thp, v tr ct v ni, chiu di on ni, phng php ni, khong cch cc thanh, chiu dy lp bo v, hnh dng thanh ph hp vi bn v, sch khng bm dnh bn, t v du m cng nh vic m bo khng g ca cc thanh thp. 5.6.14 Ch c php gia cng nhit thanh thp khi k s i din ch u t ng bng vn bn cho tng trng hp.

5.6.15 Thp un hng khng c php dui thng v un li s dng. Nhng thanh c du hiu nt gy cn b loi b. 5.6.16 Ming hoc phng tin k, m, m bo chiu dy lp bo v hoc khong cch gia cc thanh c li trong b tng phi b tr s lng, t ng v tr v khng c nh hng n cht lng ca b tng cng nh iu kin s dng b tng. Ming k bng va xi mng phi c bn bng bn ca b tng ca kt cu. 5.6.17 Khng b tng bt k kt cu no khi cha tin hnh nghim thu c lp bin bn xc nhn ca k s i din cho ch u t vi cng tc cp pha v ct thp. Mi yu cu sa chnh cn c tin hnh tc thi v k s i din ch u t xc nhn li mi c b tng. 5.6.18 D b tng mua hay t ch trn u phi lp thit k thnh phn b tng v m bo thi cng ng thnh phn ny ghi li bng phiu sn xut cho tng m trn. Thnh phn b tng phi thng qua k s i din ch u t trc khi ch trn, cn ch to mu v th nghim mu v ch s dng thnh phn ny khi mu p ng cc yu cu s dng. Vn bn lp lin quan n thnh phn v cht lng b tng c lu tr nh h s c bn lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi lng hon thnh kt cu. Mi phiu lin quan n cht lng b tng cn c k s ch huy thi cng xc nhn rng ng loi b tng c xc nhn y s dng vo kt cu no trong ngi nh ( a ch kt cu s dng). 5.6.19 Vt liu s dng phi m bo cc ch tiu cht lng k c sch nh cht lng clinker, cht lng xi mng, thnh phn thch hc ca ct liu, kt qu phn tch c ht ct liu th v mn, cht lng nc, cht lng v tnh nng ph gia. Vic xc nh khi lng vt liu ( xi mng, ct liu th, ct liu mn, nc, ph gia ) trong thnh phn b tng phi tin hnh bng cn. Cn v cc phng tin o lng cn c kim nh ng qui trnh v nh k theo qui phm , c chng ch c php s dng cng nh cn trong thi hn c s dng. Vi b tng thng phm cn c gii trnh thm v s dng ph gia gim nc, ph gia ko di ng kt nng cao cht lng b tng cng nh bin php m bo tnh nng v yu cu k thut ca b tng. Cn lu n cc thng s s dng vt liu v bin php vn chuyn v cc tc ng khc khi cn chuyn ch b tng i xa trong iu kin ng ph ng c. Vic thi cng b tng cho nh cao tng phi tun th nghim tc cc iu khon ca cc tiu chun sau y: TCXD 199:1997 , Nh cao tng - K thut ch to b tng mc 400-600. TCXD 200:1997 , Nh cao tng - K thut ch to b tng bm. 5.6.20 Dung sai vt liu trong mt m trn c chp nhn: Xi mng +3% theo trng lng xi mng. Nc v tng loi ct liu : + 5% theo tng loi.

Hm lng ho cht c hi cho cht lng b tng nh mui clorua, hm lng sunphat phi tun theo ch dn ca thit k v c s ph chun ca k s i din ch u t. 5.6.21 Vic vn chuyn v b tng khng c lm hao ht vt liu thnh phn v to ra hin tng phn tng. B tng khng c ri t do qu chiu cao 2,50 mt. Thi gian vn chuyn k t sau khi trn xi mng vi nc cng sm cng tt nhng khng mun hn 45 pht. Thi gian ngng cung cp b tng vo kt cu m cng nh s phn chia mch thi cng ny cn c thit k coi nh mt bin php thi cng cho tng kt cu v c k s i din cho ch u t thng qua. Qu trnh thi cng b tng phi chun b phng tin che chn cho b tng khi gp thi tit xu nh nng nng gay gt hoc ma. M b tng trn khng c ph gia ko di thi gian ng kt phi vn chuyn, v m xong trc 90 pht khi dng xi mng Poclng ph thng. Nu s dng ph gia ko di thi gian ng kt th nh cung cp b tng phi c ch dn bng vn bn iu kin s dng. Bn thi cng phi tun th nghim tc ch dn ny. 5.6.22 B tng c chuyn ln cao c th dng benne cn trc a ln, Benne phi c ming bng ng vi bt, trnh phn tng khi rt b tng. Khi phi dch chuyn v tr trnh gy ra lc tp trung qu mc, nh hng n cng v n nh ca cppha, cy chng. Nu dng bm th phi p ng cc yu cu ca bm nh st b tng vn hnh bm c, ng knh ht ct liu th b tng dch chuyn d dng trong ng bm. 5.6.23 Mi cng tc m phi tin hnh nh phng tin c gii nh s dng m rung hoc cc loi m tng t. Cn b tr thm t nht mt m c tnh nng ging m c s dng phng ri ro khi thi cng. Mi m b tng c chn tng ng vi 8 m3 b tng trong 1 gi. My thi cng b tng c ra sch tc thi sau khi s dng chng s bm kt b tng theo thi gian. 5.6.24 Mt b tng h thy c vt nt nh khi b tng cn t c xoa ngay cho ht vt nt. Cn che ph mt b tng bng bao t chng s mt nc t ngt v s phi l di nh nng mt tri. Khng c ph ct hay vt liu ri ln mt b tng coi nh cch gi m. Thi gian gi m mt b tng mi t nht 7 ngy sau khi m b tng xong. Cc loi cp pha kim loi cn lm mt bng nc trc lc b tng khi nhit ngoi tri trn 25oC. Vic s l b mt b tng c bit nh rc si, rc hay rc ct, lm cng b mt nh ho cht hoc cc bin php khc phi c thit k bin php ring c k s i din ch u t thng qua. C th s l chng thm b mt lp b tng tng trn cng nh loi cht chng thm Radcom7 l loa cht chng thm to phn ng trng n b tng t chn qua thi gian s dng.

5.6.25 Ngi thi cng chu trch nhim v vic ly mu v chuyn i th nghim theo cc yu cu v th nghim c ghi trong H s mi thu v trong cc TCVN hoc cc tiu chun khc tng ng c php s dng. C kt qu th nghim n u ngi thi cng phi gi bn sao ngay cho k s i din ch u t quyt nh cc tiu ch cht lng trong qu trnh thi cng. 5.6.26 Mi khuyt tt phi lm bo co ch u t quyt nh. Khng t chnh sa khi cha c quyt nh bng vn bn k s i din ch u t. 5.7. Nhng lu v an ton. 5.7.1 Khi o cc h su phi c cc lan can chn quanh ming h ngn vic ri v ng xung h. Ban m c n bo h su. Cn vt liu t trn cao xung h, mp h cn c thanh chn c nh cn thn cao khi mt ln bnh xe 20 cm trnh vic xe tri . 5.7.2 ng i li ca cng nhn t di h ln trn phi c bin php chng trn, trt v c lan can. Nu c kh nng vt ri t trn cao xung th phi lm mi cho li i. 5.7.3 Khng dng dy trn a in xung h su. Cc im u ni v cu dao phi nm trong hp cch in, c mi che v c nh ni khng vng li i nhng m bo d thao tc s dng. Dy cp c cch in nhng vn phi i theo l tuyn c gi c nh. Khng th dy lng thng cn vng li i hoc khng gian thi cng. 5.7.4 Thng xuyn kim tra cc hin tng xp, st v tnh trng lm vic ca cy chng, thanh , thanh ging no. Khi c kh nng mt an ton phi s l hoc gia c ngay. 5.7.5 Mt bng thi cng lun phi kh ro v c dn sch s, phong quang. Khng vng vi thanh g ngn li i, gch, va cn tr s i li trn mt bng. Khu vc nguy him c ro chn v ro chn c sn mu theo qui nh v an ton. Khng vi phm vic qua li trong khu vc nguy him. Khi c ngi xut hin trong khu vc nguy him phi ngng mi thao tc lin quan m bo an ton tuyt i. C li chn ngi ng khi phi thi cng ti nhng mt cng tc treo leo. Li chn c neo gi, c nh, an ton v n nh. 5.7.6 Cn trc c nh, thng ti ch vt hoc ch ngi cn c neo gi vo cng trnh hoc xung t gi cho my mc vn hnh an ton, d trong tnh trng bo hay gi mnh. Khi c gi cp IV tr ln, khng bm b tng ln tng cao. Trong mi trng hp, my bm b tng ch vn hnh khi ng ti v tr n nh v m ht thanh t, kch nn cht xung t. 5.7.7 Thng ti ch ngi tun theo ch dn c bit nhm bo m tuyt i cho ngi s dng. Hnh lang n ngi t thng ti vo cc tng phi c lan can an ton cho ngi s dng.

5.7.8 H thng gio ngoi phi bc k bng li c mt li nh hn 3 mm c buc vo gio vi im buc khng xa nhau qu 1,2 mt v cc phng, mi tng nh phi ghi r cao v s th t tng nh. H thng gio ngoi phi c nh vo nh bng thanh gn chc chn. Khong cch gia cc im c nh gia gio v nh khng xa qu 3 mt cho phng ng v 4 mt cho phng ngang. Vic di chuyn gia cc cao trn gio phi c li i c bc thang v c lan can vi tay vn chc chn. 5.7.9 Khi cng nhn lm trn cao treo leo, dng c nh ba, km . . . phi dng dy buc m mt u dy t dng c, u kia l im c nh chc chn, phng b ri vng khi ang lao ng. Chiu di dy nn khong 1,5 mt d thu hi li khi b ri vng. 5.7.10 Tng ni lm vic phi c pan nhc nh ring v an ton trong sn xut. Cn t chc cn b chuyn trch an ton v t cng nhn v sinh lao ng cho tng khu vc theo mt bng thi cng. Cn b tr thng rc thi xy dng cho khu vc xy dng v chuyn rc thng xuyn, nh k. 5.7.11 An ton chng chy tun theo : TCVN 3254:1989, An ton chy- Yu cu chung; TCVN 5760: 1903 H thng cha chy - Yu cu chung v thit k, lp t v s dng; TCVN 5738:1993 H thng bo chy - Yu cu k thut v TCVN 6160:1996 Phng chy cha chy - Nh cao tng - Yu cu thit k