Do An XL h2s Bang Than Hoat Tinh

n x l kh thi GVHD : Chu Mnh ng
X l H
2
S bng than hot tnh CNBM: Lm Vnh Sn

Nhm II.12

Chng I: TNG QUAN V NHIM KHNG KH
V KH THI H
2
S

I .1 NHIM KHNG KH
nhim khng kh l mt vn tng hp,n c xc nh bng s bin i
mi trmg theo hng khng tin nghi,bt li i vi cuc sng ca con ngi,ng vt
v thc vt,s nhim lm thay i m hnh,thnh phn ho hc tnh cht vt l v
sinh hc ca mi trng khng kh do bt c nguyn nhn no(trc tip hoc gin tip)
tc ng.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam (1966_1995)
nhim khng kh l s c mt ca cht kh trong bu kh quyn do cc hot
ng ca con ngi hoc thin nhin v mt nng ln tn ti trong thi gian lu
nh hng n s thoi mi ca con ngi,ng vt.

I .2 NGUN GC NHIM KHNG KH :
I .2.1 NGUN NHIM T NHIN :
Do cc hin tng t nhin gy ra nh l t samc,t trng b ma gi bo mn
v tung ln tri,gm bi,t,,thc vt,v.vCc ni la phun ra rt nhiu bi nham
thch cng vi nhiu hi kh trong lng t.Nc bin bc hi cng vi sng bin tung
bt mang theo bi mui lan truyn vo khng kh.Cc qu trnh hu hoi,thoi rathc
vt v ng vt t nhin cng thi ra mt s ho cht nhim mi trng v cui cng l
cc phn ng ho hc gia cc cht kh t nhin hnh thnh cc kh sulfat,nitrat,cc loi
mui axit cacbonic,v.v
Tng lng cht nhim do ngun t nhin gy ra thng l rt ln,nhng n c
c im l phn b u trn ton th gii,nng ca cc cht nhim khng tp trung
ti mt im nht nh.Con ngi,ng vt,thc vt dn quen vi nng nhim
ca cc cht .
I .2.2 NGUN NHIM NHN TO:
Do t nhin liu:phng tin giao thng,ng c my n,do t dn dng sinh ra
cc khi:CO
2
,CO,SO
x
,CH
4
.
Cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip cc ngnh ha cht,vt liu xy dng,luyn
kim,lng thc thc phm,chn nui,thu gom x l rc v mt s ngnh phc v cuc
sng con ngi( sn,nhum,ty ra)
Tm li cc ngun nhim nhn to ln nht l do qu trnh thiu t nhin liu(
than ,du kh) sinh ra.

a) t nhin liu:
S + O
2
SO
x
C + O
2
CO
x
(CO
2
, CO)
N + O
2
NO
x

X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Trong sn phm chy do nhin liu sn sinh ra khi chy c cha nhiu loi kh
c(nht l qu trnh chy khng hon ton) SO
2
,CO,CO
2
,NO
x
,hydrocacbon v tro bi.
Khi qu trnh chy khng hon ton do thiu oxy hay do khi chy ngn la b
nhit ngn la b gim thp,mt s nguyn t cacbon v hydro khng c cp
nng lng hnh thnh cc gc t do v cho ra sn phm l CO
2
v H
2
O xy ra s
ngng tr cc phn ng chy nhng gian on trung gian v dn n cc qu trnh sau:
Pht thi cc nguyn t cacbon vi oxy to thnh CO
Kt hp cc nguyn t cacbon vi hydro to thnh cc hydro nh v nng
Pht thi cc hydrocacbon oxy ha tng phn (andehit, axit)
b) Hot ng cng nghip:
Cng nghip hin nay c rt nhiu ngun thi khc nhau:
+ Ngun im
+ Ngun ng
+ Ngun mt
+ Ngun cao hay thp
+ Loi c t chc hay khng c t chc
+ Loi n nh thng xuyn hay thi theo chu k
+ Ngun nng hay ngun thi ngui
Cc cht thi do hot ng cng nghip c c im l nng cht c
hi cao v tp trung
Qu trnh nhim khng kh do hot ng cng nghip gm 2 qu trnh
chnh
+ Qu trnh t ly nhin liu ly nhit
+ Qu trnh bc hi r r,tht thot cht c trn dy truyn sn xut
Cc nh my nhit in thng dng nhin liu l than,du mazut,kh
t,FO,diezen,..
Cht nhm c th pht sinh trn ng vn chuyn hay qu trnh x l
nhin liu
Ngnh ha cht v phn bn thi vo kh quyn nhiu kh c hi khc
nhau.Cc cht thi kh ca cng nghip ha cht li mang tnh ng nhit
i vi nhit thp hn mi trng cho nn sau khi ra ngoi kh pht tn
long ra.Cc thit b cng nghip ha cht thng t ngoi tri nn vic
r ra kh quyn l kh kim sot.
Cc nh my sn xut xy dng nh nh Ximng,xng b tng,xng
atfan,v.v..cht kh thi ra trong qu trnh t nhin liu than nh
CO
2
,NO
x
,CO.
c) nhim do bi:
Bi l h thng gm 2 pha
+ Pha rn,ri rc
+ Pha kh
Phn loi :
+ Hi khi:c kch thc 0.001m - 10m
+ Bi lng: C kch thc ln hn 10m c kh nng lng c do
trng lc.
+ Bi bay ( bi b hp )
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

5
10m c gi li ph qun
Nh hn 5m : i n phi
Bi c tnh cht :
+ Tnh lng ca bi
+ Tnh nhim in
+ Tnh chy n
+ Tnh lng do nhit
Trong cng nghip gang thp nhim ch yu l bi vi c ht rt khc
nhau t 10
100 m.Khi nu gm nhng ht bi oxit st rt mn.Bi sinh

ra ch yu cng on vn chuyn,sn lc v nghin qung
Cng nghip sn xut Ximng cht nhim ch yu l bi.Bi ta ra
nhiu cng on sy,nung,nghin v tr Clinker.
d) nhim do nhit:
nhim nhit dn dng
+ Thp sng
+ Nung nu
+ Bc x mt tri
+ Do con ngi sinh ra.
nhim nhit do cng nghip
+ ng c
+ t chy nhin liu
+ Nhit do lm ngui vt nung
+ Thp sng.

I. 3 CC CHT NHIM KHNG KH V NH HNG CA CHNG
N MI TRNG

Tc nhn
nhim
Tnh cht Ngun gc pht sinh Tc ng
1) Kh
CO
- Kh
khng
mu,
khng
mi,
khng v.
-T trng
0,967
- Do s chy khng hon
ton ca cc vt liu c
cha Cacbon.
- 250 triu tn/nm.
Chim t trng ln trong
cc cht nhim mi
trng khng kh.
- CO tc dng mnh vi
Hemoglobin (Hb),ly oxy ca
Hemoglobin to thnh cacboxy
hemoglobin: HbO
2
+ CO
HbCO +O
2

- Cp tnh:au u, tai,chng
mt,bun nn mi
mt,Nng:hn m,ph phi
cp.
- Mn tnh: Thng b au u
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

dai dng,chng mt,st cn,mi
mt.
- Thc vt:Nng CO t 100

1000 ppm lm rng l,xon
qun,cy non cht,chm pht
trin.
2) Kh
SO
2

SO
2

khng
mu,C v
cay,mi
kh chu.
- SO
2
c nhiu cc l
luyn gang,l rn,l gia
cng,nhng l t than
c cha lu hunh.
-132 triu tn /nm
(t than,s dng xng
du)
- SO
2
tc dng vi hi nc to
thnh H
2
SO
4

Nng thp:gy thch h hp
ngi v ng vt.
Nng cao:gy bnh tt v b
cht.
- SO
2
vH
2
SO
4
lm thay i tnh
nng,mu sc vt liu,n mn
kim loi,gim bn sn phm
vi la v dng.
- i vi thc vt:SO
2
tc hi n
s sinh trng ca rau qu,l b
vng,rng hoc b cht.
3) Kh
Cl,HCl
- Trong kh quyn kh Cl
v HCl c nhiu vng
nh my ha cht .
- Kh t chy
than,giy,cht do v
nhin liu rn cng to
kh Cl v HCl.
- Kh Cl tc dng on trn ca
ng h hp.Tip xc vi mi
trng c nng Cl cao s b
xanh xao,vng vt,bnh tt v c
th cht.
- i vi thc vt:cy chm pht
trin v nng cao th cy b cht.
4) Kh
NO
NO
2

- Hnh thnh do phn
ng ha hc Nit vi
Oxy trong kh quyn khi
t chy nhit cao.
H
2
+ xO
2
2NO
x

- Do hot ng con
ngi,
hng nm c khong 48
triu tn NO
2

- NO v NO2 hnh thnh khi
quang hc ( thnh ph,khu
cng nghip)
- Lm phai mu thuc
nhum,hng vi,han g kim loi.
- i vi ngi v ng vt:bnh
phi v b my h hp,t vong.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

5) Kh
H
2
S

Khng
mu,c
mi thi
kh chu

- Sinh ra do cht hu
c,rau c thi ra,vt nt
ca ni la, cng rnh
v cc hm l khai thc
than,cc ngnh cng
nghip hacht tinh luyn
kim loi c nha
ng,cng nghip cao
su,phn bn.

- Nng thp th khng nguy
him nhng n oxy ha ngay vi
sulfur v sunfur do oxit.
- i vi ngi:gy nhc
u,mt mi,nu nng cao th s
gy hn m,gy kch thch hng
v mt,c th cht .
- i vi thc vt:rng l
cy,gim s sinh trng cy
trng.

6) Kh
Ozn

- Kh Ozn l sn phm
ca cc cht cha
oxy(SO
2
,NO
2
v andehyt)
kh bc x t ngoi ca
mt tri.
- Qu trnh t chy
nhin liu,ng c t
trong khng hon thin
khi hot ng thi vo
kh quyn khi lng ln
Hydro cacbon v Nit
oxit

- Mi trng khng kh c nng
Ozn cao hn nng Ozn
t nhin,ta ni mi trng b
nhim Ozn v c tc hi n
sc khe con ngi gy kch
thch mi v hng,cm thy
rt,nguy him i phi.
- i vi thc vt:cy b m
l,mm kh ho,sinh trng
chm v gim nng sut.
- Ozn tng bnh lu th c li
n bo con ngi v ng vt
khi bc x ca mt tri.

7) Kh
CO
2

Do t nhin liu
than,ci,v h hp cu
ng vt thi vo kh
quyn.

- Lm cho nhit tri t tng
ln gy hin tngbng tan,nng
cao mc nc bin,lm tng cc
trn ma,bo,l lt,nggy
nhiu thit hi.
- Hin tng nhit tri t
tng cn gi l Hiu ng nh
knh

8) Kh
NH
3

C mi
khai

S dng nhiu trong k
thut lnh,trong cc nh
my sn xut phn
m,sn xut axit
nitric,con ngi v ng
vt cng l ngun thi
NH
3
.

- L cht c hi cho ngi v
ng vt do siu vi khun gy
bnh.
- i vi thc vt:cy c th b
trng bch,lm m l v
hoa,lm gim r cy,lm cy
thp i,qu b thm tm lm
gim t l ht ging ny mm.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

9) Kh
Hydro
Cacbon
L hp cht
do Hydro v
cacbon hp
thnh, thnh
phn c bn
ca kh t
nhin
Khng mu
mi,kh t
nhin c
cha Sulfur
nn c th
c mi.
- Qu trnh nhin liu chy
khng hon ton,qu trnh
sn xut nh my lc du,s
r r ng ng dn kh
t...
sinh ra Hydro cacbon
-i vi thc vt: Etylen
lm l cy vng a v gy
bnh cht hoi.
- i vi con ngi:kh
Hydro cacbon lm sng ty
mng nhy ca phi,lm thu
hp cung phi,lm sng
ty mt
10) Kh
Hydro
Xyanit
Khi sinh ra t cc l ch
bin ha cht,m kim loi.
Gy tc hi i vi t bo
thn kinh,au u v lm
kh hng,m mt
11) Kh
Asen
Hydrua
AsH
3

Qu trnh hn ni st,thp
hoc qu trnh sn xut que
hn c cha axit Asen
(Arsenic)
Lm gim hng cu trong
mu,tc hi thn,gy,mc
bnh vng da
12) Kh
Andehyt
T phn ly cc cht du
mv glixerin bng phng
php nhit
Gy bun phin,cu gc,nh
hng n b my h hp
ca ngi
13) Kh
Hydro
Florua
HF
Tinh luyn du kh,khc
knh bng axit,sn xut
Aluminium v phn bn,sn
xut snh s,gm,thy tinh
Anh hng ti sc khe con
ngi:gy mt mi
ton thn vim da,gy bnh
v thn v xng
14) Kh
Photgen:
Cacbon
oxy clorua
Cng nghip ha hc v
nhum.
Gy ho,bun phin nguy
him i vi ngi,
bnh phi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

I .3.1 KH HYDRO SUNFUA ( H
2
S)
I .3.1.1 Khi nim:
+ Hydro sunfua ( H
2
S) l mt cht kh khng mu,c mi thi kh chu
(mi trng thi)
+ Cu trc phn t ca H
2
S tng t cu trc phn t nc,H
2
S b phn cc
kh nng to thnh lin kt Hydro H
2
S yu hn H2O.
+ H
2
S t tan trong nc nhng li tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.Cc cht
in li khng in li trong H
2
S lng.
+ H
2
S rt c,n c khng km g HCN. trng thi lng H
2
S b oxy ha
mt phn.
H
2
S H
2
S SH
3
+
+ SH

+ Trong Nit n b oxy ha nhiu hn.
H
2
S HOH OH
3
+
+ SH

+ Trong dung dch nc n l mt axit yu.
I .3.1.2 Tnh cht ha hc
Hydro sunfua c tnh kh mnh v tnh axt yu ( tan trong dugn dch)
* Tnh kh:
Kh H
2
S l mt hp cht khng bn lm d b phn hy cho lu hunh v
Hydro
300
0
C H
2
S H
2
+ S

Dung dch H
2
S khng bn, trong khng kh vn c do c lu hunh kt
ta.Qu trnh trn cho php gii thch ti sao H
2
S khng tch t trong khng
kh,mc d hng ngy c bit bao nhiu ngun pht sinh ra n (nh s phn
hy anbumin trong cc ng vt,s phn hy mi th rc ri v b thi nh
my )
H
2
S l mt cht kh mnh ngay dng kh hay trong dung dch.
* Tnh axit :
Trong dung dch H
2
S in li theo 2 nc:
H
2
S H
+
+ HS

HS H
+
+ S

H
2
S cho hai loi mui:mui sunfua ( trung tnh ) ; mui bisunfua( mui
axit).

15) Tro
bi,khi.

T l t mi ngnh cng
nghip v ng x kh ca xe
c

Gy bnh kh thng au mt
v c th gy bnh ung th
ngi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Trong H
2
S hai nguyn t Hydro cng c th ln lt b kim loi thay th
cho Bisunfua v Sunfua.
Na S H v Na S Na
a s cc mui Sunfua t tan hoc khng tan.Mt s Sunfua khng tan th
c mu c trng ( CuS,Bi
2
,S
3
mu en,Sb
2
S
3
da cam )
Mui Bisunfua tan d dng khi c cc kim loi kim v kim th.
I .3.1.3 Tnh cht vt l
+ H
2
S l cht khng mu,mi trng thi c trng,nng hn
+ Khi lng ring p.10
3
( Kg/l) : 1,5392
+ Khi lng phn t Kg/Kmol : 34,08
+ Nhit nng chy : -85,6
o
C
+ Nhit si : - 60,75
o
C
+ H
2
S c nht:
( nht .10
7
Ns/m
2
)

+ Kh nng to lin kt Hydro H
2
S yu hn H
2
O
+ H
2
S km bn,d phn hy,t tan trong nc,tan nhiu trong dung mi
I .3.1. 4 Ngun gc
a) Trong thin nhin
H
2
S l do cht hu c,rau c thi ra m thnh,c bit l ni nc cn,b
bin v sng h nng cn,cc vt nt ni la, cc sui,cng rnh,hm l khai thc
than.c lng t mt bin pht ra khong 30 tiu tn H
2
S mi nm,v t mt t pht ra
khong 60-50 triu tn mi nm
b) Trong sn xut cng nghip
H
2
S sinh ra l do qu trnh s dng nhin liu c cha lu hunh.c lng kh
H
2
S sinh ra t sn xut cng nghip l 3 triu tn mi nm.

I .3.1. 5 Tc hi
i vi thc vt:
Thng tn l cy
Rng l
Gim sinh trng
i vi con ngi:
Nng thp
Gy nhc u
Tinh thn mt mi
Nng cao
Gy hn m
T vong
I. 4 TC HI NHIM KHNG KH.
Cc cht nhim hu ht u c hi,chng tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc
nhau,chng c mt trong c ba mi trng t,nc,khng kh.Cht nhim khng kh
116 0
0
C
130 20
0
C
161 100
0
C
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

m chng ta ang xt n,cng l tc nhn chnh,tc hi trc n con ngi,ng vt,thc
vt v nhng cng trnh vt cht khc ca mi trng.Bao gm cc tc hi sau:
O Tc hi i vi sc khe con ngi v ng vt sng trn mt t:
nhim khng kh tc ng vo c th con ngi v ng vt,trc ht qua
ng h hp,cng nh tc ng trc tip ln mt v ln mt da ca c th.Chng gy ra
cc bnh nh l ngt th,vim ph phi,ho,hen xuyn,lao phi,ung th phi,gy cay chy
nc mt,v.vNguy him nht l mt s cht gy ung th.Tc ng ca cc cht vo
ng h hp mt phn cn ph thuc vo s ha tan ca chng trong nc.Nu cc cht
nhim c tnh cht ha tan trong nc th khi ta ht th khng kh,chng s ha tan
trong phn lng ca ng h hp trn v gy tc ng c quan ny.Tnh cht xm nhp
vo phi ca nhiu loi cht nhim cn lin quan n s c mt ca cc kh dung trong
kh qun v ph qun,nhng nh c cc kh dung hp th m c kh nng xm nhp su
hn trong phi v cho n tn cc ph nang.
Ni chung ,ng vt c chn nui cng nh ng vt hoang di u nhy
cm i vi nhim mi trng khng kh ln hn con ngi.Ngi ta bit li dng tnh
nhy cm pht hin v nh gi nhm mi trng khng kh.
O Tc hi i vi thc vt:
Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh u tc ng xu n thc
vt,gy nh hng n ngh nng v ngh trng vn.Biu hin ca n lm cho cy
trng chm pht trin,vng a l,m l,xm l.Nng sut cy trng b gim
Tc hi cp tnh:vi nguy hi th hin r trn phin l mng,thng tc ng
ph hy plasmolysit v gn l ca l.S ph hy cc l mng v kh m ta gi
l Necrosis
Tn hi lu di: l kt qu do s biu hin ko di ca mc nhim thp v
thng thy c s i mu dip lc v kh khng th hin r tc hi ca n
ln c th sin vt.
Trng thi cy:tc hi dng n c th biu hin trong qu trnh pht trin,s suy
yu biu hin kch thc trong tng trng, ngn biu hin dng xon,phnh
to.S trng n hoc tn li ca hoa thng dn n sinh ra d dng,s pht
trin khng ng u ca cun l v phin l gy ra hin tng xon l v d
dng phin l.
O Tc hi i vi vt liu:
nhim khng kh c tc dng xu,lm vt liu,kt cu cng nh dng v
thit b chng h hng,cc cng trnh xy dng trn mt t,ngnh may,ngnh dt,thy
tinh u b thit hi ng k.
Hu qu:gy gy nhim t s tch ly khi trn mt t,theo thi gian c th tr nn
quan trng lm i mu hoc ha en tt c,gy thit hi kinh t
Cc cht nhim oxit ng,oxit lu hunh c tc dng xu i vi cc sn phm dt,giy
v da.
O Anh hng i vi kh hu:
nhim mi trng khng kh gy nh hng n kh hu ton cu,c
bit l gy hng xu n kh hu i phng nh l kh hu vng th.i
vi kh hu ton cu nh hng ca n th hin s hnh thnh hiu ng nh
knh ca tng kh CO
2
lm tng nhit ton cu,nng cao mt nc bin,lm
thng tng ozon.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Tng cao nhit :
Nhit ti thiu vng th thng cao hn vng nng thn xung quanh
2
5
0
C,v nhit trung bnh nm thng cao hn 0,5
1,3
0
C.Nguyn nhn l do t nhin
liu v qu trnh sn xut theo phng php gia cng nhit nn ta lng nhit ln vo
mi trng khng kh,ng thi din tch b mt nh ca ,ng x,sn bi chim
nhiu,chng ht bc x mt tri nhiu hn mt t c nhiu cy xanh nng thn
Gim bc x mt tri v tng my.
Cc bi khi,sng m nhim mi trng khng kh th,c tc dng hp
th 10 20 % bc x mt tri v lm gim tm nhn tc l lm gim trong sut ca
kh quyn.Cc bi,cc sol kh do hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi thi vo
mi trng khng kh c kh nng to ra cc ht nhn ngng ng hi nc trong kh
quyn.Hi nc kt ta vng th thng ln hn nng thn 5-10%.

Chng II: TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L KH
THI HIN NAY

II.1 S PHT TN KH THI VO KH QUYN:
S pht cht thi c hi vo kh quyn l qu trnh vt l phc tp.Trong qu
trnh ny,gi,cc hin tng trao i cht trong kh quyn cng nh cc iu kin kh
hu a phng c ngha rt ln.
Ngy sau khi thot ra khi ng khi,kh thi chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh
thnh phn,tnh cht,c im ca chnh cht thi; chiu cao ng khi,hnh dng v
kch thc c ng khi;vn tc thi( c ng khi);hng v vn tc gi;s phn tng
nhit ,mc chy ri v cc ch s trng thi ca kh quyn;ma;nhit v m
ca khng kh.
II.2 CC YU NH HNG LN S PHT TN:
1. Gi
Gi l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh hng n cht nhim,cht thi.
Khi vn tc gi nh, dng ct ng khi tng,nhng ct khi gi cu trc dy
c lu hn v kh lan truyn i khi ch c s tc ng ca mt mnh qu trnh
khuch tn kh quyn.
Khi vn tc gi mnh, dng ct ng khi gim xung gn bng khng nhng
lc ny ngn khi chu s tc ng mnh m ca qu trnh khuch tn kh
quyn.Tn ti vn tc gi m khi nng cht nhim t gi tr cc i ti
mt t do mt ngun thi ra.
2. Ma
Thc y s loi cht nhim t kh quyn nhng ma loi cht nhim t
kh quyn vo t,ngun nc,cy ci v cc cng trnh nhn to.iu c
bit l khi ma li cun cc cht n mn.Nc ma tuy chm nhng li ph
hy tt c nhng g c trn mt t.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

S phn tng nhit ca kh quyn xc nh trng thi kh quyn.
Trng thi trung ha:lm gim s pht tn mt cch n k.
Trng thi n nh:rt c li cho s pht tn.
Hin tng lng ng trong lp kh quyn ti mt t xy ra khi sng m
dy c lc di.y l yu t kh tng bt li v n gp phn hnh thnh
s nghch o nhit v l nguyn nhn ato thnh khi m(hn
hp,sng m t nhin v khi thi cng nhip bay(bi,hi..)

3. S nghch o nhit
S nghch o nhit :l nhit kh quyn khng gim theo cao nh s
phn tng nhit bnh thng ca kh quyn.m khng kh lnh dy c v
nng s c gi li trn mt t.Khi khng kh cha cht nhim ch c th
thc hin dao ng nh theo hng thng ng v tn ti trong khong cao
500 n 600 m.
Nghch o nhit lun lun nguy him mc du mc nguy him khc
nhau.Lp nghch o nhit c th trit tiu hon ton s pht nhim.
4. a hnh
a hnh khng bng phng c li cho s pht tn cht thi v n to iu kin
cho s xoy ri kh quyn theo phng thng ng( khi khng c gi v hin
tng nghch o nhit )
5. Rng cy
Rng ng vai tr lc,ngn cn cc s pht tn ht sol kh trong phn thp nht
ca lp kh quyn st mt t.
Rng rm,cy cao to iu kin cho s xoy ri khng kh theo phng thng
ng khi c gi.
Tuy nhin vai tr lc ca rng khng cao v rng cn c bo v khi cht
nhim.

II.3 M HNH PHT TN KH THI
II.3.1 M hnh tnh ton theo hm Gauss i vi ngun im:
H ta l khng gian ba chiu.
Gc ta l v tr ngu thi.
x l chiu hng theo vt khi.
y vung gc vi hng gio.
z l chiu thng ng.
Cc yu t:
H: chiu cao hiu qu ng khi
H = h + h
h: nng cao ( hay cao, ni ) ca trc vt khi.
h : chiu cao thc ca ng khi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Cc gi thit:
Lng thi cht nhim do ngun thi ra l hng s theo thi gian .
Tc gi khng i theo thi gian v theo cao vt khi.
Trong vt khi khng c b sung thm nhim cng nh khng xt n
trng hp cht nhim gim i do phn ng ha hp chuyn thnh
cht khc.
a hnh khng bng phng,khng c vt cn.
Phng trnh theo m hnh Gauss xc nh nng cht nhim
C mt im c ta x,y,z bt k nh sau:
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2 2
2
2
2
) (
2
) (
).
2
(
. . . 2
) , , (
Z
z y z y
Z H
EXP
Z H
EXP
y
EXP
u
F
z y x C
o
o
o
o o t

Khi xc nh nng cht nhim gn mt t.

2
2
2
2
. 2
.
. 2
.
. . .
) , , (
y z z y
y
EXP
H
EXP
u
F
z y x C
o o
o o t

= , (z=0)
Trng hp n gin nht l khi tnh bin thin nng cht nhim gn mt
t theo trc x.

2
2
. 2
.
. . .
) (
z z y
H
EXP
u
F
x C
o
o o t

= , (y=z=0)
C
( x,y,z)
: Nng cht nhim ti im c ta x,y,z ( mg/m
3
)
C
( x,y,z = 0)
: Nng cht nhim ti im c ta x,y vi z = 0 gn
mt t ( mg/m
3
).
C
( x)
: Nng cht nhim ti cc im trn trc x vi y = z = 0 ( mg/m
3
)
x : Khong cch ti ngun thi theo phng x,phng gi thi ( m )
y : Khong cch t im tnh trn mt ngang theo chiu vung gc vi trc
vt khi,cch tim vt khi ( m )
z : Chiu cao im tnh ton ( m )
F : Lng thi cht nhim t ngun thi ( ming ng khi ) ( mg/s )
u : Tc gi trung bnh chiu cao hiu qu ( H ) ca ng khi ( m/s )
o
y
: H s ph thuc vo bn vng kh quyn
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

II.3.2 M hnh tnh ton theo phng php Berlian k thut

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
x k
y
x k n
H v
EXP
x k k n
M
y x C
n
. . 4 . . ) 1 (
.
. . ). 1 ( 2
) , (
0
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
0 1
t

V
1
: Vn tc gi trung bnh cao 1m
K
1
,K
2
: H s
M : Lng cht thi nhim ( mg/s )
n : S m ca hm s bin thin vn tc gi theo chiu cao( n = 0,15 0,2)
Phn b cht c hi trn mt t c tr s cc i C
max
im c to X
max
trn

trc x
(hng gio).Tr s C
max
v X
max
c xc nh vi iu kin.
0 =
c
c
=
c
c
y
C
x
C

1 0
1
) 1 ( 5 , 1
1
2
. .
. ) 1 ( 116 , 0
v k
k
H v
M n
C
n
MAX
+
+
=

2
1
1
1
max
) 1 (
.
.
3
2
n k
H v
x
n
+
=
+

CTX:

3 2
. .
. . . .
T V H
n m F M A
C
m
A
= , mg/m
3

A : phn tng kh quyn ( 160 300 )
M : Ti lng nhim ( g/s )
F : H s ph thuc vo loi cht thi
- Nu kh: F = 1
- Nu bi: q > 95% F = 2
75% s q s 95% F = 2,5
q s 75% F = 3
H : Chiu cao thc ca ng khi.
V ( L ): Th tch lu lng kh thi.
T : lch nhit t
TK
- t
xq
m : L h s ph thuc vo loi kh thi,ph thuc vo thngs f

T H
d v
f
f
A
=
.
.
. 10
2
2
3

f s100 m = ( 0,67 + 0,1f
1/2
+ 0,34f
1/3
)
-1
f >100 m = ( 1,47f
1/3
)
-1

n : L h s ph thuc vo tc gi hoc ph thuc vo
3
.
. 65 , 0
H
T V
V
m
A
=
V
m
> 2 n = 1 ; u
m
= V
m
( 1+ 0,12f
1/2
)
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

0,5 s V
m
s 2 n = 0,532V
m
2
2,13V
m
+ 3,13 ; u
m
= V
m

V
m
<

0,5 n = 4,4 V
m

; u
m
= 0,5 ( m/s)

II.4 PHNG PHP THU HI BI TRONG KH THI:
II.4.1 Thit b thu hi bi kh:

Thit b thu hi bi kh hot ng da trn cc c ch khc nhau:
- Trng lc (cc bung lng bi)
- Qun tnh (lng bi nh thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng kh hoc vch
ngn)
- Li tm (cc xicln n, xicln nhm v t hp, cc thit b thu hi bi xoy v
ng)
u im:
Ch to v vn hnh n gin, c ng dng ph bin trong cng nghip (nht l
cc xicln)
Nhc im:
Hiu qu thu hi bi khng phi lc no cng t hiu qu theo yu cu nn
chng thng dng trong x l s b.

Bung lng bi:
Nguyn l:
y l mt thit b n gin. Trong thi gian kh i qua thit b cc ht bi di
tc dng ca lc hp daaxnlawngs xung pha di v ri vo bnh cha hoc a ra
ngoi bng vt ti hay bng ti.

Phn loi: C bung lng bi mt tng v bung lng bi nhiu tng

X l H
2

Nhm II.12

(a)

(b)

Hnh: Bung lng bi
a-bung lng n gin; b-bung lng vch ngn; c- bung lng nhiu tng: 1-thn, 2-
bn cha, 3- vch ngn, 4- cc tng.

Tnh ton phng lng bi:
S chuyn ng ca ht rn trong phng lng bi v ng lng bi:

X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Vn tc lng c xc nh theo phng trnh Stock:

k
k b
l
g d
v

. 18
). .(
2
=
b
: khi lng ring ca bi, kg/m
3

d: ng knh tng ng ca ht bi, m.
k
: khi lng ring ca mi trng, , kg/m
3

k
: nht ng hc, ph thuc vo nhit v xc nh theo gin
nht ng hc.
Phng lng bi mt tng:
- Din tch mt ct ngang ca phng lng bi:

n
v
V
H B F = = . , m
3

v
n
: tc dng kh qua thit b (vn tc thng), m/s.
V: lu lng kh i qua phng lng, m
3
/s.
B: chiu rng phng lng, m.
H: chiu cao phng, m.

- Sau khi xc nh c tit din F ta t chon phng lng B ( hay chiu cao
phng lng H ) th tm c chiu cao phng lng H (hay chiu rng
phng lng B)
- B mt lng cn thit (S):

l
V
L B S
v
= = . , m
3
.

- Chiu di phng lng bi:
B
S
L = hay
) . ( H B
V
L
lv
= , m.
V
LV
: th tch lm vic ca bung lng.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

- Thi gian lng ca ht bi:

l
H
v
t = , s
- Th tch lm vic ca bung lng:
t . V V
lv
= , m
3

Phng lng bi nhiu tng:
- Din tch mt ct ngang, chiu cao hay chiu rng ca bung lng, tc
lng, b mt cn thit tnh ton tng t nh i vi bung lng bi 1
tng.
- Thi gian lng ca ht bi:
n
h
v
t = , s
- S tng ca phng lng nhiu tng:
h
H
n =
- Din tch b mt ca phng lng nhiu tng:
n B L S . . = , m
2

- Chiu di ca mt tng:
t .
n
v L = , m
- Chiu cao phng lng nhiu tng:
o . n H H + = ' , m
o : b dy mi tm ngn, m
- Chiu di phng lng nhiu tng:
' + = ' o L L , m
' o : chiu di ca dng dn kh b tr hai ph cc tng.

C Xicln
Nguyn l:
Xicln hot ng theo guyn l li dng cc lc qun tnh xut hin khi thay i
hng chuyn ng ca lung khng kh cha bi bn.
Khng kh bn cn lm sch c thi vo theo hng tip tuyn vi v hnh tr
xicln. Khng kh bn s xoy theo thnh v xicln t trn xung di. Phn di ca
xicloon nh daanfnhuw hnh phu, do khng kh xoy theo thnh ve to thnh li v
do dng xoy bin i tc nn cc phn t nh (cc ht bi) trong khng kh s
chuyn ng khng cng vn tc vi lung khng kh. Cc lc kh ng hc, do s
chnh lch tc gia cc ht bi v khng kh sinh ra s lm cho cc ht bi i lch
khi qu o v khi va ti thnh xiclon th bi c tch ra di tc dng ca lc trng
trng v cc lc kh ng hc khc v cui cng chng s ri xung y xiclon. Khi n
gn y xiclon, dng kh bt u quay ngc tr li v chuyn ng ln trn thnh dng
xoy trong.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Hnh . Xiclon n. Hnh. Xiclon t hp.
1- ng vo; 2-ng ra; 3-bung hnh tr; 1-thn; 2-bung phn phi;
4-bung hnh chp; 5-bung lng bi. 3-v ng;
. 4-xiclon thnh phn
Tnh ton xiclon:
- Bn knh ng dn kh ra khi xiclon:
r
v
V
r
.
1
t
= , m
V: lng kh i vo ca xiclon (nng sut ca xiclon), m
3
/s.
r
v :tc dng kh i ra khi xiclon, thng ly 4 8 m/s.
- Kch thc ca ng vo xiclon:
Ong vo t tip tuyn vi thnh thit b v mt ct c dng hnh ch nht, chiu cao
h, chiu rng b v t s thng ly lk, vi k = h / b = 2-4.
Do :
V
v K
V
b
.
= , m
V
v : tc kh vo xiclon, thng ly bng 18 20 m/s.
- Bn knh phn hnh tr ca xiclon:
r r r A + + =
1 1 2
o , m
1
o :b dy ng dn kh ra khi xiclon, m.
Ar: khong cch theo ng knh gia ng ra v thnh thit b, m, thng ly
bng 0,1-0,5mb
- Tc gc ca dng kh trong xiclon:
tb
tb
r
v
= e ,1/s.
tb
v : tc kh trung bnh trong xiclon, thng ly nh hn tc ng vao
1,4 ln v bng 12-14 m/s.
tb
r : bn knh trung bnh ca dng trong xiclon v tnh theo cng thc:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

khi 2
1 1
2
>
+o r
r
th
1 1
2
) 1 1 2
lg . 3 , 2
(
o
o
+
+
=
r
r
r r
r
tb
, m.
khi 2
1 1
2
s
+o r
r
th ) (
2
1
1 2 1
o + + = r r r
tb
, m.
Thi gian lu li ca kh trong xiclon:
Khi lng dng:
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
log .
. . .
. 10 . 06 , 4
o e

t
+
=
r
r
d
b k
, s
( : nht ca kh, N.S/m
2
)
Khi lng qu v xoy:

l
v
r A
=
1
t , s
- Th tch lm vic ca xiclon:

1
.t V V
lv
= , m
3

- Chiu cao phn hnh tr ca xiclon:

)) ( (
1 1
2
2
o t +
=
r r
V
H
lv
t
, m
k: h s d tr, thng ly K= 1,25.
- Chiu cao phn chp nn:

0 0 2
). (
0
o tg r r H
n
= , m.
0
r :bn knh l tho, thng ly
0
r = 0,2-0,5 m.
0
o :gc gia bn knh v v ng sinh,
0
o phi ln hn gc nghing ri
twjdo ca vt liu v ly
0
o = 50-60
0
.
- S dng kh quay trong xiclon:

t
e t
2
.
1
= n , vng
e : tc gc, 1/s.

- Tnh kim tra:
ng knh b nht ca ht bi c lng trong xiclon ch lng dng:
tb b b
r
r r
n
d
) (
.
. . .
. 32 , 5
1 1 2
o
e
+
= , m.
Nng sut ca xiclon:

l
v F V .
0
= ,m
3
/s.
Din tch b mt xung quanh ca hnh tr c bn knh r
tb
.
t tb
H r F . . 2
0
t = , m
2
.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

l
v : tc lng, m/s.
1
1 1 2
) (
t
o +
=
r r
v
l
, m/s.
Chiu cao phn hnh tr ca xiclon:
0
.H K H
t
= , m.
Vi K= 2-4, H
0
chiu cao lp dng kh chuyn ng trong mt vng.
) (
.
.
1 1 2
0
o +
=
r r
h b
C H , m.
4 , 1 = =
tb
V
v
v
C
Xut pht t iu kin thi ginlng bng thi gian lu li ca kh, ta c:
tb
l
v
v
n
r
r
. 2 1
1 1
2
t
o
+
= , m.

- S xiclon thnh phn trong hn hp:
A
=
g
P
d
V
n
k
tb
. .
. 287 , 0
2
c

V: lu lng kh vo xiclon t hp, m
3
/s
d
tp
: ng knh xiclon thnh phn, m.
c : tng h s tr lc ca xiclon t hp tnh theo tc qui c, gi tr c

th tm s tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ho cht Bng III.10.
trang 528
k
: khi lng ring ca kh, Kg/m
3
.
P: tr lc ca xiclon t hp, N/m
2
.
Khi lu lng ca kh ln, ly P= 590-840 N/m
2
.
Khi lu lng kh trung bnh, ly P= 340-590 N/m
2
.

- Chiu di v chiu rng theo mt ct ngang ca t hp:
Chiu di: ) 1 ).( 05 . 0 03 , 0 ( .
1 1
+ + = n n d L
tp
, m.
Chiu rng: ) 1 ).( 05 , 0 03 , 0 ( .
2 2
+ + = n n d B
tp
, m.
n
1:
s xiclon thnh phn b tr theo chiu di ca xiclon t hp.
n
2:
s xiclon thnh phn b tr theo chiu rng ca xiclon t hp.

- Dn tch mt ct ngang ca xiclon thnh phn:
4
.
2
tp
tp
d r
F = , m
2
.
- Tc qui c:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

tp
q
F
V
v = , m/s.
- Sc cn thu lc ca xiclon t hp:
= A
2
.
.
2
k q
v
P

, N/m
2
.
u v nhc im ca xiclon:
u im:
- Khng c phn chuyn ng.
- C kh nng lm vic nhit cao ( > 500
o
C ).
- C kh nng thu hi vt liu mi monfmaf khng cn phi bo v b mt xiclon.
- Thu hi bi dng kh.
- Tr lc lm vic hu nh c nh v khng ln ( 250 1500 N/m
2
).
- Lm vic tt p sut cao.
- Ch to n gin.
- Nng sut cao.
- R tin.
- Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo s thay i nng bi.
Nhc im:
- Hiu qu vn hnh km khi ht bi c kch thc nh hn 5 Mm.
- Khng th thu hi bi kt dnh.
C Thit b lc in:
Trong thit b lc in kh c x l bi nh tc dng ca lc in. Cc ht bi
c tch in v di tc dng ca trng in chng chuyn ng n gn v lng trn
cc bn in cc.
S tch in din ra trong trng in qung sng din ra theo hai c ch: di tc
dng ca lc in trng ( cc ht bi b bn ph bi cc in chuyn ng theo hng
in trng) v bi s khuch tn ca cc in. Trng lc c to ra bi hai in cc:
Mt in cc cc m qung sng tch in cho cc ht. l cc dn dn
mnh c b tr mt khong cch ln nht.
in cc thc 2 cc lng c b mt rng hn, hnh dng ca chng rt a
dng: dng phng v dng li tm, dng gn sng, dng lng mng.
Trong cng nghip ngi ta dng thit b lc in t c ng dng thu hi b,
sng cc axit khc.

Hnh. Thit bi lc bi tnh
in dng ng.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

1-in cc lng; 2-in cc qung sng; 3-khung; 4-b phn gi bi; 4-cch in.

Thit b lc bi:
Khi cho kh cha bi qua vch ngn xp, cc ht rn c gi li cn kh i xuyn
qua n hon ton.
Trong qu trnh lc bi, cc ht bi kh tch t trong cc l xp hoc to thnh lp
bi trn b mt vch ngn v do chng tr thnh mi trng lc i vi cc ht bi
n sau.
Tuy nhiu, bi tch t cng nhiu lm cho kch thc l xp chung ca vch ngn
cng gim. V vy, sau mt thi gian lm vic no cn phi ph v v loi lp bi ra.
Nh vy, qu trnh lc bi phi kt hp vi qu trnh phc hi vt liu lc.
Trong qu trnh lm sch kh, cc ht bi tin hnh n cc si ht, va chm vi
chng v lng xung do tc dng ca lc thm thu, qun tnh v ht tnh in.
Thit b dc chia thnh ba loi, ph thuc vo chc nng v nng bi vo, ra:
Thit b tinh lc ( hiu qu cao): dng thu hi bi cc nh vi hiu qu rt cao
(>99%) vi nng u vo thp (<1 mg/m
3
) v vn tc lc < 10 cm/s. thit b
lc ny ng dng thu hi bi c hi, ddawc bit cng nh siu lc khng kh,
vt liu lc khng c phc hi.
Thit bi lc khng kh: c x dng trong h thng thng kh v iu ho
khng kh. Chng c dng lc kh c nng bi nh < 50mg/m
3
, vi vn
tc lc 2,5 3 m/s. Vt liu lc c th c phc hi.
Thit b lc cng nghip ( vi, ht, si kh): c s dng lm sch kh thi
cng nghip c nng bi n 60 g/m
3
vi

kch thc ht > 0,5 Mm, vt liu lc
thng c phc hi.

II.4.2 THIT B LC BI KIU T
Nguyn l:
Da trn nguyn l tip xc gi dng kh mang bi vi cht lng, bi trong dng
kh b g li v thi ra ngoi di dng cn bn.
Phng php ny n gin nhng hiu qu rt cao.
u im:
D ch to, gi thnh thp, hiu qu cao
Lc c bi c kch thc di 0.1 Mm
Lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao
Lc c c kh c hi bng qu trnh hp th, cn c x dng nh thit b
lm ngui v lm m kh.
Nhc im:
Bi c thi di dng cn bn _phc tp cho h thng thot nc v x l nc
thi
Dng kh thot ra t thit t thit b lc c m cao v c th mang theo c
nhng git nc lm hoen r dng ng, ng khi v cc thit b khc pha sau
thit b lc khc.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Trng hp kh thi c cha cc cht n mn cn phi bo v thit b v h thng
ng ng v h thng sn chng r, hn ch thit k nhng ng ng khng r
t tin.
Lu y:
Cht lng c x dng ph bin nht l nc. Trng hp thit b lc c chc
nng va kh bi va kh kh c hi th cht lng c th l mt loi dung dch no
do qu trnh hp thu quyt nh.
Cc loi thit b lc bi kiu t
1. Bung phun (thng) ra kh rng
2. Thit b lc c lp m bng vt liu rng v c ti t
3. Thit b lc c a sc kh hoc si bt
4. Thit b lc bi vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
5. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) va p qun tnh
6. Thit b lc bi li tm.

BUNG PHUN (THNG) RA KH RNG

Hnh. BUNG PHUN (THNG) RA KH RNG
1-v thit b;2-vi phun nc;3-tm chn nc; 4-b phn hng dng v
phn phi kh

Bung phun hoc thng ra kh lng c s dng rt ph bin lc bi
th trong kh thi ng thi lm ngui kh nh l gia cng bi trc khi
lc bng in lm gim nng bi ban u, iu chnh in tr sut ban u
ca bi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Cu to ca thng ra kh rng ng.
Nc c phun t trn xung di cn dng kh c dn t di ln trn cng
c th b tr vi phun t 4 pha xung quanh v phun theo phng ngang vo dng kh.
Vn tc dng kh trong thit b vo khong 0.6 1.2 m/s. nu vn tc kh ln hn th
nc b mang theo nhiu nc v tm chn nc khng kh nng cn li dng
kh phn b u ng trn ton tit din ngang ca thit b. Ngi ta b tr b phn phn
phi kh tit din vo ca dng kh.
Ta ch nghin cu qu trnh thu gia bi din ra trong thit b lc lc bi kiu bung phun
thng ng vi dng chy ngc chiu ca nc v kh.

Xt mt lt ct ngang ca bung phun:

d
h
: B cao v cng b
S: y bng tit din ngang ca thit b
d
n
: dng knh ca git nc ( dng knh trung bnh ca tt c git nc)
v
b
: vn tc ht bi
Cc dng kh v nc i vo v i ra khi. Lt ct c th hin hnh
Lu lng kh i qua lt ct hnh hp trong n v thi gian l
S v L
k k
. = , m
3
/s.
v
k
: vn tc kh, m/s
S: tit din ngang ca ca thit b
Nu th tch tng cng ca nhng git nc trong dng kh ni chung v trong th
tch khi hnh hp ni ring l chim mt t l aanpha th lu lng th tch ca
nc i qua th tch trong mt n v thi gian c xc nh theo mt n v
biu thc.
Ta c cng thc:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

dh
v L dn
v L
dh
v
v
dn c
dc
n k
b n e
k
b e
.
. .
. .
.
2
3
. . . .
. 2
3 q
o
q
= =
Tch phn phng trnh trn vi cc cp tng ng ta c:
H
v L dn
v L
C
C
n k
b n e
.
. . . 2
. . . 3
ln
2
1
q
=
H: chiu cao lm vic ca thit b, m
n k b
v v v + = : vn tc tng i ca ht bi i vi git nc, m/s.
C
1
,C
2
: nng u v cui ca ht bi trong kh i qua b lc, Kg/m
3
.
Hiu qu lc ca thit b loi ng chuyn ng ngc chiu vi cng thc:
)
. .
. .
.
2
3
( 1
1
2 1
n k
b n e
v L dn
v L
EXP
C
C C q
q =
=

Bung phun nm ngang:
i vi loi bung phun nm ngang nc phun t trn xung v dng kh i trc
giao ca dng nc, tnh ton dc th hin

Qu trnh tnh ton, biu cng ging nh bung phun kh bui kiu thng ng
v c kt qu q nh cng thc sau:
)
. .
. .
.
2
3
( 1
1
2 1
n k
b n e
v L dn
v L
EXP
C
C C q
q =
=
iu khc bit duy nht gia hai kiu bung phun kh bi l nu trong bung
phun kh bi kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu vn tc bi l v
b
= v
k
+v
n
. Cn
bung phun kh bi nm ngang l v
b
= v
k

Trong thit b kh bi phun nc c o > 0.1m, qu trnh thu gi bi ca nhng
git nc ch yu l di tc ng qun tnh gi ht bi v git nc do h s
q c th xc nh c theo cng thc:

) 35 , 0 (
2
2
tk
tk
e
S
S
+
= q
vi:
dn
v
S
b b
tk
. . 18
. .
2
o
=

b
:khi lng mt n vu bi.
o : ng knh ht bi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

: h s nht ng hc ca chi.

b
v : vn tc bi.
d
n
:ng knh a qut nc.
Trng hp t l gia lng nc phun v lu lng kh trn 0.6.10
-3
m
3
/s
H s q ng vi Stk = 1 -170 cn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

24 , 1
. 15 , 0 1

=
tk e
S q
Ngoi ra, h s
e
q cn c th hin di dng biu ph thuc vo ng
knh qut nc dn v ng knh ht bi o khi git nc ri di tc ng ca trng lc
v kh. Git nc chuyn ng vi gia tc ? trong thp phun li tm.

Cng thc d
n
theo Nukiyama Tanasawa v ng knh git nc phun ra t
thit b phun Venturi c th hin bng cng thc:

5 , 1 45 , 0
3
) .( )
.
.( 4 , 53 .
10 . 585
k
n
n
n
n n k
L
L
v
dn
o
o
+ =

i vi h thng nc khng kh nhit v p sut bnh thng vi vn tc
nc tng i thp,cng thc trn cth n gin ho thnh:

5 , 1
3
) .( 94 , 0
10 . 5
k
n
n k
L
L
v
dn + =

d
n
: ng knh git nc (m )
v
k,n
: vn tc tng i gia nc v khng kh ( m/s )
p
n
: khi lng n v ca nc ( kg/m
3
)
o: sc cng b mt ca nc ( N/m )

n
: h s nht ng lc ca nc ( Pa.S )
L
n
,L
k
: lu lng nc vkh ( m
3
/s )
S v L
n n
. . o = , m
3
/s.
Gi thit rng tt c cc git nc phun ra u cng knh ld
n
th s lng
git nc cha trong khi hnh hp s l:

3
.
. . . 6
dn
dh S
M
t
o
=
Mi mt git nc l mt vt cn n hi hnh cu i vi ht bi vkh bi
chuyn ng v pha vt cn vi vn tc v
b
th mt phn bi s b gi li trn b
mt ca git nc di cc tc ng nh tip xc,va p qun tnh,khuch
tnNu gi C l nng bi trong kh ( kg/m
3
)
q
e
: l hiu qu thu gi bi ca git nc hnh cu
m
b
: l khi lng bi b gi li trong khi hnh cu ( kg/s )

3
2 2
.
. . . 6
.
4
.
. . . .
4
.
. . .
dn
dh S dn
v C N
dn
v C m
b e b e b
t
o t
q
t
q = =
dh
dn
S
v C m
b e b
.
.
. . .
2
3 o
q = , Kg/s
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Khi lng bi m
b
b gi li trong khi hnh hp s cho nng bi thay i mt i
lng l dC ( dC < 0 )
Suy ra :
dh
dn
S
v C m dc S v
b e b k
.
.
. . . .
. 2
3
. .
o
q = =

THIT B KH BI C LP M BNG VT LIU RNG C TI
NC
I. nh ngha:
Thit b kh bi c lp m rng c ti nc cn gi l thit b ra kh hoc
Crub gm mt thng tit din trn hoc ch nht bn trong c cha mt lp m bng
vt liu rng c ti nc khi i t di ln trn xuyn qua lp vt liu rng,khi tip
xc vi b mt t ca lp vt liu rng bi s b bm li ,cn kh sch thot ra
ngi.Mt phn bi b nc cun tri xung thng cha v c x di dng cn
bn.nh k ngi ta thu lp vt liu rng.
C 2 loi thp phun nc: kiu ng v kiu nm ngang.
A) Kiu ng : Thp phun nc kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca kh v
nc.

HNH: Thp ra kh Crub
1: tm c l
2: lp vt liu rng.
3: dn ng phun nc.
u im:
Cho php lm vic vi vn tc ln ( c th t 10m/s ),nh kch thc ca
thit b s c gn nh hn.
Nhc im:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Vi vn tc kh cao,thit b kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu khng th hot
ng c do c hin tng sc nc tc b dng kh thi ngc tr ln v c th
dng tro vo ng ng thot kh sch.

B) Kiu ngang:

Hnh: THIT B PHUN NC C LP M RNG KIU NM NGANG
1: vi phun.
2: v v khung
3: h thng ti nc
4: phn khng ti nc ca lp m thay cho tm chn nc.
5: b cha cn bn.
6: lp vt liu rng.
II. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca lp m rng.
1. ng knh tng ca lp vt liu rng

0
0
4
S
S
d
td
= , m
S
O
: din tch tit din rng trn 1m
2
tit din ngang ca lp vt liu
rng ( m
2
/m
2
).
2. Sc cn kh ng ca lp vt liu rng.
td
k K
d S
v H
P
. . 2
. .
.
2
0
2
= A
( : h s sc cn kh ng ca lp vt liu rng.H s ( ph thuc vo
ch chuyn ng ca kh trong thit b thng qua chun s
Raynon

a k
k k
e
S
v H
R
.
. .
=
khi R
e
< 80 th
85 . 0
.
400
K R
e
=
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

khi 80 < R
e
<400 th
85 . 0
.
70
K R
e
=
khi R
e
> 400 th
85 . 0
.
5 . 16
K R
e
=
k
: vn tc kh i qua tit din sng ca lp vt liu rng ( m/s ).
H : chiu cao ca lp vt liu rng ( m ).
p
k
: khi lng n v ca kh ( kg/m
3
)
3. Hiu qu lc q ca thit b phun nc kh bi c lp m bng vt liu
rng.

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
tk
n
S
d
H
q S
. .
) ).( 1 (
exp 1
0 0
o o
t
q
o : hng s thc nghim ph thuc vo vt liu rng.
d
0
: ng knh hoc kch thc c trng ca cc loi khu dng lm
vt liu rng.
q
n :
lng nc b gi li trong lp vt liu rng.

m a n
S q o . = ,
3
3
m
m

o
m
: b dy ca lp nc lng t b mt tip xc ca lp vt liu rng.
S
tk
: chun s Stokes i vi h s thng kh v bi vi kch thc c
trng do khu ca vt liu rng.

o k
b k
sk
d
v
S
. . 18
. .
2
o
=
Tr s d
0
v o ca cc loi khu khc nhau.
Kt qu: Lng nc phun trong thit b c lp m rng thng nm trong
khong 0,150,5 l/m
3
.Tn tht p sut mt cch tng ng l
160400 Pa v 8003600 Pa trn 1m b dy ca lp vt liu
rng.Hiu qu lc t 90% i vi c bi o> 2m.

THIT B LC BI C A CHA NC SI BT.
I. Nguyn l:
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b c a cha nc si bt l nc cp vo a va
to mt lp nc c b cao thch hp;dng kh i t di ln trn qua a c
l,lm cho lp nc si bt.Bi trong kh tip xc vi b mt ca nhng bong bng nc
v b gi li ri theo nc chy xung thng cha.
Thit b lc bi kiu t si bt c kh nng lc bi c bng hoc trn 5m vi
hiu qu lc tng i cao.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Hnh : LOI GIT NC DP KH.
1. v thit b.
2. vi phun nc.
3. a c l.

Hnh : LOI CHY TRN.
1. v thit b; 2.a c l;3. hp cha nc cp vo
4.Tm chn chy trn.
5.Hp x nc trn.
II. Cc thng s k thut:
d
0
= 48mm : ng knh l trn ca a c l.( hoc b = 45 mm rnh
song song b rng)
Din tch sng ca a nm trong khong 0,20,25 m
2
/m
2
.( khi s dng
thit b vi mc ch va lc bi va lm ngi kh th din sng ca a c
th ln n 0,40,5 m
2
/m
2
).
V mt sc cn thy lc v kh ng,b dy ca a c l nm trong
khong 80 10 mm.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Thit b lc si bt kiu chy trn.
d
0
= 38 mm.
S
0
= 0,150,25 m
2
/m
2
( din tch sng).

k
= 515 m/s ( vn tc kh qua tit din sng ca a tng ng vi vn
tc kh trn ton din tit din ngang ca thit b l 13 m/s ).
Tit din ngang ln nht ca thit b thng khong 58 m
2
.
Lu lng ti cho 1m
3
kh 0,20,3 l/m
3

B cao H
bt
ca lp bt trn a c l 80100 mm
B dy a c l 46 mm
Suy ra sc cn kh ng ca lp bt:
o
. 10 . 96 . 1 ) ( 8 . 11
. 2
.
65 . 1
4 82 . 0
2
0
2
+ + = A
k
bot
n
k K
bot
v
H
S
v
P , Pa
Trong cng nghip :
Pbot
= 3001000 Pa.
Hiu qu lc q ca thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt.
q : ph thuc vo cao lp bt trn a c l.C 2 cng thc xc nh q

032 . 0
. 705 . 0
bot
H = q

032 . 0
. 790 . 0
bot
H = q
Ngoi ra, q cn ph thuc vo thng s vt l ca bi.
Bi d thm t:
04 . 0
0
2
.
005 . 0
2
0
. .
.
.
) .(
.
89 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
=
d g
v
h h g
L v
n
k b
p
k k
o
q
Bi kh thm t:
235 . 0
0
2
.
005 . 0
2
0
. .
.
.
) .(
.
89 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
=
d g
v
h h g
L v
n
k b
p
n k
o
q
Trong :
h
0
: chiu cao ca l trn a c l ( m )
( b dy ca a )
h
p
: chiu cao ca tm phn x ( m )
d
0
: ng knh l trn trn a c l ( m )
n
: h s nht ng lc ca nc ( Pa.S )
k :
vn tc kh qua tit din sng ca a c l ( m/s )

THIT B LC BI VI LP HT HNH CU DI NG
I. Cu to:
Vt liu ch to ht cu l nha,cao su hoc thy tinh.Ht rng hoc c.
m bo cho cc ht cu chuyn ng mt cch t do trong hn hp kh nc bn trong
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

thit b,khi lng n v ca ht cu p
h
( kg/m
3
) khng c vt qu khi lng n
v ca nc p
n

p
h
< p
n
Ch thy-kh ng ti u cho s hot ng ca thit b lc bi l khi lp cu
c bay ln xo trn u trong khng gian gia 2 tm li chn.

Hnh: THIT B LC BI VI LP HT HNH CU DI NG.
1,3 : tm chn c l hoc li.
2 : ht cu.
4 : vi phun nc.
5 : tm chn nc.

II. Cc thng s tnh ton
Vn tc kh
k
v' ng vi giai on u xo trn ton phn ca lp ht cu c
xc nh theo cng thc:
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
25 . 0
0
6 . 12 exp . .
.
k
n
hat
k
L
L
S a
d g
v

Trong :
d
ht
: ng knh ht cu ( m ).
a : h s t l,ph thuc vo b
b l b rng khe trn tm chn li
b = 2 mm a = 2,8.10
3

b > 2 mm a = 4,6.10
3

Gii hn cho php ca vn tc kh
k
v ' '

trn ton tit din ngang ca thit b
khng ph thuc vo b rng ca rnh c xc nh theo cng thc thc
nghim:

15 . 0
4 . 0
0
. . 9 . 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ' '
k
n
k
L
L
S v ,m/s
Cc gii hn cho php:
Vn tc kh : 56 m/s.
T l nc kh : 0,50,7 l/m
3
.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Tit din sng trn tm li chn : S
o
= 0,4 m
2
/m
2
.
B rng ca rnh: 46 mm.
Khi lc kh c bi dng keo hoc bi c xu hng ng cn,rnh trn tm
chn di c th nhn ln hn. S
o
= 0,50,6 m
2
/m
2
.
ng knh ca ht cu tha iu kin:
10 >
hat
d
D

D : ng knh thit b
Thng d
h
= 2040 mm v p
h
= 200300 kg/m
3
.
H
tnh
: chiu cao ti thiu ca lp ht cu tnh

hat tinh
d H ). 8 5 ( =
ti a: 1 s
D
H
tinh

Chiu cao gia 2 tm chn x rnh ca thit b

trong dong
H H H + =
H
ng
: chiu cao ng,tc chiu cao bay ln ca lp ht cu trng
thi ha trn u ha trong dng kh.
H
trng
: chiu cao khong trng cn li di tm chn trn.
dong trong
H H ). 2 . 0 1 . 0 ( =
93 . 0
0
6 . 0 3 . 0
) .( . . 118 . 0
S
v
H v H
k
tinh n dong
=
Sc cn kh ng ca thit b trong vng tip xc gia kh-nc ht cu
n hat chan
P P P P A + A + A = A
P
chn
: sc cn kh ng ca 2 li chn bn di,trn ( Pa )
P
ht
: sc cn kh ng ca lp ht cu kh v tnh ( Pa )
P
n
: sc cn kh ng gy ra do nc bm trn b mt ht cu ( Pa )
) 1 .( .
0
c c = A
tinh hat hat
H P , Pa
1 . 0 92 . 0 17 . 0 24 . 0
. . . . . 128

c = A
hat tinh n k hat
H v v g P , Pa
Trong :
hat
c : trng lng n v ca ht cu N/m
3
.
r
o
: rng ca lp ht hnh cu trng thi tnh r
o
= 0,4
n
: vn tc nc tnh trn tit din sng ca li chn ( m/s )
Mt dng thit b cng loi nhng c khc bit i cht v nguyn l hot ng
so vi cc thit b va nu trn c gi l thit b lc bi vi lp bng cu lay
ng.Trong thit b ny qu bng cu khng bay ln theo dng kh m ch lay
chm s st vo nhau va t ra sch lp cn bm trn b mt kh vo thit b
trc tin trc khi i vo cc lung phun nc.Sau mi len qua lp bng
cu bng thy tinh b cao 155 mm.Sc cn ca thit b khong 10001500
Pa.khi t l phun nc l 0,250,56 l/m
3
.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Hiu sut lc ca thit b nu trn c th t n 99% vi c ht ~2m.
) . 38 exp( 1
tk
cau
S
d
H
= q

THIT B RA KH VA P QUN TNH

Trong thit b ny s tip xc ca kh vi nc c thc hin do s va p ca dng
kh ln b mt cht lng v do s thay i hng t ngt ca dng kh.Kt qu ca s
va p l cc git lng ng knh 300400 m c to thnh,lm gia tng qu trnh
lng bi.

HNH : Thit b thu hi bi va p qun tinh.
Kh vi vn tc ln i vo thp,vn tc kh n gn b mt cht lng khong 15m/s
.Khi quay vng 180
o
din ra s lng bi qun tnh trn cc git lng.
i vi thit b loi ny mc nc c nh ng vai tr quan trng.S thay i nh ca
mc nc cng c th lm gim hiu qu thu hi bi hoc lm tng tr lc thit b.
Nh khng c cc l nh phn phi nc v cc b phn chuyn ng nn thit b
dng ny c th x l kh c nng bi cao.Dng thit b trn hnh ( b),c ng
dgn rng ri,trong dng kh i vo dng ng ng c tng tc u ra nh thu
hp ng n 3555 mm/s va p vo b mt cht lng.Mc nc thp hn u ng ra
khong 23 mm.
Hiu qu ca thit b thu hi bi va p qun tnh n 99,5% i vi cc ht bi 3 m
v ln hn.Tiu hao nc t 0,0050,15 l/m
3
kh.Tr lc vo khong 15004000
N/m
2
.Nng sut c th t 40000 m
3
/h.

THIT B RA KH LY TM
Thu hi bi trong thit b ra kh li tm din ra di tc dng ca 2 lc: lc li tm
v lc qun tnh.
Cc thit b ra kh li tm c ng dgn trong thc t,theo kt cu c th chia lm 2
dng:
1.Thit b,trong dng xoy c thc hin nh cnh qut quay t trung
gian.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

2.Thit b vi ng kh vo theo phng tip tuyn,nc ra kh chy qua vi
phun trung tm v chy thnh mng trn thnh thit b.
c im ca thit b ra kh li tm l cht lng t b cun theo kh,bi v lc li tm lm
lng cc git lng ln thnh thit b.
lm sch khng kh trong h thng iu ha ngi ta ng dng xiclon vi
mng nc .Nc c a vo thit b ny pha trn,chy thnh mng trn b mt
trong ca thit b.Khng kh nhim bi c a vo di mt gc no vi trc
xiclon.Hiu qu thu hi bi c kch thc 25m 90%,tiu hao nc 0,12 l/m
3
kh.

THIT B RA KH VN TC CAO
( Thit b ra kh Venturi )
lm sch kh khi bi kch thc 12 m v nh hn,ngi ta ng dng ch
yu cc thit b ra kh vn tc ln.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Dng kh bi chuyn ng vi vn tc 70150 m/s p v nc thnh cc git
cc nh. xoy rt cao ca dng kh v vn tc tng i gia bi v git lng ln thc
y qu trnh y bi trn cc git lng.
tng tc dng kh ngi ta ng dng cc c cu khc nhau nh ng dn kh c
vch ngn,dng chpTuy nhin,a s ngi ta s dgn ng Venturi c co u vo
ca kh on chuyn tip nh hnh tr, kh chuyn ng vi tc ln nht,sau l
on ng phnh to ra, y vn tc gim xung.
Thit b ra kh Venturi c th chia thnh 2 loi p sut cao v loi p sut
thp.Loi th nht c ng dgn x l bi kch thc vi m v nh hn v c
trng bi ct p ln n 20.00030.000 N/m
2
.Loi th 2 c s dng iu ha
kh,tr lc ca chng khng vt qu 500 N/m
2
.
Cc thit b ra kh Venturi c nng sut ln n 500.000 m
3
kh/hvn tc kh
150 m/s.Tiu hao nc cho tt c cc loi thit b Venturi c nh v bng khang 0,8
l/m
3
kh.

II.5 PHNG PHP HP TH:
Nguyn tc : cho dng kh thi tip xc vi pha lng. Trong qu trnh tip xc,
cc kh nhim c chuyn t pha kh t pha kh vo pha lng nh qu trnh hp th.
C 2 dng hp th: Hp th vt l;Hp th ho hc
A) Hp th vt l:
+ Da vo s ho tan ca cu t kh trong pha lng tc l kh nhim ch ho
tan vo trong pha lng.
+ Cht hp th thng c s dng l nc hoc dung mi hu c.
+ C cu ca qu trng hp th vt l gm 3 bc:
Bc 1: khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim thi khi trong kh thi n b mt cht
lng hp th.
Bc 2: thm nhp v ho tan trn b mt ca cht hp th.
Bc 3: khuch tn cht nhim ho tan trn b mt ngn cch su trong lng khi
cht hp th.
B) Hp th ho hc:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

+ Tc l gia cht b hp th v cht hp th hoc cu t trong pha lng xy ra
phn ng ho hc.
+ Thit b hp th kh thi c hi thng l cc thp hp th.
+ Qu trnh hp th c thc hin trn nhiu thp khc nhau: thp phun, thp
m, thp mm.
II.5.1 C S L THUYT:
Khi lm sch cc tp cht ho hc th kh, qu trnh ho kh trong dichchj th
ng vai tr quan trng. Lng kh ho tan trong dicjh th ng vai tr quan trng, lng
kh ho tan trong dch th ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh, dch th v iu kin ho tan:
nhit dch th v p sut kh trn b mt dch th. Ap sut ring hn ca kh cng ln,
lng kh c ho tan vo dch th cng nhiu. Quan h ny c gi l nh lut Henry
v biu th theo cng thc:
C = H.P (5-1)
Trong C: nng cc phn t trong dch th.
P: p sut ring phn ca cu t trong hn hp kh.
H: hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh, dch th v nhit .
Khi nghin cu qu trnh hp th cn xc nh phng trnh cn bng lm c s
xc nh lng vt cht cn hp th v xc nh cc n nguyn ca thit b (cng sut
my) v tc ho tan xc nh cu to v kch thc ca thit b.
Biu th:
G:lu lng khi ca kh.
L:lu lng khi ca dch hp th.

X , X : nng kh b hp th cc giai on u v cui trong dch th hp
th.
Y , Y : nng kh b hp th giai on u v cui c trong kh cn lm
sch.
Lng vt cht b hp th c trong kh bng: G(Y
1
Y
2
)
Lng vt cht ny s b vt th hp th do vy nng vt cht c trong vt th tng ln
v phng trnh cn bng vaath cht s l:
G(Y
1
Y
2
) = L(X
2
X
1
)

1 2
2 1
) (
X X
Y Y G
L
= (5-2)
Khi tnh lu lng dch th theo cng thc (5-2) cn lu : nng cui ca vt
th cn hp th c trong kh (Y
2
) c lin quan n nng ca n trong dch th (X2) v
tun theo nh lut Henry, nn khi tnh gi tr L cn tnh ng gi tr X
2
, Y
2
.
Ngoi ra khi p dng cng thc (5-2) cn chn ng th nguyn ca mi tha s.
Lng vt cht b hp th (b ho tan) xc nh theo cng thc:
t F P K G . . .A = (5-3)
Trong :
K: h s hp th c trng tc ho tan ca cu t kh trong hn hp cho.
P :lc chuyn hp th trong bnh hay lc chuyn khi trung bnh.
F: b mt tip xc gi kh v vt th.
t: thi gian tip xc.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Phng trnh (5-3) cng ging nh phng trnh truyn nhit. Khi tnh qu trnh hp th
thng xc nh b mt tip xc gia kh v dch th m bo cht c hp th hon
ton.
T phng trnh (5-2) xc nh c b mt hp th cn thit:

t P k
G
F
. .A
= (5-4)
Lng vt cht b hp thu tnh theo phng trnh cn bng, cn thi gian t c
tha nhn trong mt gi.
II.5.2 THIT B:
1) Thp phun:
Trong thp phun, cht lng c phun thnh bi m (sng) t trn xung, kh
thng i t di ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng thc t ca cht hp
th trong pha kh gim daanftheo chiu t di i ln v nng trong thit b hp th
trong pha lng tng dn theo chiu t trn xung. Qu trnh ny rt c li cho vic tng
hiu qu qun l.

Thp hp th phun c th chia lm 3 loi khc nhau:
i vi kiu thng rng:
Thit b hp thu kiu thng rng c vi phun sng thng t phia trn phun
xung. Trong trng hp thp hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta thng t cc vi phun
chia ra cc tng.
u im:
n gin, u t thp.
Lc cn thu ng nh,
S dng i vi kh thi c nhim cao.
Tit kim c cht hp th: do cht lng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp
th no mi thi.
Nhc im:
Kh thng phn b khng u trong ton b thp.
Hiu sut x l khng cao.
H s chuyn khi thp, v tc dng kh nh.
Thit b phun thun dng tc cao:
Thit b kiu ny ph hp vi dng kh thi c vn tc ln (khong 20-30 m/s).
cho nn khi vn hnh cht lng thng b cun theo dng kh sau c tch bra vi
mt thit b km theo. Thit b phun thun dng tc d cao. Kh thi vi tc cao i qua
ng tht, cun theo cht lng, t ca ch di dng bi sng v cng i vo vo khuch
tn ri n b phn tch cht lng. Trong vng khuch tn, ng nng ca dng kh
chuyn thnh p lc vi mc hao ht l cc tiu. Thit b phun thun dng tc cao
c s dng kh ph bin trong x l kh thi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Hinh: Thit b tch bi khi dng kh dng Venteri.
Thit b phun sng kiu c kh:
c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit, n t c s dng.
Tu lu lng, nng v cng ho tan ta chn cc phng php.

Hnh: S hp th kiu vi phun
1) Gin phun.
2) Bung thit b hp th.
3) Thit b phun.
4) B lng hay phim lc.
5) Bm.

2)Thp m:
lm tng din tch tip xc gia hai pha, ngi ta thng nhi cc vt th
lng cng nh c, snh x, vng than cc
Khi vn hnh th kh thi i t di ln trn cn cht lng th i t trn xung.
thit b t hiu qu cao th lu lng ca hai pha phi c tnh ton trc.
Khi cht lng chy trn b mt vt th m, v c bn chng c c trng ca mng cht
lng. Tuy nhin v bn cht ca qu trnh vn hnh, gia thit b hp th mng v thit b
th m c s khc nhau.
thit b hp th mng, mng cht lng chuyn ng lin tc theo chiu cao
ca thp hp th. Cn trong thit b hp thu m th khi mng cht lng chuyn ng t
n nguyn ca vt m ny sang n nguyn ca vt m khc th mng c b ph rch
v mng mi c hnh thnh. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li trong sut chiu cao ca
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

thp. Vic ph v l do s chuyn ng ngc chiu ca dng kh. Do vy m thp m
phn no c mang tnh cht nh mt thit b hp th si bt.
S chuyn ng thun dng trong thp m c s dng nhng trng hp
khi tc kh thi kh ln (khong 18 m/s) , s b tr thun dng s lm tng qu trnh
trao i cht, gim tr lc thu ng v gim kch thc ca thit b.
Trong trng hp hp th i km vi phn ng thu phn hoc to kt ta th
ngi ta thng dng thp hp th m ni. Cc lp m ni (nhng mnh bt xp
polyme hay cc qu cu lng lm bng cht liu do) c treo l lng bi dng kh
trong thp va bi cc tm li . Gia cc lp m l khong trng m bo cho cc
kt ta khng lm tc nghn s lu thng ca cc dng kh qua cc lp m. Tt nhin
y cht hp th lng cng c chuyn ng t trn i xung.
u im: lm vic vi tc dng kh ln m khng b tt nghn.
Nhc im:kh thot nhit trong qu trnh hp th. Mun tch nhit phi lm lnh
tun hon.

3) Thp hp th si bt:
c s dng trong cc trng hp:
Ti lng cao.
Ap sut kh thi lowssn.
Qu trnh p th c s ti nhit cn c lm lnh.
Cc kiu hp th si bt chnh gm:
Si bt qua li (hay vt liu xp).
Si bt qua cc vt liu chp xen k.
Trn c hc kh v cht lng.
Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim th
tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lng gp tr lc ln.
Nhng kiu hp th ny li c u im l h s chuyn ng rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng thi
cng tng tr lc ca thit b. V vy, thng thng ngi ta khng tng
lp cht lng qu 50 mm.

X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Hnh. Cu to ca thit b si bt

II.6 PHNG PHP HP PH
II.6.1 KHI NIM:
Qu trnh ht kh bay hi hoc cht ho tan trong cht lng bng cht rn xp gi
l qu trnh hp ph.
Cht b ht gi l cht b hp ph.
Cht rn xp gi l chthp ph.
Hp ph kh hay hi trong hn hp khng kh n gin hn so vi hp ph cht
tan trong dung dch.
iu kin bnh thng khi hp ph kh trong hn hp vi khng kh th khng
kh khng b hp ph.Nhng khi hp ph cht ho tan trong dung dch th mi
trng c th b hp ph.
II.6.2 PHN LOI CHT HP PH:
Hp ph trao i ion:
L hp ph c cc km theo s trao i ion gia cc cht hp ph v dung
dch.Qu trnh ny ch ch xy ra khi hp ph cht tan trong dung dch v c
ng knh mao qun ca cht hp ph b hn 5A
0
.
Hp ph ho hc:
L hp ph c km theo phn ng ho hc gia cc cht b hp ph v cht hp
ph.Qu trnh ny xy ra c trong mi trng khng kh v mi trng lng,khi
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

ng knh mao qun ca cht hp ph ln hn 200A
0
v thng xy ra nhit
cao ln hn 200C
0
.
Hp ph khng km theo phn ng ho hc
Chia lm hai loi:Hp ph vt l v hp ph kch ng.
Hp ph vt l c nhng c im sau:
- Lc hp ph l lc Vandevan, tc l lc ht tng h gia cc phn t.
- Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh thun nghch hon ton .
- Nhit to ra khng ng k.
- C th hp ph mt lp hoc nhiu lp.
Hp ph kch ng c nhng c im sau:
- To thnh mt lp c bit trn b mt cht hp ph gi l n phn t
hay l lp b mt,c khi n phn t ny khng ph kn b mt cht hp
ph.
- Qu trnh ny xy ra chm,cn phi kch thch tng tc ( dng nh
sng hay tng nhit ).
- Nhit to ra ln tng ng vi nhit phn ng.
Trong thc t cc loi hp ph c th xy ra ng thi v tu theo iu kin thc
hin qu trnh m hp ph loi ny c th chim u th hn loi kia.

II.6.3 CC LOI CHT HP PH:
L nhng vt liu rn c cu trc rt xp v din tch b mt ring ln.
c trng c bn ca cht hp ph l hot .C 2 loi hot :hot tnh v
hot ng lc.
- Hot tnh:
c c trng bi lng ti a cht b hp ph do 1 n v th tch hay
n v khi lng cht b hp ph ht c mt nhit v nng nht nh
ca cht b hp ph c trong pha kh(hi) cho n khi t n cn bng.
- Hot ng lc
c c trng bi lng ti a cht b hp ph do mt n v ht tch hay
khi lng cht b hp ph ht c trong khong thi gian tnh t khi bt u
hp ph cho n khi xut hin cht b hp ph trong pha kh i ra.
Cc cht hp ph cng nghip c bn l than hot tnh,silicagen,keo nhm
( oxit nhm hot ho ) zeolit v ionit ( cht trao i ion ).
a) Than hot tnh
Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph,rn,xp,khng phn cc v cb mt ring
rt ln.
V bn cht nguyn t,n thuc nhm graphit,mt dng hnh th ca cacbon
gm cc tinh th nh c cu trc bt trt t nhng khc vi graphit l trong tinh th ca
than hot tnh cc vng 6 nguyn t cacbon sp xp km trt t hn.V vy than hot
tnh c cu to xp hn v to nn nhiu l hng khng ng u v rt phc tp.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Cu trc l xp phc tp v b mt ring khc nhau lm chocc loi than hot
tnh ny tr nn ckh nng hp th khc nhau.Vic to ara cc loi than khc nhau ph
thuc ch yu vo cch ch to
Nhn chung,cc lo xp trong than hot tnh c bn knh hiu dng t vi chc
n hng chc nghn A
0
.V mt cu to,n c cu to kiu ng gm mt h l xp mao
qun thng nhau v thng vi mi trng bn ngoi vi cu trc khng gian ba
chiu.C th chia kch thc l xp theo 3 loi sau:
Dng vi mao qun :
Bn knh hiu dng c 10A
0
,c b mt ring ln nht
( 350 1000m
2
/g ) v chim phn ch yu trong than hot tnh.
Dng mao qun trung gian :
C bn knh hiu dng trong khong 100 250A
0

dng ny c b mt ring khng ln lm,khong 100 m
2
/g
Dng mao qun ln :
C bn knh hiu dng khong 1000 10000A
0
,dng ny
cb mt ring rt nh ,khng qu 2 m
2
/g
Cu trc than hot tnh nh ta bit l ph thuc vo kch thc mao qun, theo
cch khc ta c th chia ra thnh 2 loi cu trc :
Loi 1:L loi than hot tnh hot ho trung bnh,b t chy khng qu
50%,loi ny c mao qun tng i nh ,ng knh mao qun nh
hn 2.10
-6
mm.
Loi 2: L loi than hot ho cao,b t chy vt qu 75%.ng knh
mao qun t 2.10
-6
6.10
-6
mm.Gia 2 loi cu trc trn cn c cc
loi than vi t chy trong gii hn t 50% - 75%.
Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt i vi cc cht khng phn cc dng
kh v dng lng.T lu than hot tnh c s dng lm mt n phng c,lm
sch mi v kh mi cc sn phm du m.Ngy nay trn th gii,than hot tnh c
coi nh l mt cht hp ph ch yu trong cng ngh s l lm sch mi trng bao
gm cc lnh vc:
Lm sch nc ung,x l nc sinh hot hoc x l nc thi ca cc
cng trnh c nhim bn thp.Trong nhng trng hp ny than hot tnh s gi li
cc hp cht hu c ho tan,nht l cht gy mi,gy mu v c vt nhng kim loi
nng.Than hot tnh c bit c hiu qu x l cao i vi nc b nhim nh cc cht
dit tr dch hi .
X l nc thi cng nghip:Ngi ta s dng than hot tnh trong nhng
trng hp hp ph cc cht km hoc khng b vi sinh vt phn hy,cc cht gy c
hi i vi cc vi sinh vt,trong trng hp ny x l chn lc bng than hot tnh ng
vai tr nh l qu trnh tin x l cho cc bc x l sinh hc tip theo.
X l cp ba nc thi cng nhip v th.
Khi than hp ph no ( bo ha),n khng cn kh nng hp ph tip tc
na.i vi than hot tnh,trong nhng trng hp ny khng phi b i m c th ti
sinh v s dng li c.i a s cc cht hp ph trn than hot tnh u c th gii
hp bng nhit.Khi trong mi trng c nhit cao,cc cht hu c cng nh phn
t axit d bay hi tch khi b mt ca than.i vi mi vt cht s c mt nhit
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

x l ph hp.Vi cc cht ca kim loi th thng thng phi gii hp bng axit sau
ra sch bng nc v sy ti sinh.
Nghin cu vt liu hp ph trn c s than hot tnh ngi ta tm ra v ng
dng vi si than hot tnh c kh nng hp ph tt v bn nhit.
u im ca vic s dng si cacbon hot tnh so vi than hot tnh l m bo
hiu qu thu hi cao trn 99%; gim tht thot dung mi do phn hy nhit ca dung
mi khi c than hot tnh lm xc tc.Gim nguy c chy n,thit b gn.
ng dng thu hi dung mi c nhit cao.

HNH. Thp hp ph s dng than hot tnh.

b) Silicagen
L Oxit Silic v nh hnh ngm nc ( SiO
2
.nH
2
O )
Th tch l xp ca Silicagen khong 0,3 1,2 cm
3
/g
Din tch b mt 300 750 m
2
/g.
Ngi ta dng Silicagen hp ph cht phn cc.
Silicagen c l xp mn c dng hp ph cc hi v kh d ngng t.
Silicagen c l xp th v trung bnh ht hi cc hp cht hu c.
Silicagen khng chy,c nhit ti sinh thp 100 200
0
C v bn c
hc.Tuy nhin n d b phn hy bi git m.
c ) Keo nhm
Oxit nhm hot ha Al
2
O
3
.nH
2
O ( 0n0,6 ) c iu ch bng cch nung
cc Hydroxit nhm khc nhau.
Din tch b mt ca keo nhm l 170 220 m
2
/g.
Tng th tch l xp khong 0,6 1 cm
3
/g.
Khc vi Silicagen,keo nhm bn vi tc dng ca cc git m.Chng c ng
dng thu hi cc hp cht hu c phn cc v sy kh.
d ) Ionit :cht trao i ion
L hp cht cao phn t.
Hin nay cha c p dng x l kh thi cng nghip.
e ) Zeolit
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

L cc nhm Silic cha cc oxit kim loi kim.
Cng thc ha hc tng qut: Me
2/ n
Al
2
O
3
.xSiO
2
.7H
2
O
( Me:kim loi kim )
Zeolit c kh nng hp ph hi cc hp cht phn cc v cc cht c ni i
trong phn cc,ngoi ra Zeolit cn c kh nng ln hp ph hi nc.
Zeolit gi c hot tnh cao nhit tng i ln 150 250
0
C. l u
im ca Zeolit so vi cc cht hp ph khc.
Tuy nhin do th tch l xp ca Zeolit nh v vy lng cht hp ph t hn so
vi cc cht hp ph cng nghip khc.
II .6.4 PHNG PHP TI SINH:
Cn thit phi ti sinh cht hp ph thu hi cu t hp ph v phc hi kh
nng hp ph ca cht hp ph.Chi ph ti sinh chim t 40% n 70% tng chi
ph ca qu trnh lm sch.
Ti sinh bng cch tng nhit ,ht cu t b hp ph bng cht hp ph khc
mnh hn,gim p sut ( bao gm to chn khng ) hoc t hp cc phng php
ny.
Nh hp ph bng nhit c thc hin bng cch nung cht hp ph bo ha n
nhit xc nh bng tip xc trc tip vi hi nc,khng kh t nng,
hoc lm nng qua thnh vi dng kh t thi qua.
Nhit ti sinh than hot tnh,Silicagen,keo nhm vo khong 100 200
0
C,cn
i vi Zeolit t 100 400
0
C.
nh cht hp ph hu c c th dng Dioxit cacbon,Amoniac,nc,mt vi
cht hu c c kh nng ht chn lc cht cn nh.
Nh hp ph bng cch gim p sut c thc hin theo 2 phng n:
Gim p sut nu qu trnh hp ph din ra p sut d
To chn khng nu gian on hp ph c thc hin p sut thng.
Qu trnh hp ph c th tin hnh trong lp cht hp ph khng chuyn
ng,tng si v chuyn ng,tuy nhin trn thc t ph bin nht l thit b vi
lp cht hp ph khng chyn ng c b tr trong thp ng,nm v
vng.Thp ng c s dng trong dng kh nh.

II .6.5 THIT B HP PH.
C rt nhiu thit b lm sch kh bng phng php hp ph.Ta chia thit b
hp ph ra thnh cc loi sau y:
Thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khnmg chuyn ng
Thit b hp ph vi cht ph chuyn ng
Thit b hp ph tng hp.
a ) S cu to ca thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khng chuyn
ng.
Nguyn l lm vic: Cht hp ph c a trc vo thit b nhiu ngn
vi dy lp cht hp ph nht nh.Kh bn c a vo thit b,chng s chui qua
cc lp cht hp ph, cc kh c hi s b cht hp ph gi li,kh sch nh cc
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

ng dn c a ra ngoi. tng tnh hp ph,thit b c cung nhit (c th bng
hi nc)

Hi nc c ngng t thit b ngng.

HNH.thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph khng chuyn ng

b) S cu to ca thit b hp ph vi cht hp ph chuyn ng
Nguyn l lm vic: Cht hp ph c cung cp lin tc t trn xung v c
lm sch nh b phn lm sch 3 ( lm sch bng nc ),nh thit b phn phi 2 c
phn phi u trong khu vc hp ph 1.Kh bn c a vo khu vc hp ph 1, y
din ra qu trnh lm sch kh,kh sch c a ra ngoi,nh van 5 cht hp ph (
c lm sch mt phn ) c x ra ngoi.
1) Khu vc hp ph
2) Thit b phn phi
3) B phn lm sch
4) B phn t nng
5) Van
c ) S cu to thit b hp ph tng hp
Nguyn l lm vic: loi thit b tng hp,cht hp ph cng c cung cp
lin tc vo thit b nhng nh tm chn v ng trn,chng vn chuyn ng nhng l
c khi ( ging nh lp cht hp ph trong thit b hp ph vi lp cht hp ph khng
chuyn ng ).V vy hiu sut hp ph loi thit b ny cao hn.

II.6.6 PHNG PHP XC TC NHIT
Phng php ny c s dng trong trng hp khi m qu trnh sn xut khng
th thu hi hay ti sinh i vi thi,kh thi c th chng c nhng sinh ra cht
nhim th cp khng c hi nh l Hydro Cacbon,cc dung mi
C ht tin hnh t kh thi trc tip c thu hi nhit v khng thu hi nhit.
Thu hi nhit th phi t kh thi trong bung t.Khng thu hi nhit th c th
t ngay trong ming ng khi.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Thi gian gn y pht trin phng php thiu hy kiu xc tc.Trong trng hp
ny nhit oxy ha khng vt qu 250 300
0
C.Lm sch kh thi theo phng
php xc tc r hn 2-3 ln so vi phng php thiu t bng l nhit cao,v n
gim bt tiu hao nng lng v thc hin qu trnh lin tc.
Ngi ta c th dng cc thanh kim loi hoc hp cht kim loi bch kim ,ng v
cc kim loi tng t lm cc vt xc tc.Bi v cht chy xc tc l b mt c
din tch b mt t kh thi cn c rt nhiu vt xc tc v phi b tr sao cho
chng c b mt xc tc ln nht.

II.6.7 PHNG PHP SINH HA VI SINH
Trong mi trng t nhin ( t,nc,khng kh ) c rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt
sng bng ngun dinh dng gm cc cht hu c v v c.Phng php vi
sinh l li dng cc vi sinh vt phn hy hoc tiu th cc kh thi c hi nht
l cc kh thi t cc nh my thc phm,nh my phn m,phn tng hp hu
c,cc vi sinh vt s hp th v ng ha cc cht kh thi hu c,v c c hi
v thi ra kh N
2
v NO
2

Thng thng vi sinh vt pht trin mnh cn c iu kin l: nhit 25
0
C
30
0
C, m 95 100
0
C tc kh lu thng khong 2m/
ph
.
Nguyn l ca h thng :
Bao gm mt h thng cc ng PVC chn su 1 3m di t hoc cht .Mt
dng kh i qua cc lng rng ca t chng s c hp th vo t v ca cht v
nhanh chng c Oxy ha bng sinh vt v ha hc.
S hp ph kh vo t ty thuc vo loi t.Thi lu ca kh tng i cao
trong t c nhiu khong st v hp cht mn.t cn c gi m v m cho cc
hot ng ca vi sinh vt din ra thun li.

S b x l kh c hi bng phng php vi sinh
1) ng ng phn phi kh
2) Lp to ra cc l trng v hng
3) Hn hp phn rc
4) Mi che
5) Gin phu
6) Thnh b hp ph

Chng III: TNH TON CNG NGH
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

III.1.S cng ngh:
- Kh thi c tp trung bng chp ht v dn qua thp hp ph x l.
- H thng gm 1 cp thp hp ph thay phin nhau hot ng. S thay phin nhau ca
hai thp c iu khin bng cc kho c th hin trong hnh v.
- Khi thi sau khi x l s c thi ra ngoi ra ng khi.
- Nc thi v sinh thp s c thi ra b cha nc thi.
III.2.Tnh ton hp ph:
- Ap sut lm vic: P = 1 atm = 760 mmHg.
- Nhit lm vic: t
o
= 25
o
C.
- Tnh cht ca than hot tnh:
- Khi lng ring xp:
k
= 500 ( Kg/m
3
)
- ng knh ca ht than: dg = 0,004 (m).
- xp lp hp ph: c =37%.
III.3.Tnh ton cn bng vt cht:
- Lu lng kh u vo ca kh H2S l:
) / 2 ( , 2 1000
100
2 , 0
3
2
h S H m Q
S H
= =
- Phn mol ca H2S trong pha khi u vo:
y

= )
2
( , 002 , 0
1000
2
KmolKT
S KmolH
=
_T s khi lng u vo:

- Phn khi lng u vo :
).
2
( 00234 , 0
29 ) 002 , 0 1 ( 34 002 , 0
34 002 , 0
). 1 ( .
.
2
2
KgKT
S KgH
M y M y
M y
y
o Ktr d S H d
S H d
d
=
+

=
+
=
'

) / ( 2 , 1
3
m mg C
cp
=
Tra bng TCVN-2001. khu vc cng nghip. Cng ngh cp A.
- Phn mol ca H2S trong pha kh u ra:
)
2
( 10 . 91 , 7
34
10 . 4 , 22 2 , 1
7
6
KmolKT
S KmolH
y
c
=

- Phn khi lng kh u ra:
).
2
( 10 . 27 , 9
29 ) 10 . 91 , 7 1 ( 34 10 . 91 , 7
34 10 . 91 , 7
). 1 ( .
.
7
7 7
7
2
2
KgKT
S KgH
M y M y
M y
y
o Ktr C S H C
S H C
c
'
=
+

=
+
=
- T khi lng u ra:
).
2
( 10 . 27 , 9
29 ) 10 . 91 , 7 1 (
34 10 . 91 , 7
). 1 (
.
7
7
7
2
KgKT
S KgH
M y
M y
Y
o Ktr C
S H C
C
'
=

=
=
)
2
( , 00235 , 0
29
34
)
002 , 0 1 (
002 , 0
.
1
2
o KgKtr
S KgH
M
M
y
y
Y
o KTr
S H
d
d
d
'
=
=
'
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

- Hiu sut l thuyt:
% 9 , 99 % 100 .
00234 . 0
10 . 27 , 9 00234 , 0
% 100 .
7
=
=

d
C d
lt
Y
Y Y
e

_ Khi lng ring kh u vo:
) / ( 2951 , 1 ) 002 , 0 1 (
4 , 22
29
002 , 0
4 , 22
34
) 1 .(
4 , 22
.
4 , 22
3 2
m KgKT y
M
y
M
d
KK
d
S H
d
= + = + =

- Khi lng ring kh u ra:
- ) / ( 2946 , 1 ) 10 . 91 , 7 1 (
4 , 22
29
10 . 91 , 7
4 , 22
34
) 1 .(
4 , 22
.
4 , 22
3 7 2
m KgKT y
M
y
M
C
KK
C
S H
C
= + = + =

Khi lng ring trung bnh trong thit b:

) / ( 29485 , 1
2
2946 , 1 2951 , 1
2
3
m KgKT
C d
tb
=
+
=
+
=

- Sut lng u vo ca hn hp kh:
) / ( 1 , 1295 2951 , 1 1000 . h KgKT Q G
d d d
= = =
- Lng kh H2S c hp ph trong mt gi:
) / 2 ( 029 , 3 ) 10 . 27 , 9 00234 , 0 .( 1 , 1295 ) .(
7
2
h S KgH y y G m
C d d S H
= = =

- V ng cn bng:

X gH2S/g than hot
tnh
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
P mmHg 0 2 12 42 92
Ap sut ring phn cn bng:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

) ( 52 , 1 760 002 , 0 . mmHg P y P
t d
= = =
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
x gH2S/g than
P

m
m
H
g

) / 2 ( 0375 , 0
*
Kgthan S KgH X =
Chn chu trnh hp ph lm vic trong 8 gi(h):
T= 8(h)
- Lng than hp ph trong 8(h):
) ( 187 , 646
0375 , 0
8 029 , 3
*
2
Kgthan
X
m
m
S H
than
=
= =
- Sut lng kh i ra khi thp:
) / 2 ( 072 . 1292 ) 999 , 0 00234 , 0 1 .( 1 , 1295 ) . 1 .( h S KgH e y G G
d d C
= = =
- Sut lng kh tr i vo:
) / ( 069 . 1292 ) 00234 , 0 1 .( 1 , 1295 ) 1 .( h KgKK y G G
d d tr
= = =
- Sut lng kh trung bnh:
) / ( 586 , 1293
2
072 , 1292 1 , 1295
2
h KgKT
G G
G
C d
tb
=
+
=
+
=
- Th tch ca than trong lp hp ph:
) ( 2924 , 1
500
187 , 646
3
m
m
V
k
than
= = =

- Lng kh thi phi x l trong 8h:
) ( 8000 8 1000
3
m T Q V
KT
= = =
- Nng ca H2S trong dng kh vo:
) / 2 ( 00303 , 0 2951 , 1 00234 , 0 .
3
m S KgH y C
d d O
= = =
- Nng ca H2S trong dng kh ra:
) / 2 ( 10 . 20009 , 1 2946 , 1 10 . 27 , 9 .
3 6 7
m S KgH y C
C C

= = =
- Xc nh h s b:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

9993 , 0 )
00303 , 0 54 , 0
10 . 20009 , 1
1 ( )
. 54 , 0
1 ( ) (
6
=
= =

O
C
C
Z |
Tra bng Z ng vi|
b = 2,4
- Nng H2S can bng vi Co:
) / 2 ( 75 , 18 500 0375 , 0 .
3 * *
m S KgH X a
K
= = =
- Thi gian hp ph:
y k
K
G
b H
V
G
T . . =
trong , 12 , 6188
00303 , 0
75 , 18
*
= = =
a
a
G (v d v bi tp ( tp 10 trang 345))
Bng kim tra thi gian hp ph:
Vk H Ky S h
0.1 1.1 9.298111692 39595.56963 10.99876934
0.15 1.2 11.57401494 27889.92669 7.747201858
0.15 1.15 11.57401494 26347.1657 7.318657138
0.15 1.25 11.57401494 29443.41167 8.178725463
0.16 1.26 11.98448978 27627.86057 7.674405714
0.16 1.28 11.98448978 28211.03485 7.836398571
0.16 1.3 11.98448978 28795.69045 7.998802904
0.16 1.4 11.98448978 31740.03988 8.816677746
0.2 1.55 13.51919886 28105.17614 7.806993372
0.2 1.56 13.51919886 28342.15274 7.872820207
0.2 1.57 13.51919886 28579.36113 7.938711424
0.2 1.58 13.51919886 28816.79907 8.004666409
0.2 1.59 13.51919886 29054.46441 8.070684557
0.2 1.6 13.51919886 29292.35499 8.136765274
0.25 1.6 15.25043963 22699.24781 6.305346615
0.25 1.62 15.25043963 23074.4088 6.409558
0.25 1.65 15.25043963 23638.52943 6.566258175
0.25 1.7 15.25043963 24582.29817 6.828416157
0.3 1.7 16.82829964 19947.80106 5.54105585

Vi v=0,2(m/s) v H= 1,58 th thi gian ca qu trnh hp ph l T= 8,004664(h), suy ra
T~8(h).
- nht ng hc ca H2S v khng kh c xc nh t phng trnh:
(*)
). 1 (
2
2
KK
KK
S H
S H
hh
hh
M y M y M

+
=
- ) / ( 01 , 29 924 , 28 068 , 0 ) 002 , 0 1 .( 29 002 , 0 34 ) 1 .( .
2
mol Kg y M y M M
d KK d S H hh
= + = + = + =
nht tuyt i ca H2S v khng chi 25
o
C v 1 atm.
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

) / . ( 10 . 013 , 0
2 3
2
m s N
S H
=
) / . ( 10 . 068 , 0
2 3
m s N
KK
=
(*) suy ra,
3
3
10 . 0185 , 0
29 ). 002 , 0 1 (
10 . 013 , 0
34 002 , 0 01 , 29

+

=
hh

5
10 . 8539 , 1

=
hh

- nht ng hc:
( ) * *
hh
hh
=
) / ( 3906 , 1
760
760
) 25 273 (
273
5179 , 1 . .
3
) 1 , 0 ( 2 2
m Kg
P
P
T
T
O
O
atm C S H S H
O =
+
= =
) / ( 1845 , 1
760
760
) 25 273 (
273
293 , 1 . .
3
) 1 , 0 (
m Kg
P
P
T
T
O
O
atm C KK KK
O =
+
= =
) / ( 1849 , 1 1845 , 1 ) 002 , 0 1 ( 002 , 0 3906 , 1 ). 1 ( .
3
2
m KgKT y y
KK d d SA H hh
= + = + =
T (**)
5
5
10 . 565 , 1
1849 , 1
10 . 8539 , 1

= = =
hh
hh
K

- H s khuch tn ca H2S 25
o
v 1 atm:
2 / 1
2
2
3 / 1
3 / 1
2
2 / 3 3
25
)
1 1
.(
) (
. 10 . 3 , 4
KK S H KK S H
M M
V V P
T
D +
+
=

) / ( 10 . 1405 , 0 ) / ( 1405 , 0 )
29
1
34
1
.(
) 9 . 29 9 , 32 .( 1
) 273 25 ( 10 . 3 , 4
2 4 2 2 / 1
2 3 / 1 3 / 1
2 / 3 3
s m s cm

= = +
+
+
=
vi ) / ( 9 , 29 ), / ( 9 , 32
3
2
mol cm V mol cm V
KK S H
= =
(tra bng 2.3 TRUYN KHI tp 3 trang 26).
- H s truyn khi:
) / ( 519199 , 13
) 004 , 0 (* )
2951 , 1
10 . 565 , 1
(
) 2 , 0 .( 10 . 1405 , 0 6 , 1
. ) (
. . 6 , 1
46 , 1 54 , 0
5
54 , 0 4
46 , 1 54 , 0
54 , 0
25
s m
dg
V D
k
K
K
y
=
= =

- ng knh thp hp ph:

) ( 1329 ) ( 329 , 1
29485 , 1 3600 2 , 0 14 , 3
586 , 1293 4
. 3600 . .
. 4
mm m
V
G
D
tb K
tb
= =

= =
t

- Lng kh thi l thuyt can phi x l trong 8h.
) ( 2 , 7986 3600 8 2 , 0
4
) 329 , 1 ( 14 , 3
. .
4
.
3
2 2
m T V
D
V
K LT
=
= =
t

M lng kh can phi x l trong 8 h l:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

V
TT
= 8000 m
3
. vy phi tng ng knh thp:
) ( 1400 ) ( 4 , 1 mm m d = =
) ( 336 , 8862
4
8 3600 2 , 0 14 , 3 4 , 1
3
2
m V
LT
=

=
- Khi lng ca lp vt liu hp ph trong thit b khi chn:
*) * (* .
K g
V Gg =
m ) ( 431 , 2 58 . 1
4
) 4 , 1 ( 14 , 3
.
4
) .(
3
2 2
m H
D
V
g
=
=
'
=
t

t (***) ) ( 5 , 1215 500 431 , 2 Kg Gg = =
- Lng than s dng trong qu trnh hp ph:
656 , 1212 ) 00234 , 0 1 .( 5 , 1215 ) 1 .( = = =
d than
y Gg L ,(kg than/ m)
- Chun s Reynolds:
12 , 51
10 . 565 , 1
004 , 0 2 , 0 .
5
=
= =

K
K
e
d v
R

- H s ma st ca dng chi i qua thp trong thi gian hp ph:
3438 , 1 8 , 0
12 , 51
8 , 27
8 , 0
8 , 27
= + = + =
e
h
R

- ng knh tng ng ca cc khe h ca cc lp vt liu:
) ( 566 , 1 ) ( 00156 , 0 004 , 0
37 , 0 1
37 , 0
.
3
2
.
1
.
3
2
mm m d d
o
= =
=
c
c

- Vn tc tht ca dng kh:
) / ( 54 , 0
37 , 0
2 , 0
s m
v
v
K
o
= = =
c

- Tr lc ca than:
) 2 ( 61876 , 0 ) ( 258 , 470
2
54 , 0
1849 , 1
00156 , 0
58 , 1 2
. 3438 , 1
2
. .
. 2
. .
2
2
O mmH pa
v
d
H
h P
o
hh
o
= =
= = A

III.4.Cn bng nng lng:
**) * (*
.
P KK
C G
Q
T = A
- Khi lng khng kh i qua trong thp trong thi gian hp ph:
) ( 552 , 10336 8 069 , 1292 . Kg T G G
TR KK
= = =
- Nhit hp ph:
) / ( 1119 , 31801 2180 ) 2 , 60 273 ( 2180 Kmol KJ T q
S
= = =
- S mol ca kh H2S c hp ph:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

) ( 7127 , 0
34
8 029 , 3 .
2
2
2
Kmol
M
T m
n
S H
S H
S H
=
= =
- Nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trnh hp ph:
) ( 6525 , 22664 7127 , 0 1119 , 31801 .
2
KJ n q Q
S H
= = =
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh:
00032 , 1 =
P
C , (KJ/Kg.)
T (****) 19 , 2
00032 , 1 552 , 10336
6525 , 22664
=
= AT ().
III.5.Tnh c kh cc thit b thp:
III.5.1.Tit din ng dn kh vo, ra khi thp v ng truyn nhit qu trnh gii
hp.
- Vn tc ca chi c dn vo thit b trong ng ng chn v
o
= 6 m/s.
o
v
V
S
=
3600

vi v
o
: vn tc kh trong ng (m/s).
V: lng kh trong ng dn (m
3
/h).
) ( 046 , 0
6 3600
1000
2
m S =
=
chn S = 0,046(m
2
)
- ng knh ng dn kh vo v ra thp; ng thu hi H
2
S , ng dn kh c gia nhit:
4
.
2
v
D
S
t
=

Chn ng knh:D
v
= 250(mm)
Chn chiu di ng ni dn kh =150(mm)

III.5.2.Chn ca ly than hot tinh ra khi thp:
- Tra bng XIII.32- trang 848 S TAY QU TRNH V THIT B (STQTTB) tp 2.
Ca tho vt vt liu hp ph dng hnh trn vi Dt = 300 (mm)
- on ng ni:
l=140(mm)
- Chn vt liu lm thp: thp hp kim 15XM.
- Khi lng ng dn:
3 2 1
. 2 . 3 m m m m
o
+ + =
vi:
t
. ). .(
4
2 2
1
l D D m
t n
=
thp
Kg ( 12 , 11
4
10 . 85 , 7 15 , 0 ) 25 , 0 273 , 0 ( 14 , 3
3 2 2

= )
) ( 24 , 0
14 , 3
4 046 , 0 4
m
S
D
V
=
=
t
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

chon m
1
= 12 (Kg)
t
. ). .(
4
2 2
2
l D D m
t n
=
thp
) ( 48 , 13 10 . 85 , 7 14 , 0 ) 3 , 0 325 , 0 .(
4
14 , 3
3 2 2
Kg = =
chn m
2
= 14(Kg)
) ( 82 , 27 10 . 85 , 7 15 , 0 ) 4 , 0 436 , 0 .(
4
) .(
4
3 2 2 2 2
3
Kg l D D m
p e th t n
= = =
'
t
t

chn m
3
= 28(Kg)
) ( 92 28 14 2 12 3
Kg m
o
= + + =
III.5.3.Chn ca v sinh thp cng chnh l ca cho than vo thp:
Tra bng XIII.32 TRANG 434- STQTTB tp 2.
Dt = 400 (mm).
on ng ni:
L =150(mm)
Thp hp kim 15xM

III.5.4.Tnh mt bch ca cc ng ng:
III.5.4.1.Bch ni cc ng dn kh chn kiu bch lin:
Tra bng XIII. 26 STQTTB tp2- trang 409.
- ng knh trong Dt = 250 (mm)
- ng knh ngoi Dn = 273 (mm)
- ng knh ngoi bch D = 370 (mm)
- ng knh bulong d
b
= M16 (mm)
- ng knh mp vt D
l
= 312 (mm)
- ng knh tm bulong ) ( 335 mm D =
o

- S bulong Z = 12 ci
-
Chiu dy bch h
bch
=24 (mm)

- Khi lng bch:
). .(
4
2 2
t n
D D m =
t
h
bch
.
thp.
) ( 78 , 1 10 . 85 , 7 024 , 0 ) 250 , 0 273 , 0 .(
4
14 , 3
3 2 2
Kg = =

III.5.4.2.Bch ni ca ra than hot tnh
Chn kiu bch lin
Tra bng XIII. 26 STQTTB tp2
- ng knh Dt = 300 (mm)
- ng knh bulong d
b
= M20 (mm)
- ng knh mp vt D
l
= 365 (mm)
- ng knh tm bulong 395 =
o
D (mm)
- S bulong Z = 12 (ci)
- Chiu dy bch 24 =
'nh i b
h (mm)
- Khi lng bch:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

). .(
4
2 2
t n
D D m =
t
h
bch
.
thp
) ( 31 , 2 10 . 85 , 7 024 , 0 ) 3 , 0 325 , 0 .(
4
14 , 3
3 2 2
Kg = =
III.5.4.3.Bch ni ca v sinh ( ca cho than vo):
- ng knh Dt = 400 (mm)
- ng knh bulong d
b
= M20 (mm)
- ng knh mp vt D
l
= 465 (mm)
- ng knh tm bulong 495 =
o
D (mm)
- S bulong Z = 16 (ci)
- Chiu dy bch 28 =
'nh i b
h (mm)
- Khi lng bch:
). .(
4
2 2
t n
D D m =
t
h
bch
.
thp
) ( 2 , 5 10 . 85 , 7 028 , 0 ) 4 , 0 436 , 0 .(
4
14 , 3
3 2 2
Kg = =
- Tng khi lng cc bch:
) ( 07 , 11 2 , 5 31 , 2 ) 78 , 1 2 ( Kg m
l
= + + =
chn m
e
= 12 (Kg)
III.5.5.Thn thp:
- Cng thm khong cch trn di 0.15m ( bt bulong)
) ( 53 , 2 3 , 0 4 , 0 25 , 0 58 , 1 2 15 , 0 m D D Hvl H
y v t
= + + + = + + + =
chn Ht = 2,5 (m).
- ng sut cho php i vi vt liu hp kim thp 15XM.
| | ) / ( 7 , 149
2 25
mm N = o
- Chn cng ngh gia cng:
Hn tay bng h quang in gip mi hn 2 pha (v D 700(mm)
- Chn h s bn mi hn: 95 , 0 =
h

- ng vi ng knh D= 1.4(m)
(tra bng 1-7 trang 25 . sch H L Vin)
- B dy ti thiu ca thn tr i vi vt liu bt k:
| |
25 . 5 , 5 Z s
h
P

o

- Kim tra iu kin chn cng thc tnh b dy ti thiu ca thp tr:
| |
95 , 0
1
7 , 149
. =
h
P

o
>25
| |
h
P D
s
o . . 2
.
= '
- Chiu di thc ca thn tr vi vt liu thp 15XM lm thp:
| |
C
P D
s
h
+ =
o . . 2
.

vi
3 2 1
C C C C + + =
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

1
C = 0 , v n mn nh.
2
C = 0 , (h s n mn) v vn tc chuyn ng ca kh trong thp < 20(m/s).
3
C = 1,5 h s b sung qui trn kch thc.
5 , 1 = C
) ( 422 , 6 5 , 1
95 , 0 7 , 149 2
1 1400
mm s = +

=
- Chn b dy vt liu lm thp s = 6mm
- Kim tra dy: ch tho mn khi iu kin sau tho:
1 , 0
1
s
D
C

)
~
( 1 , 0
400 , 1
0 6
a o th s

- Kim tra p sut tnh ton cho php sau:
| |
| |
278 , 1
) 0 6 ( 1400
) 0 6 ( 1 7 , 149 2
) (
) .( . . 2
1
1
=
+

=
+

=
C s D
C s
P
h
o
> p (tho)
- Khi lng vt liu lm thn thp:
). .(
4
2 2
t n n a th
D D m =
t
H.
thp.

(H chiu cao thn thp h = 2,5)
vi Dn = Dt + 2.s =1400 +26 = 1412 (mm)
m
thn.
) ( 847 , 519 10 . 85 , 7 5 , 2 ) 40 , 1 412 , 1 .(
4
14 , 3
3 2 2
Kg = =
Vy ta chn khi lng thp cn s dng lm thn thp = 500 (Kg).

- y v np ( hnh elp c g)
Chn cng loi vt liu vi vt liu thn thp:
v
| |
1
7 , 149
. =
h
P

o
>25
Cng thc tnh dy ti thiu cc thnh y( np):
| |
h
t
R P
s
o . . 2
.
= '
(vi Rt: bn knh cong bn trong ca nh thp)
Tra bng XIII. STQTTB tp2- trang 382 vi Dt = 1400(mm), h
t
= 350(mm).
) ( 1400
350 4
1400
. 4
2
2
mm
h
D
R
t
t
t
=
= =
- dy thc ca thnh y ( np).
| |
) ( 422 , 6 5 , 1
95 , 0 7 , 149 2
1400 1
. . 2
.
mm C
R P
s
h
t
= +

= + =
o

chn s = 6 (mm)
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

Chn b da vt liu thp 15XM l 6(mm)
- Chiu cao g Tra bng XIII. 2 STQTTB tp2- trang 385
Ta c s = 6 (mm) v h = 25(mm).
- Khi lng y v np : Tra bng XIII. 11 STQTTB tp2- trang384
) ( 106 Kg m m
p a n y a d
= =
' '
(
- Chiu cao ton b thp:
H H H H H
n a th y a d p a n p a th
+ + + =
' ' '
( g
) ( 3 , 3 ) ( 3250 25 2 2500 350 350 m mm = = + + + =
III.6.Tnh bch ni np v y vi thn thp:
Chn kiu bch rn lin ni vi thn thp:
Bch ghp gia y np v thn thp
Kiu bch hnh trn.
Bch ni thn v np thit b
- Dng knh trong ca thp Dt = 1400(mm)
- ng knh ngoi ca thp Dn = 1412 (mm)
- ng knh ngoi ca bch D = 1500 (mm)
- ng knh tm bulong Ds = 1460 (mm)
- ng knh mp vt Dl = 1413 (mm)
- ng knh bulong db = M24 (mm)
- S bulong Z= 40 (ci)
- dy ca bch hbch = 35 (mm)
- Khi lng ca bch ni y v thn thp:
) ( 269 , 55 10 . 85 , 7 035 , 0 )
4
412 , 1 14 , 3
4
5 , 1 14 , 3
. .
) .
4
.
(
3
2 2
2
2
Kg h
D D
m
n
=
= =
t t

- Vy tng khi lng c bch:
Z= 40 (ci)
) ( 538 , 110 269 , 55 2
2 1
~ Kg M M M
NG O T
= = + = )
chn ) ( 111 ~ Kg M
NG O T
= )
III.7. Tnh b phn vt liu hp ph:
B phn vt liu hp ph l a c l gm 2 phn bn nguyn c gn trn
vnh hnh trn c hn dnh vo thn thit b
- ng knh ca ht than hot tnh: dg = 0.004(m).
- Chiu cao ca lp hp ph:1.58(m).
- ng knh thp:1.4(m).
- ng knh l:d
l
= 3(mm)= 0.003(m).
- B dy ca a: s
d
= 5(mm)= 0.005(m).
- Khong cch t thn thp n a: K = 15(mm)(2 pha= 2*15mm).
- ng knh ca a: Dd = 1.37(m).
- Din tch b mt a:
) ( 473 , 1
4
) 37 , 1 ( 14 , 3
4
.
2
2
2
m
D
S
d
T
=
= =
t

X l H
2

Nhm II.12

- Khong cch gia cc l: b = 2(mm)
- S l trong a: n= 594 (l)
- Khi lng a phi chu: m= 1215.5(Kg)
- Din tch ca l:
) ( 10 . 065 , 7
4
) 003 , 0 ( 14 , 3
4
.
2 6
2
2
m
d
S
l
l
= =
t

- Din tch b mt a sau khi c l:
) ( 496 , 1 ) 10 . 065 , 7 594 ( 473 , 1 .
2 6
m S n S S
l T S
= = =

- Ti trng a phi chu:
) / ( 89 , 3246
496 , 1 005 , 0
002 , 0 81 , 9 5 , 1215
.
2
m N
S S
b g m
P
s d
=

=

=
- Ti trng a phi chu tnh theo dy:
) / ( 234 , 16 005 , 0 8 , 3246 .
2
m N S P q
d
= = =
- Th tch ca a:
) ( 10 . 345 , 7 005 , 0 469 , 1 .
3 3
m h S v
S
= = =
- Khi lng ca b phn vt liu hp ph:
) ( 41 , 54 4 , 7407 10 . 345 , 7 . 10 . 345 , 7
3 3
Kg m
p e th d
= = =

'

III.8.Tnh chn :
- Tng s lng ton thp khi c lp hp ph:
.m(thp) = m(thn) + m(y) + m(np) + m(bch thn) + m
o
+ m
e

) ( 066 , 194 . 2 12 92 41 , 54 656 , 1212 11 2 106 500 Kg = + + + + + + =
- Ti trng ton thp:
D = m(thp) g = 2.194,066 9,81 = 21.523,79 (N)
- Chn thp 3 chn :
+ Ti trng trn chn:
) ( 596 , 7174
3
79 , 21523
3
N
D
G = = =
+ Tra bng XII. 35 STQTTB tp2- trang 437
Thp lm chn l thp CT3
L=250(mm)
B=180(mm)
B1=215(mm)
B2=290(mm)
H=350(mm)
h =185(mm)
s = 16(mm)
l = 90(mm)
d= 27(mm)
- B mt chn : ) ( 10 444
2 4
m F

=
- Khi lng mt chn:
X l H
2

Nhm II.12

) ( 88 , 4 85 , 7 014 , 0 10 444 . .
4
Kg S F m
P E TH
= = =

'

Chn mt chn 5 (Kg)
- Suy ra, 3 chn 3* 5= 15 (Kg)
- Thit b ph:
Chp ht: c tc dng thu hi chi thi vo h thng x l
Qut ht.
Bm : dng iu chnh lu lng chi vo thp.
Thit b gia nhit: cung cp khng chi sch, kh c gia nhit phc v cho qu
trnh nh hp.
Thit b thu hi H
2
S.
Ong khi.
III.9.D on ga thnh:
Tin thp lm thp:
' ) ( p a th m ng/Kg = 2194,066 x 24000 = 52.657.584( ng)
Tin lm chn: 15 24000 = 360.000 (ng)
Tng gi thnh ton b thp: 53.017.584 (ng).

Do An XL h2s Bang Than Hoat Tinh

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Do An XL h2s Bang Than Hoat Tinh

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n x l kh thi GVHD : Chu Mnh ng

100 m.Khi nu gm nhng ht bi oxit st rt mn.Bi sinh

' o : chiu di ca dng dn kh b tr hai ph cc tng.

c : tng h s tr lc ca xiclon t hp tnh theo tc qui c, gi tr c

Khi lng ring trung bnh trong thit b:

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