TESTING OF SEISMIC PROTECTION DEVICES

Agostino Marioni
1ST EFAST Workshop Ispra, 2-3 March 2009

The most common Standards for Antiseismic Devices

In Italy: Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, 14/01/08 (will be superseded, as far as concerns antiseismic devices, by EN 15129) In Europe: prEN 15129 European Standard for Antiseismic Devices (formal vote in progress, should become EN shortly) In USA: AASHTO Guide Specification for Seismic Isolation Design Worldwide ISO 22762 (only HDRB and LRB)

Performance oriented classification of antiseismic devices (according to prEN15129)

Rigid connection devices Restraints (Dowels and Guides) Hydraulic connecting devices Displacement Dependent Devices Linear Devices Non Linear Devices Velocity Dependent Devices Isolators Sliders Rubber Bearings (High, Low Damping or LRB) Sliding Pendulum

Type oriented classification of anti-seismic devices

HDRB (High Damping Rubber Bearings) LRB (Lead Rubber Bearings) Hysteretic Dampers Sliding Pendulum Isolators Hydraulic Devices
Viscous Dampers Dynamic connection devices or Shock Transmission Units - STU

Functions of a base isolation system

Support the vertical load Provide lateral flexibility Provide a restoring force Damp the energy

Isolators are devices providing the four functions

TEST REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO prEN 15129 General rule: There are two kinds of tests: 1. Type testing to be performed on each type of device and to be repeated if the design load and displacement deviate more than 20% from the prototype 2. Factory Production Contol to be performed on the current production with the specified frequency

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON FUSE RESTRAINTS 1. Type testing

Service load test Fatigue test Brake away test

2. Factory Production Control

Only material testing

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON DYNAMIC CONNECTION DEVICES (STU)

Test Pressure test Low velocity test Seal wear test Impulsive load test Over load test Cyclic load test Type test X X X X X X 5% FPC 100% 5%

TYPICAL FEATURE OF A STU

Shock Transmission Units (STU)

dynamic testing

Shock Transmission Units (STU)

Typical output of an impulsive load test

Shock Transmission Units (STU)

Typical output of a cyclic load test

Shock Transmission Units (STU)

Typical output of a low velocity test

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON DISPLACEMENT DEPENDANT DEVICES 1. Type test

a) 5 force displacement cycles at 25%, and 50% Dd + 10 cycles at 100% Dd b) Ramp test up to Dd x b x x or Vd x b x x with b = 1,15 and x = 1,2 or 1,5

2. Factory Production Control

Test a) on 2% of the devices

DYNAMYC TESTS ARE NOT REQUIRED

DISPLACEMENT DEPENDENT DEVICES (HYSTERETIC DAMPERS)

Typical force displacement test

MULTIDIRECTIONAL HYSTERETIC DAMPER

Force displacement test

MULTIDIRECTIONAL HYSTERETIC DAMPER

Typical output of a force displacement test

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON VELOCITY DEPENDENT DEVICES (VISCOUS DAMPERS)

Test Pressure test Low velocity test Seal wear test Constitutive law test Damping efficiency Wind load cycle test Stroke verification Type test X X X X X X X FPC 100% 5% 5% 5%

Test verification of the constitutive law of a viscous damper with exponent = 0,15
RITEGNO SISMICO FLUIDODINAMICO TIPO FD 750/100 VERIFICA SPERIMENTALE DELLA CURVA TEORICA
1000 900 800 700 600 forza (kN) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 velocit (mm/s)) Curva teorica Valori sperimentali della forza di reazione 100 120 140 160

MTS856, forma d'onda sinusoidale DIAGRAMMA FORZA-SPOSTAMENTO Frequenza = 1 Hz 800

400

-400

Test verification of the energy dissipation of a viscous damper with exponent = 0,15 subject to 10 sinusoidal cycles of 50 mm displacement

forza (kN)

-800 100 110 120 130 140 150

spostamento (mm)

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON ELASTOMERIC ISOLATORS (HDRB&LRB)

Test Compression at zero displ. Compression stiffness K and under cyclic deformation K under ramp loading Variation of K and with frequency Variation of K and with temperature Variation of K and with cycling Lateral capacity with V min and max Variation of K and with aging Creep under vertical load Type test X X X X X X X X X X 20% 20% 20% FPC

High Damping Rubber Bearing HDRB

Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

Horizontal load deflection plot of an HDRB

BI-AXIAL TEST ON A HDRB UTILIZING A SLIDING SURFACE

BI-AXIAL TEST ON A PAIR OF HDRB

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON CURVED SURFACE SLIDERS (SLIDING PENDULUM ISOLATORS)

Test Compression at zero displacement Friction in service conditions Static coefficient of friction Sliding isolation tests Aging test Type test X X X X X FPC 5% 5% 5%

ALGAPEND Sliding Pendulum with one spherical sliding surface

ALGAPEND Sliding Pendulum with two spherical sliding surfaces

ALGAPEND Sliding Pendulum with two perpendicular cylindrical sliding surfaces

TEST OF AN ALGAPEND ISOLATOR AT THE EUCENTRE LABORATORY

TEST OF AN ALGAPEND ISOLATOR AT THE EUCENTRE LABORATORY

DYNAMIC TEST OF AN ALGAPEND ISOLATOR AT THE EUCENTRE LABORATORY - TYPICAL OUTPUT

150

100

50

Force (kN)

0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

-50

-100

-150 Disp (m m )

TEST REQUIREMENTS ON COMBINATION OF DEVICES 1. Type test on a complete device 2. Factory production control on the individual components according to the relevant parts of prEN15129 or EN1337

Typical example of a combination of devices (hysteretic slider): pot bearing according to EN 1337-3 (blue) combined with hysteretic dampers (green) and shock transmission units (gray)

BI-AXIAL TEST OF A HYSTERETIC SLIDER

TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR HDRB AND LRB FROM ISO 22762

TEST REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO AASHTO GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS Prototypes tests: 2 prototypes. Scaled isolators only if approved by the Engineer and no equipment available. Load cycles up to 1,25 design displacement. Routine tests on 100% of the devices

SUMMARY OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE TESTING EQUIPMENTS Requirements for testing of Shock Transmission Units Uniaxial dynamic equipment with:
Force up to 20 MN (Carquinez Bridge = 1,6 MN) Stroke ~100 mm Velocity ~ 100 mm/s Theoretical power requirement: 2 MW

Requirements for testing of Velocity Dependent Devices (Viscous Dampers) Uniaxial dynamic equipment with: Force up 5 MN (Rion Antirion Bridge = 3 MN) Stroke ~2000 mm Velocity ~ 500 mm/s, however sometimes are required velocities up to 2200 mm/s to simulate near fault effects Theoretical power requirement: 2,5 to 11 MW

Requirements for testing of Rubber Isolators (HDRB & LRB) The most common Isolators may have 1200 mm Diameter and would require: Vertical load (2xdesign load) 35 MN Horizontal load (at tan=2,5 and G=1,4) 4 MN Some manufacturers can produce isolators up to 1750 mm diameter and in this case the requirements would be: Vertical load 75 MN Horizontal load 8,5 MN

Requirements for testing of Rubber Isolators (HDRB & LRB) Bi-axial dynamic equipment with: Vertical force up to 50 MN (however 75 MN could also be required for 1750 mm dia.) Vertical stroke ~50 mm Horizontal force up to 5 MN (or 10 MN for 1750 mm diameter) Horizontal stroke 600 mm for most cases but 1200 mm could be required for near fault effects Frequency up to 0,5 Hz and velocity up to 2200 mm/s when near fault effects shall be simulated

Requirements for testing of Sliding Pendulum Isolators Bi-axial dynamic equipment with: Vertical force up to 50 MN (however 100 MN could also be required in some cases) Vertical stroke ~200 mm Horizontal force up to 5 MN (10 MN could be required in some cases) Horizontal stroke 600 mm for most cases but 1200 mm could be required for near fault effects Frequency up to 0,5 Hz and velocity up to 2200 mm/s when near fault effects shall be simulated

CONCLUSIONS
The demand of tests on antiseismic devices will tend to increase with entering in force of the European Standard EN 15129 and the increase of the number of structures incorporating such devices Near fault effects require exeptional performances of the testing equipments New testing facilities should include deviceoriented equipments and consider the above requirements

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

a.marioni@alga.it