CHUYN : TNG HP, NH GI MT S CNG NGH V THIT B SN XUT RDF T CHT THI RN TH NHT

I. Tng quan v tnh hnh qun l CTRT ti Nht:

1. Tnh hnh pht sinh v x l cht thi rn th.
T nm 1989, Nht tng khi lng cht thi rn th pht sinh hng nm xp x 50 triu tn hoc con s ny c th cao hn mt cht. Tuy nhin, trong my nm tr li y, Nht khi lng cht thi rn th pht sinh mc n nh. Theo iu tra quc gia v hin trng pht sinh v x l cht thi rn th nm 2001 cho thy: - Tng lng cht thi rn th pht sinh l 52,1 triu tn. X l Cht thi rn th theo nguyn tc tng khi lng v t l ti ch cht thi nhng ng thi gim t l chn lp. iu th hin c th nh sau: + Tng lng cht thi c ti ch l 8,25 triu tn. Lng cht thi em chn lp l 9,95 triu tn. T l x l CTRT 94,7%, t l chn lp trc tip 5,3%. T l ti ch 15%. - Hin trng v cc l t cht thi: Hin nay, Nht phng php x l cht thi ch yu l t cht thi tuy nhin s lng l t cht thi gim i, nhng cng sut x l ca cc l t li tng ln iu chng t quy m cc l t cht thi ngy cng c m rng. C th nh sau: + S lng l t l 1.680 l, cng sut x l 202,733 tn/ngy. L t s dng nhit thu hi t cht thi l 1.090 l. Nh my t cht thi lin kt vi nh my pht in 236 nh my. Tng lng in l 1.246 MW Tt c s liu trn cho thy bc tranh tng quan v hin trng pht sinh, x l Cht thi rn th Nht. Nht, gii quyt vn cht thi hm nay th vic kt hp h thng qun l cht thi v h thng ti ch lm gim sc p nhim mi trng v tng bc to thnh chu trnh vt cht khp kn t thu gom n chn lp l rt cn thit.
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2. Thnh phn cht thi rn th:

Nhng nm gn y ngi Nht thy rng vic phn loi cht thi rt cn thit v mang tnh quyt nh trong qun l cht thi ni chung v x l cht thi ni ring theo hng bo v mi trng v tit kim ngun ti nguyn. V vy cht thi rn th y c phn loi ti ngun rt tt. Thnh phn cht thi rn th Nht bao gm: Giy, nha, thy tinh, kim loi, cht thi hu c v thnh phn khc. Theo s liu thng k cho thy t l thnh phn trong cht thi rn th Nht nh sau: Giy: 40%, nha: 20%, thy tinh: 10%, kim loi: 6%, cht thi hu c: 17% v thnh phn khc: 7%. Qua s liu trn cho thy cht thi rn th thu gom Nht c thnh phn ch yu l Giy v nha l thnh phn cht thi c nhit tr cao trong cht thi rn th v vy to iu kin thun li cho sn xut RDF c nhit tr cao.

II. Cng ngh v thit b sn xut RDF ti Nht 1. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng RDF.
Nn kinh t pht trin l nguyn nhn tiu th nng lng qu mc v pht sinh lng cht thi khng l. V vy Nht gp phi vn nghim trng v mi trng. Vn ny i hi phi tn thu c ngun nguyn liu v nhit ti sinh. Nguyn liu ti sinh c thu hi t phn cht thi c nhit tr cao. Nhit ti sinh c thu hi t nng lng nhit c trong cht thi. RDF l phng thc thu hi nhit tiu biu. RDF l nhin liu dng rn sn xut t vic t cht thi rn th v c th s dng t kt hp hoc thay th ngun nhin liu ho thch. Cng ngh sn xut RDF bao gm quy trnh sn xut RDF, my mc sn xut RDF v cng ngh mi ang pht trin. RDF ni chung c sn xut theo quy trnh nghin (ct), phn loi, sy v ng rn RDF. Cht thi rn th c nghin (ct) bng mt my nghin, Sau s dng my phn loi tch nhng nguyn liu khng chy nh: kim loi, thu tinh, ... Sy kh bng my sy. ng rn RDF thnh nhin liu dng rn hnh tr. Trong qu trnh sn xut RDF c th cho thm cht ph gia nh CaO vo lm cho c tnh ca RDF tt hn.

Kh pht thi trong qu trnh t chy RDF c lc sch nh nhng phn ng ho hc vi CaO.

Rm Giy thi CTRT

Nghin (ct) - Phn tch -

sy kh Lm mt

ng rn

Ph Rm thi Giythi CTRT PE

Hnh 1: Quy trnh chung sn xut RDF t cht thi

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RDF dng vin l sn phm c lm t cht thi bao gm cht thi rn th, cht thi cng nghip, cht thi t cc hot ng nng nghip - c im chung ca RDF:

n nh thnh phn cu to Khng thay i hnh dng v kch c Hm lng m thp Nhit tr cao Gim s pht thi CO2 D dng lu tr v vn chuyn Thu hi nng lng c hiu qu Phc hi nng lng t sinh khi.

Nguyn liu sn xut RDF l: Cht thi rn th, cht thi cng nghip, Cht thi t cc hot ng nng nghip, ng dng ca RDF: RDF c s dng trong cc nh my in, nh my nhit in, nh my sn xut xi mng, l nhit/l hi trong sn xut cng nghip

H thng lc ti vi

L hi Phu np liu RDF, nhin liu ct tr t nhin liu

Thp nhin liu dng bt

Cung cp nhin liu

Thu hi nhit

Hnh 2: M hnh nh my in s dng RDF thng dng Nht:

 Nht vic sn xut v s dng RDF ngy cng pht trin mnh m, do quy trnh cng ngh v trang thit b khng qu phc tp, cc thit b c bn bao gm sy, nghin (ct), trn ph gia, kt rn v mt s thit b b tr khc. RDF c phm vi ng dng rng, thch hp vi nhiu loi l t khc nhau. C th s dng RDF thay th nhin liu ho thch hoc s dng t kt hp vi mt s nhin liu khc trong qu trnh t. Vi nhng li ch nh trn, Nht phng php sn xut RDF t cht thi rn th v cng nghip c nghin cu v pht trin. Bn cnh do cht thi Nht c phn loi ti ngun tt nn c tim nng sn xut RDF cht lng cao v c kh nng thu hi nhit ln.

2. Cc nh my v h thng sn xut RDF.

2.1. Quy trnh sn xut RDF thng dng Nht.

Hnh 3: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut RDF ca Cng ty Kawasaki, Nht Bn

2.2. Nh my MHI sn xut RDF

2.2.1 Vi nt khi qut v thit b. RDF c sn xut t cht thi rn th v cht thi rn cng nghip. iu gip chng ta c th s dng ngun nng lng thu hi t cht thi a dng v c hiu qu. Quy trnh sn xut RDF nh my MHI thit k da trn cng ngh trung tm CPIS. Nh trnh by Hnh 4, Quy trnh sn xut RDF bao gm 4 qu trnh chnh: Nghin vn, phn tch, sy kh v ng vin. 2.2.2 c im. 1) Kim loi c thu gom trc khi sy, sau khi sy nghin cht thi. Thu gom kim loi trc khi sy kh, c th ngn chn c qu trnh pht nhit ca kim loi trong my sy v s ph hu my sy do kim loi bc chy, ng thi ngn chn nhm nng chy iu kin nhit cao, cng c th ngn chn c cht thi ng rn trong my sy. Phn tch kim loi trc khi nghin th cp cng lm gim nguy c ph hu v gm mn li dao ca thit b nghin th cp. 2) Tt c nhng thit b nghin c lp t theo quy trnh cc nguyn liu cung cp cho thit b sy kh. Gim kch c ca cht thi trc khi sy kh lm m rng vng tip xc gia cht thi v khng kh nng, theo cch s lm tng hiu qu sy. Nghin cht thi trc khi sy kh s lm gim bi dng bt xung mc thp hn so vi nghin cht thi sau khi sy kh. Ngoi ra cng c th ngn chn nhng nguyn liu c hnh dng phc tp vo trong my sy. 3) Phng php sy trc tip lm gim lng kh pht thi ra mi trng. Trong trng hp s dng phng php sy trc tip, s m rng vng tip xc gia khng kh nng v cht thi, bi vy vic sy kh cht thi t hiu qu trong thi gian ngn. C th sy kh nha v nguyn liu khc c nhit tr

cao m khng lm thay i c tnh ca chng bng cch x l nhit v c nh c s pht thi kh c bao gm dioxin v hir clorua. 4) H thng sy v phn loi cht khng chy. tng hiu qu ca my mc, kt hp qu trnh sy trc tip v a khng kh vo nhng nguyn liu khng chy c phn loi. Cc loi kh khc nhau c s dng theo phng php thch hp nht i vi tng cht khng chy c phn loi t cht thi thng thng. 5) Kinh nghim v kh nng phi hp trong x l cht thi. Cng ty ca chng ti c th tng cng chia s kinh nghim v lnh vc l t cht thi, trung tm ti ch, kh nng x l nc v d nh nhng tc ng ca con ngi trong x l cht thi v thng qua nhng hiu bit c tch lu t nhng kinh nghim , chng ti c th cung cp thng tin cho cc nh my nhng nh my c th s dng mt cch an ton. 2.2.3 Cng sut Lng nguyn liu u vo: t 10 tn/ngy n 400 tn/ngy (Theo mc tng dn) Lng RDF sn xut: t 5 tn/ngy- 200tn/ngy. Cng sut nhit RDF: xp x 16700kJ/kg. Kh nng bo qun RDF: Trong iu kin khng mc nt RDF c th bo qun c hn 1 nm. 2.2.4 Cc lnh vc ng dng v mc ch x l. Mc ch x l: C th x l bng cch t cht thi thng thng v t cht thi c kch c ln bng cch lp t mt thit b nghin c bit. Cht thi cng nghip l nha thi v giy thi. 2.2.5 Nh my pht in s dng RDF. Nh my in s dng RDF kiu tng si c nhng c tnh sau:
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1) Tng cng vic s dng nng lng thu hi t cht thi mt cch c hiu qu. t chy n nh RDF, hn hp vi v RDF trong l t tng si trong cng ngh thu hi nhit gim s gm mn nhit cao. ng thi c th thc hin d dng iu kin nhit cao/ p xut bc hi cao v t c hiu qu pht in cao hn so vi t trc tip cht thi th. 2) Bin php x l Dioxin.

Do hiu qu kh mui v kh kh Nit trong qu trnh t, nn lng dioxin pht thi thp hn rt nhiu so vi lng dioxin pht thi t cc l t c bi v c hn hp vi vi trong sn xut RDF.
Cht thi

Thu gom Nghin s cp st, nhm Phn tch kim loi

p vin RDF ct tr/ vn chuyn Pht nhit/s dng nhit

Nghin th cp

Khng chy

Phn loi/ sy kh

Vi

trn

Hnh 4: Quy trnh sn xut RDF

Hnh 5: nh minh ho RDF .

2.3 H thng sn xut RDF thu hi t cht thi

2.3.1 Mc ch: Theo nhng thng tin cho thy rng: cc vng th, thit b l t c ln trong qu trnh t cht thi sinh ra nng lng nhit v nng lng nhit c hiu qu thit thc trong hot ng ca cc b bi nc nng v h thng pht nhit ca vng... Tuy nhin, hin nay trong cc l t c nh, nng lng nhit t c s dng bi v hu ht nhng thit b ny khng t v tr thun tin cho vic thu thi nhit v hn th na chng cn b hn ch bi chi ph thu hi nhit cao. 2.3.2 c im: (1) Thit b t cht thi truyn thng c th thu hi nng lng nhit, tuy nhin vic s dng nng lng nhit c nhiu hn ch bi v ch s dng c cc vng ln cn. Trong cc trng hp khc nhau th RDF dng bt hoc dng rn c nhiu phng thc s dng m khng cn quan tm n v tr a l. Bi vic s dng v vn chuyn RDF ging nh i vi nhin liu ho thch.
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(2) Vi c xem l cht ph gia c bit a vo RDF kh kh Clo bi vy vic nh thu dch v vo l t nhin liu ny ngy cng gim v hn th na cht ph gia ny c th ngn chn vic thi ra RDF mt cch c hiu qu v bo qun chng trong thi gian di. 2.3.3 c im chung ca h thng. Trong h thng t cht thi, cng vic u tin l quy trnh phn tch kim loi hoc nhng nguyn liu khng thch hp cho sn xut RDF, Nghin nh theo hai giai on, trn thm vi v sau nghin hoc ng vin to thnh RDF dng bt hoc l dng rn.

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cht thi em t

Sy Khoang vn chuyn Phn loi t tnh Cung cp nguyn liu Nhin liu bt Nhin liu bt

Phn loi t tnh

Cung cp vi

hn hp Cung cp nguyn liu

sng

Hm cht thi Phu np liu

My d kim loi My cn

Nghin s cp

ng gi Bng chuyn phn loi Bng chuyn kn Bng chuyn np liu Nghin th cp ng vin My cn vn chuyn nhin liu

Cn cu ng

Hnh 6: S h thng sn xut RDF

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2.4 H thng sn xut RDF thu hi t nha thi.

2.4.1 Khi qut v quy trnh

nghin vn s cp Nha thi

Phn loi t tnh t tnh bng

nghin vn nghin vn th cp th cp

Lm mm

Kh trng v ng Kh trng bng clo rn sn phm

Ra v ti nc

Kh trng kh sau x l

Hnh 7: Quy trnh sn xut RDF t nha thi

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Quy trnh x l nha thi c trnh by hnh 7: u tin, nha thi c thu gom phn loi t rc thi, sau nghin thnh nhng phn c kch thc nh v loi b nhng tp cht t dy truyn x l, sau nghin vn s cp v th cp trong quy trnh x l. Quy trnh ny cng bao gm qu trnh ra v lm m ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho my nghin cht thi, qu trnh ny cn ph thuc vo c tnh ca nha thi. giai on tip theo l lm do, lm nng chy nha bng cch tng mt v nhit . Qu trnh ny cn thit phi lm cung cp hm lng m v nguyn liu lm nng chy nha cho qu trnh x l. Quy trnh x l cp n vic phn tch qu trnh nng chy nha di iu kin nhit cao bng cch hn hp v pha trn hp cht trong my n cht do hai inh vt tch v a kh Hir clorua sinh ra t qu trnh nng chy nha qua l thng kh trn my n cht do. Kh c x l bng thit b kh trng clo. Qu trnh kh kh clo sinh bt buc phi i qua ng ng, vi mc ch lm gim nhit v lm ngui sn phm rn. 2.4.2 c im chnh. 1) T l ch bin n nh m khng ph thuc vo c tnh ca nha thi. 2) S dng phng tin my n cht do c c cu cn trc t v lm nng chy trong thi gian ngn ng thi tit kim nng lng 3) Phn tch qu trnh nng chy mt cch c hiu qu v ng u bng hi nng v bng cch nhn bit hp cht 4) Ngn chn s hnh thnh mui than bng chc nng t lc ca my n cht do. 5) Hiu qu thu hi kh cao do trong qu trnh phn tch nha hot ng b mt mnh. 6) Phng thc hot ng an ton trong iu kin khp kn.

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7) Do c tnh do nn p dng phng thc ch bin thch hp vi tng thnh phn cu to ca nguyn liu v hm lng m. 8) b. 2.4.3 Qu trnh thc hin. Hnh 8 trnh by mi tng quan gia kh clo thu hi t nha thi cng nghip v phi cng nghip trc v sau qu trnh ti kh trng kh clo. Kh nng ny a ra yu cu qua qu trnh x l kh clo c th lm gim hm lng kh clo trong nha thi.
So snh cc c im ca nha thi sau qu trnh x l v than c trnh by di:
Nha thi phi cng nghip (Hm lng clo ban u: 1.8-2.8 wt%) Hm lng clo cn li (wt %) Nha thi cng nghip(Hm lng clo ban u: 20 n 45 wt%) Thi gian thc hin: 6 n 14 pht Nhit : 350oC

Kh nng sn xut cao da vo s hot ng lin tc ca cc thit

Hm lng clo ban u (wt%)

Hnh 8: Mi quan h gia hm lng clo ban u v hm lng clo cn li.

So snh cc c im ca nha thi sau qu trnh x l v than c trnh by

bng di iu ny chng minh rng x l nha thi qua kh trng lm gim hm lng CO2, to ngun nhin liu an ton gp phn bo v mi trng.

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Nha thi sau x l c im Nguyn liu 0.27 0.133 2.9 93.6 41716

Than (theo ngun ti liu cung cp)

Hm lng clo (wt%) T l: Hiro - ccbon Hm lng tro (wt%) Hm lng bay hi (wt%) Nng lng Calo (kJ/kg)

0.062 7.8 30.9 31429

2.4.4 Nha thi v nhng ng dng. X l nha thi c ng dng trong quy trnh ti ch nha thu hi phn nha thi khng th ti ch thng em i chn lp s dng lm nhin liu an ton nhm ngn chn nhim mi trng. X l nha thi c th ti ch c dng lm nhin liu thay th cho than khng ch s dng trong cc nh my nhit in m cn s dng trong ngnh sn xut than v xi mng. X l nha thi c ch bin trong iu kin kh trng to ra nhin liu mi loi tr c kh dioxin c v s gm mn b mt. Quy trnh x l nha thi ny c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. 2.4.5 c im k thut ca quy trnh x l.

Cng sut x l

Phm vi x l

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Tn/nm

Tn/gi

ng knh inh vt (mm)

10.000 20.000 30.000

1.300 2.600 2.000

550 650 600

1 1 2

2.5 H thng sn xut RDF s dng trong nh my in.

2.5.1 Khi qut v trang thit b. Cng ngh RDF (Phn nhin liu thu hi t cht thi) ng dng ph hp trong mt h thng ngun nhin liu phn tn. RDF sn xut t b g, b giy v b nha, v s dng lm nhin liu thay th than. Nhng u im ca cng ngh ny c trnh by di: (1) Vn chuyn, ct tr v mua bn d dng bi v chng c kt rn. (2) H thng sn xut RDF c lp t ri rc. Nhit tr cao v n nh lm cho qu trnh t chy n nh. RDF thu hi t cht thi cng nghip. Vo nm 1995, Cng ty Hitachi. Ltd gii thiu h thng sn xut RDF (xem hnh 9) ti 3 phn xng ca nh my Ibaraki Prefecture. Thm vo , mt nh my pht in (xem hnh 10) s dng RDF lm nhin liu cho cc phn xng.
(3)

2.5.2 c im 2.5.2.1 H thng sn xut RDF. (1) T l kt rn cao. T l kt rn cao c th sn xut trong iu kin nhiu b g v t b nha. RDF c mt cao v t gy vn thch hp cho qu trnh t n nh
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(2) Sch v kt cht. Mt bng chuyn kn c s dng ngn cn s pht tn bi v mi trong phng. Thm vo , h thng c th sp xp theo chiu thng ng hoc theo chiu nm ngang mt gc 900. Nhng bng chuyn c lp t theo 3 kch c, iu c th gim khng gian lp t v tn dng c khong khng ti u.

Hnh 9: H thng sn xut RDF.

2.5.2.2 Nh my in s dng RDF. (1) Xy dng n gin v thit k t hiu qu ti u ng dng trong vic xy dng mt h thng sn xut RDF nh nh l mt l t thng thng v mt ng c s dng tubin hi nc. (2) ng thot kh sch. Kh pht thi qua h thng lc lm gim hm lng dioxin, iu c th d dng vt qua quy nh nghim ngt ca Nht.
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Hnh 10: Nh my in s dng RDF. 2.5.3 Quy trnh chung: 2.5.3.1 H thng sn xut RDF. (1) Cng sut sn xut tiu chun: 600kg/h. (2) Thnh phn cu to RDF tiu chun: G chim 40%, giy chim 40%, v nha chim 20%. (3) T l bin i: 1/5 (4) Nhit tr: 19-25 MJ/kg. 2.5.3.2 Nh my in s dng RDF. (1) Cng sut u vo: 40 tn/ngy. (2) Cng sut pht in: 1500kW. (3) Hm lng dioxin: nh hn 0.1 ngTEQ/m3N. 2.5.4 ng dng. 2.5.4.1 ng dng. (1) Nh my sn xut v ch bin.
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- Nh my ch bin nha. - Nh my in. - Nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng. (2) Hot ng x l cht thi cng nghip. 2.5.4.2 c im ca b g, b giy v b nha. (1) B nha c tnh mm do nh hi nng. (2) B nha khng cha Vinyl clorua. (3) Nhng nguyn liu khng chy nh l thp, st, kim loi khng mu, gch vn s chim mt phn nh. 2.5.5 Nhng c im khc. Tt c nhng u c trnh by, v d nh gii thiu ni s dng RDF, h thng ti u c lp t da theo qu trnh thu gom cc loi b thi v cch hot ng ca h thng, nhng thng bo p dng cc quy nh v phng thc hot ng. 2.6 H thng sn xut RDF t cht thi. 2.6.1 Miu t v h thng. Qun l cht thi cng nghip tri qua cc qu trnh thay i, th d nh gim hm lng dioxin v mt s yu t khc, nhm to ra mt chin dch x hi ho cht thi cho d n qun l cht thi, Nhit lng thu hi trong iu kin thun li lm tng qu trnh oxi ho v pht in trong d n t cht thi, v gii thiu h thng pht in k tip (h thng kh ho). H thng sn xut nhin liu t cht thi theo hng bin i cht thi thnh nhin liu (RDF) v cc h thng ny l cng ngh gp phn cho vic tng cng qun l cht thi theo phng thc tng nhit tr ca nhin liu. Cng ngh ny cng c ci tin ph hp vi qu trnh ct tr v vn chuyn, gim s nhim bng cch sn xut RDF t cht t c thu hi t

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cht thi phn loi ti ngun, Bi vy s gp phn hng ti xy dng mt x hi khng c pht thi trong qu trnh ti ch. Ebara s dng h thng sn xut nhin liu t cht thi t nm 1991, v hin nay c giao n cc nh my. 2.6.2 c im. H thng sn xut RDF Ebara l mt h thng lin hp. H thng sn xut RDF ny s dng phng php nghin vn, vn chuyn, sy kh v ng vin cht thi. Tt c quy trnh trn u c hot ng cch chn lc v phi hp vi cc quy trnh, bao gm cc thit b nh: mt my nghin, dng c phn loi, my sy, my ng vin v h thng bo qun v phn phi, v.v. 2.6.3 Qu trnh thc hin. Thc hin iu chnh nhim bng cch x l kh thi v nc thi bc mi t mt nh my bng h thng x l thch hp. Thm vo , c trng ca h thng l thch hp i ph vi ting n v rung, c thit k gim thiu nh hng n khu vc xung quanh. Mi h thng sn xut nhin liu t cht thi ca mt nh my bao gm trung tm iu khin, trang thit b hiu sut cao, sn xut s dng b quyt cng ngh v kinh nghim, iu lm cho Ebara pht trin nh nhng sn phm t cc nh my t cht thi, nhng nh my t cht thi quy m ln, v h thng x l nc thi, v.v. 2.6.4 Phm vi ng dng v cht thi x l. Cht thi th v phng php t cht thi.

Kinh nghim ca nh my sn xut nhin liu t cht thi.

STT Tn khch hng Quy m nh my Hon thnh (tn/ngy) 10-1995

Nh my ch bin Catrel 20 / 8

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Demonstration, Tsukumi 2 3

thnh

ph 32/8 150/16 12-1996 3-1999

Thnh ph Tsukumi Thnh ph Gotenba Vng Oyama Town, khu lin hp hnh chnh

4 5 6

Khu m hp v sinh

28/8

3-1999 Sau xy dng Sau xy dng

Vng Kuwana, khu lin hp 230/16 qun l cht thi Lin hp qun l cht thi 53/8 Kouban

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Nguyn liu cht thi Thp cn vi Thng thu gom qut gi cn trc cng vo Bng ti Bng ti lc nc thi hm cht thi Nguyn liu sy Kh kh ca x Bng ti kim loi sy My ct trc quay ct s cp Bng ti nguyn liu sy Phn loi t tnh Tch nhm Cung cp ph gia

nghin th cp Nguyn liu cung cp Tch trng lc Bng ti nguyn liu Tch ly tm vin My p khun My phn loi RDF Bng ti x trng lc Bng ti kim loi nng Khng kh phu thu gom trng lc gi Bng ti RDF
RDF khng chy

hm cht thi c bm thu lc lc nc

Thng gom RDF

qut thng kh

H thng sn xut RDF ca Ebara

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2.7 Nh my Kyokuto sn xut RDF.

2.7.1 Mc ch t c hiu qu l tn dng cht thi em t, thc hin ch bin s b cht thi em t, sau ng rn to thnh sn phm l nhin liu rn. 2.7.2 Quy trnh thc hin B phn chnh ca mt nh my l b phn ng rn, S dng my mc c kh nghin v ng rn cht thi di p lc nn cao. Kt qu l t pht ra nhit do ma st, ng rn nha thi, giy thi v v bo. Cht thi c th ng rn trong iu kin ring l hoc hn hp. c im k thut chnh ca b phn ng rn c trnh by di:
Loi (ng knh l khoan) GY03- 40B (200) Cng sut in ca ng c 55 ~ 90 kW trong cc b phn chnh Cng sut in ca cc b 12kV phn khc. Kch thc Chiu di bn ngoi Chiu rng Chiu cao 4200mm 2000mm 1500mm GY07-40B ( 300) 90 ~ 132 kW GY18-40B ( 500) 185~ 250 kW

18kV 4400mm 2000mm 1500mm 0,6 ~ 1,2 0,6 ~ 1,0

33kV 4500mm 2400mm 1600mm 1,2 ~ 2,2 1,2 ~ 1,8

Cng sut Cht thi bao 0,3 ~ 0,6 x gm giy v g l( tn/gi) Cht thi bao 0,3 ~ 0,5 gm nha

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Hnh 11: My ng rn RDF

2.7.3 c im. (1) My mc c kh cho php tip tc qu trnh ch bin. (2) H thng nn cung cp lc nn v cho php nn giy thi, g thi cng nh nha thi. (3) T trang thit b s dng inh vt lm lc nn chnh, khng yu cu ngun nhit bn ngoi s dng du v in. (4) Mt s nguyn liu c th cung cp trc tip cho cc thit b m khng cn nghin hoc s ch. 2.7.4 Nguyn tc hot ng. Hai inh vt vi nhng bc rng khc nhau c khp vi mt trc. Nguyn liu cung cp cho thit b c a n h thng vn chuyn bng nhng inh vt quay lun phin. Hot ng tip theo ph thuc vo cc inh vt v tng trng hp c th. S khc nhau v hnh dng inh vt giai on u tin v giai on th hai vng nn b tr, iu lm tng cng hiu qu ca inh vt giai on 2.

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2.7.5 Biu pht trin Biu pht trin di trnh by quy trnh hot ng ca nh my (cng sut: 200 tn/ngy) c thc hin thnh ph Sapporo.
Cht thi ti ch 200 tn/ngy Xng tip nhn( 2F h thng tip nhn) g thi nghin Phn loi t tnh Phn loi giy thi nghin Phn loi t tnh nha mm nghin

Phn loi theo kch thc Tch nhm

nghin bt hm g

nghin bt hm giy Phng php phn phi hm nha

kt rn

kt rn

kt rn

kt rn

ct tr tm thi Nguyn liu ko thch hp Chn lp st bn Nhin liu rn gn 140 tn/ngy bn nhm m bn

Ct Chn lp bn

2.7.6 ng dng. D dng s dng qu trnh t cht thi rn thng thng, cht thi thng mi thng thng v cht thi cng nghip. 2.7.7 Nhng v d v ng dng thc t. Mt nh my x l hn hp cht thi thng mi thng thng bao gm: v bo, giy v nha vi cng sut 200 tn/ngy.
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Mt nh my x l hn hp cht thi cng nghip bao gm: Bn nho, giy v nha vi cng sut 40 tn/ngy.

2.8 Nh my Takuma sn xut RDF.

2.8.1 c im chnh ca cc trang thit b. Hin nay, t trc tip l phng php x l cht thi chnh, nhng ti ch cht thi ti s dng cht thi mt cch c hiu qu tr thnh phng hng ch yu H thng sn xut RDF l s dng rc th v nha thi ch bin chng thnh nhin liu rn vi quy trnh bo qun, vn chuyn, t thch hp v gim nhim. Nhng khu th c quy m nh n trung bnh khng tn dng nhit thu hi t vic t cht thi. H s dng cht thi lm RDF v thu gom chng t vi thnh ph v gi chng n mt nh my t cht thi c kim sot v c th thu hi nng lng mt cch c hiu qu. 2.8.2 c im. c trng ca h thng sn xut RDF ca Takuma l ch tp trung vo s dng nha trong cht thi sinh hot. S dng my c p c i trc xe v s dng cht kt gn tng hiu qu nng chy do nhit v sn xut RDF c nhit tr cao m khng cn phi cung cp thm cht ph gia. ng thi s dng c hiu qu nha thi c nhit tr cao. Qua qu trnh theo di thy rng hm lng dioxin cha trong kh thi t qu trnh sy kh xung di mc tiu chun cho php. 1) Mt h thng sn xut c hiu qu c xy dng nh m loi tr c s bin i ca h thng thit b bng cch s dng phng thc t cung cp vt liu vo my. 2) Nhit dung ca cc thit b ngoi vi ca my sy c gi mc ti thiu cho thit b c thi gian khi ng v thi gian tt ngn. 3) H thng c thit k trnh li cht thi trong l t khi h thng ngng hot ng ngn chn ho hon.
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4) S dng cht kh mi kh mi pht tn xung quanh nh my. 5) My c p lm tng nhit ca nguyn liu nha n im nng chy. im nng chy ny cng vi qu trnh p nn nha to thnh dng vin rn khng v trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 6) Trc i ca my c p c th nghin thm nguyn liu nhp ngoi. 2.8.3 Dy chuyn h thng Nhng xe ti chuyn dng thu gom cht thi, sau cht thi c ct tr trong hm cha cht thi trc khi a ln cn trc cho vo phu np liu. My nghin i trc xe quay nghin cht thi to thnh cht thi c kch thc nh, v a ti my sy, ti y hm lng m trong cht thi gim xung di 10%. Nhit khng kh tun hon trong my sy c th iu chnh gia 300-400oC. N cho php hot ng di im bc chy ca giy. Cht thi c nghin v sy kh i n thit b phn loi bng t tnh v b phn tch nhm ti tch c kim loi cha st v nhm. Tip theo thit b tch nh khng kh phn tch ng, knh, tp chtkhng c trong thnh phn ca RDF. My p chn vt p nguyn liu d chy thnh vin c kch thc nh ng knh khong 30mm.

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L nung Cn trc Nghin s cp

Nghin th cp Phn loi t tnh Hm rc Phn loi nhm thit b tch nn kh

My sy

qut i lu

u vo tnh ton

Sng rung Phu cha nhm Phu cha st Phu cha tp cht khc

Lm mt

Phu cha RDF

2.8.4 Khun RDF. 1) Thun li cho ct tr v chuyn ch. Khun hnh tr nh th d dng s dng m khng bi. 2) Gim khi lng cht thi Gim thiu khi lng cht thi bi hai c tnh kh v rn chc, gim thiu khi lng cht thi. 3) S dng thay th du. l nhin liu gip cn bng sinh thi. 4) Khng mi Khng pht ra mi bi v sy trong iu kin nhit cao v hp v sinh. 5) Nhin liu cao cp. Khun RDF c hiu qu t chy cao, bi v n khng cha nc hoc cht khng chy. RDF thch hp s dng trong ni hi.

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Hnh 12: Sn phm RDF

2.9 H thng Hitachi Zosen ORFA-RDF.

H thng ORFA l h thng c pht trin theo cng ngh ORFA AG ca Thu S. H thng ny c xem nh l h thng ti ch cht thi rn th tt nht trn th gii. Cng ty ca chng ti pht trin v bt u bn 2 h thng Hitachi Zosen nn tng c bn l h thng ORFA. H thng th nht l h thng sn xut RDF, h thng m chng ti gi l H thng Hitachi Zosen ORFA-RDF. Mt h thng khc gi l H thng ca ngi Nht ph hp cho ngi Nht (bao gm khu vc Chu ) Cht thi v th trng ti ch, h thng ny chng ti gi l h thng Hitachi Zosen- ORFA 2.9.1 Qu trnh x l v h thng bng truyn. H thng nguyn bn ORFA c trnh by di: H thng bng chuyn ca ORFA
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Quy trnh x l c chia lm 2 phn chnh lin quan n my vn sau khi sy nh sau: Mt na quy trnh trc: ct cht thi thnh cc mnh nh v sy kh (to ra cht thi dng si). Mt na quy trnh sau: tch v phn loi cht thi dng si trn. Trong quy trnh trc, cht thi rn th c ng gi trong ti nilon. Sau nhng ti ny c ct s qua bng thit b ct c hai trc. V nhng phn cht thi c ct ra ny s c phn tch bi tm chn v c my nghin ba v my phn tch to thnh nhng cht thi c kch thc nh hn. Sau phn cht thi ny c kch c khong 1-3 cm c sy kh n hm lng m nh hn 10%. Trong quy trnh sau, cht thi dng si (kch thc nh v sy kh) c phn tch li bng cc tm chn v c x l bng cc thit b phn tch v cc cng nhn lm cng tc phn loi th cng. Vi quy trnh ny, h thng ORFA c th phn loi cht thi rn th thnh khong 10 loi cht thi khc nhau. Tt nhin, cc my phn tch c th tch vt liu c cha t tnh v vt liu khng cha st. Theo cch ny, cht thi ca ngi Nht cng nh cht thi ca cc nc Chu c hm lng m cao hn (khong 50%) so vi cht thi ca Thy S (khong 30%) tng t nh cht thi ca M v cc nc Chu u . V vy chng ta phi thay i h thng ORFA v thay i v tr ca my sy. Sau , nghin bng thit b nghin vn c 2 trc xe c trnh by trong h thng bng chuyn di. i vi h thng ORFA-RDF thng thng, mt na quy trnh trc c th s dng trc tip v c ni n my sn xut RDF. S dng chnh my sn xut RDF ny, cht thi c th c nn di dng hnh tr (ging vin phn) vi ng knh 1-2 cm 2.9.2 Cc nt c trng: H thng ORFA l h thng ti ch cht thi rn th tt nht v chng c nhng nt c trng chnh nh sau:
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1) S phn tch v phn loi c cht lng cao hn so vi nhng h thng khc trn th gii. 2) Cht thi c th phn loi c hn 10 loi cht thi. 3) Tt c cht thi c th ti ch to thnh nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau.

4) H thng cng ngh ORFA c t nh my Philadenphia ca nc M, vi cng sut 20 tn/ngy (Hai dy truyn mi dy truyn c cng sut 10 tn/ngy) H thng ORFA-RDF cng c th cung cp c RDF cht lng cao. 2.9.3 Cng sut Cng sut thit k tiu chun ca mt dy chuyn l t 1-5 v 10 tn/gi v mt nh my ln hn c th cung cp h thng kt hp cng sut tiu chun ging nh nh my Philadenphia trn. 2.9.4 Cc lnh vc ng dng Ti Nht, RDF l mi quan tm hng u trong vic ti ch cht thi, gim thiu chn lp. RDF c sn xut t cht thi rn th v c hm lng calo vo khong 4000 kcal/kg. Cc khch hng ngi Nht c nhu cu s dng nhit c thu hi t nh my pht in s dng RDF. Nh my ORFA-RDF c th p ng c nhng nhu cu ny v sn xut ra RDF c cht lng cao. Theo cch ny th cng sut ca nh my in s dng RDF c th b lng ph nu s lng RDF em x l t hn 100 tn/ngy. V vy nh my s dng RDF quy m nh c th s dng nng lng nhit di cc dng khc nhau, v d nh trng hp: xy dng h thng phn phi nc nng, nc lnh v nc m, b bi nc nng, sui nc nng v mt s ng dng khc... Ngoi tr trng hp h thng phn phi nc nng quy m ln, s lng RDF ti ch rt nh, thc t cho thy rt kh ti ch ton b RDF. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny m cng ty chng ti pht trin H thng HITACHI ZOSENORFA theo phng php S dng vi sinh vt mt cch hiu qu v s dng gim bt mi ca cht thi ti v s dng vi sinh vt phn hu ch bin

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phn trn t cht thi. H thng ORFA ca Nht Bn c th p dng trong cc iu kin sau: Trong trng hp khng s dng cc loi nha ph thi trong h thng sn xut RDF to ra sn phm RDF sch. RDF thng thng c cha PVC (cht do) v cn quan tm n cc bin php i ph khi cn thit vi kh pht thi trong qu trnh t RDF. Lin quan n phn loi cc loi nha,H thng du Reclamation trong sn phm ca chng ti c th bin i thnh nhin liu lng v nhin liu ny c th s dng cho my sy ca nh my ORFA. Xt v thc t th li ch ca vn ny l ton b cht thi c ti ch hon ton.

III. Kt Lun Chung:

Nht, nhng nm gn y, Cng ngh sn xut RDF c nghin cu v pht trin mnh m do vic sn xut v s dng RDF mang li nhiu li ch v ti nguyn v mi trng; v kinh t, x hi; v khoa hc, k thut. ng thi cng ngh sn xut RDF cng ph hp vi c im ring ca Nht l ngho ti nguyn v kh nng phn loi cht thi ti ngun rt tt. Trn y l cc cng ngh sn xut RDF ang ng dng ti Nht, mc d cc thng tin cha c y nhng cng phn nh bc tranh tng quan v mt s cng ngh sn xut RDF. ng thi a ra quy trnh cng ngh sn xut RDF thng dng v trin vng ca cng ngh sn xut RDF Nht. Cc phn tch v nh gi v cc cng ngh sn xut RDF ca Nht l mt trong nhng gii php cng ngh thch hp ng dng trong cc nh my x l Cht thi.

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Ti liu tham kho Annual report on the Environment in Japan 2005.

http://www.env.go.jp/en/
http://www.sp.dianet.or.jp/pre/kankyo/index.html http://www.mhi.co.jp http://www.hitachi.co.jp http://www.shinmaywa.co.jp http://www.jsw.co.jp http://www.ebara.co.jp http://www.kyokuto.com http://www.takuma.co.jp

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