Giao Trinh Ve Ky Thuat Co Khi

cng bi ging
Bi m u:
1. Lch s pht trin mn hc Bn v k thut l mt phng tin thng tin k thut dng din t tng ca ngi thit k, m mn c s ca n l mn hnh hc trong ton hc v mn hnh ho ho hnh. Vic ng dng ca mn hc c hnh thnh t xa xa, n c p dng khng ch trong vic xy dng m n cn c p dng trong vic ch to cc thit b c kh, n thc s tr thnh mt mn hc v cng quan trng, n pht trin cng vi cc thi k pht trin ca ngnh c kh trn th gii v ngy cng hon thin v tiu chun cng nh cc quy c ca h thng ca cc t chc trn th gii ni chung v Vit nam ni ring. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh thng tin th vn p dng cng ngh thng tin vo vic s ho bn v cng nh t ng thit k bn v ngy cng c thm nhiu tin ch v pht trin mnh m. Chc chn trong tng lai ngnh v k thut cn pht trin nhanh hn . 2. Nhim v tnh cht mn hc Nhim v ca mn hc v k thut l cung cp cho sinh vin cc phng php c bn trong cch dng v c bn v k thut ( bn v lp v bn v chi tit) mt cch c bn nht, ng thi cung cp cho ngi c cc thng tin c bn v cc tiu chun, qui phm trong trnh by v dng bn v k thut... Mn v k thut l mt mn c s ca chuyn ngnh C kh, xy dng, kin trc .. do trong qu trnh hc tp i hi sinh vin phi lm vng cc c s l lun, cc l thuyt c bn v php chiu, cc phng php th hin vt th trn bn v, cc tiu chun v qui phm ca nh nc v c bit l cch t duy trong nghin cu v trnh by hnh biu v kt cu ca vt, sao cho y thng tin nht nhng phi n gin nht.
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s -1-
cng bi ging 3. Bn v k thut v bn cht ca n trong qu trnh sn sut Bn v k thut l mt phng php truyn thng tin k thut n th hin ca nh thit k, n l mt ti liu c bn nht v th hin y thng tin nht ch o qu trnh sn xut, da vo ngi gia cng tin hnh sn xut v ch to ra sn phm. Nhng cng da vo m ngi kim tra c th tin hnh kim tra cc thng s cn thit ca sn phm va ch to ra. Bn v k thut c thc hin bng cc phng php biu din khoa hc, chnh xc theo nhng qui tc thng nht ca Nh nc v Quc t, ng thi n cng l cc c s php l ca cng trnh hay thit b c biu din. Chng 1. Tiu chun trnh by bn v Mc tiu: - Trnh by c nhng kin thc c bn v tiu chun bn v, cc loi dng c v, phng php la chn, s dng cc dng c v vt liu v. La chn, s dng c cc dng c v vt liu v. C kh
in lc Nng nghip Xy dng Giao thng
Bn v
Qun s
Kin trc
Cc lnh vc k thut dng bn v k thut

Ni dung: 1. Vt liu - Dng c v v cch s dng. 2. Tiu chun nh nc v bn v . 3. Ghi kch thc. 4. Trnh t lp bn v. Thi gian:6h (LT: 5; TH: 1) Thi gian: 2h Thi gian:2h Thi gian: 1h Thi gian: 1h
1. Vt liu dng c v v cc cch s dng Giy: Giy v dng v ( gi l giy v). l loi giy dy
hi cng c mt phi nhn, mt tri rp. Khi v bng bt ch hay mc u dng mt phi v.
cng bi ging Kh giy: theo tiu chun TCVN 7283 : 2003 ( ISO 5457 : 1999) quy nh kh giy ca cc bn v k thut gm:
-
K hiu A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 Kch th1189x841 841x594 594x420 420x297 297x210 c(mm) * Bt v: bt mc v bt ch - Bt ch : Bt v dng v k thut l bt ch en c hai loi: + Cng: K hiu l H + Mm: K hiu l B v nt lin mnh, nt mnh dng bt ch loi cng: H. V nt lin m, ch vit th dng bt ch mm. - Cch mi bt. - Cch cm bt * Thc : * Compa * Vn v: Lm bng g dn dng tm, mica vi yu cu b mt vn v phi nhn phng khng cong vnh . Vn v c th ri, hoc ng lin vi bn v. Hi dc vi ngi v.
2. Tiu chun nh nc v bn v .
2.1
Thi gian:2h
ng nt
Trn bn v k thut, cc hnh chiu ca vt th c biu din bng cc dng ng, nt c rng khc nhau th hin cc tnh cht ca vt th. Cc ng, nt trn bn v c qui nh trong TCVN0008:1993 tiu chun ny ph hp vi tiu chun Quc t ISO128:1982. a. Cc loi ng nt Cc loi ng, nt trong bn v k thut theo tiu chun c lit k trong bng sau: Nt v A Tn gi Nt lin m B Nt lin mnh Phm vi p dng A1: Cnh thy, ng bao thy A2: ng ren thy, ng nh rng B1: Giao tuyn tng tng tng B2: ng kch thc B3: ng dn, ng dng kch thc
cng bi ging B4: Thn mi tn ch hng nhn B5: ng gch mt ct B6: ng bao mt ct chp B7: ng tm ngn Nt ln sng Nt dch E F dc Nt t m Nt t G mnh Nt gch chm mnh G1: ng tm G2: ng trc i xng G3: Qu o G4: Vng trn chia ca bnh rng H Nt ct J Nt gch chm K m Nt gch hai chm mnh H: Vt ca mt phng ct J: Ch dn cc ng hoc mt cn c x l ring K1: ng bao ca chi tit ln cn K2: Cc v tr u, cui, trung gian ca chi tit di ng K3: ng trng tm K4: ng bao ca chi tit trc
C D
B8: ng chn ren thy C1, D1: ng gii hn hnh ct hoc hnh chiu khi khng dng ng trc lm ng gii hn E1: ng bao khut, cnh khut F1: ng bao khut, cnh khut
cng bi ging khi hnh thnh K5: B phn ca chi tit nm pha trc mt phng ct. b. Chiu rng nt v. Theo cc tiu chun th ta ch c php s dng 02 loi nt v trn mt bn v, t s chiu rng ca nt m v nt mnh khng c vt qu 2:1 Cc chiu rng ca cc nt v cn chn sao cho ph hp vi kch thc, loi bn v m ta chn theo tiu chun sau: Dy b rng nt v tiu chun: 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4; 2mm Ch chiu rng ca nt v cho mt ng khng thay i theo t l bn v, hnh v.. c. Quy tc v. Khong cch nh nht gia hai ng song song bao gm c trng hp ng gch mt ct, khng c nh hn hai ln chiu rng ca nt m nht. Khong cch ny khng nh hn 0,7 mm. Khi hai hay nhiu nt v khc loi trng nhau th cn theo th t u tin sau: ng bao thy, cnh thy ( dng nt lin m A) ng bao khut, cnh khut ( nt t loi E, F) Mt phng ct ( nt gch chm mnh c nt m hai u, loi H) ng tm v trc i xng (nt chm gch mnh,loi G) ng trng tm ( nt gch hai chm mnh, loi K) ng dng kch thc ( nt lin mnh, loi B) C th ta xem hnh v s 1.1
a a-A
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - Hnh51.1
cng bi ging
2.2 Kh giy Theo TCVN2-74 ( tiu chun Vit nam s 2-74) qui nh kh giy ca cc bn v v cc ti liu k thut khc qui nh cho ngnh cng nghip v xy dng. c qui nh nh sau: - Kh giy c qui nh bng kch thc ca mp ngoi bn v - Kh giy bao gm kh chnh v kh ph.
-
Kh chnh c kch thc di x rng = 1189 x 841 c din tch bng 1 m2 (kh A0) , cn cc kh ph c chia ra t kh ny theo s chn ln. V d A0 = 2 A1 = 4A2 = 8 A3 = 18A4 = .. ta c th xem hnh 1.2 sau y.
841 420 k u gtn hn M pn o i g 21 0
27 9 54 9 19 1 8
Hnh 1.2 K hiu cc kh giy chnh theo bng 1.1 sau y: K hiu kh giy Kch thc cc cnh kh giy tnh 44 1 24 41 22 594x4 20 12 20 11 0
1189x84 594x8
297x4 297x21
cng bi ging bng mm K hiu tng ng cc kh giy s dng theo

2.3
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
TCVN193-66 Khung bn v, khung tn Mi bn v u phi c khung v v khung tn ring. Ni dung
v kch thc c qui nh trong tiu chun TCVN3821-83. a. Khung bn v Khung bn v c v bng nt lin m ( thng thng ly bng 0.5 hoc l 1 mm ), k cch cc mp giy l 5 mm. Khi cn ng thnh tp th cc cnh gi nguyn tr cnh khung bn tri c k cch mp mt on bng 25 mm, nh cc hnh 1.3 v 1.4 di y:
2 5
k u gtn hn 5 M pn o i g 5
k u gt hn n M pn o i g
b. Khung tn Hnh 1.3 Hnh 1.4 Khung tn ca bn v c th c t theo cnh di hoc ngn ca bn v tu theo cch trnh by nhng n phi c t cnh di v gc bn phi ca bn v. Nhiu bn v c th t chung
cng bi ging trn mt t giy nhng mi bn v phi c khung tn v khung bn v ring, khung tn ca mi bn v phi t sao cho cc ch ghi trong khung tn c du hng ln trn hay hng sang tri i vi bn v . Nh hnh s 1.5 sau y:
kug n hn t
kug n hn t
Hnh 1.5 Ni dung ca khung bn v dng trong nh trng c th hin hnh 1.6 sau:
7. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 8 N g uv Kma i t r () 9 3 0 () 5 () 7 1 5 () 6 () 8 () 1 8 2 5 () 3 () 4
32
() 2
Hnh 1.6 1: Dng ghi u bi tp hoc tn gi chi tit 2: Dng ghi tn vt liu lm chi tit 3: Dng ghi t l ca bn v 4: Dng ghi k hiu bn v 5: Dng ghi h tn ngi v 6: Dng ghi ngy thng nm hon thnh bn v 7: Dng ghi h v tn ngi kim tra 8: Dng ghi ngy kim tra xong
cng bi ging 9: Dng ghi tn trng, khoa, lp

2.4
Ch v s
Ch vit, s v cc k hiu ghi trong bn v phi r rng, thng nht, d c v khng gy nhm ln. Ch vit v s c qui nh c th trong TCVN6-85 2.4.1 Kh ch v s nh ngha: l chiu cao ca ch, s c o vung gc vi dng k v tnh bng mm. ( theo tiu chun TCVN6-85 qui nh kh ch nh sau: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.) v chiu rng ch c xc nh tu thuc vo kiu ch v chiu cao ca ch. C th xem hnh 1.7 v 1.8 di y.
Hnh 1.7
Hnh 1.8
Thng s ch vit Kh ch Chiu cao ch hoa
K hiu
Kch thc tng i Kiu A Kiu B 14/14h 10/10h
cng bi ging Chiu cao ch thng Khong cch gia cc ch Bc nh nht ca cc dng Khong cch gia cc t Chiu rng nt ch 2.4.2 Cc kiu ch v s
-
c a b e d
10/14h 2/14h 22/14h 6/14h 1/14h
7/10h 2/10h 17/10h 6/10h 1/10h
Kiu A khng nghing ( ng) v kiu A nghing 75o vi d = 1/14h Kiu B khng nghing (ng) v kiu B nghing 75o vi d = 1/10h
C th gim khong cch a gia cc ch v ch s c nt k nhau khng song song, khong cch gia cc du chnh t v t tip theo l khong cch nh nht gia cc t. a. Ch ci la tinh Kiu ch B nghing v khng nghing ln lt hnh v s: 1.9 v 1.10
Hnh 1.9
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 10 -
cng bi ging
Hnh 1.10
Hnh 1.11
b. Ch ci Hy lp Tn gi ca ch ci hy lp c ghi trong bng sau c th hin trong hnh s 1.11 v 1.12: 1.anfa 5.Epxilon 6.Zta 7.ta 10.Kapa 11.Lama 12.Muy 13.Nuy 14.Kxi 8.Tta 9.Ita 2.Bta 3.Gamma 4.Denta
15.mikrn
cng bi ging 16.Pi 17.R 20.Ipxilon 21.Fi 22.Khi 23.Pxi 24.mga 18.Xicma 19.T
Hnh 1.12
c. Ch s rp v La m ch thch: 1- Ch s La m L, C, D, M vit theo qui cch ch ci la tinh 2- Cho php gii hn ch s La m bng cc gch ngang, c th trong hnh v 1.13 di y
Hnh 1.13 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 12 -
cng bi ging d. Du Tn gi cc du ghi trong hnh 1.14, hnh 1.15 v Bng s 2 sau: 1.Chm 2.Du hai chm 3.Phy 4.Chm phy 5.Chm than 6.Chm hi 7.Ngoc kp 8.V 9. mc 10.Bng 11.Gi tr sau khi 12.Tng ng 13.Tim cn 14.Gn bng 15.Nh hn 16.Ln hn 17-17a.Nh hn hoc bng 18-18a. Ln hn hoc bng 19.Cng 20.Tr 21.Cng-tr 22-23.Nhn 24.Chia 25.Phn trm 26. 27.Pht 28.Giy 29.Song song 30.Vung gc 31.Gc 32.Nghing 33.Cn 34.Hnh vung 35.Vng cung 36.ng knh 37.Cn 38.Tch phn 39.V tn 40.Ngoc Vung 41.Ngoc n 42.Gch phn s 43.S 44.T ...n... 45.i xng 46.Du sao
cng bi ging
Hnh 1.14
Hnh s 15
2.5 T l 2.5.1 nh ngha T l ca bn v (hnh v) l t s gia kch thc o c trn hnh biu din vi kch thc tng ng o c trn vt th. T l ca bn v c quy nh trong TCVN3-74 2.5.2 Cch chn t l Trong cc bn v k thut, tu theo mc phc tp v ln khc nhau ca vt th c biu din v tu theo tnh cht ca mi loi bn v m ta chon cc t l, thu nh, phng to, nguyn
cng bi ging hnh .. m bo cc hnh biu din trn bn v sao cho ti u nht v kch thc, d c .. 2.5.3 Cc t l thng dng Tu theo cch biu din ca bn v vt th m ta c cc t l khc nhau, c th cc t l trong bng s 3 sau thng c dng trong cc ngnh k thut: T l thu nh 1: 2 1: 50 T l nguyn hnh T l phng to 2: 1 2,5: 4: 1 5: 1 10: 20: 1 40: 1 50: 1 100: 1 1: 2,5 1: 75 1: 4 1: 100 1: 5 1: 200 1: 10 1: 400 1:1 1: 15 1: 500 1: 20 1: 800 1: 40 1: 1000
1 1 Khi biu din mt bng chung cho cc cng rnh ln, cho php dng cc t l sau: 1:2000 1:5000 1:10000 1:20000 1:25000 1:50000 Trong cc trng hp ghi gi tr t l trong ghi t l u phi ghi: TL X:Y v d nh trong s l: TL 1:2, TL 1:4, TL 2:1
3. Ghi kch thc.
3. Ghi kch thc
Thi gian: 1h
Kch thc ghi trong bn v th hin ln ca vt th biu din. Ghi kch thc l mt cng on rt quan trng trong khi lp bn v.Cc qui tc ghi kch thc c qui nh trong TCVN5705-1993, Tiu chun ny ph hp vi tiu chun ISO 129-1985. 3.1 Nguyn tc chung - C s xc nh ln v v tr tng i gia cc phn t ca vt th c biu din bng cc kch thc ghi trn bn v, cc kch thc ny khng ph thuc vo t l ca cc hnh biu din. V d kch thc thc ca vt l 100 mm th ta ghi trn bn v l 100
cng bi ging - S lng kch thc trn bn v phi ch to v kim tra c vt th, mi kch thc ch c ghi mt ln trn bn v, tr trng hp cn thit khc, kch thc phi c ghi trn cc hnh chiu th hin ng v r nht cu to ca phn c ghi. - Kch thc khng trc tip dng trong qu trnh ch to, m ch thun li cho vic s dng th coi l kch thc tham kho. Cc kch thc ny c ghi trong ngoc n. - n v o trn bn v l mm ( cho c kch thc di v sai lch), trn bn v khng cn ghi n v o. - Trng hp dng cc n v khc trn bn v th phi c ghi ch r rng ( v d: ta ghi n v trong bn v l mm, cao trnh c l m ..) - Dng , pht, giy l n v o gc v gii hn sai lch ca n. 3.2 Cc thnh phn kch thc 3.2.1 ng dng, ng kch thc v ch s kch thc. - ng dng v ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh. ng dng c ko di qu v tr ca ng kch thc mt on bng 2 n 3 ln b rng ca nt dm trn bn v. ng dng v ng kch thc khng nn ct ng khc, tr trng hp cn thit. - Trn mi u mt ca ng kch thc c mt mi tn m hai cnh ca chng lm vi nhau mt gc 300. ln ca mi tn t l vi chiu rng nt v trn bn v ( thng thng trong bn v c kh l chiu dai mi tn =2,5 mm), hai mi tn v pha trong gii hn bi ng kch thc, nu khng ch ta c th v ra ngoi. Cho php thay hai mi tn i nhau bng mt du chm m. Ch v mt mi tn u mt ca ng kch thc bn knh. - Dng kh ch t 2,5 tr ln ghi ch s kch thc tu thuc vo kh bn v ( thng thng ta chn ch trn bn v l 2,5 mm) v tr t ch s ny nh sau:
cng bi ging + t khong gia v pha trn ng kch thc, sao cho chng khng b ct hoc chn bi bt k ng no ca bn v. + trnh cc ch s kch thc xp xp theo hng dc ta ln t cc ch s so le nhau v hai pha ca ng kch thc + Trong trng hp khng ch th ch s kch thc c th c ghi trn ng ko di ca ng kch thc v bn phi. + Cho php gch di ch s kch thc khi hnh v khng ng t l biu din. + K hiu km theo cc ch s kch thc nh sau: ng knh: Cnh hnh vung: cn: ng knh hay bn knh ca hnh cu c ghi thm ch cu 3.2.2 Cch ghi kch thc a. Kch thc on thng Trong cch ghi kch thc ca on thng ta cn chu cc cch ghi sau: - Cc ng dng c k vung gc vi on thng c ghi kch thc dng nt lin mnh, on thng ghi kch thc thng di 10 mm k t on thng cn ghi kch thc - ng ghi kch thc l mt ng thng song song vi on thng cn ghi kch thc v cch nhau mt khong l 7 mm.( cch u mt ca ng dng l 3mm) - Trong trng hp c hai on thng song song song v cng ghi kch thc v mt pha th cc ng dng v ng kch thc khng c ct nhau, ng kch thc bn trong song song vi kch thc bn ngoi v cch nhau mt on l 7mm - Hng ca ch s ghi kch thc phi theo hng ca ng kch thc.
Bnh knh: R dc:
cng bi ging - i vi ng ghi kch thc nm ngang th ch s ghi kch thc phi nm gia v pha trn ca ng ghi kch thc. - i vi ng ghi kch thc thng ng th ch s ghi kch thc nm v bn tri ca n. C th ta c th xem cc v d sau:
1 3 7 5
18
2 6
3 5
Hnh 1.16 1.17 b. Kch thc cung trn v ng trn
Hnh
Kch thc ch dy cung, cung trn, ng knh, bn knh c ghi nh sau: - i vi dy cung thi ghi nh l i vi on thng xem hnh s 1.18 - i vi cung trn th ng dng vung gc vi day cung, ng kch thc ging cung trn v cch cung trn mt on 7 mm ( trng hp pha ngoi cn c cc hnh chi tit khc th cch nt gn nht mt on 7mm) xem hnh s 1.18 - i vi bn knh ta khng cn ng dng m ch v ng kch thc c th xut pht t tm hoc khng cn xut pht t tm nhng hng ca n phi i qua tm v khng c di qu tm n ng trn, v mt mi tn ch v pha ng trn, ch s kch thc phi c ch R c th t trong hoc ngoi ng trn xem v d trong hnh v s 1.19. - i vi ng knh ta cng khng cn ng dng c th ko di ht ng knh vi hai mi tn, hoc khng ht ng knh vi
18
cng bi ging mt mi tn, ch s kch thc c th t trong hoc ngoi ng trn tu xem v d trong hnh s 1.20.
3 0
R0 5
R 5 0
0 5
R 50
0 0 1
1 00
3 5
1 0 0
0 10
Hnh 1.18 Hnh 1.20
Hnh 1.19
Khi tm cung trn nm ngoi gii hn cn v th ta c th v ng kch thc ca bn knh hoc hnh 1.21 Cho php ghi kch thc ca ng knh ca vt th hnh tr c dng phc tp trn ng knh rt ngn xem v d 1.22
50 40
50
ng knh bng ng gy
khc hoc ngt on m khng cn xc nh tm xem v d
30
38
29
R1
R120
Hnh 1.21 1.22 c. Kch thc gc
R 5
21
20
41
Hnh
Trong cch ghi kch thc gc th ng dng chnh l ng ko di ca hai cnh gii hn gc, ng kch thc l cung trn vi hai mi tn ch vo hai ng dng, ch s c th c ghi trong gii hn gc hoc ngoi nhng n phi c ch s ( o, , ) th hin ( , pht, giy) c th v d trn hnh 1.23 sau:
cng bi ging
3 4 2
6'5 2 34
6 '5 0 "
Hnh 1.23 d. Kch thc hnh cu, hnh vung, dc, cn Trc cc kch thc ca bn knh ng knh hnh cu ta ch vic ghi ging nh hnh trn nhng thm vo pha trc mt ch cu .
Cc kch thc cn li ta c th nh cc v d xem trn hnh 1.24 R10
45
R10
Hnh 1.24
4. Trnh t lp bn v.
30
Thi gian: 1h
45
Chng 2. V hnh hc Mc tiu: - Trnh by c phng php v ng thng song song, ng thng vung gc, chia u on thng, chia u ng trn, v mt s ng cong in hnh. - V c bn v hnh hc v vch du khi thc tp Ni dung: Thi gian:7h (LT: 5; TH: 2) 1. Dng ng thng song ssong, ng thng vung gc, dng v chia gc Thi gian: 2h 2. Chia u on thng, chia u ng trn Thi gian:2h 3. V ni tip Thi gian: 1h 4. V mt s ng cong hnh hc Thi gian: 1h 5. Kim tra chng (1), (2) Thi gian: 1h
1. Dng ng thng song song, ng thng a. Dng ng thng song song b. Dng ng thng vung gc. - Dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng d i qua I thuc d: + Dng ng trn tm I ct d ti A v B
vung gc, dng v chia gc
45
40
45
30
" '50 26 34
0"
60
60
cng bi ging + Dng cc cung trn tm A v B bn knh R = AB ct nhau ti K + ng thng qua K v I s vung gc vi d.
K A R O d A I B d R O A K A I I B
1 A
- Dng ng thng vung gc vi ng thng d i qua I khng thuc d 2. Chia u on thng, chia u ng trn a. Chia u on thng. ( Phng php t l) LT: Chia u on thng AB thnh nhiu on bng nhau( n on bng nhau), cch v nh sau: Qua im A (hoc B) k dng thng Ax bt k ( nn ly gc xAB l mt gc nhn) K t A t ln Ax, n on bng nhau bng cc im chia 1, 2 , 3 , 4... Ni n B v qua im 1, 2 , 3 , 4... k cc ng thng song song vi nB . Giao im ca cc ng thng vi AB cho ta cc im chia tng ng 1, 2, 3, 4...B, l nhng im chia cn tm. x x n 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 3 4 B A 1 2 3 4 B(5)
1 2
VD: Chia 1 on thng ra lm 5R 2 bng nhau. phn 1 b. Chia u ng trn. R O - Chia 3. O O

R 3 B ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 21 1 2 R 4 B 1
A R 2
Chia 3
Chia 6
Chia 4
cng bi ging
2
MC
C A R O N 3 B 2 D O R 1 B 2 R R O
1 A M 1
+ Dng ng trn tm O, ng knh AB, bn knh R + Dng ng trn tm B bn knh R ct ng trn tm O ti 1, 2 + Ba im A, 1, 2 chia u ng trn tm O thnh 3 phn bng nhau. - Chia 4. + Dng ng trn tm O, + Dng ng knh AB, bn knh R + Dng ng vung gc vi AB qua O ct ng trn tm O ti 1, 2 + Bn im 1, B, 2,A chia u ng trn tm O thnh 4 phn bng nhau. - Chia 5: Ta chia ng trn ra 5 phn bng nhau bng cch dng di ca cnh hnh 5 cnh u ni tip trong ng trn . Theo cng thc: a5= r/2. + Dng ng trn tm O, ng knh AB, bn knh R + Qua tm O dng 2 ng knh AB, CD vung gc vi nhau + Ly trung im M ca on OA + Ly M lm tm k cung trn bn knh MC, cung ny ct OB N , ta c CN l di cnh a5= r/2 ca hnh 5 cnh u ni tip trong ng trn .
3. V ni tip Thi gian: 1h
3.1 V ni tip
cng bi ging Cc ng nt trn bn v c ni tip nhau mt cch trn chu theo nhng qui lut hnh hc nht nh. Hai ng cong ( hoc mt ng cong v mt ng thng ) c ni tip vi nhau ti mt im v ti chng phi tip xc nhau. Vy khi v ni tip cc ng vi nhau phi tun theo qui lut tip xc. 3.1.1 V cung trn tip xc vi 1ng thng Khi v ni tip gia ng thng vi ng trn phi tun theo qui lut tip xc ca ng thng vi ng trn. v d xem hnh 2.8 v hnh 2.9 Mt ng trn tip xc vi ng thng cho th tm ca ng trn cch on thng mt on bng bn knh ng trn , tip im l chn ca ng thng vung gc k t tm ng trn n ng thng. c chia 1 lm hai trng hp l T tip xc trong v tip xc ngoi: A R2 O
O R T R R 1 1 B T 1 2 O 2 T 2 T
Hnh 2.8 3.1.2 a. V cung trn ni tip hai ng thng Hai ng thng song song
Hnh 2.9
Cho hai ng thng d1 v d2 song song vi nhau v cch nhau mt on l L. yu cu t ra l v cung trn ni tip hai ng thng trn v d hnh 2.10. ta tin hnh v nh sau: - Theo tnh cht tip xc ng thng v ng trn ta c: Bc 1: Xc nh khong cch gia hai ng thng l L Bc 2: Ti A ta k mt ng thng vung gc vi d1, ct d2 ti C, do d1 // d2 nn AC d2
cng bi ging Bc 3: chia i on thng AC thnh hai phn bng nhau ta c im H vi AH = CH Bc 4: V ng trn tm H bn knh AH Cung A1C chnh l on ni tip gia hai ng thng //.
d 1 A H d 2 C
Hnh 2.10 b. Hai ng thng ct nhau Cho hai ng thng d1 v d2 ct nhau, hy v ni tip hai ng thng ny bng mt cung trn bn knh R, ta tin hnh nh sau: xem trn hnh 2.11 v 2.12 Bc 1: K mt ng thng l1 song song vi d1 v cch d1 mt on bng R Bc 2: K mt ng thng l2 song song vi d2 v cch d2 mt on bng R Bc 3: Xc nh giao im ca l1 v l2 ( gi s ct nhau ti O) Bc 4: Qua O k mt on thng OT1 vung gc vi d1 ct d1 ti T v mt ng thng OT2 vung gc vi OT2 v ct d2 ti T2. Bc 5: Ly O lm tm v cung trn bn knh R ct d1 ti T1 v ct d2 ti T2 Vy cung trn T1T2 l cung trn cn xc nh.
d1 R O R R ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s T2 d2 - 24 T1 T2 d2 d1 R O R
T1
cng bi ging
Hnh 2.11 Hnh 2.12 3.1.3 V cung trn ni tip vi mt ng thng bng mt cung trn khc Ni tip ng thng vi mt cung trn bng mt cung trn khc: Cho ng thng d v ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1, v cung trn bn knh R tip xc vi ng thng v ng trn . Vi trng hp ny ta phn ra lm hai trng hp sau: a. Tip xc ngoi Xem trn hnh 2.13 Ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: V mt ng thng d song song vi d v cch d mt on R. Bc 2: Ly O1 lm tm v mt ng trn c bn knh R + R1 ct ng thng d ti O Bc 3: ni O1 vi O ct ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 ti A
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 25 26 53 18 32 18 32
O R 1 1
R1 +R
A R
O R B
d d
Hnh 2.13
22
6 96
R5 R5 96 R10
R50
6
30
26 53
50
22 6
30
17
17
cng bi ging
4. V mt s ng cong hnh hc Thi gian: 1h 5. Kim tra chng (1), (2) Thi gian: 1h Chng 3. Php chiu vung gc Mc tiu: - Hiu v v c hnh chiu vung gc ca im, ng, mt phng. - V c hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc c bn. - V c cc hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh n gin Ni dung: Thi gian:7h (LT: 3; TH: 4) 1. Khi nim v cc php chiu Thi gian: 1h 2. Hnh chiu ca im Thi gian:1h 3. Hnh chiu ca ng thng Thi gian: 1h 4. Hnh chiu ca mt phng Thi gian: 1h 5. Hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc Thi gian: 1,5h 6. Hnh chiu ca vt th n gin Thi gian: 1,5h
3.1 Khi nim v cc php chiu 1. Php chiu xuyn tm. Trong khng gian, ly mt phng P v mt im S nm ngoi P T mt im A bt k trong khng gian, dng ng thng S A, ng ny ct P ti im A. Ta thc hin mt php chiu.
S A A
Mt phng P gi l mt phng hnh chiu. - ng thng SA l tia chiu. - im A gi l hnh chiu xuyn tm ca im A trn mt phng hnh chiu P qua tm chiu S. - Cc tia chiu u i qua im S c nh.
cng bi ging
S A B P A C C B
3.1.1 Php chiu xuyn tm a. Khi nim Php chiu xuyn tm l mt php chiu tn ti hai yu t sau y:
-
Mt phng hnh chiu P Tn ti mt tm chiu S ( S l mt im khng thuc P )
Chiu mt im A t tm S ln mt phng P bng cch v ng thng SA, xc nh c im A l giao im ca SA vi mt phng P, hay hnh chiu A l ca A trn P. Vy php chiu xuyn tm l mt php chiu dng tm chiu S chiu vt ln mt phng chiu. b. Tnh cht c bn ca php chiu xuyn tm. Hnh chiu ca mt im l mt im. im thuc mt phng hnh chiu chnh l im trng vi chnh n. Hnh chiu ca mt ng thng khng i qua tm chiu l mt ng thng. ng thng i qua tm chiu gi l ng thng chiu. Hnh chiu ca ng thng chiu l mt im. Mt phng i qua tm chiu gi l mt phng chiu. Hnh chiu ca mt phng chiu l mt ng thng. Php chiu xuyn tm bo ton t s kp ca bn im thng hng.
cng bi ging 3.1.2 Php chiu song song a. Khi nim Cho mt mt phng gi l mt phng hnh chiu, v mt ng thng I khng song song vi mt phng v gi l hng chiu. Vy php chiu song song ca mt im A ln mt phng l mt im A c thc hin bng cch vch qua A mt ng thng song song vi ng thng I v ct mt phng ti mt im chnh l A. Vy php chiu song song l mt trng hp c bit ca php chiu xuyn tm khi tm chiu ra xa v tn. Cho mt phng P v
A P
mt ng thng l khng song song vi P, t mt im A trong khng gian ta dng mt ng thng song song vi l, ng thng ct mt phng p ti im A. - Mt phng P gi l mt phng hnh chiu. - ng thng c nh l gi l phng chiu. - A gi l hnh chiu song song ca im A trn mt phng hnh chiu P.
cng bi ging
A B C A P B
* Tnh cht: - C y tnh cht ca php chiu xuyn tm - Hnh chiu song song ca cc ng thng song song l cc ng thng song song VD: cho hai ng thng AB // CD dng php chiu song song ln mt phng ta c hai ng thng mi AB v CD theo tnh cht trn th AB // CD - T s ca hai ng thng song song qua php chiu song song cng cho t s bng chnh t s VD: cho hai ng thng AB // CD dng php chiu song song ln mt phng ta c hai ng thng mi AB v CD theo tnh cht trn th AB/CD = AB/CD 3.2 Php chiu vung gc a. nh ngha. Php chiu vung gc l mt php chiu m trong ng thng hng chiu I vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu. ( I vung gc vi ) Cho mt phng P v mt im A trong khng gian, t A dng ng vung gc vi mt phng P, chn ng vung gc
cng bi ging l A, A gi l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn mt phng hnh chiu P.
B A
B C A P * Tnh cht. - C y tnh cht ca php chiu song song - di hnh chiu thng gc AB ca on thng AB sau php chiu thng gc bng di AB nhn vi cos ( : l gc nghin ca AB so vi ) hay ta c: [AB] = [AB.cos ] 3.2.1 Cc mt phng hnh chiu v cc trc chiu a. nh ngha cc mt phng hnh chiu Trong v k thut ngi ta c ba loi mt phng hnh chiu sau:
-
Mt phng hnh chiu bng( k hiu: P 2) l mt phng Mt phng hnh chiu chnh ( hnh chiu ng) ( k
nm ngang dng th hin hnh chiu bng.

-
hiu: P 1 ) l mt phng thng ng, vung gc vi mt phng chiu bng, dng th hin hnh chiu chnh ca vt th.
-
Mt phng hnh chiu cnh ( k hiu: P 3 ) l mt phng
thng ng nhng vung gc vi hnh chiu chnh v chiu bng, n c dng th hin hnh chiu cnh ca vt th. b. Cc trc chiu
cng bi ging Trong khng gian mun biu din v tr, hnh dng ca mt im, ng, mt mt, hay vt th ngi ta thng s dng h trc to khng gian ba chiu Oxyz hay cn gi l trc to cc. gm ba trc chiu sau: Trc to Ox, Oy, Oz y l ba trc chiu vung gc vi nhau tng i mt - Ox l trc honh hay cn gi l honh - Oy l trc tung hay cn gi l tung - Oz l trc cao hay cn gi l cao . Khi thc hin php chiu song song vi trc Oz ta th hn c hnh chiu bng. Khi thc hin php chiu song song vi trc Oy ta th hin c hnh chiu cnh. Khi thc hin php chiu song song vi trc Ox ta th hin c hnh chiu ng.
2. Hnh chiu ca im 3. Hnh chiu ca ng thng 4. Hnh chiu ca mt phng 5. Hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc 6. Hnh chiu ca vt th n gin 3.2 Hnh chiu ca im Thi gian:1h Thi gian: 1h Thi gian: 1h Thi gian: 1,5h Thi gian: 1,5h Thi gian:1h
- Php chiu vung gc dng v cc hnh chiu vung gc. - Php chiu song song, xuyn tm dng v cc hnh biu din ba chiu b sung cho cc hnh chiu vung gc trn cc bn v k thut. Trang 8 Cn 8 a. Php chiu vung gc th nht( trang 11 sch CN11) Trong phng php chiu vung gc th nht, vt th c t trong mt gc to thnh bi cc mt phng hnh chiu ng.
3.2 Hnh chiu ca im
Hnh chiu ca 1 im l mt im Gi s c im A trong khng gian, xy dng hnh chiu ca A ca n nh sau:

-
AA1 vung gc vi P1, A1 l chn ng vung gc, th A1 l hnh chiu ng ca im A. AA2 vung gc vi P2, A2 l chn ng vung gc, th A2 gi l hnh chiu bng ca im A.
cng bi ging AA3 vung gc vi P3, A3 l chn ng vung gc, A3 c gi l hnh chiu cnh ca im A. c hnh chiu trn mt phng giy v, ta xoay P2 v P3 chp li vi P1 nh sau: - Xoay quanh trc X cho na trc P2 xung di chp vo P1. - Xoay quanh trc Z cho na trc P3 sang phi chp vo P1. Vy ta c ban hnh chiu ca A trn cng mt mt phng.
A1 A A3 B B3 A A3 B1 A1
A2 B2 A2
3.3
Trong khng gian mt ng thng c gii hn bi 2 im phn bit. V vy khi cho hnh chiu ca hai im ta xc nh c hnh chiu ca ng thng qua hai im . - Hnh chiu ng ca ng thng l ng ni ca hnh chiu ng ca hai im . - Hnh chiu bng ca ng thng l ng ni hnh chiu bng ca hai im. - Hnh chiu cnh ca ng thng l ng thng ni hnh chiu cnh ca 2 im.
3.4 Hnh chiu ca mt phng
Hnh chiu ca ng thng
Trong khng gian, mt phng c th c xc nh bng 3 im, hoc hai ng thng ct nhau, hai ng thng song song, mt ng thng v mt im. Vy hnh chiu ca mt mt phng l hnh chiu ca cc i tng c xt trn. - Hnh chiu ca ba im khng thng hng. - Hnh chiu ca hai ng thng ct nhau - Hnh chiu ca hai ng thng song song - Hnh chiu ca mt im v mt ng
5. Hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc 6. Hnh chiu ca vt th n gin 3.5 Hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc Thi gian: 1,5h Thi gian: 1,5h
3.5.1 Khi a din
cng bi ging a din l mt to bi cc a gic phng ghp kn vi nhau. Cc cnh v cc nh ca a gic cng l cc cnh v cc nh ca a din. biu din khi a din ngi ta thng biu din cc nh, cc cnh v cc mt ca n v v cc ng thy, khut. v d cc khi a din sau: a. Khi hnh hp ch nht ( xem hnh v s 3.1)
X X
b. Khi nng tr y tam gic ( xem hnh 3.2)
Hnh 3.1
z Hnh 3.2
c. Khi hnh chp y lc gic u ( xem hnh 3.3)

z
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s z 33 -
cng bi ging
Hnh 3.3 d. Khi hnh chp ct y t gic u ( xem hnh v s 3.4)

z
Hnh 3.4 3.5.2 Khi trn a. Mt tr Mt tr l mt c hnh thnh bi mt ng thng gi l ng sinh chuyn ng trn mt ng cong v lun cch mt ng thng khc mt on khng i v song song vi ng thng . Vy biu din mt tr trn cc mt phng hnh chiu chnh l biu din tp hp cc ng thng song song vi mt ng thng v cch ng thng mt khong khng i v d hnh 3.5
P
1
P
1
2 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Hnh- 34 -
P
2
cng bi ging
b. Mt nn Mt nn c hnh thnh trn bi mt ng thng c gi l ng sinh chuyn ng lun i qua mt im c nh gi l nh nn v lun ta trn mt ng cong gi l ng chun hoc y. Ta v d biu din mt nn nh hnh 3.6
P1
P1
P2
P2
Hnh 3.6 c. Mt cu Mt cu l mt c hnh thnh bng cch quay mt ng trn quanh mt ng knh ca n. Mt cu c cc ng bao ca hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng u l cc ng trn bng nhau. Hnh 3.7 P
1
P
2 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 35 -
cng bi ging Hnh 3.7

3.6 Hnh chiu ca vt th n gin Chng 4. Biu din vt th Mc tiu: 3.4 Biu din c vt th bng PPCG1 v PPCG3. 3.5 Trnh by c cc loi hnh biu din vt th v quy c v. 3.6 V c hnh chiu ca vt th mt cch hp l, c c bn v, pht hin c sai st trn bn v n gin. Ni dung: Thi gian:10h (LT: 3; TH:7) 1.Hnh chiu Thi gian: 5h 2. Hnh Ct Thi gian:3h 3. Mt ct, hnh trch Thi gian: 2h
* Php chiu vung gc th nht PPCG1 ( trang 11 sch CN11) Trong phng php chiu vung gc th nht, vt th c t trong mt gc to thnh bi cc mt phng hnh chiu ng. (nu r cc PPCG1) - KN: Hnh chiu l hnh biu din cc phn thy ca vt th i vi ngi quan st . Phn khut ca vt th c biu din bng nt t gim s lng hnh biu din. - Hnh chiu ca vt th bao gm: hnh chiu c bn, hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu ring phn a. Hnh chiu c bn. TCVN 5- 78 quy nh su mt ca mt hnh hp c dng lm su hnh chiu c bn. Vt th c t gia ngi quan st v mt phng hnh chiu tng ng.
1.Hnh chiu
Trong : P1: Hnh chiu t trc( hnh chiu chnh, hnh chiu ng) P2: Hnh chiu t trn( Hnh chiu bng) P3: Hnh chiu t tri ( Hnh chiu cnh) P4: hnh chiu t phi P5: Hnh chiu t di P6:Hnh chiu t sau. - Cc quy c v hnh chiu.
cng bi ging + Chn v tr vt th v hnh chiu t trc ( Hnh chiu chnh) sao cho th hin nhiu nht v tng i r rng nht nhng phn t quan trng ca khi vt th. + Cn c vo mc phc tp ca khi vt th m chn loi hnh chiu v s lng hnh chiu cho ( khng tha, khng thiu) + Nu cc v tr cc hnh chiu thay i v tr th phi k hiu bng ch. 4.1 Hnh chiu c bn L hnh biu din cc phn thy ca vt th i vi ngi quan st. Cho php biu din cc phn khut bng nt t gim s lng hnh chiu. Hnh chiu ca vt th bao gm hnh chiu c bn, hnh chiu ph, v hnh chiu ring phn. 4.1.1 Su hnh chiu c bn Theo TCVN 5-78 qui nh su mt ca mt hnh hp c dng lm su mt phng hnh chiu c bn. Vt th c t gia ngi quan st v mt phng chiu tng ng. Sau khi chiu vt th ln cc mt ca hnh hp, cc mt s c tri ra trng vi mt phng bn v. Mt 06 c th c t cnh mt 04. Nh vy hnh chiu trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn c gi l hnh chiu c bn. Su hnh chiu c bn c tn gi v b tr nh sau: Hnh chiu t trc ( hnh chiu ng, hnh chiu chnh) Hnh chiu t trn ( hnh chiu bng) Hnh chiu t tri Hnh chiu t phi Hnh chiu t di Hnh chiu t sau Xem hnh v s 5.1 v 5.2
5
4 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 37 -
cng bi ging
5
4 2
3 6
Hnh 5.1 Hnh 5.2 Nu hnh chiu t trn, t tri, t di, t phi v t sau thay i v tr i vi hnh chiu chnh nh qui nh hnh trn th chng phi k hiu bng ch ch tn gi, v trn hnh chiu lin quan phi v mi tn ch hng nhn v km theo ch k hiu. Nu cc hnh chiu c bn t phn cch vi hnh biu din chnh bi cc hnh biu din khc, hoc khng cng trn mt bn v vi hnh chiu chnh th cc hnh chiu ny cng phi c k hiu nh trn. Cc phng php chiu v cch b tr cc hnh chiu nh hnh trn gi l phng php gc phn t th nht. y l phng php c s dng theo tiu chun ca cc nc chu u v th gii. 4.1.2 Cc qui c v khc a. Chn v tr vt th v hnh chiu t trc Khi mun biu din vt th trn bn v k thut ta phi thc hin vic t vt th hoc l hnh dung t vt th theo nguyn tc sau:
cng bi ging - t vt th sau cho khi biu din ln hnh chiu ng th n phi th hin c c bn v kt cu v hnh dng ca vt th. - Trn hnh chiu cnh v chiu bng phi b xung c ton b cc kt cu v hnh dng cha th hin r hnh chiu ng. - Cc kch thc c th hin trn cc hnh chiu phi l kch thc tht - Hnh dng vt th trn cc hnh chiu khng b bin dng sau php chiu. b . Chn s hnh chiu v loi hnh chiu thch hp Thng thng khi biu din vt th trn bn v k thut ta ch cn th hin trn ba hnh chiu: - Hnh chiu chnh ( hnh chiu ng) - Hnh chiu cnh - Hnh chiu bng Trong trng hp ba hnh chiu trn khng th hin c ht v kt cu v hnh dng ca vth th ta c th s dng thm mt s mt ct, mt s hnh ct ring phn, hnh trch hoc phng to hay thu nh biu din thm cho hon thin. c. Cch k hiu hnh chiu c bn khi t sai v tr qui nh Theo TCVN 5-78 qui nh v tr cc hnh chiu th hin trn bn v, nhng khi b tr cc hnh chiu trn bn v i khi ta khng theo qui nh m ta b tr tn bn v. V d hnh 5.3 sao cho bn v hp l. Trong trng hp ny ta phi ghi r trong bn v hoc trong khung
cng bi ging
Hnh 5.3 d. Cch ghi kch thc hnh chiu vt th * Phn tch kch thc: Vic ghi kch thc trn bn v th hin chnh xc ln ca vt th, do kch thc ny phi c chnh xc, y v r rng nht. Gm cc loi kch thc sau: Kch thc nh hnh: l kch thc xc nh ln ca tng khi hnh hc c bn to thnh vt th. Kch thc nh v: l kch thc xc nh v tr tng i gia cc khi hnh hc c bn. Chng c xc nh theo khng gian ba chiu, mi chiu thng thng c mt mt hoc mt ng lm chun. Kch thc nh khi: ( kch thc bao hay kch thc chon ch) l kch thc xc nh ba chiu chung cho vt th. * Phn b kch thc:
-
kch thc ghi trn bn v c r rng v y ta phi b tr kch thc hp l v theo nguyn tc sau y: - Mi kch thc trn bn v ch ghi mt ln, khng c ghi tha. - Cc kch thc c ghi cho b phn no th nn ghi hnh chiu th hin b phn r nht v khng b bin dng v mt hnh hc v c trng cho b phn . - Cc kch thc ghi cho mt b phn v co lin quan th nn ghi gn nhau. - Mi kch thc c ghio r rng trn bn v v ln ghi ngoi hnh biu din. 4.2 Hnh chiu b xung 4.2.1 Hnh chiu ph a. nh ngha Hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu trn mt phng khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn. b. Hnh chiu ph - Hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu m trn mt phng hnh chiu khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn (B )
cng bi ging - Hnh chiu ph c dng trong trng hp vt th c b phn no nu biu din trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn th s b bin dng v hnh dng v kch thc - Quy c: + Trn hnh chiu ph c ghi tn hnh chiu bng ch B + Hnh chiu ph phi t ng v tr lin h chiu v ng hng nhn ( trang 39 vkt)
B B
b. Cng dng Hnh chiu ph c dng trong trng hp vt th c b phn, chi tit no nu biu din trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn th s b bin dng v hnh dng v kch thc . c. Cc qui c v. Trn hnh chiu ph phi ghi k hiu tn hnh chiu bng ch. Nu hnh chiu ph c t v tr lin h trc tip ( t cnh hnh chiu c bn c lin quan) th khng cn k hiu. Hnh chiu ph phi t ng v tr lin h chiu v ng hng nhn . thun tin cho php xoay hnh chiu ph v v tr ph hp vi ng bng ca bn v. Trong trng hp ny trn k hiu bn v c mi tn cong biu th hnh chiu c xoay. Xem cc v d c th hnh 5.4 sau:
A-A
Hnh 5.4
cng bi ging 4.2.2 hnh chiu ring phn a.nh ngha Hnh chiu ring phn l hnh chiu mt phn nh ca vt th trn mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn. c. Hnh chiu ring phn Tiu chun H thng ti liu thit k TCVN 5-78 v hnh biu din quy nh cc qui tc biu din vt th trn cc bn v ca ngnh C kh v Xy dng. Hnh biu din ca vt th bao gm c hnh chiu, hnh ct, hnh trch... b.Cng dng Hnh chiu ring phn c dng phng to hoc thu nh hoc l biu din chi tit phn hoc b phn ca vt th. c. Cc qui c v B Hnh chiu ring phn c gii hn bi cc nt ln sng, hoc khng cn v nt ln sng nu c ranh gii r rt. B Hnh chiu ring phn c ghi ch A ging hnh chiu ph. A V d xem hnh 5.5 Hnh 5.5 4.2.3 Hnh trch a.nh ngha Hnh trch l hnh biu din ( Thng l hnh phng to) trch ra t mt hnh biu din c trn bn v. b.Cng dng th hin mt cch r rng v t m v ng nt, hnh dng, kch thc .. ca mt chi tit hay b phn no ca vt th m trn hnh biu din chnh cha th hin r. c. Cc qui c v Trn hnh trch cng c th v cc chi tit m trn hnh biu din tng ng cha th hin. Hnh trch cng c th l mt loi hnh biu din khc vi hnh biu din tng ng. ( v d hnh trch c th l hnh ct, nhng hnh biu din tng ng li l hnh chiu) Trn hnh trch c ghi k hiu l ch s La m v t l phng to, cn trn hnh biu din c th khoanh trn hoc val vi k hiu tng ng. Nn t cc hnh trch tng ng gn v tr khoanh trn hnh biu din ca n.Nhng ch thch bng ch, bng s dng cho cc hnh chiu, hnh ct, mt ct,
cng bi ging hnh trch.. cn ghi song song vi khung tn chnh ca bn v v thng ghi pha trn bn phi ca hnh bi din .Nhng ch hoa dng k hiu cho cc hnh biu din, cc mt v cc kch thc ca vt th thng ghi theo th t a, b, c .. v khng ghi trng lp. Kh ca cc ch ny phi ln hn kh ca ch s kch thc.V d xem cc hnh 5.6 v 5.7 sau:
2X45 6 1 ,5 10 2 50 II T L 2 :1
12
45
45
3 I T L 2 :1
II
0,3
2,5
R1
R1
Hnh 5.6 Hnh 5.7

4.3
c bn v hnh chiu vt th
Mt vt th d phc tp hay n gin u c to ln t nhng khi hnh hc c bn ( ahy mt phnf ca khi hnh hc c bn). Hnh chiu ca vt th l tng hp hnh chiu ca khi hnh hc c bn to thnh vt th . Cc khi hnh hc to thnh vt th c cc v tr tng i khc nhau. Tu theo v tr tng i ca khi hnh hc m b mt ca chng s to thnh nhng giao tuyn khc nhau. Khi c, v hnh chiu ca vt th, ta phi bit phn tch vt th thnh nhng phn c hnh dng ca khi hnh hc c bn v xc nh r v tr tng i gia chng, ri v hnh chiu ca tng phn v v giao tuyn gia cc mt ca chng, chng ta s c hnh chiu ca vt th . Trong khi v cn bit vn dng cc kin thc c bn v biu din im, ng, mt, giao tuyn gia cc mt v cho ng. Cch phn tch tng phn nh trn gi l cch phn tch hnh dng vt th. l cc phng php c bn v hnh chiu, ghi kch thc ca vt th v c bn v k thut. V d: khi v hnh sau, ta c th phn tch ra lm ba phn: Phn c dng lng tr, y l hnh thang cn, trn 3 c hai l hnh tr; phn thn cng c dng nng tr, mt mt tip xc vi mt trn ca , mt cong tip xc vi phn ; phn l ng hnh tr. ( hnh 5.8) Khi v hnh chiu ca ta ln lt v hnh chiu ca thn, , 1 . Nh sau: 1. Phn tch hnh.
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 43 2
cng bi ging
Hnh 5.8 2. V hnh chiu. Trong bn v k thut qui nh khng v trc hnh chiu, v vy khi v hnh chiu th ba ta nn chn mt ng lm chun t xc nh cc ng nt khc. Nu hnh chiu th ba l mt hnh i xng ta chn trc i xng lm chun, nu khng i xng th ta chn ng bao bin lm chun. Nh hnh 5.9 . 4.4 Cch v hnh chiu th 3 c bn v hnh chiu l mt qu trnh t duy khng gian t cc hnh phng hai chiu chuyn ho thnh khng gian ba chiu. Tu theo nng lc phn tch, kh nng ca tng ngi, m qu trnh c bn v ca tng ngi c khc nhau. Song kt qu cui cng l phi ging nhau. Cch c bn v ni chung c cc c im sau: 4.4.1 Hnh dung vt th t hai hnh chiu cho trc Hnh 5.9
Khi c ngi c phi xc nhn ng hng nhn cho tng hnh hnh biu din. Theo cc hng nhn t trc, t trn, t tri hnh dung hnh dng: mt trc, mt trn, mt phi ca vt th.
cng bi ging Phi nm chc c im hnh chiu ca cc khi hnh hc c bn, ri cn c theo cc hnh chiu m chia vt th ra thnh mt s b phn. Phn tch hnh dng ca tng b phn i n hnh dung ton b vt th. Phi phn tch c tng ng nt th hin trn cc hnh chiu. Cc nt ny th hin ng nt no ca vt th. 2. Hnh Ct - Hnh ct l hnh biu din phn cn li ca vt th sau khi tng tng ct b phn vt th gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st. (Hnh ct l hnh biu din mt ct v cc ng bao ca vt th sau mt phng ct.) Trang 22 cn11 2.1nh ngha hnh ct - i vi nhng vt th c cu to bn trong phc tp, nu ch dng hnh chiu biu din th hnh v s c nhiu ng khut, nh vy hnh v s khng r rng, sng sa. khc phc iu , bn v k thut dng cc hnh chiu khc nhau, gi l hnh ct. Ni dung ca phng php hnh ct nh sau: Gi s ngi ta dng mt ct tng tng ct vt th ra lm hai phn, ly i phn gia ngi quan st v mt ct, ri chiu phn cn li ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi mt phng ct gi l hnh ct. Vy hnh ct l hnh chiu biu din phn cn li ca vt th sau khi tng tng ct b phn gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st. 2.2 Phn loi hnh ct a. Theo v tr ca mt ct phng Phn chia theo v tr mt phng ct i vi mt hnh chiu c bn. - Hnh ct ng: Nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng - Hnh ct bng: Nu phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng.
cng bi ging - Hnh ct cnh: Nu mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh. - Hnh ct nghing: Nu mt phng ct khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn.
Hnh ct bc
b. Theo s lng mt phng ct Chia theo s lng mt phng ct c dng cho mi hnh ct. - Hnh ct n gin: Nu s dng mt mt phng ct. + Nu mt phng ct ct dc theo chiu di hoc chiu cao ca vt th th hnh ct gi l ct dc. + Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi chiu di hay chiu cao ca vt th th hnh ct gi l ct ngang. - Hnh ct phc tp: Nu dng hai mt phng ct tr ln. + Nu cc mt phng ct song song vi nhau th hnh ct gi l ct bc. + Nu cc mt phng hnh ct giao nhau th gi l ct xoay. - Ch : th hin bn trong ca mt phn nh vt th, cho php v hnh ct ring phn ca phn , hnh ct ny gi l hnh ct ring phn. Hnh chiu ring phn c th t ngay v tr tng ng trn hnh chiu c bn. gim bt s lng hnh v, cho php ghp phn hnh chiu vi phn hnh ct vi nhau thnh mt hnh biu din trn cng mt phng chiu gi l hnh ct kt hp.
cng bi ging 2.3 K hiu v cc qui nh v hnh ct Trn hnh ct cn c nhng ghi ch xc nh r v tr ca mt phng ct v hng nhn... TCVN 5-78 qui nh cc k hiu v qui c v hnh ct nh sau: 2.3.1 K hiu: A - V tr cc mt ct trong hnh A A ct c biu th bng nt ct, nt ct c v bng nt lin m. Cc nt ct t ti ch gii hn ca cc mt phng ct: A ch u, ch cui v ch chuyn tip ca cc mt phng ct. Hnh Cc nt ct khng c ct ng 6.7 bao ca hnh biu din. - nt ct u v nt ct cui c mi tn ch hng nhn. Mi tn v vung gc vi nt ct, u A-A A mi tn chm vo khong gia A nt ct. Bn cnh mi tn c ch k hiu tng ng vi k hiu trn hnh ct. AA - Pha trn hnh ct cng ghi cp ch k hiu tng ng vi A nhng k hiu ghi nt ct. Gia cp ch k hiu c du ni A v di cp ch k hiu c du Hnh6.8 gch ngang bng nt lin m. Hnh 6.9 v d hnh 6.7 2.3.2 Qui c chung v cch v hnh ct i vi hnh ct ng , hnh ct bng, hnh ct cnh, nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v cc hnh ct c t v tr lin h chiu trc tip vi hnh biu din c lin quan th khng cn ghi ch v k hiu v hnh ct. v d c th xem trn hnh s 6.8 v hnh 6.9 a. Hnh ct ton phn Chnh l hnh ct ng, hnh ct bng, v hnh ct cnh n gin, ch yu dng th hin ton b hnh dng bn trong ca vt th trn cc mt phng chiu c bn. xem trn hnh 6.10 b. Hnh ct kt hp hnh chiu
A
cng bi ging Thc cht ca loi hnh biu din ny l ghp phn hnh chiu v hnh ct vi nhau th hin cu ca vt th trn cng mt mt phng hnh chiu c bn. - Ghp mt na hnh chiu vi mt na hnh ct. Nu hnh chiu v hnh ct hay hai hnh ct ca mt vt th trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn no c chung mt trc i xng th c th ghp mt na hnh chiu vi mt na hnh ct vi nhau, hay ghp hai na hnh ct vi nhau thnh mt hnh biu din. V d trn hnh 6.11 Tiu chun bn v qui nh ly trc i xng ca hnh lm ng phn cch gia hnh chiu v hnh ct. Phn hnh ct thng t pha bn phi trc i xng, nu trc i xng vung gc vi ng bng ca bn v. Nu vt th hay mt b phn ca vt th c trc hnh hc ( trc ca hnh trn xoay) th trc c xem nh l trc i xng ca hnh biu din v c dng lm ng phn cch khi ghp hnh chiu vi hnh ct. Xem hnh 6.12 Trong trng hp ghp mt na hnh chiu v hnh ct trn, nu c nt lin m trng vi trc i xng th dng nt ln sng lm ng phn cch. Nt ny c v lch sang phn hnh chiu hay hnh ct tu theo nt lin m thuc hnh biu din no. Xem hnh 6.13
Hnh 6.10 6.11
Hnh
Hnh 6.12
Hnh 6.13
AA
BB
-Trong trng hp hnh chiu v hnh ct khng c chung trc i xng th cng c th ghp mt phn hnh ct vi mt phn A hnh chiu v ng phn cch l nt ln sng. Xem hnh 6.14
B
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Hnh 6.14 - 48 6.15
Hnh
cng bi ging
Trong trng hp hnh chiu v nghiu hnh ct ca vt th trn mt hnh chiu c bn no c chung hai trc i xng th c th ghp mt phn hnh chiu vi hai hay ba phn hnh ct thnh mt hnh biu din ly hai trc i xnglm ng phn cch. Xem hnh 6.15 Trong trng hp ghp hnh chiu vi hnh ct, thng khng v nt khut trn hnh chiu, nu cc nt c th hin trong hnh ct. b. Hnh ct ring phn Hnh ct ring phn dng th hin hnh dng bn trong ca b phn nh ca vt th nh : l, bnh rng, then .. Hnh ct c v thnh hnh biu din ring bit hay c v ngay v tr tng ng trn hnh chiu c bn, gii hn ca hnh ct ring phn l nt ln sng. Nt ny khng c v trng vi bt k ng no trn bn v, khng vt ra ngoi ng bao quanh. Nt ln sng th hin ng gii hn ca phn vt th c ct i. c. Hnh ct bc Hnh ct bc th hin hnh dng bn trong ca mt s b phn ca vt th, khi trc i xng hay trc quay ca b phn nm trn mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Khi v ta dng cc mt phng song song lm cc mt ct. Cc mt phng trung gian ni gia cc mt ct c qui c khng th hin trn hnh ct v m bo cc phn cn biu din th hin hon ton trn cng mt hnh ct. d. Hnh ct xoay Hnh ct xoay th hin hnh dng bn trong ca mt b phn ca vt th khi cc mt phng i xng cha trc chnh ca vt th. Khi v, dng cc mt i xng lm mt ct, v chng c xoay v trng nhau thnh mt mt phng. Nu mt phng ny song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn th ct xoay c th b tr ngay trn mt phng hnh chiu c bn .
cng bi ging Chiu xoay khng nht thit phi trng vi hng nhn. Khi xoay mt phng ct, cn xoay c b phn lin quan ti phn b ct, cn cc phn t khc vn chiu nh khi cha ct. Thng th ta s dng mt mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn cn cc mt khc th xoay v hnh chiu c bn. 3. Mt ct, hnh trch a. Mt ct: - L hnh biu din cc ng bao ca vt th nm trn mt phng ct.) Trang 22 cn11. Mt ct c th hin bng cc ng gch gch. 3. 1Mt ct 3.1.1 nh ngha v cch k hiu vt liu trn mt ct a. nh ngha Mt ct l hnh biu din nhn c trn mt phng ct, khi ta tng tng dng mt phng ct ny ct vt th. Mt phng ct chn sao cho n vung gc vi chiu di ca vt th b ct Mt ct dng th hin hnh dng v cu to phn t b ct m trn cc hnh chiu kh hoc khng th hin c. b. K hiu vt liu trn mt ct. Tiu chun TCVN0007-1993 qui nh cc k hiu vt liu trn mt ct ca mt s loi vt liu dng trong bn v k thut. - K hiu vt liu trn mt ct K hiu chung ca cc vt liu trn mt ct khng ph thuc vo vt liu c th hin trn hnh sau: Trn cc mt ct mun th hin r loi vt liu th ta s dng bng Bnghiu K 6.1sau: Tn vt - Cc qui tc v liu Cc ng gch gch ca cc k hiu vt liu c v bng nt mnh, nghing mt gc thch hp, tt nht l 450 vi ng bao Kim loi chnh hoc vi trc i xng mt ct. Khong cch cc ng nhin gch ph thuc vo ln ca min t t gch gch gch v t l ca bn v, nhng khng nh hn hai ln chiu rng ca nt m khng nh hn 0.7mm. v Trng hp min gch gch qu rng cho php ch v vng bin. Gch cc loi K hiu vt liu ca hai chi tit k nhau phi phn bit bng hng gch, hoc khong cch gia cc nt gch gch, ng gch B tng phi so le nhau. Cho php t en cc mt thp hp c b rng nh hn 2mm. ct B tng ct Trng hp c cc mt ct hp k nhau th phi khong G trng khng nh hn 0,7 mm gia cc mt ct hp ny. Khng k ng gch gch qua ch s kch thc.
Vt liu trong sut Cht lng
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 50 Cht do, vtliu cch in, cch nhit, cch m, vt liu
phi kim khc
cng bi ging
3.1.2 Phn loi mt ct Mt ct c chia ra mt ct thuc hnh ct v mt ct khng thuc hnh ct. Cc mt ct khng thuc hnh ct gm c: a. ng ct di Mt ct ri l mt ct c t ngoi hnh biu din tng ng Mt ct di c th t gia phn la ca ca mt hnh chiu no . ng bao ca mt ct thuc hnh ct c v bng nt lin m. Mt ct di dng th hin nhng phn t c ng bao mt ct phc tp. Mt ct di thng c t dc theo ng ko di ca nt ct v t gn hnh biu din tng ng. Nhng cung cho php t tu trn bn v. b. Mt ct chp L mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng. A - A A ng bao ca mt ct chp c v bng nt lin mnh. Cc ng bao ti ch t mt ct A ca hnh biu din vn th hin y . A A - A Mt ct chp dng cho cc phn t c ng bao mt ct n gin. A 3.1.3 K hiu v cc qui nh v mt ct
Hnh 6.1
cng bi ging Cc ghi ch trn mt ct cng ging nh cch ghi ch trn hnh ct, cn c cc nt ct xc nh v tr mt phng ct, mi tn ch hng nhn v ch k hiu mt ct. Hnh 6.1 Mi trng hp ca mt ct u c ghi ch tr trng hp mt ct l mt hnh i xng ng thi trc i xng ca n t trng vi vt mt phng ct hay trng vi ng ko di ca mt phng ct khng cn v nt ct, mi tn ch hng chiu v k hiu bng ch. Trng hp mt ct ti ch ct ri cng ghi ch nh trn. Hnh 6.2 Trng hp mt ct chp hay ct ri khng c trc i xng trng vi vt mt phng ct hay ng ko di ca mt phng ct th ch cn v nt ct , mi tn ch hng nhn m khng cn ghi k hiu bng ch. Hnh 6.2 Mt ct c t ng chiu mi tn v cho php t mt ct v tr bt k trn bn v. Nu mt ct c xoay, th trn ch k hiu c mi tn cong cng ging nh hnh ct c xoay. Hnh 6.3
A A A A
A- A
Hnh 6.2
C Hnh 6.3
C - C
C
B B
B B
B - B
A A
Hnh 6.4
cng bi ging i vi mt s mt ct ca vt th c hnh dng ging nhau, nhng khc nhau v v tr v gc ct,Ath mt A2 m c t A ct c cng ch tk hiu ging nhau v ch cn v A mt mt ct i din. V d hnh trn. Hnh 6.4
A A
C -C
B A -A
C B -B
Nu cc mt ct ging nhau, ng thi ngi ta d dng xc nh v tr cc mt ct trn hnh biu din th cho php ch v nt ct ca mt mt ct, ng thi ch r s lng ca mt ct . Hnh 6.5 Nu mt phng ct i qua trc ca l trn xoay ho phn lm trn xoay th ng bao ca l hoc lm c v y trn mt ct. Hnh 6.6 Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt ct cong ct, khi mt ct c v theo dng hnh tri v c ghi du tri.
4.3.2 Hnh trch : - Hnh trch l hnh biu din ( thng phng to) trch ra t mt hnh biu din c trn bn v.
cng bi ging
Chng 5. Hnh chiu trc o Mc tiu: Trnh by c khi nim v hnh chiu trc o v phng php v hnh chiu trc o ca vt th. Dng c hnh chiu trc o xin cn v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u ca vt th. Ni dung: Thi gian:5h (LT: 2; TH: 3) 1. Khi nim v hnh chiu trc o Thi gian: 1h 2. Cc loi hnh chiu trc o Thi gian: 1h 3. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o Thi gian: 3h
5.1 Khi nim v hnh chiu trc o Cc hnh chiu vung gc th hin mt cch chnh xc hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th c biu din, do trong k thut phng php hnh chiu vung gc c ly lm phng php biu din chnh. Xong mi hnh chiu vung thng ch th hin c hai chiu ca vt th, nn hnh v thiu tnh lp th, lm cho ngi c kh hnh dung hnh dng ca vt th. khc phc c nhc im ca phng php hnh chiu vung gc, ngi ta dng phng php hnh chiu trc o biu din b sung. Hnh chiu trc o th hin ng thi trn mt hnh chiu biu din ba chiu ca vt th, nn hnh v c tnh lp th. V vy, trn cc bn v ca cc bn v phc tp, bn cnh cc hnh chiu vung gc, ngi ta thng cn v thm hnh chiu trc o ca vt th. Hnh chiu trc o cn dng v s , phc tho b phn trong giai ong thit k. Ni dung ca phng php hnh chiu trc o c qui nh trong TCVN 11-78 Cn c theo phng chiu ngi ta chia ra: - Hnh chiu trc o vung gc: Phng php chiu vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu.
cng bi ging - Hnh chiu trc o xin gc: Phng chiu khng vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu. Cn c theo h s bin dng chia ra: - Hnh chiu trc o u: Ba h s bin dng theo ba trc bng nhau. - Hnh chiu trc o cn: Hai trong ba h s bin dng theo ba trc bng nhau. - Hnh chiu trc o lch: Ba h s bin dng trn ba trc tng i mt khng bng nhau
2. Cc loi hnh chiu trc o 5.2 Cc loi hnh chiu trc o
5.2.1 Hnh chiu trc o xin gc.
Thi gian: 1h
a. nh ngha Hnh chiu trc o xin gc l hnh chiu Z trc o s dng phng php chiu khng vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu. d Ta chia hnh chiu trc o xin gc ny thnh ba loi chnh sau: - Hnh chiu trc o ng u. - Hnh chiu trc o ng cn - Hnh chiu trc o bng u. d b. Hnh chiu trc o ng u. Hnh chiu trc o ng u c v tr cc trc nh hnh v 4.1 , Cc gc XOY = YOZ = Y 1350 v XOZ = 90o v cc h s bin dng Hnh 4.1 quy c p = q = r =1. Trong hnh chiu trc o ng ( u v cn) c mt XOZ l mt khng b bin dng. Cc ng trn nm trong mt phng chiu ng c hnh chiu trc o l cc ng trn. Cc ng trn nm trong mt phng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh th c hnh chiu trc o l dng elp i vi hnh chiu trc o u, trc ln ca elp = 1,3.d v trc nh = 0,5.d ( vi d l ng knh ng trn). Trc ln ca elp lm vi trc OX hay trc OZ mt gc 22o30 tu thuc elp thuc mt phng chiu cha trc OX hay OZ. Hnh chiu trc o ng u thng dng th hin nhng chi tit c chiu di hay chiu di nh. Cho php dng hnh chiu trc o ng u c trc OY lm vi ng bng mt gc 30o hay 60o. c. Hnh chiu trc o ng cn.
cng bi ging Loi hnh chiu ng cn c v tr cc trc o ging nh cc hnh chiu trc o ng u. Cc gc XOY = YOZ = 135o v XOZ = 90o. Cc h s bin dng qui c p = r = 1 v q =0.5 Hnh chiu trc o ng cn ca ng trn nm trong mt ng l mt phng XOZ khng b bin dng. Cc ng trn nm trong mt phng song song vi cc mt XOY v YOZ c hnh chiu trc o ng cn l elp. Nu ly theo h s bin dng qui c trn th trn th trc ln ca elp bng 1,06.d v trc nh bng 0,35.d ( trong d l ng knh ng trn). Trc ln ca elp lm vi trc OZ mt gc 70 . Khi v cho php thay th elp bng, cch v nh hnh 4.2: Z Hnh chiu trc o ng cn thng th hin cc chi tit c chiu di ln Z
90
0.5 d
X d Y Y
45
Hnh 4.2
5.2.2 Hnh chiu trc o bng u. Loi hnh chiu trc o bng u c v tr cc trc o nh hnh d v s .. , cc gc XOY = 90, YOZ = 120o v XOZ = 150o cc h s bin dng quy c p = q = r = 1. xem hnh v s 4.3 Trong hnh chiu trc o bng u c mt XOY l mt phng khng b bin dng. Cc mt trn nmg trn cc mt phng song Hnh song nm trong mt phng to 4.3 XOY c hnh chiu trc o l ng trn. Cc ng trn nm trong cc mt phng song song vi cc mt phng to YOZ v XOZ c hnh chiu trc o l elp. Trc ln ca elp trong mt XOZ bng 1,37.d v lm vi trc OZ mt gc 150, trc nh bng 0,37.d. Trc ln ca elp
cng bi ging trong mt YOZ bng 1,22.d v lm vi trc OZ mt gc bng 30o, trc nh bng 0,71.d ( d l ng knh ng trn). Cc hnh chiu trc o bng u cn gi l hnh chiu trc o qun s, dng th hin cc cng trnh qun s, t dng trong bn v k thut c kh. 5.2.3 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc a. nh ngha L hnh chiu trc o c s dng phng chiu vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu. Theo tnh cht ny ngi ta chia hnh chiu trc o thnh hai dng chnh sa: - Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u - Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn b. Cch b tr trc o v h s hnh bin dng Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u c v tr cc trc o nh hnh 41, cc gc XOY = YOZ = XOZ = 120 0 v cc h s bin dng theo cc trc OX, OY, OZ l p = q = r = 0,82. xem hnh v s 4.4 v 4.5 tin v ngi ta sd dng h s bin dng theo qui c p = q =r = 1. Vi h s bin dng qui c ny hnh chiu trc o c xem nh phng to ln 1:0.82 = 1.22 ln so vi thc t. Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc u, ng trn nm trong mt phng song song vi cc mt xc nh bi hai trc to c hnh chiu tr o l elip , trc ln ca elp ny vung gc vi hnh chiu trc o ca to tha ba. Nu ta ly cc h s bin dng p = q= r = 1 th trc ln ca elp bng 1,22d v trc nh ca elp bng 0,7d ( d l ng knh ng trn) Trong cc bn v k thut, cho php thay hnh elp bng hnh van cch v nh sau: Bc 1: Dng hai ng vung gc zz v hh Z Bc 2: Dng hai tia xx v yy to vi hh mt gc bng 30o v -30o nh hnh v. Bc 3: Dng ng trn tm O ng knh 1,22d ct trc zz ti O1 v O2, O ct hh ti A v B v ng trn tm O ng knh 0,7d ct trc zz ti C X v D, ct hh ti O3 v O4. Bc 4: Ly O1 lm tm v cung trn Hnh 4.4 bn knh O1C v ly O2 lm tm v cung trn bn knh O2D. Bc 5: Ly O3 lm tm v cung trn
120 120
120
cng bi ging bn knh O3A, ly O4 lm tm v cung trn bn knh O4B. Ta xc nh c hnh elp cn v.
O1 Z x h B Y x D O 2 Z y X Y d Z
C O3
0,61d
O
0,35d
30
O4
5.2.4 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn c v tr trc o nh hnh .. . cc gc XOY = YOZ = 131025 v XOZ = 97010. Xem hnh v 4.6 Cc h s bin dng p = r = 0,94 v q = 0,47. tin v ta thng s dng h s bin dng quy c p = r = 1 v q = 0,5. Trc XO c v theo tg70 = 1:8 v trc OY v theo tg41o = 7:8. Vi h s bin dng qui c th hnh chiu trc o coi nh c phng to ln 1: 0.94 = 1,06 ln, do tr ln ca elp bng 1,06d v trc nh bng 0,94d hay 0,35d tu theo elp thuc mt phng no.
Z
30
Hnh 4.5
Z r X p O
41
7
q p : q : r = 1 : 0.5 : 1 Y
5.2.5
Hnh 4.6 Cc qui c v hnh chiu trc o:
cng bi ging Theo TCVN 11-78 qui nh v cc qui c v hnh chiu trc o nh sau: - Trong hnh chiu trc o cc thnh mng, cc nan hoa .. vn v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct khi ct dc hay ct ngang. - Trong hnh chiu trc o cho php ct ring phn, phn mt ct b mt phng trung gian ct qua c qui c bng cc chm nh. - Cho php v ren v rng ca bnh rng.. theo qui c nh trong hnh chiu vung vung gc. Khi cn c th v hnh chiu trc o ca bc ren hay vi rng. - ng gch gch trong hnh chiu trc o c k song song vi hnh chiu trc o ca ng cho ca hnh vung c cc cnh song song vi trc to tng ng. - Khi ghi kch thc trn hnh chiu trc o, cc yu t kch thc nh ng dng, ng kch thc, mi tn, ch s kch thc c k v vit theo nguyn tc bin dng ca hnh chiu trc o.
3. Cch dng hnh chiu trc o Thi gian: 3h
3.2.1 Chn loi hnh chiu trc o. biu din vt th ta c th dng cc loi hnh chiu trc o trn, tuy nhin tu theo cu to v hnh dng ca tng vt th v tu theo cc mc ch khc nhau m ta chn loi hnh chiu trc o cho ph hp, tc l ta dng hnh chiu trc o sao cho n th hin c gn ng nht, d c nht v ng thi d th hin vt th nht. Mun th hin c vt th c nhiu ng cong phc tp, c hnh dng phc tp ta nn dng hnh chiu trc o xin v t cc mt song song vi mt khng bin dng, tu theo chiu di vt th m ta t hnh chiu trc o l xin cn hay xin u. 3.2.2 Dng hnh chiu trc o a. Phng php to y l phng php c bn dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th. Vy mun th hin hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th ta phi xy dng trn c s hnh chiu trc o ca im. Gi s ta dng hnh chiu trc o ca im A, trc ht ta v v tr cc trc o v xc nh to vung gc ca cc im XA, YA, ZA sau cn c vo h s bin dng ca loi trc o m ta s dng bng cch nhn to va xc nh vi h s bin dng tng ng. XA = XA.p v YA = YA.q v ZA = ZA.r sau t chng ln to trc o. Ta c A l hnh chiu trc o cua A. b. c im Khi dng hng chiud trc o ta cn c vo c im hnh dng v cu to ca vt th m xy dng phng php v hnh chi trc o cho hp l.
cng bi ging - i vi vt th c dng hnh hp, ta dng hnh hp ngoi tip cho vt th, sau ba mt cn li ca vt th lm mt phng to v d hnh 4.7 sau:
Z1 Z
X1 X2
O1 Y X Y2
Hnh 4.7
- i vi vt th c mt i Z1 xng, ta chn phng i xng lm mt phng to v d O1 X1 nh hnh 4.8 - i vi vt th c dng hnh xuyn hay l xo ta ly mt cu lm trc o v d nh hnh 4.9
X2 O2 X
Hnh 4.8
Y
ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Y2 - 60 -
cng bi ging
Hnh 4.9 - Vi vt th c dng trn xoay c ng sinh l mt ng cong phng ta dng mt phng vung gc lm mt ph tr v trc quay lm trc to . - Khi v gia tuyn ca hai mt cong ta dng mt phng ph tr v cc im thuc giao tuyn.
Chng 6. V quy c cc mi ghp v cc hnh chiu thng dng Mc tiu: Trnh by c khi nim v cc loi mi ghp v quy c biu din c v v c bn v ca cc chi tit c cc mi ghp. Ni dung: Thi gian:9h (LT: 3; TH:6) 1. V quy c cc chi tit my thng dng Thi gian: 6h 2. V quy c mi ghp hn Thi gian: 3h
Mi thit b, chic my bao gm nhiu chi tit , c c nh cc chi tit cc v tr xc nh trong my ta cn phi ghp chng ti vi nhau theo cc mi ghp tho c hay khng tho c t ta chn cc phng php lp ghp hhp l. Cc chi tit dng ghp cc chi tit li vi nhau ta gi l chi tit ghp: nh Bu lng, ai c, then, cht .. Cc chi tit ny c sr dng rt rng ri trong ngnh ch to my ni ring v ngnh c kh ni chung cho nn chng c tiu chun ho d dng thay th v lp ln, cng nh l h gi thnh gia cng.
1. V quy c cc chi tit my thng dng 6.1 V quy c cc chi tit my thng dng Thi gian: 6h
8.1 V qui c ren 8.1.1 Khi nim v cc yu t ca ren a. Khi nim

cng bi ging
-
ng xon c l chuyn ng u ca mt im trn mt ng sinh, khi ng sinh quay u quanh mt trc c nh.
- Vng xon l mt phn ca ng xon c c gii hn bi hai im gn nhau ca ng xon m trn cng mt ng sinh.
-
Bc xon l khong cch di chuyn ca mt im trn mt ng sinh, khi ng sinh quay c mt vng. K hiu: Ph
- Gc xon l s lin h gia bc xon v ng knh d ca trc theo h s sau:

tg = Ph d
- Mt hnh phng ( tam gic, hnh thang, hay hnh vung ..) chuyn ng xon c, sao cho mt phng ca hnh phng lun cha trc quay, s to thnh b mt xon c gi l ren. - Ren c hnh thnh trn mt tr c gi l ren tr, cn trn mt cn gi l ren cn. - Ren c hnh thnh trn mt ngoi ca hnh tr hc cn c gi l ren ngoi, trn mt trong ca ng tr hoc cn gi l ren trong. b. Cc yu t ca ren Cc yu t cu ren quyt nh tnh nng ca ren. Cc yu t ca ren bao gm. Prfin ren
Profin rng l ng bao ca mt ct ren, khi mt phng ct cha trc ren. Profin ren c dng tam gic u, tam gic cn, hnh thang cn, hnh thang thng, hnh vung .. trc quan ta xem hnh 8.1 di y
60
55
55
d2 d1
30
cng bi ging Hnh 8.1
ng knh ren ca ren ngoi hay qua y ren ca ren trong, ng knh ngoi l ng knh danh ngha ca ren. K hiu l d.
- ng knh ngoi l dng knh ca mt tr i qua nh ren
- ng knh trong l ng knh ca mt tr i qua ays ren ca ren ngoi v nh ren ca ren trong, k hiu ng knh trong l d1. - ng knh trung bnh l ng knh ca mt tr c ng sinh ct profin ren cc im chia u bc ren, ng knh trung bnh k hiu l d2. Bc ren L khong cch gia hai im tng ng ca hai profin ren k nhau theo chiu trc, k hiu bc ren l p. Hng xon Hng xon ca ren chnh l hng xon ca ng xon c ca ren tp ln ren. S u bi S u mi ca ren chnh l s ng xon c to ln ren. 8.1.2 Cc loi ren thng dng
Trong k thut, ngi ta dng nhiu loi ren khc nhau, lp ghp nh: ren h mt, ren h Anh, ren ng ... truyn lc ta dung ren hnh thang cn, ren ta, ren hnh vung. a. Ren h mt. Profin ren h mt l ren c tit din dng tam gic c gc nh bng 600 k hiu l M. Kch thc ca ren h mt l dung mm lm on v. b. Ren cn h mt.
cng bi ging Profin ren l tam gic c gc nh l 600 k hiu l MC, kch thc ca ren cn h Mt c qui nh trong TCVN2253-77. c.Ren trn Profin ca ren c dng cung trn, k hiu l Rd. Kch thc ca ren trn c qui nh trong TCVN 2256-77. d. Ren ng Ren ng dng trong mi ghp ng, profin ren l tam gic cn c gc nh l 550, kch thc ca ren ly Inch lm n v ( 1 Inch = 25,4 mm) ren ng c hai loi: - Ren ng hnh tr, k hiu l G kch thc ca ren ng hnh tr qui nh trong TCVN 4681-89. - Ren ng hnh cn k hiu l R: ( ren ng cn ngoi) v Rc ( ren ng cn trong) Rp ( ren ng tr trong) e. Ren hnh thang Profin ren c dng hnh thang cn, gc nh bng 300 k hiu l Tr, kch thc ren hnh thang ly mm lm n v o. f. Ren ta Profin ren l hnh thang thng c gc nh bng 300, k hiu l S. Kch thc c bn ca ren ta c qui inh trong TCVN 377783. 8.1.3 Cch v qui c ren Cch biu din ren c th hin trong TCVN 5907-1995 quy nh vic biu din ren v cc chi tit c ren trn bn v k thut. Tiu chun ny ph hp vi tiu chun quc t ISO. a. Ren thy Trn cc hnh ct , hnh chiu ca ren thy biu din trn mt phng song song vi trc ca ren, ng nh ren c v bng nt lin m v ng chn ren c v bng nt lin mnh, khong cch gia hai ng ny chnh l chiu cao ca ren.
Trn hnh chiu, hnh ct ca ren thy biu din trn mt phng vung gc vi trc ca ren ng chn ren c th hin bng 3/4 ng trn v bng nt mnh, phn h ca cung trn t v pha trn bn phi, khng v ng trn u th hin vt mp ca ren.
cng bi ging b. Ren khut

khi cn th hin ren khut, quy c dng nt t mnh v ng nh ren v chn ren.
- ng gch gch trn hnh ct v mt ct ca ren, cc ng gch gch c k n nt lin m th hin ng nh ren, - ng gii hn ren - ng gii hn chiu di ren c th hin bng nt lin m, nu l ren thy v nt t nu l ren khut. ng gii hn ren c k n ng knh ngoi ca ren. - ng ren cn thng thng khng biu din ng ren cn, xong khi cn thit biu din hay ghi kch thc, on ren cn c v bng nt gch nghing mnh. c. Mi ghp ren Cc qui nh trong mi ghp ren cng p dng v mi ghp ren. Tuy nhin, on ren n khp, ren ngoi c th hin nh che khut ren trong. Xem hnh 8.2 v 8.3 di y
A A -A
Hnh 8.2 Hnh 8.3 8.1. 4 Cch ghi ch dn v kch thc ren. Cch ghi ch dn v kch thc ren c qui nh trong TCVN 5907:1995 v cch k hiu ren theo TCVN 0204:1993. a. Cch ghi ch dn
Loi ren v kch thc ca ren c ghi theo ch dn trong cc tiu chun c lin quan v ren. Ch dn ca ren c ghi trn ng kch thc ng knh danh ngha ca ren theo th t sau y. Ch tt ch c th profin ren ( v d: M, MC, G, Tr, R .. ) ng knh danh ngha hay kch c ( v d: 20, 30 40 ..) Bc xon bng mm Bc ren p, bng mm
cng bi ging
Mt s ch dn khc. Hng xon Cp chnh xc ca ren Chiu di ren ( S ngn, L - di, N thng) S u mi.
b. Cch ghi kch thc. ng kch thc danh ngha d l ng knh vng nh ca ren ngoi v ng knh vng chn ca ren trong. ng knh danh ngha ca ren o bng mm, ring ren ng tr v ren ng cn thng ly ng knh lng ng lm kch thc danh ngha v dungf n v l Inch. Khng ghi kch thc bc ren ln, kch thc bc ren nh c ghi sau ng knh danh ngha ca ren v phn cch bi du x. Kch thc bc ren nhiu u mi c ghi trong ngoc n km vi k hiu p v ghi sau kch thc bc xon. Kch thc chiu di ren l kch thc chiu di on ren y. Tt c cc kch thc phi ghi theo TCVN 57051993, v d nh hnh 8.4 sau y:
b d
Mx, 21 0 5 d
Hnh 8.4 c. Chiu di ren v chiu su l Thng thng ch gi kch thc chiu di ren m khng ghi kch thc l, trng hp khng ghi kch thc chiu su l c ngha l chiu su l bng 1,25 ln chiu di ren. Tham kho hnh 8.5 sau y:
M12
M12x32/10x40
d. Hng xon
10
Ni chung i vi ren phi khng cn ghi hng xon, cn i vi ren tri hng xon c ghi l HL. Nu trn cng mt bn v c c ren phi v ren tri th cn phi ghi r hng xon cho tng loi ren, khi dng ch RH ch ren phi.
e. Cp chnh xc.
K hiu cp chnh xc ca ren c ghi sau hng xon v c phn cch bng gch ni. K hiu min dung sai ca ren c ghi bng mt phn s, m t l min dung sai ren trong v mu l min dung sai ca ren ngoi. i vi ren ng hnh tr hoc cn th cp chnh xc cao k hiu bng A, thp k hiu bng ch B.
8.1.5
Cc chi tit c ren
a. Bu lng Bu lng gm hai phn, phn thn c ren v phn u. u bulng gm su cnh hay bn cnh u. Cn c vo cht lng b mt, bu lng c chia lm ba loi: - Bu lng tinh - Bu lng na tinh - Bu lng th.
32
Hnh 8.5
cng bi ging Hnh dng v kch thc ca chng c qui nh theo tiu chun. Bu lng ai c cn c theo k hiu v kch thc tra theo tiu chun ta c c bu lng cn thit. Xem hnh di 8.6 di y
r
cx4 5
D1
lo H L
Hnh 8.6
b. ai c
L chi tit v vi bu lng hay vt cy. Cn c theo hnh dng v cu to, ai c c chia ra lm nhiu loi: ai c 04 cnh, ai c su cnh, ai c x rnh, ai c trn...
Cn c theo cht lng b mt ngi ta ch ra ba loi: ai c tinh, ai c bn tinh, ai c th. K hiu ai c gm c k hiu ca ren, s hiu tiu chun ca ai c. V d: ai c M10 TCVN 1905-76 Cch v ta tham kho hnh 8.7 cho u bu lng v cho ai c sau
30
R
hnh 8.8
15..30
D1
cng bi ging Hnh 8.7 Hnh 8.8 c.Vt cy L chi tit hnh tr hai u c ren. i vi cc chi tit tham gia lp ghp c dy qu ln hay v l do no khng dng c bu lng th c th dng vt cy. Mt u ca vt cy c vn vo l ren ca chi tit tham gia lp ghp u kia vn vi ai c. Vt cy c hai kiu: ( Xem hnh 8.9 v 8.10 ) - Kiu 1: u vn vo chi tit khng c rnh thot dao. - Kiu 2: u vn vo chi tit c rnh thot dao.
c4 x5 d1
c4 x5 d
c4 x5 d2
c4 x5 d L o L
L o L 1 L L 1
Hnh 8.9 d. Vt
Hnh 8.10
L mt chi tit dng ghp trc tip cc chi tit m khng dng n ai c. Vt c chia lm hai loi ln. Xem trn hnh v 8.11 - Vt lp ni: Dng ghp hai chi tit li vi nhau - Vt nh v: Dng c nh chi tit ny vi chi tit kia.
d d d L L d
cng bi ging
Hnh 8.11 8.2 V qui c then, then hoa v cht 8.2.1 Khi nim
Ghp bng then l loi mi ghp tho c, thng s dng trong mi ghp vi trc.
Then l chi tit c tiu chun ho, kch thc ca then c chn theo kch thc danh ngha ca trc v l. Kch thc ca then gm 03 kch thc: rng, cao, di ( b x h x l ) v s hiu tiu chun ca then. Then gm cc loi sau: Then vt, then tip tuyn, then bng, then bn nguyt. a. Then bng
L then dng hnh hp ch nht vi kch thc rng x cao x di ( b x h xl), s dng truyn lc v m men nhng nh. c qui nh trong tiu chun TCVN 2261-77.
b. Then bn nguyt
Then bn nguyt c qui nh trong tiu chun TCVN 4217-86. Vi hai thng s rng x cao ( b x h ). Loi then ny dng truyn lc v m men tng i nh nhng c kh nng t iu chnh c v tr. Xem trn hnh 8.14
c. Then vt Then vt c qui nh trong TCVN 4214-86. y l loi dng truyn lc v m men ln. Loi then ny c chia lm ba loi: then trn, then vung, then mu. 8.2.2 Ghp bng then bng
Then bng dng trong cc c cu ti trng nh v trc lp trt hay lp c nh vi l bng vt. Khi lp hai mt bn ca then l mt tip xc.
Then bng c kiu u trn, kiu u vung v hnh dng v cch th hin mi ghp then xem trn hnh 8.12 v 8.13 sau y.
h h h l b b
l b
cng bi ging
E Hnh 8.12
A
A-A
b t2 t1 h
b h1 S4 x5
Hnh 8.13
S4 x5
Hnh 8.14 8.2.3 Ghp bng then hoa a. Khi nim truyn c lc v m men ln ngi ta dng mi ghp then hoa, theo tnh cht mi ghp then hoa c ba loi sau: - Mi ghp then hoa ch nht: TCVN 1803-76, profin rng hnh ch nht.
d - t1
cng bi ging - Mi ghp then hoa thn khai: TCVN 1801-76, profin rng dng thn khai. - Mi ghp then hoa tam gic: TCVN 1802 76 , profin rng dng tam gic. Cc thng s c bn ca then hoa c tiu chun ho.
Kch thc danh ngha ca then hoa bao gm: s rng, ng knh trong d, v ng knh ngoi D. Tng ng vi mi kch thc ta c mt chiu rng b.
b. Cch nh tm
Cn c vo mt nh tm gia trc v l then hen hoa, ngi ta qui nh ba loi nh tm ca mi ghp then hoa rng thng.
- nh tm theo ng knh ngoi: c h ng knh trong. - nh tm theo ng knh trong: c h ng knh ngoi. - nh tm theo mt bn b: c h ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong. K hiu ca mi ghp then hoa gm c: - K hiu ca b mt nh tm - Kch thc dnh ngha ca mi ghp ( Z x d x D) - K hiu dung sai mi ghp.
8.2.4. Ghp bng cht Cht dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi tit lp ghp vi nhau. Cht l chi tit c tiu chun ho, gm c hai loi: Cht tr v cht cn Cht cn: C cn bng 1: 50 v ly ng knh u b lm ng knh danh ngha. Kch thc ca cht tr v cht cn c qui nh trong TCVN 2042-86 v TCVN 2041-86. K hiu ca cht gm c: ng knh danh ngha d, kiu lp ( i vi cht tr), chiu di l, v s hiu tiu chun ca cht. Xem trn hnh 8.15 v 8.16 di y V d: Cht tr 10 x 50 TCVN 2042-86 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 71 -
cng bi ging
Cht cn 10 x 50 TCVN 2041 86
K 1 h x A i u c cn , p c h
1 5
K 2 h x B i u c cn , p c h d
d R=
1 5
K 3 h x C i u c cn , p c h d L L
c L
Hnh 8.15
15 : 0 d1
15 : 0 d1 a a L d =d- L 0 1 /5
cx4 5 L
Hnh 8.16 m bo chnh xc khi lp, trong trng hp nh v, l cht ca cc chi tit ghp c khoan ng thi, trn bn v c ghi ch iu . tho lp cht mt cch thun tin, ngi ta dng loi cht c ren trong. V r thot kh, c th dng loi cht tr c x rnh dc. Cch th hin nh trn hnh 8.17 v 8.18 sau y
do
120
cx4 5 L
L 1 L 2
cx4 5 A L
L 1 L 2
Hnh 8.17 8.18 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 72 -
120
15 : 0 d
A d1 do d1 d
0,5
Hnh
cng bi ging
8.3. Qui c bnh rng. 8.3.1. nh ngha Bnh rng l mt chi tit c rng dng truyn chuyn ng quay bng s tip xc ln lt gia cc rng, n c dng ph bin trong ngnh ch to my. Bnh rng bao gm cc loi sau: 8.3.2. Cc loi bnh rng Bnh rng tr: Dng truyn ng gia hai trc song song. Bnh rng cn: Dng truyn chuyn ng gia hai trc ct nhau trong thng l gc 90o Trc vt v bnh vt: Dng truyn chuyn ng gia hai trc cho nhau Bnh rng truyn chuyn ng quay nh s n khp gia cc rng ca bnh rng ch ng v bnh rng b ng.
8.3.3. V qui c bnh rng tr Bnh rng tr l loi bnh rng m profin rng c hnh thnh trn mt tr trn, bao gm cc loi sau: Bnh rng tr rng thng: Rng hnh thnh theo ng sinh ca mt tr Bnh rng tr rng nghing: Rng hnh thnh theo ng xon c tr Bnh rng tr rng ch V: Rng nghing theo hai pha ngc chiu nhau thnh dng ch V. a. Cc thng s c bn ca bnh rng tr Bc rng: L khong cch gia hai profin cng pha ca hai rng k nhau o trn ng trn ca bnh rng. ( k hiu l p1) M un: l t s gia bc rng v s ( k hiu l m: tnh bng mm) Tr s cc m un ca bnh rng c tiu chun ho v qui dnh theo TCVN 2257-77 nh sau: Dy 1: 1,0; 1,25; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 16; 20. Dy 2: 1,125; 1,375; 1,75; 2,25; 2,75; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 7; 9; 11; 14; 18; 22. ng vi mi m un m v s rng Z ta c mt bnh rng tiu chun. ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 73 -
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Vng chia: L ng trn ca bnh rng c ng knh bng m un tiu chun m nhn vi s rng Z ca bnh rng. Khi hai bnh rng n khp chun, hai vng chia ca hai bnh rng tip xc nhau ( vng chia trng vi vng ln ca bnh rng) Bc rng tnh trn vng trn chia gi l bc rng chia. Vng nh: L ng trn i qua nh rng, ng knh ca vng nh k hiu l da Vng y: L ng trn i qua y rng, k hiu l df. Chiu cao rng: l khong cch gia vng nh v vng y. chiu cao rng k hiu l h. chia lm hai phn: Chiu cao u rng: (ha) l khong cnh hng tm gia vng nh v vng chia. Chiu cao chn rng: (hf) l khong cch hng tm gia vng chia v vng y. Chiu dy rng: L di ca cung trn trn vng chia ca mt rng, k hiu l St. Chiu rng rnh rng: rng, k hiu l et. Vng trn c s: l vng trn hnh thnh profin thn khai, k hiu k db. Gc n khp: l gc to bi tip tuyn chung ca hai vng trn c s v hai vng trn chia ti tip im ca cp bnh rng n khp chun. K hiu l . Ch : m un l thng s ch yu cu bnh rng, cc thng s khc ca bnh rng c tnh theo m un. Chiu cao nh rng: ha = m Chiu cao chn rng: hf = 1,25.m Chiu cao rng: h = ha + hf = 2,25 m ng knh vng chia: d = m.Z ng knh vng nh: da = d + 2.ha = m(Z+2) ng knh vng y: df = d 2df = m(Z-2,5) Bc rng: pt = .m l di ca cung trn trn vng chia ca rnh
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Gc ln chn rng: f = 0,25.m b. Quy c v bnh rng tr TCVN 13-78 qui nh cch v bnh rng tr nh sau: Vng nh v ng sinh ca mt tr nh v bng nt lin m. Vng chia v ng sinh ca mt tr chia v bng nt chm gch, khng th hin vng y v ng sinh ca mt tr y. Trong hnh ct dc ca bnh rng, phn rng b ct, nhng qui nh khng k cc ng gch gch, lc ng sinh y c v bng nt lin m. biu din rng nghin hoc rng ch V, qui nh v vi nt mnh th hin hng nghin ca rng v th hin r gc nghing . Khi cn thit c th v profin ca rng. Cho php v gn ng prin ca rng thn khai bng cung trn nh hnh sau. Tm cung trn nm trn vng c s, bnh knh R = d/5 ( d: l ng knh vng chia). Cch v bnh rng tr. Khi v bnh rng tr, cc kt cu ca bnh rng tr c tnh theo m un m v ng knh trc dB nh sau: - Chiu di rng: - Chiu dy vnh rng: b = (8..10).m s = (2..4)m
- ng knh may : dm = ( 1,5 .. 1,7)bB - Chiu dy a: K = (0,35..0,5)b
ng knh ng trn ca tm cc l trn a: D = 0,5 ( Do + dm) ng knh l trn a: Chiu di may : do = 0,25(Do dm) lm = (1,0 .. 1,5)db. Do = da (6..10)m.
ng knh trong vnh a:
Trong cc cng thc trn khi vt liu ch to bnh rng bng thp ln ly hb s nh, cn bng gang ly h s ln.
do
Xem hnh 8.19 v 8.20 di y th hin chi tit bnh rng v trng hp bnh rng n khp.
dm D DB + t1
Do
da
e Lm
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Hnh 8.19 Hnh 8.20
8.3.4 Bnh rng cn a. Khi nim B truyn bnh rng cn dng truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc ct nhau, gc gia hai trc thng bng 90o. . Bnh rng cn gm cc loi: rng thng, rng nghing v rng cong ... Rng ca bnh rng cn c hnh thnh trn mt nn, v vy kch thc, m un thay i theo chiu di rng, cng v pha nh cn kch thc ca rng cng nh. tin tnh ton v v, tiu chun qui nh cc thng s ca m un, ng knh ca vng chia ly theo mt y ln ca mt cn chia. b. Cc thng s ca bnh rng. ng knh vng chia: Chiu cao rng: de = meZ he = 2,2.me
Ly theo ng vung gc vi ng sinh ca mt cn chia, ng vung gc ny l ng sinh ca mt cn ph. Chiu cao ca nh rng: Chiu cao chn rng: h a = me hf = 1,2 me.
Gc nh cn ca mt cn chia: ng knh vng nh: ng knh vng y:
dae = de + 2.haecos = me(Z + 2.cos ) dfe = de 2.hfe.cos = me(Z 2,4.cos )
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Chiu di rng b: thng ly bng (1/3)Re ( Chiu di ng sinh ca mt cn chia) Khi v bnh rng cn ta ch cn bit m un, s rng, v gc nh cn chia. b. Cch v bnh rng cn Qui c v bnh rng cn ging vi qui c v bnh rng tr. Trn mt phng hnh chiu vung gc vi trc ca bnh rng cn, qui nh v vng nh ca y ln v y b, vng chia ca y ln. Cp bnh rng cn rng thng n khp c trc vung gc vi nhau v nh trong trng hp bnh rng tr rng thng n khp, cp bnh rng nghing n khp v nh hnh 8.21 v 8.22 sau: Cp bnh rng cn n khp c trc ct nhau to thnh gc khc 900, th hnh chiu vng chia ca bnh rng nghing trong mt phng hnh chiu c v nh ng trn.
b Re
dB
Hnh 8.21 Hnh 8.22
8.3.5 Bnh vt, trc vt

d B + t1
Dm
N1
cng bi ging a. Khi nim B truyn trc vt - bnh vt dng truyn chuyn ng gia hai trc cho nhau, gc gia hai trc cho nhau thng l 900, thng thng chuyn ng c truyn t trc vt sang bnh vt vi t s truyn rt ln. B truyn ny c kh nng t hm rt tt. Trc vt c cu to thng nh trc c ren. Tu theo mt to thnh ren m ngi ta chia ra: - Trc vt tr: ren hnh thnh trn mt tr trn. - Trc vt lm: ren c hnh thnh trn mt lm trn xoay. b. Thng s ca trc vt v bnh vt. Trc vt M un ca trc vt v bnh vt bng nhau, cch kch thc c tnh theo m un .
Chiu di phn ct ren b1 ca trc vt c ly theo iu kin n khp. Khi v c th ly b1 theo cng thc sau: b1 = (11+0,06Z2).m Z2: l s rng ca bnh vt. m q 2 2, 5 10 2, 5 9 4 5 6 7 8 1 0 8 1 2 1 6 2 0
Bnh vt Rng ca bnh vt c hnh thnh trn mt xuyn. ng knh vng chia v mun ca bnh vt c xc nh trn mt ct ngang. Mun ca bnh vt bng mun ca trc vt. Cc thng s khc ca bnh vt c tnh theo mun v s rng.
ng knh vng chia: d2 = m.Z2 ng knh vng nh: da2 = d2 + 2.ha = m(Z+2) ng knh vng y: df2 = d2 + 2.hf = m(Z-2,4)
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Chiu rng ca bnh vt b2 c ly theo ng knh mt nh ca trc vt < 0,75 da1. Gc m ca trc vt 2. thng ly bng gc gii hn ca hai mt ca bnh vt theo cng thc sau: Sin = b2/(da1 0,5m); thng thng 2. = 90 .. 100o ng knh nh ln nht ca vnh rng: daM2 < da2 + 6.m/(Z1 + 2) Khong cch trc gia trc vt v bnh vt. aw = 0,5.m(q + Z2) b. Cch v bnh vt v trc vt Bnh vt v trc vt c v theo TCVN 13-76. i vi trc vt, trn mt phng hnh chiu song song vi trc ca trc vt, v ng sinh ca mt y bng nt mnh v trn mtphng hnh chiu vung gc vi mt phng ca trc khng v ng trn y. Khi cn th hin profin ca rng th dng hnh ct ring phn hay hnh trch. i vi trc vt trn mt phng hnh chiu vung gc vi trc ca bnh vt, v ng trn nh ln nht ca vnh rng bng nt lin m v v ng trn chia bng nt chm gch; khng v ng trn nh v ng trn y. i vi bnh vt va trc vt, ti vng n khp, ng nh rng ca trc vt v bnh vt u v bng nt lim m. Trn hnh ct trc vt khng c v nm trc bnh vt. Xem hnh v 8.23 sau y
b d f2 da2 2s
Rf
2
Ra2
s p h1 b1
d1
R2
d f1 d a1
c2
aW
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Hnh 8.23
8.3.6. Thanh rng Hai bnh rng tr n khp nhau, trong c mt bnh rng c ng knh ln v cng th bnh rng tr thnh thanh rng., cc vng chia, vng nh, vng y ca thanh rng tr thnh cc ng thng song song vi nhau, phn n khp v nh hnh 8.24 sau:
Hnh 8.24 8.4. Bn v qui c l xo. 8.4.1 nh ngha v phn loi. L xo lm vic da trn tnh n hi, L xo l chi tit d tr nng lng dng trong cc thit b nh: Gim xc, p cht v lc .. Cn c theo kt cu v nguyn l tc dng l xo c chia ra lm bn loi sau: L xo xon c: c hnh thnh theo ng xon c tr hay nn. ( cn c theo nguyn l tc dng ngi ta chia ra: l xo nn, l xo xon, l xo ko ..)
H3 H2 Ho P3 P2
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L xo xon phng: L xo xon phng c hnh thnh theo ng xon c phng, mt ct l xo thng l hnh ch nht. L xo nhp: l xo nhp gm nhiu tm kim loi ghp vi nhau, c s dng nhiu trong gim sc ca t. L xo a: l l xo gm nhiu a kim loi ghp chng ln nhau, dng trong cc c cu chu ti ln.
Hnh 8.25
8.4.2. Qui c v. L xo c kt cu v hnh dng tng i phc tp, v qui c l xo c qui nh trong TCVN14-78. Xem hnh v 8.25 trn Trn hnh chiu ca l xo xon tr ( hay nn), vng xon oc v bng cc ng thng thay cho ng cong. i vi l xo xon tr (hay nn) c s vng xon sln hn 4 th qui nh v mi u l xo mt hoc hai vng xon nhng vng khc cho php khng phi v v c th thay bng nt chm gch, v qua tm mt ct ca dy l xo, cho php v rt chiu cao ca l xo. Nhng l xo c ng knh hoc chiu dy dy bng 2 mm hay nh hn th vng xon c v bng nt lin m, mt ct ca dy l xo c t kn. i vi cc l xo xon phng s vng xon ln hn 2 th quy nh v vng u v vng cui, phn cn li th ta c th v bng nt chm gch m. i vi cc l xo a c s a ln hn 4, th mi u c v bng mt hoc hai a, ng bao cc a cn li c v bng nt mnh. i vi l xo nhp hay l xo l c nhiu lp th qui nh v ng bao ca chng l. i vi l xo c hng xon cho trc th phi v ng hng xon ca n v ghi r hng xon phi hay hng xon tri trong yu cu k thut. Khi khng cn phn bit th v theo hng xon phi.
8.4.4. Bn v ch to l xo. Trn bn v ch to l xo, ngoi hnh chiu biu din v kch thc ca l xo, cn c bng thng s t gc phi pha trn bn v. Bng ghi cc ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 81 -
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thng s c bn ca l xo nh: S vng lm vic, s vng ton b, hng xon ca l xo .. K hiu qui c dng ghi cc thng s trn bn v l xo qui nh nh sau: Chiu di l xo trng thi t do: Ho Chiu di ca l xo khi chu ti trng: H1, H2, .. Ti trng chiu trc ca l xo: P1, P2 Bin dng tuyn tnh ca l xo: F1, F2 .. Trn bn v ch to nhng i lng bng ch c qui i sang s. Cch v l xo nn nh sau: tip xc r rng vi cc chi tit khc v phn b lc mt cch u n, l xo nn c mi phng i ba phn t vng xon v thu ngn bc ca vng xon hai u l xo 3 thnh vng t. Khi lm vic vng t P
P2 ny khng c tc dng n hi, cc vng cn li gi l vng lm vic. Vy
tng s vng bng s vng lm H3 vic cng vi vng t. n1 = n + (2x3/4) = n + 1,5

H2 Ho
Chiu cao t do ca l xo oc xc nh nh sau: Ho = nt + d n: S vng lm vic t: Bc xon ca l xo d: ng knh dy l xo. Chiu di dy l xo c tnh theo cng i thc. 1 - S v n g l m v c : 1 2 , 5
L = n1
C c th n g s k th u t
(D2 )
+t
2 - S v n g to n b : 1 2 , 5 + 1 , 5 3 - H n g x o n p h i 4 - K c h t h c t h a m k h o
Trong : D2 = (D + D1)/2 = D d D: ng knh ngoi ca l xo. D1 ng knh trong ca l xo n1: Tng s vng ca l xo.
S lgS T . L Ci h uN kg y S LX 354504
T .k K . tr a KTC N
L xD o uK h . lg l T
0 , 0 51 : 1 T : S t : 0 1 D y L . 1 ,4
Khi v l xo cn cho trc cc thng s nh: Chiu di dy l xo, bc xon t, KTTC ng knh dy l xo d v hng xon ca l xo. Cch trnh by bn v chi tit l xo trn hnh 8.26
D u yt
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8.5. V qui c bng inh tn 8.5.1. Khi nim chung ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 83 -
Hnh 8.26
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Mi ghp bng inh tn l mi ghp khng tho c, n dng ghp cac tm kim loi c hnh dng v kt cu khc nhau. Theo cng dng mi ghp inh tc c chia ra lm ba loi chnh: Mi ghp chc: dng cho cc kt cu kim loi khc nhau nh: cu, gin .. Mi ghp kn: dng cho cc thng cha, ni hi c p sut thp. Mi ghp chc kn: Dng cho cc kt cu i hi va chc va kn nh cc ni hi c p sut cao.
8.5.2. phn loi inh tn inh tn l mt chi tit hnh tr c m mt u, v c phn loi theo hnh dng m inh. Hnh dng v kch thc ca inh tn c qui nh trong TCVN 0281-86 n TCVN 0290 86, v c ba loi chnh nh sau: inh tn m chm cu. inh tn m na chm inh tn m chm. k hnh dng c th xem hnh v 8.27
m L
h L
Hnh 8.27 inh tn c cm vo cc l c khoan sn cc chi tit tham gia lp ghp, m inh ta ln ci, sau dng ba tay hay ba my tn u kia ca inh thnh m ghp hai chi tit li vi nhau. Khi v kch thc ca inh tn c tnh theo ng knh d ca inh. K hiu quy c ca inh tn gm c tn gi in tn, ng knh inh tn d, chiu di v s hiu tiu chun. V d: inh tn m chm cu, ghp chc 10x50 TCVN 4220-86 inh tn m na chm ghp chc kn 10 x 50 TCVN 287 86 inh tn m chm 6 x 20 TCVN 290 86
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8.5.3. Cch v qui c inh tn. phn bit cc loi mi ghp inh tn v n gin ho cch v, TCVN 4179-85 quy nh cch v inh tn theo qui c nh sau: Mi ghp inh tn v theo qui c nh bng sau: Nu mi ghp c nhiu chi tit cng loi th cho php biu din n gin vi chi tit, cn cc chi tit khc th ch cn ghi ng trc, ng tm. Nu mi ghp c mt s nhm chi tit ghp khc nhau v loi, v kch thc th cho php dng cc du hiu quy c phn bit cc nhm v ch cn ghi s v tr cho mi chi tit ca mt nhm. Ch : ghp cc chi tit lm bng vt liu mm ta dng inh tn rng. Bng 8.1 Hnh thc ghp Hnh biu din 1. inh tn m chm cu, mi ghp chc, inh tn rng TCVN4220-86 Biu din quy c Mt ct Hnh chiu
2. inh tn m chm, mi ghp chm cu TCVN 0290-86
3. inh tn m chm, mi ghp chm TCVN 290-86
4. inh tn m na chm, mi tn chm TCVN 287 86
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8.6 Ghp bng hn. 8.6.1. Khi nim chung Hn l qu trnh ghp ccs chi tit bng phng php lm nng chy cc b dnh kt cc chi tit li vi nhau. Phn kim loi nng chy sau khi ngui s to thnh mi hn. Phng php hn c nhiu u im nh: tn t kim loi, cng ngh n gin, tn t thi gian, khi lng gim, mi ghp chc. Phng php hn ch yu l hn h quang v hn hi. Cn c vo cch ghp cc chi tit, mi hn c chia lm cc loi sau. a. Mi hn ghp i nh K hiu , hai chi tit ghp i u vi nhau, mi hn hnh thnh gia hai mp vt u ca hai chi tit. Mi hn ny thng dng trong ngnh ch to my nh: v tu, thng cha. Xem hnh 8.28
Hnh 8.28 b. Mi hn ghp ch T K hiu l ch T. Hai chi tit ghp vi nha thnh hnh ch T, mi hn hnh thnh pha trong gc gia hai chi tit, c th l mt pha hoc hai pha. Mi hn dng ghp thnh dm cu trc .. Xem hnh 8.29 v kt cu mi hn ch T
Hnh 8.29 c. Mi hn ghp gc K hiu l G, hai chi tit ghp vi nhau to thnh mt gc ( thng l gc vung), mi hn hnh thnh gc gia chi tit. Mi hn ny thng dng ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 86 -
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ghp v my, gi , gn chu lc, mt bch. Hnh 8.30 th hin mi hn gc
Hnh 8.30 d. Mi hn ghp trc. K hiu l C. Hai chi tit ghp chp vi nhau, mi hn hnh thnh mp u chi tit, c th l mt pha hay hai pha. Mi hn ny thng dng ghp cc tm, thanh. Xem hnh v 8.31 di y
Hnh 8.31
8.6.2. Hnh biu din cc mi hn
Khng phn bit theo phng php hn m ngi ta v qui c cc mi hn nh sau: - Mi hn thy: c v bng nt lin m - Mi hn khut: v bng nt t ( ging nh nt khut) - Cc mi hn nh ( hn theo im ring bit) c k hiu bng du +, khng v cho cc im hn b khut. - Trn cc hnh ct mi hn c v c v ng bo bng nt lin m. Cc phn t nm trong mi hn c v bng nt lin mnh. 8.6.3. K hiu qui c mi hn trn bn v.
cng bi ging Qui c mi hn c ghi trn gi ngang ca ng ging i vi mi hn thy, v di gi ngang ca ng ging i vi mi hn khut Nhm b mt ca mi hn c ghi sau k hiu qui c ca mi hn, hoc ghi trong yu cu ca bn v k thut. Nu bn v c nhiu mi hn ging nhau th ch cn ghi k hiu cho mt mi hn, cc mi hn khc cng s th t. Xem cc v d sau:
Rz 20 TCVN 3746-83 8 TCVN 3746-83 8 Rz 20 Rz 20 Rz 20
- Cu trc k hiu mi hn c ghi nh sau:

7 1 2 3 4 5 6
ng ging
Gi ngang
Trong : hn.
1 K hiu tiu chun mi hn v cc cu trc mi
1 K hiu bng ch v s mi hn tiu chun. 2 - K hiu phng php hn. 3 Du v kch thc cnh theo tiu chun ca mi hn. 4 Ghi kch thc chiu di on hn i vi mi hn t qung. 5 Du hiu ph 6 Du hiu ph ca mi hn theo ng bao khp kn hay lp. - Cc du hiu ph ca mi hn c qui nh theo cc tiu chun nh trong bng 8.2 sau.
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Bng 8.2 Du hiu ph ngha ca du hiu ph Trit tiu ng sut ca mi hn San vy cc mi hn v cc v tr li lm ca mi hn Mi hn thc hin khi lp rp sn phm Mi hn t qung, hoc hn im i din Mi hn t qung, hoc hn im c v tr so le Mi hn theo ng bao khp kn Mi hn trn ng bao h 8.7 Cch gp bn v V tr ca du hiu ph Mi hn thy Mi hn khut
Khi gp bn v k thut cn ch : - Khung tn phi c gp ra pha ngoi c th c c - Kch thc gp xong bng c A4. - Bn v c gp sao cho khi m ra phi d dng v khng b lm nhu bn v.
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-
Nu bn v l Ao ta gp lm 2 chuyn v A1 sau v A2 v A3 v cui cng l A4.
Chng 7. Bn v chi tit bn v lp Mc tiu: Tch c cc chi tit t bn v lp V c bn v lp t cc chi tit ca n. Ni dung: Thi gian:10h (LT: 3; TH:7) 1. Bn v chi tit Thi gian: 4h 2. Bn v lp Thi gian: 6h
2. Bn v lp 2.1. Khi nim v bn v lp Bn v chung l bn v tng th ton b mt cm chi tit, mt my, hay ton b nh my, mt khu vc ... Bn v chung c s dng tin hnh lp rp cc thit b, chi tit, theo trnh t nht nh, dng kim tra n v lp hoc c dng lm c s thit k cc chi tit, b phn giai on thit k ch to. Khi c bn v chung ngi ta xc nh c ton b s chi tit, khi lng cng nh tn gi, vt liu v kch thc tng th cng nh qui c cc mi ghp ( lp lng, trung gian, hay lp cht), cng cc thng s k thut ch yu ca thit b. 2.2. Ni dung bn v lp Bn v lp l mt ti liu rt quan trng, ni dung ca n bao gm: - Hnh biu din cu n v lp - Cc kch thc, sai lch gii hn - Cc ch dn v dc im lin kt - S th t ch v tr - Bng lit k khi lng, th t, tn gi, vt liu, s lng, k hiu v ghi ch. - Khung tn, khung bn v .. 2.2.1 Hnh biu din ca n v lp
cng bi ging Hnh biu din trong bn v lp phi th hin c cc v tr v phng php lin kt gia cc chi tit vi nhau v m bo kh nng lp rp, kim tra n v lp, s lng hnh biu din phi t nht, nhng phi th hin ton b cc chi tit v phng php ghp ni gia chng cung xnh tin hnh lp rp. Khi cn thit trn bn v lp cho php ch dn v nguyn l lm vic ca sn phm v tc dng qua li gia cc phn t. a. Chn hnh biu din Hnh biu din chnh l hnh chiu chnh m n phi th hin c c trng v hnh dng, kt cu v phn nh c v tr lm vic ca n v lp . Ngoi hnh chiu chnh ra cn c mt s hnh biu din khc c b xung lm sng t cc chi tit nht. Cc hnh biu din ny c chn da trn cc 1 2 3 4 5 yu cu th hin ca bn 5 10 v lp nh: v tr, hnh dng ... V d: ta biu din mt khp ni trc nh hnh 9.1 sau:
150
0 3
100
Hnh 9.1 b. Quy c biu din.

Theo TCVN 3826-1993 quy nh biu din bn v lp nh sau:
- Cho php khng biu din mt s kt cu ca chi tit nh vt mp, gc ln, rnh thot dao, kha nhm, khe h ca mi ghp.. - i vi mt s chi tit nh np y, v ngoi, tn bng .. nu chng che khut cc chi tit khc trn mt hnh chiu no ca bn v lp th cho php khng biu din chng trn bn v . Nhng phi c ghi ch.
cng bi ging - Nhng ghi ch trn my, thit b nh: bng hiu, thng s k thut, nhn mc. cho php khng biu din nhng phi v ng bao ca chi tit . - Cho php ch v ng bao hoc k hiu ca cc chi tit ph bin v c sn nh: bu lng, vng bi, cc ng c in .. - Cc chi tit pha sau l xo trn hnh chiu coi nh b l xo che khut. - Nu c mt s chi tit ging nhau nhng phn b theo qui lut cho php v mt chi tit i din cc chi tit cn li ch cn v ng tm. - Trn bn v chi tit cho php v hnh biu din ca nhng chi tit lin quan vi b phn lp bng nt mnh v c ghi kch thc nh v. - Cho php biu din ring mt hay mt cm chi tit ca thit b, my trn bn v lp nhng phi c ghi ch v tn gi v t l. - Khng ct dc cc chi tit nh: m, then, cht ... - B mt tip xc gia hai chi tit lp ghp cng kch thc danh ngha ch cn v mt nt. - Khi cn th hin khe h cho php v tng khe h th hin r. 2.2.1 Kch thc trc, bu lng, ai c, vng
Kch thc trn bn v lp c ghi th hin cc tnh nng, kim tra, lp rp, .. nh: kch thc bao, kch thc lp ghp gia cc chi tit, .. a. Kch thc qui cch L kch thc th hin cc tnh nng ca my, cc kch thc ny thng c xc nh t trc, l kch thc c bn xc nh cc
cng bi ging thng s khc. V d nh: kch thc bnh cng tc trong my bm, kch thc ng knh ng ca cc van.. b. Kch thc lp rp L kch thc th hin quan h lp ghp gia cc chi tit trong cng mt n v lp. N bao gm kch thc v dung sai cc b mt tip xc, kch thc xc nh v tr gia cc chi tit vi mt gc chun. V d kch thc ca trc v bi: 40H7/k6 c. Kch thc t my L kch thc th hin mi quan h lp ghp gia n v lp v cc b phn khc, v d nh: Kch thc b my, kch thc bch lp rp, kch thc t bu lng. Cc kch thc ny s lin quan ti cc kch thc ca chi tit, hay b phn khc c ghp vi n v lp. d. Kch thc nh khi Kch thc nh khi hay cn gi l kch thc bao ca vt th cn biu din n chnh l kch thc th hin ln chung ca vt th, dng lm c s xc nh e. Kch thc gii hn Kch thc gii hn l kch thc th hin khng gian hot ng ca thit b, kch thc ny c dng lm c s b tr khng gian lm vic cho thit b hoc vn hnh cho ngi lao ng. 2.2.2 S ch v tr th tch, ng bao, vn chuyn v thit k khng gian lp t.
Trn bn v lp c rt nhiu chi tit khc nhau, d phn bit, gi tn cc chi tit, cng nh cc vt liu lm chi tit ngi ta tin hnh nh s cc chi tit theo th t, trnh t c bn v v tng hp li trong bng k. Sau y l cc qui nh v vic nh s ch v tr chi tit. - S v tr c ghi trn gi ngang ca ng dn, v c ghi hnh biu din no th hin r nht chi tit .
cng bi ging - S v tr c ghi song song vi khung tn cu bn v, pha ngoi hnh biu din v xp thnh hng hay ct. - Mi s v tr c ghi mt ln trn bn v v cho php ghi cng mt ch s vi cc chi tit ging nhau. - Kh ch s v tr phi ln hn kh ch kch thc ca bn v. - Cho php dng ng dn chung trong trng hp: + Cc chi tit kp cht thuc mt v tr lp ghp. + Cc chi tit c lin h vi nhau m khng k c nhiu ng dn. Hnh 9.2 Ta c th xem v d trn hnh 9.2: Yu cu k thut Yu cu k thut ca bn v lp th hin:
-
4 3 2
Cc c yu cu lm vic ca chi tit nh: p lc lm vic, s vng quay, khe h lm vic, khe h nhit ..
- Th hin cc yu cu ring cha th hin c trn bn v nh: v sai lch hnh dng, cht lng sn phm, cng b mt .. - Phng php nhit luyn, phng php gia cng ln cui.. - Yu cu v vt liu sn ph - V mt s yu cu ring khc.. 2.2.3 Bng k 10
7 25 45 140 10 25 25 5
Bng k dng lit k cc thnh phn ca cc chi tit thuc vt th, dng lm ti liu thit k v lp k hoch sn sut.
Bng k c qui nh trong TCVN 3824-1983. Bng k c t di hnh biu din v st bn trn khung tn ca bn v lpV.tr
8 8 10 7 K hiu T n gi S lg Vt liu Ghi ch 7
V d khung v bng k trong hc hc tp nh hnh 9.3 sau:

32
cng bi ging
2.2.4
Khung tn
Hnh 9.3
Khung tn c qui nh trong TCVN 3821-83. V d nh khung tn trong hnh 9.4 sau:
145 65 10 40 15 80 5
c ng t r t hu nh in pl ikr ng
Trn ChTrung Nguy ChC ng n Nguy H c n u Nguy Ch n Sng 18/03/04
t r n p
b t r c hung t hit bc kh
36
T 1692-CK.1-01-000
1:100 1214 01 1/3
20
30
15
20 145
20
20
20
Hnh 9.4 2.3 c bn v lp Trong giai on thit k ch to, ngi thit k cn da vo bn v chung v cc bn v ch to chi tit, gi l v tch chi tit. Vy vic c bn v lp v v tch chi tit l mt vic rt quan trng i vi ngi thit k ch to.
cng bi ging 2.3.1 Yu cu
Khi c bn v lp yu cu phi bit v hiu r v kt cu ca vt th c biu din. Phi hnh dung c hnh dng ca mi chi tit trong t hp lp ghp, v quan h lp ghp ca chng. Phi c c kch thc v sai lch gii hn ca chng, v phi bit kch thc no l quan trng, v c tham gia lp ghp hay khng. Khi c y cc phn thuyt minh ca bn v lp, ngi c cng cn phi bit nguyn l lm vic v cng dng ca vt th biu din. 2.3.2 Trnh t c bn v lp Khi tin hnh c bn v lp cn tin hnh theo trnh t sau: a. Tm hiu chung Trc ht c ni dung khung tn, phn thuyt minh v cc yu cu k thut c khi nim s b v n v lp, v nguyn l lm vic v cng dng ca n v lp. b. Phn tch hnh biu din i su vo ni dung bn v, cn nghin cu cc hnh biu din trn bn v lp , hiu r tn cc hnh chiu c bn, v tr ca cc mt ct trn hnh ct v mt ct, phng chiu ca cc hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu ring phn, s lin h chiu gia cc hnh biu din. trong giai on ny ta cn hiu c tng quan v hnh dng v kt cu v c im ca vt th lp. c. Phn tch cc chi tit Ln lt i phn tch tng chi tit mt. Bt u t chi tit chnh sau mi n cc chi tit t quan trng hn. T chi tit c kch thc ln hn sang chi tit nh hn. Ta cng c th c cc chi tit t cc hng trong bng k ri c trn cc hnh biu din theo ch s v tr ca n sau cn c theo phm vi ng bao ca chi tit .
cng bi ging Khi phn tch cc chi tit cn hiu r kt cu, cng dng v quan h lp ghp ca chng. d. Tng hp Khi phn tch xong cc bc trn , cui ta tng hp li ton b hiu r v ton b vt th. 2.3.3 V d c bn v lp
V d ta c bn v lp van phn phi dng trong thu lc nh sau: a. Tm hiu chung: Van phn phi du thu lc l thit b thu lc dng iu chnh lu lng v hng ca dng chy ca du khi i qua van. b. Phn tch hnh biu din: Bn v gm 01 hnh chiu chnh v cc hnh chiu ph, hnh chiu ng th hin ton b kt cu bn trong cng nh hnh dng ca chi tit bao gm 02 cun in iu khin hai bn u con trt v 01 v van, v con trt iu khin v dn hng lu lng, hnh chiu chnh l hnh ct ton phn ca c van, ngoi ra cn c hnh chiu cnh, hnh chiu bng v mt s hnh ct khc. qua phn tch trn ta thy chi tit con trt van phn phi l chi tit chuyn ng v to thng cc l P vi A hoc P vi B khi tng ng B s thng vi T hoc A thng vi T. Do lm vic vi p sut cao va i hi kn nhng li c kh nng dch chuyn tng i ln mi ghp gia trc vi thn van phi l mi ghp trung gian.... c. Phn tch chi tit: Cc chi tit c hnh dng v kt cu c th c th hin y trn cc hnh biu din: chng hn nh chi tit trc c dng trr nhng c bc, chi tit thn van th c khoan cc l thng nhau, v c mt l cho con trt chuyn ng v thc hin chc nng cp du. Cc l ny c th thc hin gia cng bng phng php khoan. .. d. Tng hp: Van phn phi l mt thit b iu chnh hng ca dng du c p sut cao khi qua n do theo chc nng ca n th khi xem xt n cc mi ghp l rt quan trng y ta phi phn tch c th cc mi ghp sau:
Chng 8. V k thut trn my tnh Mc tiu:

cng bi ging
Tch c cc chi tit t bn v lp V c bn v lp t cc chi tit ca n. Ni dung: Thi gian:20h (LT: 12; TH:8) 1. To lp mi trng bn v v cc phng php nhp im chnh xc. Thi gian: 3h 2. Cc lnh v c bn. Thi gian: 8h 3. Cc lnh hiu chnh v bin i Thi gian:7h 4. Xut bn v ra my v, my in Thi gian:2h

Giao Trinh Ve Ky Thuat Co Khi

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cng bi ging

Cc lnh vc k thut dng bn v k thut

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - Hnh51.1

841 420 k u gtn hn M pn o i g 21 0

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s -6-

cng bi ging bng mm K hiu tng ng cc kh giy s dng theo

TCVN193-66 Khung bn v, khung tn Mi bn v u phi c khung v v khung tn ring. Ni dung

cng bi ging 9: Dng ghi tn trng, khoa, lp

Thng s ch vit Kh ch Chiu cao ch hoa

Kch thc tng i Kiu A Kiu B 14/14h 10/10h

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s -9-

10/14h 2/14h 22/14h 6/14h 1/14h

7/10h 2/10h 17/10h 6/10h 1/10h

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 10 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 11 -

Hnh 1.13 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 12 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 13 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 14 -

Bnh knh: R dc:

Hnh 1.16 1.17 b. Kch thc cung trn v ng trn

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 18 -

Hnh 1.18 Hnh 1.20

khc hoc ngt on m khng cn xc nh tm xem v d

Hnh 1.21 1.22 c. Kch thc gc

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 19 -

vung gc, dng v chia gc

VD: Chia 1 on thng ra lm 5R 2 bng nhau. phn 1 b. Chia u ng trn. R O - Chia 3. O O

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 22 -

d1 R O R R ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s T2 d2 - 24 T1 T2 d2 d1 R O R

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 26 -

Mt phng hnh chiu P Tn ti mt tm chiu S ( S l mt im khng thuc P )

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 28 -

cng bi ging l A, A gi l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn mt phng hnh chiu P.

nm ngang dng th hin hnh chiu bng.

Mt phng hnh chiu cnh ( k hiu: P 3 ) l mt phng

Hnh chiu ca 1 im l mt im Gi s c im A trong khng gian, xy dng hnh chiu ca A ca n nh sau:

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 31 -

Hnh chiu ca ng thng

3.5.1 Khi a din

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 32 -

b. Khi nng tr y tam gic ( xem hnh 3.2)

c. Khi hnh chp y lc gic u ( xem hnh 3.3)

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s z 33 -

Hnh 3.3 d. Khi hnh chp ct y t gic u ( xem hnh v s 3.4)

2 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Hnh- 34 -

cng bi ging Hnh 3.7

4 ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 37 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 38 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 39 -

Hnh 5.6 Hnh 5.7

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 44 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 47 -

Hnh 6.10 6.11

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Hnh 6.14 - 48 6.15

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 49 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 55 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 57 -

Hnh 4.6 Cc qui c v hnh chiu trc o:

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 58 -

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s Y2 - 60 -

8.1 V qui c ren 8.1.1 Khi nim v cc yu t ca ren a. Khi nim

- Gc xon l s lin h gia bc xon v ng knh d ca trc theo h s sau:

ng Vn Hon- Khoa L thuyt c s - 62 -

cng bi ging Hnh 8.1