Kha hc LTH mn Ha C H

Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

CU TO NGUYN T V NH LUT TUN HON TI LIU BI GING

A.CU TO NGUYN T I. Thnh phn cu to nguyn t 1. Nguyn t gm ht hn mang dien tch dng nm tm nguyn t, c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc ca nguyn t. Cc electron chuyn ng to ra lp v nguyn t. Ht nhn gm cc ht proton v ntron. Nh vy nguyn t c cu to bi cc ht c bn l: electron v ntron. 2. c im v in tch v khi lng ca ht proton, electron, ntron: Ht ntron khng mang in tch, ht electron mang in tch m (-1), ht proton mang in tch dng (+1). Khi lng ca ht proton v ntron xp x nhau v gn bng 1u (vC), khi lng ca ht electron khng ng k so vi ht p, n. Nh vy, khi lng ca nguyn t tp trung phn ln ht nhn nguyn t, khi lng ca cc ht electron khng ng k (ht nhn l ht c khi lng ring rt ln). 3. S khi ht nhn nguyn t, k hiu l A bng tn s proton (Z) v ntron (N). 4. Quan h gia s khi, s proton, s electron v s ntron trong mt nguyn t. S proton = s electron = s hiu nguyn t = s in tch ht nhn = s th t ca nguyn t (Z). A = Z + N. Trong nguyn t cc nguyn t (Z: t 1 n 82) :1,5 > N/Z 1 (tr ng v 1 H ). 5. ng v. Bi thc tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh. Nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc s ntron, do s khi A khc nhau, c gi l cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t. Biu thc tnh NTKTB:
1

aA bB ; trong A 100

l NTKTB; A, B l NTK ca ng v A, B; a, b l thnh phn

phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v A, B. II. V nguyn t 1. Obitan nguyn t a. Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng theo mt quy o no c. Khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy) electron khong 90% c gi l Obitan nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t c k hiu l AO. b. Khi chuyn ng trong nguyn t , cc electron c th chim nhng mc nng lng khc nhau c trng cho trng thi chuyn ng ca n. Nhng electron chuyn ng gn ht nhn hn, chim nhng mc nng lng thp hn, tc l trng thi bn hn, nhng electron chuyn ng xa ht nhn c mc nng lng cao hn. Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta phn lai thnh cc obitn, obitan p, obitan d v obitan f. c. Obitan s c dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Obitan p gm 3 onitan px, py, pz, c dng hnh s tm ni, hng theo 3 trc z, y, z trong khng gian. Cc obitan d v f c hnh dng phc tp hn. 2. S phn b cc electron trong nguyn t. a. Tong nguyn t, cc electron c sp xp thnh tng lp. Cc electron trn cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau. Nhng electron lp bn trong lin kt vi ht nhn bn cht hn lp bn ngoi. Do nng lng ca electron lp trong thp hn lp ngoi. V vy nng lng ca electron ch yu ph thuc vo s th t ca lp. Th t cc lp electron c ghi bng s nguyn t n = 1, 2, 3, . 7 ng vi tn lp K, L, M, Q. b. Mi lp electron phn chia thnh cc lp, c k hiu bng cc ch ci vit thng: s, p, d, f. Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c nng lng bng nhau. S phn lp trn mi lp bng s th t ca lp (lp th n c n phn lp). Tuy nhin, trn thc t vi hn 110 nguyn t ch c electron in vo 4 phn lp l s, p, d, f. Cc electron thuc phn lp s c gi l electron s, phn lp p c gi l electron p, c. S obitan trong mt phn lp: phn lp s c 1 AO, phn lp p c 3 AO, phn lp d c 5 AO, phn lp f c 7 AO. 3. Nng lng cc electron v cu hnh electron a. Trt t cc mc nng lng AO nguyn t: 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d. b. S phn b cc electron trong nguyn t tun theo nguyn l Pauli, nguyn l vng bn v quy tc Hund. Nguyn l Pauli: trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 eletron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng AO c mc nng lng t thp n cao.

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Kha hc LTH mn Ha C H

Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

Quy tc Hund: trong cng mt phn lp, cc electrn s phn b trn cc AO sao cho s electron c than l ln nht v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. c. Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau. B. BNG TUN HON V NH LUT TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC. I. Bng tun hon 1. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon: Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca din tch Cc nguyn t cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng. Cc nguyn t c s electron ho tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c xp thnh mt ct. 2. Cu to ca bng tun hon a. nguyn t Mi nguyn t c sp xp vo mt . S th t ca nguyn t ng bng s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t. Nh vy da vo s th t ca nguyn t xc nh c s hiu nguyn t, s electron, s proton ca nguyn t. b. Chu k Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron. Nh vy khi bit nguyn t nm chu k no s bit s lp electron ca n bng bao nhiu. Th d: tt c c nguyn t thuc chu k 3, nguyn t u c 3 lp electron. Bng tun hon gm 7 chu k: chu k 1 c bit, chu k 7 cha hon thnh II. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc. 1.Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm A. IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2 np2 ns2 np3 ns2 np4 ns2 np5 ns2 np6 Nh vy ta thy electron cui cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A l electron s hoc p. Cc nguyn t nhm A u l cc nguyn t h s v h p. Cc nguyn t nhm IA v IIA l cc nguyn t h s, cc nguyn t t nhm IIA n VIIIA l cc nguyn t h p. 2.Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm B IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB (n-1)d1ns2 (n-1)d2ns2 (n-1)d3ns2 (n-1)d4ns2 (n-1)d5ns2

VIIIB IB IIB (n-1)dxns2 (n-1)d10ns2 (n-1)d10ns2 x:6,7,8 Nh vy, i vi cc nguyn t nhm B, electron cui cng ang c in vo phn lp d. y u l cc nguyn t h d. III. S bin i tun hon mt s tnh cht ca cc nguyn t. 1.Tnh kim loi, phi kim. a.Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d mt electron tr thnh ion dng. Nguyn t cng d mt electron tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh. Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d thu electron tr thnh ion m. Nguyn t cng d thu electron tnh phi kim cng mnh. b.Trong mt chu k theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn, ng thi tnh phi kim mnh dn. Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca nguyn t mnh dn, ng thi tnh phi kim yu dn. 2. m in a. m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc. b.Trong chu k, khi i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung tng dn. Trong mt nhm A, t trn xung theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn, gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung gim dn. 3.Ho tr ca cc nguyn t Ho tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi bng s th t ca nhm. Cc phi kim to hp cht kh vi hidro. i vi cc phi kim: tng ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi v ho tr trong hp cht vi hidro bng 8. 4.Oxi v hidroxit ca cc nguyn t a.Trong chu k, i t tri sang phi, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidroxit gim dn, ng thi tnh axit tng dn. b.Trong nhm A, i t trn xung di, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidroxit tng dn, ng thi tnh axit gim dn. Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -

Kha hc LTH mn Ha C H

Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

IV. Quan h gia v tr, cu tonguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t 1.Bit vt r ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon c th suy ra cu to nguyn t v ngc li: S th t ca nguyn t S electron , s proton. S th t ca chu k S lp electron. S th t ca nguyn t nhm A S electron lp ngoi cng. 2.Bit v tr ca nguyn t c th suy ra nhng tnh cht ho hc c bn ca n: Xc nh tnh kim loi, phi kim: Cc nguyn t nhm IA, IIA l nhng nguyn t c tnh kim loi mnh. Xc nh ho tr cao nht. Vit cng thc oxit cao nht, hidroxit tng ng; hp cht kh vi hidro; So snh tnh cht vi cc nguyn t xung quanh. C. LIN KT HO HC I. KHI NIM 1. Lin kt ho hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t hnh thnh phn t hay tinh th. 2. Ti sao cc nguyn t kh him li tn ti trng thi n nguyn t, cn cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc li kt hp vi nhau to tnh phn t hoc tinh th? Khi trng thi n nguyn t cc nguyn t kh him bn hn khi trong phn t. Cn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc, khi trong phn t hoc tinh th thng bn hn trng thi n nguyn t. 3. Quy tc bt t: cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau t c cu hnh bn vng tng t cc khi him (vi 8 electron lp ngoi cng hoc 2 electron). Quy tc bt t dng gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong nhng trng hp n gin. II. S HNH THNH ION 1. Ion l nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in tch. 2. Khi nguyn t nhng electron th tr thnh ion dng (cation). Cc nguyn t kim loi (c bit nhng kim loi mnh) d nhng electron. i vi cc kim loi nhm IA, IIA, IIIA thng nhng ton b s electron lp ngoi cng, khi y cc ion thu c c cu hnh bn vng ca cc kh him. Vi cc nguyn t kim loi nhm B, th thng nhng s electron lp ngoi cng (ns) v vi mt s electron ca phn lp (n-1)d. Cc nguyn t kim loi thng ch to ra ion dng vi in tch ln nht l 3+. 3. Khi nguyn t nhn electron th tr thnh ion m (anion). Cc nguyn t phi kim thng d nhn electron t c cu hnh tng t cc kh him. Cc phi kim cng mnh cng d nhn electron. III. CC KIU LIN KT HA HC THNG GP Lin kt ion. Lin kt cng ho tr Lin kt kim loi. 1. Lin kt ion Lin kt ion c hnh thnh nh lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du. Lin kt ion thng c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t kim loi mnh v phi kim mnh (gia cc kim loi nhm IA, IIA v cc halogen). Hp cht c hnh thnh theo kiu lin kt ion c gi l hp cht ion. 2. Lin kt cng ho tr Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t bng cc electron dng chung. Ngi ta phn bit lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc, lin kt cng ho tr phn cc, lin kt cho nhn. Hp cht c hnh thnh theo kiu lin kt cng ho tr gi l hp cht cng ho tr. 3. Lin kt kim loi. Lin kt kim loi c hnh thnh nh lc ht gia electron t do v ion dng kim loi. Lin kt cho nhn. Lin kt kim loi ch xut hin trong tinh th kim loi. 4. So snh gia lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion: u c hnh thnh nh lc ht tnh in. Trong lin kt kim loi lc ht gia electron t do v ion dng, cn trong lin kt ion l lc ht gia cc ion tri du. 5. So snh gia lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ho tr: u c s tham gia ca cc electron ho tr. Trong lin kt kim loi ton b s electron ho tr u tham gia lin kt cn trong lin kt cng ho tr ch c mt s electron ho tr tham gia vo vic hnh thnh lin kt. 6. m in v lin kt ho hc. nh gi loi lin kt trong phn t, mt cch tng i, ngi ta c th da vo hiu m in: Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 3 -

Kha hc LTH mn Ha C H

Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

Hiu m in Loi lin kt T 0,0 n < 0,4 Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc T 0,4 n < 1,7 Lin kt cng ho tr c cc 1,7 Lin kt ion 7. S phn cc ca lin kt v s phn cc ca phn t phn cc ca mt lin kt ch ph thuc vo s chnh lch m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt. S chnh lch m in cng ln, lin kt cng phn cc. phn cc ca mt phn t cn ph thuc vo cu trc hnh hc ca phn t. xt phn t cng ho tr phn cc hay khng phn cc, ngoi vic xt cc lin kt c phn cc khng cn phi xt n dng hnh hc ca phn t na. 8. Lin kt n, i, ba. Lin kt xichma () v lin kt pi () Lin kt gia hai nguyn t bng 1 cp, 2 cp, 3 cp electron dng chung c gi l lin kt n, i, ba. Lin kt c to thnh bng s xen ph bn. Lin kt c to thnh bng s xen ph trc. Lin kt bn hn lin kt . Trong hp cht hu c; tt c cc lin kt n u l lin kt ; cc lin kt i u gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt ; lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt . IV. TINH TH 1. Tinh th gm cc tiu phn (nguyn t, phn t, ion) c sp xp mt cch u n theo mt trt t nht nh trong khng gian to thnh mng tinh th. 2. C 4 kiu mng tinh th: tinh th nguyn t; tinh th phn t; tinh th ion; tinh th kim loi. a. Cc tiu phn trong tinh th ion l cc ion dng v m, chng lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt ion. y l lin kt bn nn cc tinh th ion thng kh cng, nhit nng chy cao. Thng tan nhiu trong nc, khi tan hoc khi nng chy, chng c kh nng dn in. b. Cc tiu phn trong tinh th nguyn t l cc nguyn t trung ho in, chng lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ho tr. y l lin kt bn, nn cc tinh th nguyn t kh cng, nhit nng chy cao(in hnh l tinh th kim cng). c. Cc tiu phn trong tinh th phn t l cc phn t trung ho, chng lin kt vi nhau bng tng tc gia cc phn t. Tng tc gia cc phn t km bn nn tinh th phn t d nng chy, d bay hi. d. Cc tiu phn trong tinh th kim loi l cc ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in. Lin kt kim loi l lin kt bn. Cc kim loi c nhit nng chy kh cao, c cng kh ln. c bit, cc tinh th kim loi dn nhit v in khi trng thi rn. Gio vin: Nguyn Bch H Ngun: Hocmai.vn

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