Ha 114

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha
Thit k
Mc lc
Trang M u 4............................................................. Phn I. Tng quan v l thuyt..........................................6 I. Nguyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho.........6 I.1. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh isome ho......................6 I.2. Sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho......................8 II. c trng v nhit ng 9 III. Xc tc cho qu trnh isome ho....................................10 III.1. Xc tc pha lng..................................................12 III.2. Xc tc axit rn...................................................12 III.3. Xc tc lng chc..................................................13 III.4. Zeolit v xc tc cha zeolit................................13 III.5. Cht mang c tnh axit.......................................14 III.6. Kim loi................................................................15 III.7. La chn xc tc..................................................16 III.8. Cc yu cu v xc tc rn trong cng nghip...16 IV. C ch phn ng isome ho..........................................17 IV.1. Xc tc trong pha hi..........................................17 IV.2. Xc tc trong pha lng........................................19 V. Cc qu trnh isome ho trong cng nghip ch bin du 21 V.1. S lc v qu trnh isome ho.............................21 V.2. Mt s qu trnh isome ho trong cng nghip...21 V.3. La chn cng ngh v loi xc tc.....................38 Phn II. TNH TON CNG NGH V TNH THIT B CHNH
45
T Vn Nam ng HBK H Ni
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Thit k
I. C s v nhim v thit k.............................................45 I.1. Nhng s liu cho trc..........................................45 I.2. Tnh ton..............................................................45 II. Tnh ton cho tng l phn ng......................................53 II.1. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th nht....................53 II.2. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th hai.......................65 III. Tm tt phn kt qu tnh ton ..........................78 Phn III. Xy dng cng nghip....................................79 I. Gii thiu chung...............................................................79 II. Phn tch a im xy dng nh my.....................79 II.1. a im xy dng........................................79 II.2. Khu t xy dng..........................................80 II.3. Bo v mi trng.............................................80 III. Phn tch thit k tng mt bng phn xng isome ho 80 III.1. Nguyn tc phn vng...................................80 III.2. u, nhc im ca nguyn tc phn vng......82 III.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut..........................83 IV. Cc nguyn tc v thng s k thut trong xy dng. .83 IV.1. Cc nguyn tc khi xy dng........................83 IV.2. Thng s k thut trong xy dng.................84 IV.3. B tr mt bng............................................85 V. T ng ho...................................................................85 V.1. Mc ch........................................................85 V.2. H thng iu khin t ng.......................86 V.3. Cc dng iu khin t ng.........................86 V.4. H iu khin phn hi.................................89
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V.5. Cu to ca mt s thit b t ng cm bin 90 Phn IV. Tnh ton kinh t..............................................93 I. Mc ch v nhim v ca vic tnh ton kinh t.........93 II. Cc loi chi ph...............................................................93 II.1. Chi ph u t xy dng c bn.....................93 II.2. Chi ph mua my mc thit b........................93 II.3. Cc loi chi ph khc........................................94 II.4. Tnh khu hao.................................................94 III. Chi ph lu ng.........................................................95 III.1. Chi ph mua nguyn vt liu..........................95 III.2. Nhn cng sn xut trc tip........................95 III.3. Cc chi ph chung...........................................96 IV. Xc nh hiu qu kinh t...............................97 Phn V. An ton lao ng v bo v mI trng.............99 I. Khi qut..........................................................................99 I.1. Nguyn nhn do k thut.....................................99 I.2. Nguyn nhn do t chc......................................99 I.3. Nguyn nhn do v sinh.......................................99 II. Nhng 100 II.1. 100 II.2. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy 100 II.3. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy 101 3 Phng chng chy yu cu v phng chng chy n
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Thit k
III. An ton v trang thit b trong nh my ho cht t khu thit 101 III.1. Khi thit k tng mt bng v x nghip 101 III.2. C s k thut an ton phng chng chy trong cng 102 III.3. An ton chy n trong nh my ni chung v trong phn 103 III.4. 104 IV. An ton lao ng v phng chng c hi vi cng nhn, mi 104 Phn kt lun 106 trng An ton v in xng ni ring nghip k n khu vn hnh
Ti
107
liu
tham
kho
M u
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Thit k
Hin nay, du m tr thnh ngun nng lng quan trng ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii, tr lng du m ang ngy cng t i v tr nn khan him. Hiu qu s dng ca du m ph thuc vo cht lng ca qu trnh ch bin, vic a du m qua cc qu trnh ch bin s nng cao c hiu qu s dng ca du m ln nhiu ln v nh vy tit kim c tr lng du trn th gii. Trong s cc sn phm nng lng du m, trc ht phi k n nhin liu xng, mt loi nhin liu c vai tr v cng quan trng trong i sng. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh du kh, nhu cu v xng c cht lng cao, t gy c hi cho mi trng ngy cng tng m tm thi cha c loi nhin liu no c th thay th c. Xu hng chung ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii l thay th xng khng pha ch cho xng pha ch nhm lm gim qu trnh gy nhim mi trng nh hin nay. Trong cng ngh ch bin du, ch dng hai qu trnh ch o nhn xng c tr s octan cao l qu trnh reforming xc tc v qu trnh cracking xc tc, do nhu cu v xng cht lng cao ngy cng tng, trong phn C5 v C6 ca cng nghip ho du ngy cng c s lng ln m li khng th t c tr s octan cao khi p dng cc qu trnh trn. Trc y phn on ny ch c dng pha trn vo xng vi mc ch t p sut ca xng v thnh phn ct, cn tr s octan ca phn ny khng cao v a s cc cu t ny ch yu l cc parafin mch thng. V th cn thit phi c dy chuyn ch bin v s dng isoparafin C5-C6, cc cu t ny c tr s octan cao. nhn c iso-C5, C6 ngi ta c th dng qu trnh isome ho. u
T Vn Nam ng HBK H Ni Tr-
Thit k
im ca qu trnh ny l: Bin i hydrocacbon mch thng thnh cu t c cu trc nhnh l cu t c tr s octan cao. Nh th lm nng cao ng k hiu sut v cht lng sn phm xng. Qu trnh isome ho n-parafin c dng nng cao tr s octan ca phn on C5 v C6 ca xng si n 70oC, ng thi cng cho php nhn cc iso-parafin ring bit nh iso-pentan v isobutan t nguyn liu l n-pentan v nbutan tng ng nhm p ng ngun nguyn liu cho qu trnh alkyl ho, hoc nhn isobuten cho qu trnh tng hp MTBE. Chnh v tm quan trng ny, trong cng nghip ch bin du, qu trnh isome ho c rt nhiu cng ty ln trn th gii ch trng, nghin cu v pht trin c th nh: BP, Shell, UOP Do vy, vi ti Thit k phn xng isome ho s phn no gip em hiu c vai tr ca qu trnh isome ho trong lc ho du v s pht trin ca n.
Chnh v tm quan trng ny, trong cng nghip ch bin du, qu trnh isome ho c rt nhiu cng ty ln trn th gii ch trng, nghin cu v pht trin c th nh: BP, Shell, UOP
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Thit k
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Thit k
TNG QUAN V L THUYT ho I. Nguyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh isome I.1. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh isome ho Isome ho thng dng nguyn liu l phn on C5 v C6. c trng ca nguyn liu s quyt nh ch cng ngh v cht lng sn phm. Thnh phn ca nguyn liu tiu biu c ngun gc khc nhau c trnh by bng 1 di y. Bng 1: Thnh phn nguyn liu tiu biu Ngun liu C5: n-pentan 2-metylbutan 2,2dimetylpropan Xyclopentan C6: n-hexan 2-metylpentan 3-metylpentan 2,2-dimetyl butan 2,3-dimetyl butan Metylxyclopent an
Phn I
nguyn
Mid Kuwait 58.5 41.5 0.1 43.2 22.4 16.9 2.0 4.2 5.1 contine nt 3.0 36.2 0.8 41.6 26.3 14.3 0.5 0.5 14.0
Xng ct 42.2 56.2 1.2 27.7 32.5 12.5 0.75 0.75 17.0
Arabi a 64.3 33.3 2.4 46.6 40.5 3.9
Wyomin g 59.8 36.4 3.8 37.8 38.2 3.8
7.3
18.8 8
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Thit k
Xyclohexan Benzen RON ca C5 RON ca C6
4.2 2.0 74.4 55.9
2.2 0.6 72.9 57.7
4.5 79.2 76.4
2.0 72.1 55.1
1.4 73 61.1
T cc s liu trong bng thy rng, hm lng n-parafin thng khng vt qu 65% trong nguyn liu. Do , nu cho ton b nguyn liu qua bin i isome ho l khng hp l m cn phi tch cc isome khi n-parafin v ch cho bin i n-parafin. hn ch cc phn ng ph v s km hm qu trnh nn tin hnh phn ng mc bin i va phi, ri sau khi tch cho tun hon tr li nguyn liu cha bin i. Khi tin hnh thao tc nh vy, cho php tng cao tr s octan ca phn on ln ti thiu l 20 n v. Trong thc t cng nghip, ngi ta thng em isome ho phn on C5 -C6 cn n-heptan em isome ho khng tin li v trong iu kin tin hnh qu trnh, cc parafin cao (>C6) d b cracking v d to cn nha lm cho sn phm c tr s octan tng i thp. ng tic l khi tin hnh isome ho phn on C5 - C6, tr s octan ca xng ch tng ln n mt gii hn nht nh v thng l khng vt qu 100 n v theo phng php nghin cu. V th n khng phi l qu trnh ch o thu cc cu t cho xng. Xong nh trn ni n l qu trnh chnh nhn isopentan sn xut isopren. I.1.1.Chn thnh phn nguyn liu c th Bng 2: Thnh phn v t trng ca cc cu t. Nhit
o
si, Cu t
T trng
% khi lng
% mol 9
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Thit k
29 36,05 49,72 58 60,27 66,72 71,19 80,72 80,11
C5 Parafin Isopentan n- pentan C6- Parafin 2,2dimetylbutan 2,3dimetylbutan Metylpentan n- hexan C6 - Vng Metylxyclopent an Xyclohecxan Benzen 0
0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647 0,780 0,770 00,86
47,5 42,0 58,0 45,2 0,9 5,0 48,2 45,9 7,3 57,0 17,0 26,0
51,78 21,75 30,03 41,26 0,37 2,06 19,89 18,94 6,96 3,89 1,16 1,91
I.2. Sn phm qu trnh isome ha c trng sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho l cc isoparafin y l nhng cu t cao octan, rt thch hp cho vic sn xut xng cht lng cao. Sn phm thu c t qu trnh isome ho c tr s octan c th t ti 8899 (theo RON). Vi mi hng khc nhau th sn phm thu c c cha %V ca cc cu t khc nhau nhng nhn chung n khng c s chnh lch nhiu v tr s octan, c th nh sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho ca hng Essoresearch v Engineering Co tin hnh trong pha lng c kt qu nh trong bng sau Bng 3: Thnh phn sn phm t cc nguyn liu khc nhau.
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10
Thit k
Nguyn Cu t %V n-pentan Isopentan n-pentan 2,2dimetylbutan 2,3dimetylbutan 2-metylpentan 3-metylpentan Xyclopentan Xyclohexan Metylcyclopent an Benzen Tr s octan RON + 3ml TEP/Gal Hiu sut, V % Lousianna Nguyn liu 16.3 11.6 19.0 1.9 2.1 15.3 9.4 2.3 6.4 10.8 4.8 Sn
liu
Arbian Nguyn liu 29.1 11.3 30.4 0.0 0.7 11.3 6.6 0.7 1.5 5.4 1.0 Sn phm 7.1 33.3 4.1 25.2 4.6 12.0 5.1 0.1 6.6 0.9 1.0 98.5
phm 4.8 23.1 4.4 20.7 5.0 11.4 6.2 1.8 15.5 2.2 4.8 98
>99
99
T s liu trong bng thy rng trong qu trnh bin i isome ho i t nguyn liu l n-C5, C6 th sn phm chnh thu c l isopentan v 2,2 dimetylbutan. Sn phm thu c t qu trnh isome ho c cht lng cao, chnh v u im ny nn c nhiu hng tham gia nghin cu v thit k dy chuyn isome ho x l phn on C5, C6 c tr s octan thp thnh phn on cao octan cho xng, p ng nhu cu s dng xng cht lng cao nh hin nay.
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11
Thit k
II. c trng v nhit ng hc Cc phn ng isome ha n-pentan v n-hexan l cc phn ng c ta nhit nh. Bng 4 cho thy nhit phn ng to thnh cc isome ho t cc cu t ring bit. Bng 4. Nhit to thnh ca mt s cu t Cu t C5: 2-metylbutan(isopentan) 2,2 H298 Kcal/ml - 1,92 - 4.67
dimetylpropan(neopentan) C6 : 2-metyl - 1,70 pentan(isohexan) 3-metylpentan 2,2-dimetyl butan(neohexan) 2,3-dimetylbutan - 1,06 - 4,39 - 2,53
Do , cc phn ng isome ho l ta nhit nn v mt nhit ng hc phn ng s khng thun li khi tng nhit . Mt khc, phn ng isome ho n-parafin l phn ng thun nghch v khng c s tng th tch, v th cn bng ca phn ng ch ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit thp s to iu kin thun li to thnh isome v cho php nhn c hn hp iu kin cn bng v c tr s octan cao. th sau cho thy s ph thuc gia nng cn bng ca isome vo nhit ca phn ng isome ho npentan v n-hexan c xy dng t tnh ton thc nghim.
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12
Thit k
T th cho thy khi tng nhit nng cc isome u gim cn nng cc n-parafin li tng, khi n lm gim hiu xut ca qu trnh isome ho. Da vo th thy rng nu nhit to < 200oC s thit lp c mt hn hp cn bng c tr s octan cao. Khi isome ho cc n-parafin cn xy ra mt s phn ng ph nh phn ng cracking v phn ng phn b li: 2C5H12 C4H10 + C6H14 gim tc ca phn ng ph ny v duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc, ngi ta phi thc hin qu trnh p sut hydro PH =2 4 MPa v tun hon kh cha hydro.
2
ng hc v c ch phn ng isome ho ph thuc vo iu kin tin hnh qu trnh v ph thuc vo xc tc III. Xc tc ca qu trnh Xc tc lm tng tc phn ng ln hng trm, hng nghn ln. Bn cht ca xc tc l cht xc tc ch c tc dng a h nhanh chng t n trng thi cn bng, bng cch lm gim nng lng hot ho ca phn ng ch khng 13
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nh hng g n cn bng ho hc. Mt phn ng khng c kh nng xy ra th xc tc s v tc dng. Cht xc tc mt phn cng thc y phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li. Sau phn ng, cht xc tc khng thay i g v thnh phn ho hc, ch thay i mt t v tnh cht vt l. Cc phn ng hu c thng xy ra theo nhiu hng, xy ra theo nhiu cp (chuyn ho tip tc sn phm). Cht xc tc c kh nng lm tng nhanh khng ng u mt s phn ng nht nh. Tnh cht ny c gi l tnh chn lc ca xc tc, nh m hiu qu ca phn ng tng nhiu ln. Xc tc c chia lm hai nhm chnh l xc tc ng th v xc tc d th, mi loi li c chia nh hn. Vi xc tc d th rn-kh, c trng nht l xc tc oxit, a oxit, ngy nay ph bin nht l xc tc kim loi trn cht mang. Xc tc rn trong cng nghip thng c cc dng sau: - Bi: c ng knh khong d = 1-150 - Vi cu: - Cu ln: - Tr: mm Xc tc dng cu t v vn, chng c bn c rt cao. Dng bi v dng vi cu dng trong xc tc gi si, dng cu ln c dng trong xc tc chuyn ng, cn dng tr dng trong cng ngh xc tc lp tnh. Kch thc ht xc tc ph thuc vo kiu reactor. Khi cc cht phn ng l kh bay hi th ch c hai loi reactor c s dng l reactor lp c nh v lp si.
m m
d = 10-150 m d = 3-6 d = 3-4, chiu cao h = 3-5
14
Thit k
*Reactor lp c nh L ng ng ng xc tc, dng cht phn ng c thi qua lp xc tc. Do tr lc, p sut s gim xung khi qua lp xc tc, v th cn to ra mt p sut dng u vo reactor m bo tc dng thch hp. gim p sut qua lp xc tc tng theo chiu tng ca tc dng, chiu dy ca lp xc tc v chiu gim kch thc ht. * Reactor lp si y lp xc tc gm cc ht mn v khi dng kh thi t di ln qua lp xc tc, dn dn t n tc ti hn th lp xc tc bt u si. Th tch ca lp gin ra ng k, cc ht trng thi chuyn ng lin tc. Lp si c u im hn lp c nh, chng hn nh kh nng truyn nhit tt hn nhiu, s tn tht p sut nh hn so vi lp c nh. III.1. Xc tc pha lng Xc tc cho qu trnh isome ho thuc loi xc tc thc y phn ng to thnh ion cacboni tc l xc tc mang tnh axit. Trc y ngi ta dng xc tc Lewis nh AlCl3 c hot ho bng HCl. Gn y ngi ta vn s dng xc tc trn c s AlBr3 v hn hp AlCl3 + SbCl3 , u im ca loi xc tc mi ny l hot tnh rt cao, nhit 930C hu nh chuyn ha hon ton cc parafin. Nhc im ca loi xc tc ny l mau mt hot tnh, chn lc thp v d b phn hu. axit mnh ca xc tc d gy n mn thit b. Ngoi cc xc tc trn th cng cn s dng mt s xc tc nh - H3PO4 26-1350C - C6H5SO3H 760C isome ha buten-1v buten-2
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15
Thit k
- H3PO4/cht mang l t nung 325-3600C isome ho n-anken v iso-anken III.2. Xc tc axit rn BeO: Dng bin i xyclohexan thnh metylxyclopentan 4500C. Cr2O3: Dng bin i hexadien-1,5 thnh hexadien-2,4 225-250oC ThO2: Isome ha olefin 398- 4400C TiO2 : Dng bin i heptylen thnh metylxyclohexen 4500C Al2O3-Cr2O3, Al2O3-Fe2O3 , Al2O3-Co, Al2O3-MnO2 (tt c u trn theo t l khi lng l 4:1) dng isome ho metylbutylen 294-3700C. Cr2O3-Fe2O3 : Chuyn v tr ni i, ni ba trong hp cht khng no 220-3000C m khng thay i cu trc mch cacbon. MoS3 : Dng bin i n-parafin thnh iso-parafin. Al2O3-V2O5: c dng bin i xyclohexan thnh metylxyclopentan. III.3. Xc tc lng chc Lin h vi vic ch to xc tc reforming ngi ta tm ra xc tc mi cho qu trnh isome ho v hydroisome ho isome ho n-parafin. Xc tc ny gm hai phn: - Phn kim loi c c trng hydro ho, kim loi thng dng l Pt, Pd. - Phn cht mang axit (alumin, alumin + halogen, aluminsilicat). 16
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Loi xc tc ny c chn lc cn thit khi isome ho nguyn liu C5-C6 nhng linh hot ca n kh thp v th i hi nhit phn ng phi cao. V vy m bo c hiu sut ca qu trnh th ngi ta cho tun hon. Xc tc reforming loi Pt/Al2O3 dng rt c hiu qu khi isome ho phn on C5-C6 nhng t c tc phn ng cn thit, chng ch c s dng nhit t 450-5100C. hot tnh ca xc tc lng chc c tng ln bng cch tng axit ca cht mang. Xc tc Pt/Al2O3 to ra ngay c ion cacboni nhit 500C. Sau ny ngi ta dng xc tc Pt/Modenit, zeolit. Vi xc tc ny c th to ra c phn ng c hiu qu nhit 2500C. Nhng ph bin nht vn l xc tc Pt/Al2O3 c b xung clo. Xc tc c quan tm nhiu nht hin nay l zeolit. III.4. Zeolit v xc tc cha zeolit Zelit l hp cht ca Alumino-silic. l hp cht tinh th c cu trc c bit, cu trc ca chng c c trng bng mng cc l rng, rnh rt nh thng nhau. Cc zeolit c ch to cng lc vi xc tc Alumino-silicat hay vi t st thin nhin, ri sau c x l bng cc phng php c bit hp thnh xc tc cha zeolit. Xc tc cha zeolit c hot tnh rt cao, chn lc tt v li c gi thnh va phi c kh nng ti sinh v th chng c s dng rng ri. Thnh phn ho hc ca zeolit c biu din di dng cng thc nh sau: M2/nAl2O3 .xSiO2.yH2O Trong : x>2 v n l ho tr ca cation kim loi M. 17
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Bng 5. Mt s xc tc zeolit thng dng Zeolit A X Y Mordenit ZSM5 11 V cu to zeolit c to thnh t cc sodalit. Nu cc n v ny ni nhau theo cc mt bn cnh th to nn zeolit m ngi ta gi l zeolit loi A. Cn khi cc n v ny ni nhau theo cc mt su cnh th zeolit to thnh ngi ta thng gi l zeolit loi X hay Y, c cu trc tng t nh cc faurazit. Ngy nay, ngi ta ch to c hng trm loi zeolit khc nhau mi kch c. III.5. Cht mang c tnh axit Xc tc ch c tc dng lp bn ngoi trn b mt c dy khong 100 4 300 Ao, cn pha bn trong ch lm nhim v lin kt mng tinh th. Nh vy ngi ta thay lp bn trong bng mt lp cht mang r tin v d iu ch hn. Mt khc khi dng cht mang c th tng bn c, bn nhit v tng b mt ring ca xc tc. 18 v Thnh phn ho hc Na2O. Al2O3.2SiO2.4,5H2O Na2O. Al2O3.2,5SiO2.6H2O Na2O. Al2O3.4,8SiO2.8,9H2O Na8(Al2O3)4,8(SiO2)40.24 H2O 5,4-5,6 ng knh trung bnh l A 3,6-3,9 7,4 7,4 2,9-5,7
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Cht mang c th l oxit nhm hoc hn hp Al2O3-SiO2, sau ny ngi ta cn dng zeolit hay modenit v zeolit l mt trong cc axit rn c c tnh rt qu: axit cao, l mt ry phn t, do vy c th cho php ta tch c nhng phn t c kch thc khc nhau. Tt hn c l dng xc tc ZSM-5 ca hng Mobil-Oil (Hoa K). Tuy nhin ph bin hn c s dng cht mang Al2O3 c b sung Clo. axit ca cht mang c quyt nh bi qu trnh x l c bit tch nc b mt nhm to ra b mt ring ln (400m2/g) v to ra cc tm axit. Cht mang c th l -Al2O3 hoc l -Al2O3 vi din tch b mt khong 250m2/g c b sung cc hp cht halogen nh flo, clo hay hn hp ca chng. axit tng khi tng hm lng halogen, c khong 54 7% clo trn xc tc. Dng CCl4 hoc cc hp cht clo hu c khc, hin nay ngi ta thng dng axit HCl, c t nht 2 nguyn t clo trn mt nguyn t Al. III.6. Kim loi Kim loi c c trng thc y phn ng dehydro ho parafin thnh olefin, ng thi hydro ho cc olefin trong Pt l kim loi c s dng nhiu nht. Trong qu trnh isome ho, Pt lm tng tc kh hydrocacbon no, kh hydro vng ho parafin to hydrocacbon thm thc y qu trnh no ho, lm gim lng cc bm trn xc tc. Hn na, Pt c kh nng phn ly phn t H 2SO4 d dng, cc anken khng b hp ph qu mnh v Pt l xc tc yu ca phn ng nhit phn hydro. V vy, cc phn ng
thnh
cc iso-parafin. Thng dng l cc kim loi qu sau Pt, Pd, Ni,
19
Thit k
isome ho n-parafin d dng xy ra trn Pt ngay c trng hp khng c tm axit. Platin c a vo xc tc dng khc nhau nhng ph bin l dng dung dch ca axit platin clohidric (H2PtCl6). Platin l cu t tt cho xc tc ng phn ho. Hm lng Pt trn xc tc chim khong 0,34 0,7% khi lng. Cht lng tt ca mt cht xc tc l c hot tnh cao, chn lc cao v n nh cao. B hot tnh ca xc tc c nh gi thng qua hiu sut v chuyn ho ca sn phm thu c. hot tnh ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng kim loi Pt v c bit l phn tn ca Pt trn cht mang axit. Qua cc kt qu nghin cu, ngi ta cho rng: Nu cc ht phn tn c kch thc nh hn 10Ao th c tm hot tnh mnh, cn khi kch thc ht ln hn 70Ao th xc tc khng c hot tnh i vi phn ng isome ho. V th hm lng Pt ch chim ti a 1% b mt cht mang. Xc tc lng chc nng c chn lc cao hn xc tc trong pha lng nhng hot tnh ca n thng thp hn, v th phi i hi nhit phn ng phi cao hn v phn ng phi c thc hin trong pha hi. nhng do tng nhit m phn ng isome ho n-parafin khng thun li v mt nhit ng. Do , cn phi tun hon nguyn liu cha bin i nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh isome ho. III.7. La chn xc tc Trong tt c cc loi zeolit th zeolit s dng ph hp nht cho qu trnh isome ho l ZSM5,11. V chng c kch thc kh ph hp cho php chn lc ca qu trnh cao hn. Sau y l mt s c trng ca qu trnh isome ha.
20
Thit k
Tm tt iu kin nhit lm vic ca cc loi xc tc: Bng 6. c trng ca xc tc isome ha Xc tc FiedelCrafts AlCl3.AlBr3 Oxit Al2O3,Cr2O3,BeO Pt/Al2O3 Pt/Al2O3 clo ho Pt/zeolite Pt/zeolite-X Pt/zeolite-Y Pt/ZSM5 Nhit phn ng khi s dng 80-1000C 200-4500C 350-5000C 80-1500C 250-3000C 300-3300C 300-3300C 300-3300C Nhit phn ng khi s dng Pha lng gy n mn
Pha hi
III.8. Cc yu cu ca xc tc rn trong cng nghip Cht xc tc ch thc s c tnh kh thi khi chng tho mn phn ln cc yu cu cng ngh t ra: - C hot tnh v chn lc cao m bo hiu sut ca thit b. - D sn xut, r tin, c tnh ti sinh v bn vi nhng tc nhn gy ng c xc tc. m bo c sn lng ln trong quy m cng nghip, ph hp vi thc t l lng tp cht rt nhiu. - n nh bn c, bn nhit, bn ho hc v thun khit v thnh phn ho hc cao. Mt khc, n cn c kh nng dn nhit tt c kh nng to kch thc v hnh dng ph hp, ng u. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng c loi xc tc no p ng c cc yu cu trn. V th trong tng trng hp c th
21
Thit k
m ta xt xem yu cu no l quan trng nht chn xc tc cho ph hp. IV. C ch phn ng isome ha Trong cc qu trnh ch bin du, ty theo loi xc tc thc hin cc phn ng trong pha lng hoc pha hi. IV.1. Xc tc trong pha hi Qu trnh thc hin trong pha hi c s dng rt ph bin hin nay, vi xc tc oxit rn, axit rn hoc xc tc lng chc nhit cao Qu trnh isome ha bao gm isome ha n-parafin thnh iso-parafin v n-parafin thnh iso-olefin. Chng hn: - Phn ng bin i n-butan thnh isobutan v isobuten Cch 1: CH3
A(H ) H2
+
Cch 2: CH2 CH2 CH3

M - H2
Trung tm axit
CH3 CH
A(H+)
C H CH3
-H2
CH2
CH3
A(H+)
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
+
C H2
CH
CH
CH3
H+
CH2
CH CH3 CH3
CH 3
C ch xyclopropan
CH2
M, + H2
CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
- H+
CH 3
C+
CH3
A(H+) -H2
CH3
Tr-
22
Thit k
CH3 CH2
CH3 C ch xyclopropan mi gii thch c s to thnh isoparafin v iso-olefin. Theo c ch trn, xyclopropan khi m vng to thnh C+ bc 1, tuy nhin tc to thnh rt nh sau chuyn sang C+ bc 3 vi tc rt ln: CH2
H+
CH3
CH CH
CH2
D CH2+
CH CH3 + H+
CH3
M + C H2
CH3
CH3
CH
CH3 CH3
CH3
Ngoi cc phn ng trn cn xy ra phn ng to dime (c ch lng phn t):

t mch
C C
C C+C 2C4
C C
Trong hai c ch trn, c ch lng phn t d xy ra hn. Tuy nhin sn phm trung gian ca c ch ny (dime) c kch thc ln hn, nn nu cht xc tc c l kch thc nh hn kch thc ca dime th phn ng ny khng xy ra. Do
23
Thit k
vy, mun tng chn lc, phi chn xc tc c chn lc ph hp. Xc tc thng dng trong cng nghip l zeolit feriorit (d=5Ao, axit tng ng vi ZMS-5). - Isome ha n- hexan thnh isohexan: C ch phn ng ny xy ra qua hai giai on nh sau: + Giai on 1: To olefin, xc tin cho qu trnh ny l cc tm kim loi trong xc tc Pt.
+ Giai on 2: ng phn ha, xy ra trn tm axit Lewis: C C C C C C C C C+ C IV.2. Xc tc trong pha lng Qu trnh xy ra vi xc tc lng tng i phc tp. Cht xc tc tiu biu cho qu trnh ny l clorua nhm khan c hot ha bng axit clohydric. Sau ny ngi ta dng cc cht xc tc khc nh AlCl3 + SbCl3 hay AlBr3 v cc axit sunfonic hay axit clohydric.
C C
C C
A +H2 C A
C+
C C
C C
C C
A
A
H+
C C C+ C
M, H2 -H+
C C C
24
Thit k
H CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH 3CH2CHCH
2
3
H2 C
H CH 3CH2CH+C
H3 (3) H2C CH CH3
Tr-
25
Thit k
H CH CH
H 2C CH CH3 H2C CH CH3
CH3 + H 2C+ CH
H2C CH CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C C+ CH3 CH3
CH3 H 3C C
H Tm li, xc tc cho qu trnh isome ha xy ra theo hai giai on sau: + Giai on u: l giai on tch hydro, vai tr xc tc l cc tm kim loi Pt. + Giai on sau: Giai on ng phn ha, vai tr xc tc l cc tm axit.
V. Cc qu trnh isome ha trong cng nghip ch bin du V.1. S lc v qu trnh isome ha Qu trnh isome ha n- parafin c dng nng cao tr s octan ca phn on pentan, hexan ca phn xng si
26
Thit k
n 70oC, ng thi cng cho php nhn cc iso-parafin ring bit nh isopentan, isobutan l nguyn liu cho qu trnh tng hp cao su isopren, isobutan, l ngun nguyn liu tt cho qu trnh ankyl ha, hoc nhn isobuten cho qu trnh tng hp MTBE. V.2. Mt s qu trnh isome ha trong cng nghip Trong cng nghip hin nay, c rt nhiu cng ngh isome ha sn xut xng c tr s octan cao. Nhng nhn chung da vo xc tc c th phn ra thnh hai nhm l qu trnh isome ha s dng xc tc pha lng v isome ha s dng xc tc trong pha hi. Qu trnh pha lng tin hnh vi xc tc c axit mnh nh xc tc Friden- Craf. Nhit qu trnh thng nm trong khong 90-150oC. Cn qu trnh trong pha hi thng s dng xc tc lng chc v nhit cao. V.2.1. Cc qu trnh trong pha lng vi xc tc AlCl3 Cc qu trnh isome ha loi ny ra i t rt sm v l loi ph bin isome ha n-butan thnh isobutan. S nguyn l ca loi ny c trnh by di y:
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27
Thit k
Hnh 1. S isome ha trong pha lng 1. Reactor; 3,4. Thp phn on; 2. Thit b tch xc tc v kh. Nguyn tc hot ng nh sau: Nguyn liu c bo ha bng HCl v kh H2 trong thit b hp th, sau c a trc tip vo thit b phn ng Reactor (1). ng thi xc tc cng c bm vo Reactor. Ti y phn ng isome ha xy ra, sau phn ng ton b c a sang thit b tch xc tc v kh, cn cn nha xc tc (2) c tho ra t pha di Reactor. Sau khi xc tc c tch cho tun hon li. Sn phm v nguyn liu cha phn ng c a sang thit b phn on (3,4), sau khi phn on ta thu c sn phm v phn nguyn liu cha phn ng c tun hon li tip tc phn ng. Qu trnh ny c thc hin c th khng cn tun hon n-parafin. Chng ch khc nhau ct tch (4). Qu trnh hot ng lin tc v khng cn ti sinh xc tc. Xc tc c dng l hn hp AlCl3 v HCl khan. Vng phn ng c 28
Thit k
duy tr p sut H2 ngn chn cc phn ng ph nh phn ng Craking v a t. Ch cng ngh ca qu trnh: To= 120oC; P = 50- 60at H2/RH= 10-18 m3/ m3nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c bo ha bng HCl khan v kh H2 trong thit b hp th, sau c t nng n nhit cn thit v c np vo Reactor. Xc tc dng c tch ra cng cn nha v phn ng isome ha xy ra trong pha lng. V.2.1.1. Qu trnh isomate (standard oil co. indiana) + Nguyn liu cho qu trnh: Nguyn liu c bo ha bng HCl khan v kh H2 trong thit b hp th, sau c t nng n nhit cn thit v c np vo thit b phn ng reactor. Phn ng xy ra pha lng. xc tc sau khi dng c tch ra cng cn nha. Di y l bng nguyn liu dng cho cng ngh ny. Bng 7. Nguyn liu cho cng ngh qu trnh isomate (standard oil co. indiana) Ngun liu nguyn Kuwai t 58.5 41.5 0.1 43.2 22.4 16.9 Mid Xng contina ct nt 63.0 36.2 0.8 41.6 26.3 14.3 42.2 56.2 1.2 27.7 32.5 12.5
Tr-
Arab
Wyom
C5: n-pentan 2-metylbutan xyclopentan C6: n-hexan 2-metylpentan 3-metylpentan

64.3 33.3 2.4 46.6 40.2
59.8 36.4 3.8 37.8 38.2 29
2.2-dimetylpropan -
Thit k
2.2-dimetylbutan 2.3-dimetylbutan Metylcyclopentan Xyclohexan Benzen RON ca C5 RON ca C6
2.0 4.2 5.1 4.2 2.0 74.4 55.9
0.5 0.5 14.0 2.2 0.672.9 57.7
0.75 0.75 17.0 4.5 79.2 76.4
3.9 7.3 2.0 72.1 55.1
3.8 18.8 1.4 73 61.1
V.2.1.2. Qu trnh ca Shell Devlopment Co Qu trnh ny c dng ch bin phn on nbutan thnh iso-butan v cng c dng ch bin phn on C5. Trong cc ti liu hin c, cha thy ni n s liu p dng cho phn on C6 v nng hn. y cng l mt qu trnh lin tc v khng ti sinh xc tc. Xc tc l mt dung dch ca HCl khan v tricloantimoan c hot ho bng HCl khan. Vng phn ng c gi p sut hydro hn ch cc phn ng ph. iu kin thao tc ca qu trnh cng ngh ny nh sau: Bng 8. Ch cng ngh ca cng ngh Shell Devlopment Co - Nhit 0C - p sut reactor, at at - H2/nguyn liu, %mol -% khi lng ca H2/nguyn liu
80 - 100 21
- p sut ring phn ca hydro, 4,3 1,3 5

Tr-
30
Thit k
-% khi lng ca AlCl3 trong xc 3 tc - T l xc tc/RH (V) - Thi gian tip xc (pht) 1 15 (~ V/H/V = 2,5) V.2.1.3. Qu trnh ca hng Esso Research & Engineering Co Qu trnh ny thc hin nhit t 25 n 500C. c im chnh ca qu trnh l tin hnh chuyn ho cao nn khng cn phi tun hon li nguyn liu cha phn ng. Sn phm ca qu trnh t cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau c dn ra bng di y. Ngoi ra hng ABB Lumunus Global thit k dy chuyn isome ho x l phn on C5- C6 c tr s octan thp thnh phn on c tr s octan cao cho xng. Xc tc dng l AlCl3 hot ho nn xc tc c hot tnh rt cao v chn lc cng ln, do vy m khng cn phi tch isoparafin khi n-parafin nhng vn t c sn phm c tr s octan cao v hiu sut t n 99,5% t nguyn liu c RON bng 68 - 70. Bng 9. Nguyn liu v sn phm ca ca hng Esso Research & Engineering Co Nguyn Cu t Louisiana Nguyn liu %V
liu Sn phm
Arbian Nguyn liu Sn phm 31
Thit k
n-pentan Iso-hexan n-hexan 2.2- dimetylbutan 2.3-dimetylbutan 2- metyl pentan 3- metyl pentan Xyclopentan Xyclohexan Benzen Tr s octan RON TEP/Gal Hiu sut, % V + 3ml
16.3 11.6 19.0 1.9 2.1 15.3 9.4 2.3 6.4 4.8
4.8 23.1 4.4 20.7 5.0 11.4 6.2 1.8 15.5 2.2 4.8 98
29.1 11.3 30.4 0.0 0.7 11.3 8.6 0.7 1.5 5.4 1.0
7.1 33.3 4.1 25.2 4.6 12.0 5.1 0.1 6.6 0.9 1.0 98.5
Metyl xyclopenyan 10.8
> 99
99
V.2.1.4. Cng ngh ca Kolleg & Root Dng tng tr s octan t nguyn liu giu parafin nC5- C6. Ngun nguyn liu ny ly t Naphta nh mch thng, ly phn Rafinat khi tch cc hydrocacbon thm, Condensat ca kh thin nhin. Qu trnh ny tin hnh s lm tng tr s octan ca nguyn liu ln t 10 - 18 n v. Tuy nhin iu ny cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu v vn hi lu cc cu t cha chuyn ho. Xc tc cho php lm vic vi nguyn liu bn, c mt hm lng lu hunh v nc trong nguyn liu. Xc tc ca qu trnh cng c th ti sinh c. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh khng nht thit phi x l hydro trc (nu nguyn liu khng c mt ca nc t do). Nguyn liu c th cha tp cht lu
32
Thit k
hunh. gim chi ph cho ti sinh v chng n mn thit b th chng ta nn s dng nguyn liu c 100ppm lu hunh. Kh H2 tun hon
Hnh 2. S cng ngh isome ha ca Kolleg & Root 1. Thit b phn ng nhit 3. Thp n nh tch hydro Butan 5.Thit b nn kh tun hon Nguyn l lm vic: Nguyn liu v hydro c gia nhit n nhit cn thit sau dn vo thit b phn ng (1). Sn phm ca qu trnh thu c a qua thp n nh (3), phn pha trn nh thp l kh hydro mang qua my nn kh tun hon (5) ri a hi lu tr li thit b phn ng. Cn phn nng c a qua thp tch butan (4) (cc cu t C4-) a i lm kh nhin liu. Phn nng cn
; ;
2. Thit b gia 4. Thp tch
33
Thit k
li l sn phm ca qu trnh. Tu thuc vo yu cu m ta c th mang i pha trn xng ngay hay l tch ly cc cu t cha chuyn ho cho tun hon tr li thit b phn ng. V.2.2. Cc qu trnh trong pha hi i vi qu trnh isome ha pha hi, xc tc s dng l xc tc rn, lng chc kim loi qu trn cht mang oxit (nh Al2O3, t st hay zeolit). Qu trnh ny c thc hin nhit cao hn so vi qu trnh isome ha trong pha lng nhng b li qu trnh ny khng to ra mi trng n mn, chn lc rt cao v xc tc c th ti sinh c. V vy m tnh kinh t ca qu trnh s cao hn. Di y l nguyn l chung ca qu trnh ny: H2 Iso-parafin Nguyn liu Tun hon H2 Reactor \
L t
B phn tch
Hnh 3. S nguyn l lm vic ca qu trnh isome ha pha hi. V.2.2.1. Cng ngh isome ho ca IFP Nguyn liu ca qu trnh s dng phn on C5 - C6 giu cc cu t parafin c tr s octan thp, sau khi thc hin qu trnh isome ha s thu c cc cu t c tr s octan cao. Qu trnh ny s dng xc tc zeolit hoc Al- Cl. S la chn loi xc tc ph thuc vo yu cu nng cao tr s
34
Thit k
octan. Qu trnh ny c tun hon cc cu t n-parafin cha chuyn ho bng sng phn t tr li thit b ban u. Tr s octan c ci thin mt cch r rt. iu ny c minh ha bng 10 di y. im c bit ca cng ngh ny l c dng mt thit b kh isopentan ra khi nguyn liu. Hp ph v nh hp ph pha hi v dng isopentan kh hp ph.
Hnh 4. S cng ngh isome ha ca IFP 1. Thit b tch isopentan trn v phn ng; 3. Cm thit b tch sn phm. Ch cng ngh: - Nhit phn ng - p sut : : 230 290oC ; 2. Cm cc thit b
14 42kg/cm2 14 22h-1 1/4

Tr-
- Tc np liu th tch : - T l H2/nguyn liu

35
Thit k
Bng 10. Tr s octan ca sn phm isome ha theo cng ngh IFP cc ch v xc tc khc nhau Cng ngh Khng tun hon nguyn liu cha chuyn ho Tch isopentan v khng tun hon n-parafin C tch v tun hon cc cu t cha chuyn ho C tun hon cc cu t n-parafin Tch isopentan v n-parafin, c tun hon n-parafin Zeolit 80 Al-Cl 83
82
84
86 88 92
88 90 92
u im ca cng ngh ny l xc tc c hot tnh cao v bn c nhit, qu trnh thc hin pha hi nn trnh c s n mn thit b, qu trnh lm vic lin tc nn d t ng ha c kh nng lin hp c vi cc phn xng khc trong khu lc du, lng hydro np vo khng yu cu tinh khit qu cao. Nhc im ca cng ngh l nhit phn ng cao nn d xy ra cc phn ng ph to cc to nha. V.2.2.2. Cng ngh isome ho ca Shell (UCC Shell Hysomer) Qu trnh c dng isome ha phn on C5- C6 ca xng ct trc tip nhm mc ch nhn cc hp phn c
36
Thit k
tr s octan cao trong khi tr s octac ca nguyn liu nh hn 73 m cho php pha trn to sn phm c tr s octan cao hn 83 (theo RON). Xc tc cho qu trnh thuc loi xc tc a chc nng vi kim loi qu him trn cht mang zeolit vi hm lng natri nh nht. Nguyn liu sau khi c cho qua qu trnh hydro ha lm sch khi cc tp cht ca lu hunh v c sy kh loi hi nc nhm hn ch kh nng n mn thit b ca cc hp cht ny mi cho vo isome ha. Xc tc ca qu trnh ny khng nhy vi cc loi hp cht ca lu hunh v nc. Do vy m hm lng lu hunh cho php trong nguyn liu l 35ppm v khi lng, v hm lng nc cho php l 1020ppm. Ngoi cc phn ng chnh ra qu trnh ny cn c cc phn ng ph: + Aromatic b chuyn ho thnh cc naphtenic. + Naphtenic b hydr ho thnh parafin. + C7+ phn ng cracking thnh cc phn t nh hn. iu kin ca cng ngh: - Nhit ca qu trnh - p sut ca qu trnh - T l H2/RH - Tc np liu : 245-2470C : 300-500 Psi : 1/4 : 1- 3h-1
- Thi gian lm vic xc tc l : 5-10 nm Hiu sut ca qu trnh t 97 n 98 % (theo LV). S cng ngh c m t nh hnh 5. 37
Tr-
Thit k
u, nhc im ca cng ngh: u im: - Nhit v p sut khng qu cao nn thun li v mt nhit ng, thun li cho vic gia cng thit b, khng s dng nhiu cc my nn t tin. - Dy chuyn hot ng lin tc nn c kh nng t ng ha, gim c s nhn cng s dng trong phn xng. - Xc tc c thi gian lm vic kh lu, hot tnh cao. Nhc im: - Xc tc kh hot tnh cao, thi gian lm vic lu nhng kh nng ti sinh rt km. - Qu trnh lm vic trong mi trng axit nn kh nng n mn thit b cao. Do vy phi s dng vt liu t tin.
Hnh 5. S cng ngh ca SELL 1. Thit b phn ng ; 2. Thp tch; 3. My nn ; 4.Thp n nh.
38
Thit k
V.2.2.3. Cng ngh isome ha ca BP Nguyn liu l C5- C6 hay hn hp ca chng c hydro ha lm sch cc tp cht lu hunh v sy kh trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. Xc tc dng cho qu trnh l alumoplatin c hot ho bng clo hu c nn c hot tnh v chn lc cao, thi gian lm vic ko di. duy tr hot tnh v chn lc ta b sung mt lng nh halogen hu c vo nguyn liu, chnh v th m lm tng kh nng n mn kim loi, nn ta cn ch ti vn n mn thit b. Sn phm ca qu trnh c tr s octan kh cao (trn 80). Ngoi ra cn thu c mt lng ln kh C1, C2, C3 a i lm kh nhin liu.
Hnh 6. S cng ngh isome ha ca BP 1. L gia nhit nguyn liu ; 2. L phn ng 39
Tr-
Thit k
3. Tch kh 5. My nn kh
; 4. Ct n nh ; 6. Ngng t
V.2.2.4. Cng ngh butamer ca UOP Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l sn xut isobutan t nbutan cung cp nguyn liu cho cng ngh alkyl ho v sn xut MTBE. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh chnh l n- butan. Qu trnh ny s dng xc tc l aluminoplatin hot ho bng clo. Qu trnh isome ho c tin hnh trong pha hi, vi s c mt ca hydro vi lp xc tc c nh nhit t 120-240oC. Sau mt chu trnh s nhn c hiu sut isobutan ln hn 50%. Do xc tc c chn lc cao nn hn ch c cc sn phm ph. Hiu sut sn phm t c trn 90% v tiu hao H2 tng i thp, hn na do t xy ra cc phn ng ph nn khng cn t l H2/RH cao m vn khng nh hng n thi gian lm vic ca xc tc. S c trnh by hnh 7.
Tr-
40
Thit k
Hnh 7. S cng ngh isome ha n-butan 1. Ct tch iso-butan ; 3. L phn ng 5. My nn I. Nguyn liu; phm; Cc thng s v cng ngh: - Nhit phn ng - p sut lm vic - Vn tc np liu - Xc tc - Thi gian lm vic ca xc tc : : 150200oC 13h-1 : 3,8Mpa : Pt/Al2O3 : >12 thng II. H2; ; ; 2. Ct n nh; 4. L t nng; 6. Thit b tch; III. Kh t; IV. Sn
Nguyn tc hot ng: Hn hp nguyn liu mi v sn phm ca phn ng n nh c a vo thp tch isobutan (1), ti y sn phm tch ra c tinh khit cao, n-butan c trn vi kh cha H2 tun hon qua thit b t
41
Thit k
nng (4) n nhit phn ng ri c np vo l phn ng (3) bn trong c cha xc tc. Sn phm ca phn ng c lm lnh ri c dn vo thit b tch p sut cao (6). Kh H2 tch ra c b sung mt lng nh H2 ri qua my nn quay li l phn ng. Sn phm lng sau khi tch c a vo ct n nh (2), ti y s tch mt phn tip kh H2 v C1, C2. Sn phm chnh c cho qua thp tch (1). u, nhc im ca cng ngh: u im: - Xc tc c hot tnh v chn lc cao, c th iu chnh c hot ca n nn hiu sut phn ng l kh cao, t phn ng ph to cc to cn nn lng kh H2 khng cn s dng nhiu. - Qu trnh lm vic pha hi nn kh nng n mn l khng ng k - Nhit , p sut phn ng khng qu cao nn t tiu tn nng lng cho qu trnh. - Xc tc c kh nng ti sinh nn m bo c tnh kinh t ca qu trnh. Nhc im: Tn nhiu thit b bm, my nn. i vi s dng mt phn ng s gp kh khn trong vn bo m c mc chuyn ha khi ti sinh xc tc. V.2.2.5. Cng ngh TIP ca UOP (Total isomerization process)
Tr-
42
Thit k
Qu trnh thc hin isome ha nguyn liu thuc phn on t C5 C6 chim 40 n 50% ( mch thng). Trong nguyn liu nu c mt ca benzen th n s b hydro ho thnh xyclohexan. Cng ngh ny c s dng qu trnh hp ph vo tch cu t mch nhnh v mch thng ra khi nhau. Cht hp ph thng dng trong qu trnh ny dng sng phn t. Trong n ch cho php n-parafin i qua, cn cc cu t khc b gi li. Sau khi tch ra khi hn hp cc cu t c tr s octan cao c em i pha trn xng. Cn phn b hp ph c em i tch v tun hon tr li thit b phn ng. Qu trnh ny khi tin hnh cn phi c mt ca kh hydro trnh s to cc trn xc tc v trnh mt hot tnh xc tc. iu kin ca cng ngh: + Nhit ca qu trnh: 200-3700C + iu kin p sut ca cng ngh l: 1365- 3415 KPa Qu trnh ny khi tin hnh cng cn phi c mt ca hydro trnh s to cc trn xc tc v trnh mt hot tnh xc tc. Nguyn liu sch c a qua thit b hp ph thay v a trc tip vo thit b phn ng. Nh vy, cc hp cht mch nhnh c a trc tip vo b cha sn phm. Do s lm gim c qu trnh cracking to cc sn phm nh. i vi nhng nguyn liu cha t n-parafin th vic a thit b hp ph vo s gim c kch thc thit b phn ng. i vi nguyn liu c hm lng benzen cao th c th tin hnh trong c hai thit b (thit b phn ng v thit b 43
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Thit k
hp ph), benzen trong thit b phn ng s c chuyn ha thnh xyclohexan, v th sn phm s cha t benzen. u, nhc im ca cng ngh: u im: - Xc tc c hot tnh cao, bn c, c kh nng ti sinh nn hiu qu kinh t cao. - S dng xc tc trong pha hi nn mi trng lm vic c nng axit nh nn kh nng n mn khng ng k. - Qu trnh thc hin lin tc nn c kh nng t ng ha cao. Nhc im: Nhit phn ng tng i cao cn to cc, to cn nn lm gim hot tnh xc tc.
Hnh 8. S cng ngh isome ha TIP ca UOP
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44
Thit k
V.2.2.6. Cng ngh Penex ca UOP Qu trnh ny nhm thu sn phm c tr s octan cao t nguyn liu l phn on naphta nh c tr s octan thp. Xc tc ca qu trnh thng nhy vi cc tp cht c nn nguyn liu trc khi a vo thit b chnh phi c loi b cc cht c nh cc hp cht cha lu hunh, cha oxy, cha halogen, nc. Ngi ta x l bng cch s dng kh H2 v kt hp vi phng php sy kh. Cc iu kin cng ngh: - Nhit phn ng: - p Sut - Xc tc - Tc np liu 370480oC : 2070atm : Pt/Al2O3 c b sung halogen. : 2h-1
S cng ngh loi ny c m t hnh 9.
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45
Thit k
Hnh 9. S cng ngh Penex ca UOP. 1. Thit b sy kh ; phn ng; 4. Thit b tch lc kh. Hot ng ca s : Nguyn liu t b cha a qua thit b trao i nhit cng vi kh H2 t trn xung t nhit thch hp, sau c a vo thit b phn ng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hn hp c a sang cc thp tch loi cc tp cht v nguyn liu cha phn ng thu sn phm isome tinh khit v a vo b cha sn phm. u, nhc im ca cng ngh: u im: 46 ; 5. Thp n nh ; 6. Thit b 2. My nn ; 3. Thit b
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Thit k
- Xc tc c hot tnh v chn lc cao, bn c nhit, lm vic trong mt thi gian di. - Mi trng lm vic ca qu trnh l mi trng hi nn hn ch c kh nng n mn thit b. - Qu trnh thc hin lin tc nn c kh nng t ng ha cao. - C kh nng lin hp vi cc qu trnh khc nh alkyl ha tn dng c cc ngun nguyn liu. Nhc im: - Nhit phn ng cn qu cao nn rt d xy ra cc phn ng ph to cc, to cn. - Xc tc hu nh khng c kh nng ti sinh nn tnh kinh t cha cao. V.3. La chn cng ngh v loi xc tc Mc tiu ca phn xng isome ho cn thit k l nhm thu c xng c tr s octan cao t phn on xng ca qu trnh chng ct trc tip. Nguyn liu y l phn on C5 - C6 , hay phn on C5, C6 ring bit. V y ta s dng nguyn liu l phn on l n- C5- C6 nn ta chn cng ngh thch hp l cng ngh Penex ca UOP. y l cng ngh c thit k ring cho qu trnh isome ho xc tc ca pentan, hexan v c hn hp ca chng. Nghin cu cng ngh Penex Qu trnh UOP Penex c thit k c bit cho xc tc ng phn ho pentan, hexan v hn hp ca chng. Cc phn ng din ra vi s c mt ca hydro v c thc hin trn b mt xc tc, ti iu kin thch hp m y mnh cc qu trnh ng phn ho v qu trnh 47
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Thit k
hydrocracking l b nht. iu kin thc hin phn ng th khng kht khe, phn ng p sut lm vic va phi, nhit thp v yu cu p sut ring phn ca hydro thp. Xc tc qu trnh ng phn ho s chuyn ho tt c cc nguyn liu parafin chuyn thnh cc cu trc mch nhnh c tr s octan cao: n-pentan (n-C5) thnh isopentan (iC5) v n-hexan (nC6) thnh 2,2 v 2,3-dimetylbutan. Phn ng c iu khin c s cn bng nhit ng v thun li hn nhit thp. Vi cc parafin C5 tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho bi n-pentan v isopentan. Qu trnh isome ho parafin C6 c phn phc tp hn bi v s hnh thnh 2 v 3-metylpentan v 2,3-dimetylbutan c mt gii hn bi s cn bng. Mng li phn ng bao gm ch yu l qu trnh chuyn ho n-hexan thnh 2,2-dimetylbutan. Tt c benzen trong nguyn liu c hydro ho to xyclohexan v mt ln. * Miu t qu trnh cng ngh Nguyn liu xng nh c a vo thit b sy. Cc thit b ny c in y bng cc ry phn t, y nc c tch ra bo v xc tc. Nguyn liu c trao i nhit bi nhit ca thit b phn ng trc khi i vo thit b trao i nhit. Hn hp nguyn liu c trn vi hydro trc khi vo thit b phn ng. C hai thit b phn ng chnh c chn. Nhit to ra t thit b phn ng c lm lnh trc khi a vo thit b tch sn phm. Cc thit k mi hn ca 48 cn bng nhit ng c thit lp gia metylxyclopentan v xyclohexan. Tr s octan tng ln 14
Tr-
Thit k
Penex, bao gm c tun hon kh nn v tch sn phm. Hydro np vo ch cn tinh khit va phi, loi ny c cung cp bi qu trnh reforming xc tc. Lng hi trn nh thp tch c thu gom trong thit b lc hi tch HCl t dng clo hu c thm vo nguyn liu trong thit b phn ng duy tr hot tnh xc tc. Sau khi lc kh, lng kh thu c trn nh th a i lm nhin liu. Sn phm lng ca qu trnh isome ho phn cui ca thp tch th c a sang phn xng pha trn xng. S la chn phn cui ca thp tch c cc thnh phn n-parafin v iso-parafin bi qu trnh tinh ct hay qu trnh tch bng ry phn t hay s kt hp ca c hai phng php tun hon cc nparafin v metylpentan c tr s octan thp (MeC5). Tr s octan ca sn phm trong khong 87 n 92, c th t c bi vic chn la mt trong cc h thng c s sp xp khc nhau. S phi hp dng chy tun hon l yu cu ch yu nht t c bi s kt hp qu trnh Penex vi mt ct tch hexan. Ct tch hexan tp trung metylpentan c tr s octan thp c tch loi theo chiu chuyn ng. Dng tch loi ny c kt hp vi nguyn liu u trc khi vo thit b phn ng Penex. trn nh ct tch hexan, ch yu l isopentan, 2,2-dimetylbutan v 2,3-dimetylbutan th c thu gom v cho qua phn xng pha trn xng. Mt lng nh ko theo dng chy di y thp tch bao gm cc C6 naphta v cc C7, th cng c tch ra t ct tch hexan v s dng pha trn vo xng hay dng lm nguyn liu reforming. Vic chn la qu trnh tun hon c hiu sut cao bao gm s kt hp qu trnh Penex vi qu trnh UOP Molex, qu
49
Thit k
trnh Molex s dng cc ry phn t tch cc sn phm tch ra trong qu trnh Penex chuyn thnh dng iso-parafin c tr s octan cao v dng n-parafin c tr s octan thp th c a vo qu trnh Penex. Cc hydrocacbon mch thng th c tch ra trong thit b Molex v sn phm ng phn ha c thu gom cho qua phn xng pha trn xng. S chun b iu kin tt nht pha trn vo thnh phn nguyn liu v t yu cu v tr s octan ca sn phm. La chn dng chy ca cng ngh Penex
C3 Nguyn li u Panex M eC5 v nC 6 Ct tch hexan
Sn phm Chn la tun hon M eC5 v nC6 C3 Nguyn li u Panex nC5 v C 6 Tun hon nC v nC k h p thi bM olex t t 5 6 M olex Sn phm
nC5 Ct Nguyn panex tch Tch bng r y li u hexan ph t n Sn phm Chn la tun hon M eC v5nC ,6 nC 5 C3
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50
Thit k
lm tng thm tr s octan, li ch khc nhau ca s phi hp dng chy c bn ca qu trnh Penex nhm bo ha tt c benzen chuyn thnh xyclohexan. Hng pht trin ny c vai tr quan trng i vi cc qu trnh lc du ngi ta mun loi b lng lng benzen trong hn hp xng ngho ca chng. Mt vi nguyn liu, nh nguyn liu reforming nh, c th cha mt lng ln benzen lng. Vic thc hin qu trnh Penex c th gy ra tc hi khi qu trnh s dng loi nguyn liu ny bi v benzen b hydro ho phn ng to nhit ln. Nhit pht ra bi phn ng hyro ha benzen l nguyn nhn m thit b phn ng lm vic ti iu kin th khng thun li cho vic lm tng tr s octan (khng thun li cho qu trnh isome ho). Thc hin vi cc ng dng, UOP ngh qu trnh Penex, bao gm hai thit b phn ng. Thit b th nht th c thit k bo ho benzen chuyn thnh xyclohexan. Thit b th hai th c thit k ng phn ho nguyn liu cho tr s octan cao. Mi thit b phn ng th hot ng ti iu kin m thun li cho qu trnh chuyn ho cc phn ng theo mong mun l ln nht. Cc ng dng ca qu trnh Vi s cp trn, mc ch u tin ca qu trnh Penex l ci thin tr s octan ca phn on xng nh mch thng (LSR). Mc ci thin tr s octan cho nguyn liu C5-C6 th c a ra bi cc m hnh chn la khc nhau c ch ra bng sau: Bng 11. Dng nguyn liu v sn phm octan
51
Thit k
Nguyn liu vo Sn phm: Chn la 1: khng tun hon Chn la 2: Tun hon 2 v 3-MeC5+nC6 Chn la 3: Tun hon nC5+nC6 Chn la 4: Tun hon nC5+nC6+ 2 v 3MeC5
RON 69 83 88 89 92
Nu nh yu cu v tr s octan c ph hp bi s tun hon ca cc metylpentan, s tinh ch hu nh chn la qu trnh tinh ct l l do trn ht. c gi tr thc tin cao, s tinh ch c th chn la mt thit b Molex, khi s tch c nC5 v nC6 tun hon. S tch nC5 v nC6 bng thit b Molex th c gi tr thc tin thp hn khi tch cc metylpentan bi qu trnh tinh ct, v khi s t c tr s RON cao hn. Thit k dy chuyn V mc ch ca qu trnh l ta i isome ho phn on n-C5,C6 c sn phm c tr s octan cao pha vo xng do ta khng cn tch ring tng cu t.Nn em la
Khnhin li u
Nguyn li u
penex
n-Parafin tu hon n
m o l e x
Sn phm
52
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Thit k
chn thit k dy chuyn cng ngh isome ho c tun hon n-C5,C6. l s kt hp gia Penex v Molex * iu kin phn ng: - S dng xc tc - nhit phn ng - p sut - tc np liu th tch - t l H2/nguyn liu phn t hp ph ( ZSM-5A). *Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh: Nguyn liu u c bm t b cha (15) cho qua thit b sy (2) bng ry phn t tch nc trong nguyn v bo v cho xc tc. Hydro c b sung cng c cho qua thit b sy (2) tch nc. Sau kh hydro b sung c trn vi kh hydro tun hon v em trn vi hn hp nguyn liu vo v c trn vi n-parafin tun hon t cng ngh tch Molex. Hn hp sau trn ln c trao i nhit vi sn phm ca tng thit b phn ng trc khi i vo thit b gia nhit. Ti thit b gia nhit hn hp nguyn liu c gia nhit ti 230OC trc khi i vo thit b phn ng. thit b phn ng th nht (3) xy ra cc phn ng hydro ho lm no ho cc hydrocacbon thm, naphten Sau thit b phn ng th nht (3) hn hp c trao i nhit h nhit n 230OC v cc phn ng xy ra trong l phn ng th nht (3) u to nhit mnh, do u tin xy ra trc phn ng ng phn ho. Sau khi hn hp sn phm l th nht (3) c h 53 1-4 Pt/ZSM-5 230 - 290oC 14 - 42 kg/cm2 1,4 - 2,2 h-1
- S dng zeolit loi c mao qun trung bnh lm ry
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Thit k
nhit th c cho qua l th hai (3). Ti y s xy ra cc phn ng ng phn ho v c xy ra c phn ng cracking. Sn phm ra khi l th hai (3) c cho qua thit b lm lnh v vo thit b tch (5). Ti y lng hydro c tch ra tun hon tr li cn hn hp sn phm c cho qua thp n nh (6). Kh nhin liu c tch ra nh cn sn phm isome ho c a sang h thng tch bng cng ngh Molex. Cng ngh Molex y s dng sng phn t l loi Zeolit 5A v dng cht nh hp ph l kh nh. Sn phm lng isome ho c cho vo ct hp ph (7) nh van quay (8). Trong ct hp ph (7) xy ra ng thi qu trnh hp ph v nh hp ph. Sn phm ra khi van quay (8) gm c, mt l gm cc sn phm isome ho v cht nh hp ph c a qua ct rafinat (9), hai l cc n-parafin cng cht nh hp ph i qua thp chng ct (10). ct rafinat (9) sn phm isome ho c tch ra y i vo h thng cha v s c a sang phn xng pha ch xng, cn cht nh hp ph c tch ra nh v c hi lu li. thp (10) n-parafin c tch ra y v hi lu li thit b phn ng, cn nh th cht nh hp ph c tch hi lu li ct hp ph (7). Tt c cht nh hp ph hi lu u c cho qua thit b gia nhit.
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54
Thit k
Phn II
Tnh ton cng ngh v tnh thit b chnh
I. C s v nhim v ca qu trnh tnh ton 55
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Thit k
Tnh ton l phn ng da trn cc s liu ban u cho nh: Nng sut, c tnh ca nhin liu. Ngoi ra cn mt s thng s thng s cng ngh c chn theo ti liu. Trnh t tnh ton: 1. Chn cc thng s ban u. - p sut trong thit b phn ng - Nhit hn hp nguyn liu vo. - Tc np liu. - T s H2/RH. 2. Tnh cn bng vt cht. 3. Tnh cn bng nhit lng. 4. Chn v tnh kch thc chnh ca l phn ng. I.1. Nhng s liu cn thit cho trc - Nng sut, tn/nm - Nhit phn ng, oC - Tc th tch, h-1 - p sut, Mpa 1,11 Triu tn/nm 230 290 oC 1,6 2 2 4
- T l th tch gia kh tun hon v nguyn liu: 1:4 I.2. Tnh Ton
Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong thit b phn ng:

- Phn ng ng phn ho: n-C5 n-C6 CnH2n + H2 CnH2n- 6 + 3H2 i- C5 i- C6 CnH2n+2 CnH2n (4) 56 (1) (2) (3)
- Phn ng chuyn ha naphten thnh parafin. - Phn ng chuyn ho hydrocacbon thm thnh naphten.
Tr-
Thit k
- Phn ng hydrocracking naphten. CnH2n + n/3 H2 (5) - Phn ng hydrocracking parafin. CnH2n+2 + (n-3)/3H2 C5). (6) Trong : k1 6: Hng s tc ca phn ng thun 1 6. KP1 6: Hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng 1 6. Ta c th m t s gim hm lng ca cc hydrocacbon trong hn hp bng h phng trnh vi phn sau:[18] n/15(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + n/15(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5).
d Np k = k1.Pn C 1 .Pi C 5 K P1 d VR 5
(7).
k dN P = k 2 .PnC 2 .PiC dVR 6 K P2 6 k dN N = k3 PN .PH 3 .PP 2 dVR K P3

dN A k 3 = k 4 PA .PH 2 4 .PN dV R K P4 dN N P = k5 N dV R P dN P P = k6 P dV R P
(8).
(10) (11) (12)
VR: i lng nghch o ca tc np liu theo mol, [kg xt/kmol/h] NP, NA, NN: Phn mol ca parafin, aromatic, naphten trong hn hp nguyn liu. P: p sut ton phn, Mpa.
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57
Thit k
PN, PP, PA: p sut ring phn ca naphten, parafin v aromatic, Mpa. k3: Hng s tc ca phn ng (3) c xc nh theo th (3.13),[kmol/h.Pa.kgxtc]. k4 Hng s tc ca phn ng (4) c xc nh theo th (3.13), [kmol/h.Pa.kgxtc]. k5, k6: Hng s tc ca phn ng (5), (6) c xc nh theo th (3.15), kmol/h.Pa.kgxtc. KP3, KP4: Hng s cn bng ca phn ng (3),(4) c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
K P 3 = 98 ,1 .10 .e
1 3 4450 7 ,12 T
( Pa 1 )
(13) (14)
K P 4 = 9,81 .10 .e
3 12
46 ,15
25600 T
( Pa 3 )
Th
1 9 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
K1 .10
-7
1,2 5
1,3 0 hnh 3.13
1,3 5
100 0T
1 k
10, 0 5, 0 2, 0 1, 0 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2 0, 1
K .10 3
5 -1
1,2 5
1,3 0 hnh 3.14
1,3 5
100 0T
1 k
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58
Thit k
0,500
0,200 0,100 0,050 0,020 0,010 0,005 1,25 1,30 hnh 3.15 1,35
100 0 T 1 k
Bng 12: Thnh phn ca nguyn liu Nhit

o
Cu t
si, C5 parafin Iso- pentan n- pentan C6- paraffin 2,2dimetylbutan 2,3dimetylbutan Metylpentan n- hecxan C6 Vng Metylxyclopent an Xyclohecxan Benzen
C 29 36,05 49,72 58 60,27 66,72 71,19 80,72 80,11 0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647 0,780 0,770 00,86 51,24 42,0 58,0 48,76 0,9 5 48,2 45,9 7,3 57,0 17,0 26,0 55,66 23,38 32,28 44,34 0,40 2,217 21,37 20,35 6,96 3,89 1,16 1,91
Tr-
K3.10-15
T trng
% khi l- % mol ng
59
Thit k
0 Cu t C5-parafin Iso- pentan n-pentan C6-parafin 2,2dimetylbutan 2,3dimetylbutan Metylpetan n-hexan C6 Vng Metylxyclopenta n Xyclohexan Benzen T trng 0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647 0,780 0,770 0,860 % khi lng (ai) 21,52 29,72 0,44 2,44 23,50 22,38 4,16 1,24 1,9 % mol (xi) 55,66 23,38 32,28 44,34 0,40 2,217 21,37 20,35 6,96 3,89 1,16 1,91
Vi cng thc chuyn i t % khi lng sang % s mol:

Xi = ai / M i (a j / M j ) [4].
Trong : Xi: phn mol ca cu t i, %. ai, aj : Phn khi lng ca cu t i, j %. Mi, Mj: khi lng mol ca cu t i, j gam(g) tnh thnh phn ca hn hp dng cng thc: Mc.yi=Mi.yi Trong : Mc: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp nguyn liu. Mi: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca cc hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu. yi, yi: phn khi lng v phn mol ca cu t i trong nguyn liu.
60
Thit k
Mt khc: Mc= 0,4.T50- 45. Trong T50: nhit si ti 50% th tch nguyn liu. Ngoi ra ta tnh theo cng thc sau: Mc=
x .M =0,5178x72+0,4126x86+
i i
0,0505x84+
0,0191x78= 78,5 Khi lng ca cc hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu c tnh theo bng sau: Bng 13: Phn khi lng ca cc cu t Cu t CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-6 Mi Hm lng trong nguyn liu % khi lng, ai phn mol xi 78,21 0,9270 0,9304 84 0,0540 0,0505 78 0,0190 0,0191 1,0000 1,0000
Bng 14: Khi lng phn t ca cc hp cht Hydrocacbon Parafin Naphten Aromatic Cng thc ho hc Phn t lng CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-6 MP=14.n+2 MN=14.n MA=14.n-6
trng ca nguyn liu c: T p dng cng thc:

a 1 = i C i
Trong : i: T trng ca cu t th i c trong nguyn liu. 61
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Thit k
ai: Phn % khi lng ca cu t th i c trong nguyn liu. T bng s liu 12 ta tnh c thnh phn tng cu t nh trong bng 15: Bng 15: % khi lng ca tng cu t trong ton b nguyn liu Cu t C5-parafin Iso- pentan n-pentan C6-parafin 2,2dimetylbutan 2,3dimetylbutan Metylpetan n-hexan C6 Vng Metylxyclopenta n Xyclohexan Benzen Thay s ta c:
1
T trng 0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647 0,780 0,770 0,860
% khi lng (ai) 19,95 27,55 0,407 2,26 21,79 20,75 4,16 1,24 1,9
% mol (xi) 51,78 21,75 30,03 41,26 0,370 2,060 19,89 18,94 6,96 3,89 1,16 1,91
C = 1.55
xi
0,2152 0,2972 0,0044 0,0244 0,235 0,2238 + + + + + 0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647
=>
= 0,645 g/cm3.
Cu t C5-parafin Iso- pentan n-pentan C6-parafin 2,2T Vn Nam ng HBK H Ni
T trng 0,617 0,625 0,650
% khi lng (ai) 21,52 29,72 0,44
% mol (xi) 55,66 23,38 32,28 44,34 0,40

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62
Thit k
dimetylbutan 2,30,655 2,44 2,217 dimetylbutan Metylpetan 0,700 23,50 21,37 n-hexan 0,647 22,38 20,35 C6 Vng 6,96 Metylxyclopenta 0,780 4,16 3,89 n Xyclohexan 0,770 1,24 1,16 Benzen 0,860 1,9 1,91 Nng sut ca thit b c tnh theo cng thc: Gc = L/24.n (kg/h). Vi L l nng sut nm, L = 145 000 tn/nm. n: L s ngy hot ng trong nm. Chn s ngy ngh cho sa cha nh v cho cng tc duy tu, bo dng ln l 25 ngy. Vy s ngy hot ng ca thit b trong 1 nm l 365 25 = 340 ngy. Do ta c:
GC = 1110000 .10 3 = 136029 ,412 340 .24
(kg/h).
nC =
GC 136029 ,412 = = 1732 ,859 (kmol/h). MC 78,5
Bng 16: S mol ca cc h cu t trong hn hp nguyn liu trong 1h Cu t CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-6 xi 0,9304 0,0505 0,0191 1,000 nci= nc.xi(kmol/h) 1612,17 87,509 33,098 1732,859
Tnh lng kh tun hon cn thit : Vi t l H2/RH = 4 mol.

63

n H = 4.nC = 4.1732 ,859 = 6931,435(kmol/h).
2
Thit k
Lng cht xc tc cho ton b qu trnh trong 1h. - Th tch xc tc:

Vxt = GC C .VO
Trong : Vo: Tc th tch, chn Vo = 1,8 h-1.

c c
: Khi lng ring ca nguyn liu, kg/m3. = 0, 6543.1000 = 654,3 kg/m3.

136029 ,412 =115 ,500 654 ,3.1,8
Vy th tch xc tc l : Vxt= (m3).
Khi lng xc tc: mxt = Vxt. Trong :

xt xt
(kg).
: Khi lng ring ca xc tc, thng c chn trong
khong 550 600 kg/m3. Ta chn Vy

m xt =
xt
= 600, kg/m3.
GC 136029 ,412 .600 . xt = = 69300 ,224 (kg) C .VO 654 ,3.1,8
y thc hin 2 l phn ng do ta c s phn b xc tc hai l nh sau: Chn xc tc l 1:25%, l 2:75% Bng 17: Phn b xc tc trong hai l L phn ng 1 2 Vxt (m3) 28,876 86,625 mxt(kg) 17325,06 51975,18
Thnh phn v p sut ring phn.

64
Thit k
Pi= P.yi Trong : Pi: p sut ring phn cu t i (Pa). P: p sut chung ca l phn ng (Pa). yi: nng phn mol ca cu t i trong hn hp. P= 20x105 (Pa). Bng 18: Thnh phn v p sut ring phn Cu t CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n- 6 H2 ni, kmol/h 1612,17 87,509 33,098 6931,4 35 8664,29 4 II. Tnh ton cho tng l phn ng II.1. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th nht Vi gi thit l cc phn ng xy ra trong l phn ng c tc dng l lm no ho cc hydrocacbon vng, v rng l phn ng hydro ho benzen ta nhit ln hn nhng phn ng khc do ta phi thc hin nhit thp hn trnh xy ra nhng phn ng reforming. Tht vy qu trnh hai l cho php phn ng xy ra l 1 gm phn ng (3) v (4). nhit xy ra l ny l 230oC. yi = ni/ ni 0,1861 0,0101 0,0038 0,8000 1,0000 Pi = 20.105. yi , (Pa) 3,722.105 0,202.105 0,076.105 16,000.105 20,000.105
Tr-
65
Thit k
II.1.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht l 1 Hng s tc ca phn ng chuyn ho hydrocacbon Tv: Nhit trung bnh trong l phn ng l 230oC. Tv = 503oK 1000/Tv = 1,988. p dng phng trnh Arrhenius v hng s vn tc:
k = kO
E .e RT
thm thnh Naphten: k4 c tra th (3.13).
+C
Trong : - k: L hng s vn tc phn ng nhit T. - kO: L hng s. - E: L nng lng hot ho. - C: L hng s. Theo th (3.13): 1000/Tv=1,3 tra c k= 2,55.10-7 1000/Tv=1,35 tra c k= 2,00.10-7 k4 = 1,35.10-7, [kmol/h.Pa.kgxtc].
Tnh hng s cn bng KP4.

- Theo (14) ta c:
25600 ) 503
K P 4 = 9,8 1 .1 0 .e
3 12
4 6,1 5 (
= 8,2 1 21 01 2, ( P a3 ) .
- gim tng i hm lng cc hydrocacbon thm do phn ng chuyn ho aromatic thnh naphten.
dN A( 4) k 3 = k 4 PA .PH 4 .PN 2 dV R K P4
1,35 .10 7 .0,202 .10 5 8,212 .10 12
= 1,35 .10 7.0,076 .10 5.(16 .10 5 ) 3 = 420 ,25 .10 13
gim ny l rt ln iu chng t lng hydrocacbon thm chuyn ho thnh naphten l gn nh

66
Thit k
hon ton. Ta coi ton b lng hydrocacbon thm chuyn ho ton b thnh naphten. Vy lng H2 phn ng phn ng (4) l: H2(4) = 3. nar = 3. 33,098 = 99,294 (kmol/h). (kmol/h). Lng naphten to ra phn ng (4) l: nN(4) = nar= 33,098
Hng s tc ca phn ng chuyn ho Naphten

thnh Parafin. Tv = 503oK 1000/Tv = 1,988. Theo th (3.14) 1000/Tv=1,25 tra c k= 2,45.10-15 1000/Tv=1,3 tra c k= 1,45.10-15 k3 = 0,975.10-15 ,[kmol/h.Pa.kgxtc].
Hng s cn bng KP3.

- Theo (13) ta c:
4450 7,1 2 503
K P 3 = 9 8,1 1.1 0 3.e
= 0,0 5 71 0 3 ( P a 1 ). .
iu chng t phn ng thun chuyn t naphten sang parafin chim u th hn. - S gim hm lng naphten do phn ng (3) l:
dN N ( 3) dV R = k3 PN .PH 2 k3 .PP K P3 0,975 .10 15 .1,2408 .10 5 0,057 .10 3
= 0,975 .10 15 .0,202 .10 5.16 .10 5 = 2,51 .10 5
Suy ra Mt khc VR1 =
dN N ( 3) dV R
= 2,51 .10 5
mxt 17325 ,06 = = 1,9996 (kg / kmol .h) ni 8664 ,294
nN(3) = -2,5.10-5.1,9996 = - 0,000050189 (kmol/h). 67
Tr-
Thit k
Lng H2(3) tham gia phn ng 3 chnh bng lng naphten tham gia phn ng: H2(3) (kmol/h). Vy sau phn ng (3) th hm lng naphten s l: nN(3) = (yN nN(3)).nc = (0,0505 0,000050189).1732,859 = 87,4224 (kmol/h). Vy hm lng naphten tng cng sau phn ng (4) l: nN tng = nN(3) + ar = 87,4224 + 33,098 = 120,5204 (kmol/h). Vy tng lng Parafin C6 l: nP6=0,4126.1732,859+0,000050189.1732,859=715,0646 (kmol/h) Vy ta c khi lng phn t trung bnh ca parafin l: MP =
(0,4126 + 0,0000195 ). 86 + 0,5178 .72 = 78 ,209 (0,5178 + 0,4126 + 0,000050189 )
nN(3).nc=0,000050189.1732,859=
0,08697
M MP = 14.n + 2 = 78,209. n = 5,4435.
Bng 19: Cn bng vt cht cho l phn ng 1 C u ni (kmol/h) yi Mi Gi=Mi.ni (kg/h) t u vo A 33,098
0,0038
78
2581,644
Tr-
68
Thit k
N P H2 u A N P5 P6 H2
87,509 1612,17 6931,435 8664,294 ra 0,0000 120,5204 897,1874 715,0646 6832,054 8564,8264
0,0101 0,1861 0,8000 1,0000 0,0141 0,1048 0,0835 0,7976 1,0000
84 7350,756 78,20 126086,20 9 2 84 72 86 2 13862,87 149881,47 0,00 10123,714 64597,4928 61495,5556 13664,108 149880,8704
II.1.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng l 1 Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 Q1: Nhit lng mang vo bi nguyn liu v kh tun hon 25oC. Q2: Nhit lng ca l t cn cung cp nng nhit ca nguyn liu v kh tun hon t 25oC n 230oC. Q3: Nhit lng mang ra khi l phn ng do cc sn phm phn ng v kh tun hon. Q4: Nhit phn ng. Q5: Nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh. Lng nhit c tnh theo cng thc: Qi= nC-i.Ci.ti (KJ/h) Trong : nC-i : lu lng ca tng cu t i (kmol/h). Ci (J/mol.). ti : Nhit cu t i (0C). Cc= nci. Ci (kJ/h.)
: Nhit dung ring ca cu t i
69
Thit k
Trong ni: l cc thnh phn phn mol ca cu t th i. Nhit dung ring ca mt cht c tnh theo. Cp = a0+a1.T+ a2.T2 +a-2.T-2 Trong cc gi tr a0; a1; a2; a-2 : l cc hng s thc nghim. T : Nhit tuyt i 0K. Bng 20: Gi tr nhit dung ring Cp 250C a2.10
6
Cp 2300C J/mol. 47,71 78,62 114,07 147,58 142,07 187,19 137,28 186,27 217,23 29,19
Cu t
a0
a1.10
a2
.10-5
J/mol.
C1 C2 C3 n-C4 i-C4 n-C5
6,730 3,890 0,410 4,357 2,296 3,140
10,200 29,600 64,710 72,552 82,407 100,53 1,118 -
-22,582 -22,145 -38,792 -35,500
35,24 52,59 72,98 99,28 96,76 123,69
2 Benzen -5,040 95,63
-40,600 81,999 0 -41,584 105,75 -32,397 147,67 0,48 29,025
CycloC6 -7,701 124,67 n-C6 H2 7,313 6,59 5 104,90 6 -0,2 -
Tr-
70
Thit k
Bng 21: Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t khc tra c Cp 250C J/mol. 119,41 142,63 141,25 143,00 110,71 Cp 2300C J/mol. 182,88 219,66 217,15 216,80 188,03
Cu t Iso-pentan 2,2Dimetylbutan 2,3Dimetylbutan Metylpentan Metylcyclopenta n
Bng 22: Nhit dung ring ca hn hp nguyn liu u vo v hydro tun hon 250C v 2300C Ci.nci 2300C kj/h. 68926,886 8 97409,482 94 1408,372 7751,5818 3 74723,523 7 71295,646
Tr-
Cu t P Isopentan n- pentan 2,2-dimetylbutan 2,3-dimetylbutan Metylpentan n- hexan

nci,(kmol/h)
Ci.nci 250C kj/h. 45005,246 9 65244,943 5 914,5475 5042,1865 49287,188 7 49053,294
376,8968 520,3776 6,4116 35,6969 344,6657 328,2035
71
Thit k
3 N Metylxyclopentan Xyclohexan A Benzen H2 67,4082 20,1012 33,0976 6931,435 7462,7635 2186,4037 3082,0492 201184,90
3 12674,763 85 3744,2505 4543,6385 3 202328,58
a, Tnh Q1:
09 77 428463,52 544806,7 47 341
Lng nhit mang vo ca nguyn liu v kh tun hon 25oC: Q1= Qnl + QH Trong : Qnl =
n .C .t
i i
= nc.Cc.t1
QH = nH.CH.t1
Q1 = 428463,5247 . 25 = 10711588,12 (kj/h)
b, Tnh Q2: Lng nhit cn thit nng nhit ca nguyn liu t 25o n 230oC: Q2 = Qt2 - Qt1 T bng thng k, ta c: Q2= c, Tnh Q4: Bng 23: Gi tr hiu ng nhit ca tng phn ng 72 544806,7341 . 230 428463,5247 . 25 = 114593960,7 (kj/h)
Tr-
Thit k
Phn ng 1 2 3 4 5 6
Q, kcal/mol
2 2 27 50 20 11
Lng nhit sinh ra do qu trnh phn ng. thit b phn ng 1 xy ra cc phn ng (3) v phn ng (4). Vy: Q4 = n3 . Q3 + n4 . Q4 Ta c:
Q3 = 27 . 4,186 = 113,022 (kj/mol)
Q4 = 50 . 4,186 = 209,3 (kj/mol)

n3 = 0,08697
(kmol/h)
n4 = 33,098 (kmol/h)
Q4 = 0,08697. 113,022 . 103 + 33,098. 209,3 . 103 Q4 = 6937240,9 (kj/h) d, Tnh Q3: Chn nhit lng mt mt ra khi mi trng phn ng =
5% nhit lng ca sn phm mang ra: Q5 = 0,05 . Q3 Vy tng lng nhit ca u ra l = Q3 + 0,05 . Q3 = 1,05 .Q3
1,05 . Q3 = Q1 + Q2 + Q4 (v phn ng ta nhit) M ta c cc phn ng l to nhit do : 1,05 . Q3 = 10711588,12 + 114593960,7 + 6937240,9 = 132242789,7 (kj/h)
Q3 = 125945514,0000
(kj/h)
Tr-
73
Thit k
Q5 = 6297275,7
(kj/h)
Bng 24: Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b phn ng 1 Dng u vo Q1 Q2 Q4 Lng Kmol/h Nhit lng Kj/h 10711588,1 2 114593960, 7 6937240,9 132242789 ,72 125945514 6297275,7 132242789 ,7
8664,294
u ra Q3 Q5 8564,826 4
II.2. Tnh ton cho l phn ng th hai l ny thc hin nhit cao hn l 1 v s xy ra cc phn ng isome ho v phn ng cracking. Nhit phn ng trong l l 230oC. tt p gia cc l thng l: 0,15-0,35 at. II.2.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht l hai Bng 26: Thnh phn nguyn liu vo l 2: Cu t N P5 P6 H2 ni (kmol/h) 120,5204 897,1874 715,0646 6832,054 8564,8264 yi Mi Gi=Mi.ni (kg/h) 10123,714 64597,4928 61495,5556 13664,108 149880,870
Tr-
0,0141 84 0,1048 72 0,0835 86 0,7976 2 1,0000
74
Thit k
Ta chn tt p l th 2 l: 0,3 at. Khi p chung ca hn hp kh nguyn liu vo l th 2 l: P2= 20 - 0,3 = 19,7 at = 19,7 . 105 Pa Bng27: Thnh phn p sut nguyn liu v kh tun hon vo l 2 Cu t N P H2
ni
(kmol/h) 120,5204 0,014 1612,17 1 0,188
yi
Mi 84 78,2 09 2
Pi=19,7.105.yi( Pa) 0,27777.105 3,70951.10

5
Gi=Mi.ni (kg/h) 10123,71 4 126093,0 434 13664,10 8 149880,8 70
3 6832,054 0,797 8564,82 64 6 1,00 00
15,71272.10 19,7.10
5
Hng s tc ca phn ng Hydrocracking

Naphten. T Tv = 563oK 1000/Tv = 1,776 theo th (3.15) ta c : k5 = 0,002647 (kmol/h.kgxtc). S gim hm lng naphten tng i do phn ng (5) l:
dN N P 0,27777 .10 5 = k 5 N = 0,002647 . = 0,0000373 dV R P 19,7.10 5
Mt khc VR 2 = => NN
mxt 51975 ,18 = = 6,06845 ( kg / kmol .h) ni 8564 ,8264
0,0000373.VR2
0,0000373.6,06845
0,0002264 (kmol/h). Vy hm lng naphten tham gia phn ng cracking l:

75

nN ( 5) = 0,0002264 .1732 ,859 = 0,39232
Thit k
(kmol/h). 0,39232 = 120,128
Do hm lng naphten cn li sau phn ng (5) l: nN = nN (kmol/h). Lng H2 tham gia phn ng (5) : H2(5) =
n . nN(5) 3
tng
nN(5) = 120,5204 -
= 1,92.0,39232= 0,7846 (kmol/h).
Hng s tc ca phn ng hydrocracking Parafin.

Theo th (3.15) ta c k6 = 0,002647 (kmol/h.kg). - S gim tng i parafin phn ng (6) l:
d N
P ( 6)
d R V
=k 6
PP =0,0 2 4 067 P
3 05 ,7 9 1
.1 0
5
=4,9 4 .1 83 0
1 ,7.1 9 0
- NP(6) = 4,9843.10-4.VR2 = 0,0030247 (kmol/h). Lng parafin b cracking l: nP(6) (kmol/h). Lng H2 tham gia phn ng (6) : H2(6) = nP(6) = NP(6).nc
4,9843.10-4.6,06845 =
=0,0030247.1732,859
=5,24138
n 3 = 3
5,24138.
5,4436 3 =4,2691 (kmol/h). 3
Bng 28: Thnh phn cc cu t trong nguyn liu vo l 2 Cu t N n-C5 i- C5 i-C6 n- C6 ni (kmol/h) 120,5204 520,7669 377,1071 328,2147 386,8499 1732,859 yi 0,0696 0,3003 0,2176 0,1897 0,2232 1,000 0
Mi 84 72 72 86 86
76
Thit k
Tnh lng n-C5 chuyn ha trong phn ng (1).

Theo th(3.16). Ta c nng % mol trng thi cn bng nhit 503oK. % n-C5 = 18%. % i-C5 = 82%. Trong phn on C5 nng phn mol ca i-C5 chim 42%, cn n-C5 l 58%. Nh vy, ti trng thi cn bng th nC5 trong phn on C5 chuyn ho l: 58 - 18 = 40 %. Do , phn mol n-C5 chuyn ha l:
40 .51,78 = 20 ,71 % 100
Lng n-C5 chuyn ho sau phn ng (1) l:

nnC5 = 20 ,71 .1732 ,859 = 358 ,8751 100
(kmol/h).
5 5
=> Lng i-C5 to thnh l: niC = nC = 358 ,8751 (kmol/h). Lng n-C5 cn li c tch cho tun hon l:
nn C5 ( th ) = nn C5 nn C5 = (0,3005 0,2071 ).1732 ,859 = 161,50246
(kmol/h).
Tnh lng n-C6 chuyn ho trong phn ng (2).

Theo th (3.17), nng phn mol ca n-C6 trng thi cn bng ti nhit 503oK l : %n-C6 =20 % . %i-C6 = 80 %. Nng n-C6, i-C6 trong phn on C6 theo bng 12 ca nguyn liu l: n-C6 = 45,9%. i-C6 = 54,1%. Nh vy: % n-C6 chuyn ho trng thi cn bng i vi C6- parafin: 77
Tr-

6
Thit k
Nn C = 45,9 20 = 25,9%
Phn mol n-C6 chuyn ho so vi hn hp nguyn liu:

25 ,9.0,4126 = 10 ,686 % 100
Vy lng n-C6 chuyn ho sau mt ln phn ng:

N nC6 = 0,10686 .nC = 0,10686 .1732 ,859 = 185 ,1733
(kmol/h).
Lng i-C6 to thnh l:

ni C6 = N nC6 = 185 ,1733 (kmol/h).
Lng n-C6 tch tun hon:

nnC6 ( th ) = nn C6 N n C6 = (0,1894 0,10686 ). 1732 ,859 = 143 ,0302
(kmol/h).
Tnh lng H2 tun hon.

H2(th) = H2(nguyn liu) - H2(5) - H2(6). Thay s ta c: H2(th) = 6832,054 (kmol/h). Lng C1 C5 sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng: Theo phng trnh phn ng (5) v (6) ta c th tnh c tng i lng C1 C5 sinh ra: P*= 0,78464 4,2691 = 6827,000
nC C =
1 5
6 5,4435 6 5,4435 .(n N (5) ) + (nP (6) ) = (0,39232) + (5,24138) 15 15 15 15

= 2,06917 (kmol/h).
*Cn bng vt cht ca l phn ng 2 c m t bng sau: Bng 29: Cn bng vt cht ca l 2 Cu nC-i (kmol/h) yi Mi Gi=Mi.ni (kg/h)
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78
Thit k
t N P H2 A N n-C5 n-C6 i -C5 i -C6 P* H2 120,5204 1612,17 6832,054 8564,8264 0,0000 120,1280 161,5025 143,0302 735,2771 571,8146 2,06917 6827,0003 u vo 0,0141 84 0,1883 78,20 0,7976 1,0000 u ra 0,0140 84 3 0,0189 4 0,0169 0 0,0858 8 0,0667 8 0,0002 2 0,7975 72 86 72 86 44 2 9 2 10123,714 126093,0484 13664,108 149880,870 0,00 10090,752 11628,1771 12300,5972 52939,9543 49176,0537 91,04348 13654,0006 149880,577
4 8558,7828 1,0000 0
Bng 30: Lng sn phm Cu t i-C5 i-C6 N P*

nC-i, kmol/h 735,2771 571,8145 120,5204 2,06917 1429,7037

Tr-
79
Thit k
Bng 31: Lng tun hon Cu t H2 n- C5 n- C6 nC-i, kmol/h 6827,0006 161,5025 143,0302 7131,5333
II.2.2. Tnh cn bng nhit lng l hai Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 Q1 : Nhit lng mang vo bi sn phm v kh tun hon sau l 1. Q2 : Nhit lng ca thit b trao i nhit thu c gim nhit ca sn phm v kh tun hon sau l phn ng 1 t 250oC n 230oC. Q3 : Nhit lng mang ra khi l phn ng do cc sn phm phn ng v kh tun hon. Q4 : Nhit phn ng. Q5 : Nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh. Lng nhit c tnh theo cng thc: Qi= nC-i.Ci.ti (KJ/h) Trong : nC-I : Lu lng ca tng cu t i (kmol/h). Ci : Nhit dung ring ca cu t i (J/mol.). ti : Nhit cu t i 0C. Cc= nci. Ci (kJ/h.) Trong ni: l cc thnh phn phn khi ca cu t th i. Nhit dung ring ca mt cht c tnh theo: Cp = a0+a1.T+a2.T2+ a-2.T-2
80
Thit k
Trong cc gi tr a0 ;a1 ;a2 ;a-2 : l cc hng s thc nghim. T : Nhit tuyt i 0k. Bng 32: Nhit dung ring ca hn hp nguyn liu v hydro tun hon vo l 2 2300C nci, (kmol/h) 1612,17 376,8968 520,3776 6,4116 35,6969 346,6657 328,2035 120,5204 67,4082 53,1988 Ci 2300C j/mol. 199,17 198,31 239,43 236,39 238,38 235,73 Ci.nci 2300C kj/h. 75066,535 7 103196,08 19 1535,1294 8546,9088 82638,169 6 77367,411 1 N Metylxyclopentan Xyclohexan A Benzen H2 207,77 212,28 14005,401 7 11293,041 3 0 6832,054 8564,74 4 29,30 200179,18 22 573827,8 617
Cu t P isopentan n- pentan 2,2-dimetylbutan 2,3-imetylbutan Metylpentan n-hexan
a, Tnh Q1:
Tr-
81
Thit k
Lng nhit cn cung cp ca l t nng nhit ca sn phm l 1 ln 230oC lm nguyn liu cho l 2: Q1 = (
n .C ).t
i i
= 573827,8617 . 230 = 131980408,2
Bng 33: Gi tr hiu ng nhit ca tng phn ng Phn ng 1 2 3 4 5 6 b, Tnh Q2: Lng nhit sinh ra do qu trnh phn ng. thit b phn ng 2 xy ra cc phn ng (1), (2), (5) v phn ng (6). Vy: Q2 =
n1 .Q1 + n2 .Q2 + n5 .Q5 + n6 .Q6 i, i n Q i n
Q, kcal/mol
2 2 27 50 20 11
Ta c cc gi tr TT 1 2 5 6
cho trong bng sau:Bng 34

i Q i . i n Q
kcal/mo l 358,87 2 51 185,17 33 0,3923 2 5,2413 8 2 20 11
kmol/h
kcal/h 10 1 717750,2 370346,6 7846,4 57655,18 1153598, 38

Tr-
82
Thit k
Vy Q2 =1153598,38 . 4,1868 = 4829885,7 c, Tnh Q3:
(kj/h)
Chn nhit lng mt mt ra khi mi trng phn ng = 5% nhit lng ca sn phm mang ra: Q4 = 0,05 . Q3 Vy tng lng nhit ca u ra l : Q3 + 0,05 . Q3 = 1,05 .Q3
1,05 . Q3 = Q1- Q2 ( Q2 < 0 v phn ng to nhit) 1,05 . Q3 = 131980408,2 + 4829885,7 =136810293,9
M ta c cc phn ng l to nhit do : (kj/h)
Q3 =130295518 Q4 = 6514775,9
(kj/h) (kj/h)
Bng 35: Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b phn ng 2 Dng Q1 Lng Kmol/h u vo Nhit lng Kj/h 131980408, 2 4829885,7 136810293 ,9 130295518 6514775,9 136810293 ,9
Q3 Q5
Q2
8564,826 4 u ra
8558,782 8
Tr-
83
Thit k
Phn III
xy dng I. Gii thiu chung Phn xng sn xut l phn xng isome ho, nng sut l: 1,11tu tn/nm. c im ca phn xng l c nhiu cht gy nhim mi trng, nh hng n sinh thi v nh hng n sc kho ca con ngi.
84
Thit k
Do vic xc nh a im xy dng nh my cn phi c tnh ton cn nhc cn thn m bo yu cu l gim thiu vn nhim mi trng v sc kho ca ngi lao ng trc tip cng nh dn trong vng ln cn nh my. Ngoi ra vic xc nh a im xy dng hp l s to iu kin tt cho giai on chun b u t, l c s pht trin sn xut, kinh doanh ca nh my, vn u t cng nh gi thnh sn phm ca nh my, trc mt cng nh lu di. II. Phn tch a im xy dng nh my Phn xng isome ho vi nng xut 1,11 Triu tn/nm c t ti Dung Qut- Qung Ngi. II.1. a im xy dng a im xy dng ti Dung Qut- Qung Ngi. l ni c chnh ph ph duyt xy dng khu cng nghip. i vi a im ny c nhiu yu t thun li cho vic xy dng nh my nh: Mng li giao thng: Hng ng cch khong 4 km l bin, vi su rng rt thun tin cho tu trng ti ln cp bn v c th nhiu tu cp bn mt ln. Hng ty nam l mng li giao thng quc gia c ng b v ng st. Do v vn giao thng l ht sc thun li cho vic vn chuyn nguyn liu cng nh vic xut sn phm ra khi nh my. V vn xy dng th nguyn vt liu xy dng c cung cp ngay trong ni tnh, ngun nhn cng di do, y l mt yu t rt thun li cho qu trnh xy dng cng nh vn hnh nh my.
Tr-
85
Thit k
Vi a hnh nh my l hng ng gip bin v hng gi ch o l gi ty nam v vy cc cht kh, bi ca nh my s t hoc khng nh hng n khu dn c. II.2. Khu t xy dng Vi kch thc v hnh dng ca khu t rt thun li cho vic xy dng trc mt cng nh vic m rng nh my sau ny. Khu t cao ro, khng b ngp lt, dc t nhin ca khu t khong 1% vi nn t st kt hp vi t ong nn m bo tnh chu ti trng ln. Khu t c kim tra trc khi c chnh ph quy hoch lm khu cng nghip, di lng t khng c m khong sn . Din tch khu t c tnh ton tho mn mi yu cu i hi ca dy chuyn cng ngh trn c s b tr hp l cc hng mc cng trnh. Khu t nm trong khu cng nghip do n m bo tt mi quan h vi cc nh my ln cn trong vic s dng chung cc cng trnh m bo k thut, x l nc thi chng nhim mi trng v cc cng trnh phc v cng cng khc. II.3. Bo v mi trng Vi a hnh a l nh trnh by trn cho thy nh my khi hot ng m bo v sinh mi trng rt tt. Vn nc thi hay kh thi c xt n mt cch cn thn v c quy hoch ng b theo phng php phn khu v b tr hng hp l. III. Phn tch thit k tng mt bng phn xng isome ha III.1. Nguyn tc phn vng
86
Thit k
Tu theo c th sn xut ca nh my m ngi thit k s vn dng nguyn tc phn vng cho hp l. Trong thc tin thit k th bin php phn chia khu t thnh cc vng theo c im s dng ph bin nht. Tng mt bng nh my c chia ra lm 4 vng chnh: + Vng trc nh my. + Vng sn xut. + Vng ph tr phc v sn xut. + Vng kho tng v phc v giao thng. -Vng trc nh my bao gm cc nh hnh chnh qun l, hi trng, nh n, gara xe p, xe my, t, nh y t, cng ra vo v phng bo v, nh ho nghim, tu theo din tch nh my, quy m sn xut m vng ny chim t 420% din tch nh my. -Vng sn xut bao gm phn xng sn xut, phng iu khin trung tm, cc cng trnh thuc dy truyn sn xut. Vng ny thng chim t 22-25% din tch nh my. -Vng ph tr sn xut bao gm xng c in, l t, khu thit b trao i nhit, nh cu ho, h thng bm, thit b to hi nc, khu thit b ngng t v lm lnh, khu lm sch nc thi. -Vng kho tng v ng giao thng bao gm kho cha nguyn liu, kho cha sn phm, h thng ng giao thng. ng t l h thng ng b tng, 2 ln xe chy mi ln 2,5 m, va h i b chiu rng 1 m. Din tch ph hp thng chim t 23-37%. Cc hng mc cng trnh .Bng 37 Tn cng trnh
Kch thc
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Thit k
T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 Thit b sy kh Thit b phn ng My nn v bm Thit b tch Thp n nh Ct hp ph v van
S lng 2 2 1 1 1 1
di(m)
rng(m Din ) tch (m2) 288 288 144 288 288 288 288 108 288 108 288 108 144 108 144 108 288 288 288 288
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24 24 12 24 24 24 24 12 24 12 24 12 12 12 24 12 24 24 24 24
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 12 9 12 9 12 9 12 9 12 12 12 12
quay Thp chng ct 1 L t v thit b 1 ni hi Ct Rafinat Nh iu khin B cha nc Nh sn xut nc Trm in Nh cu ho Nh c kh Phng ho nghim Nh xe Nh hnh chnh Nh n Hi trng 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
88
Thit k
0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9
B cha nguyn liu B cha xng
10 6
12 12 6 6 6 6
12 12 6 6 6 6
1440 864 144 144 144 144 1900
Thit b cha Hyro 4 B cha kh nhin 4 4 4
liu B cha kh nh Phng bo V t d tr Trm nhp
nguyn 1 1
12 12
9 9
108 108 9424
liu Trm xut sn phm Tng
III.2. u, nhc im ca nguyn tc phn vng + u im: - D dng qun l theo ngnh, theo cc xng, theo cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut. Thch hp vi cc nh my c nhng xng, nhng cng on c c im sn xut khc nhau. m bo cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip, d dng s l cc b phn pht sinh cc iu kin bt li trong qu trnh sn xut nh kh c, bi, chy n. D dng b tr h thng giao thng bn trong nh my. 89
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Thit k
Thun li cho qu trnh m rng nh my. Ph hp vi c im kh hu vit Nam + Nhc im: Dy truyn sn xut phi ko di, h thng mng li k thut v mng li giao thng tng, h s xy dng, h s s dng thp. IV.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut nh gi la chn phng n thit k tng mt bng nh my ngi ta da vo mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut. Din tch nh my: 38000 m2 Din tch xy dng: 9424 m2 Din tch s dng: 24700 m2 H s xy dng: KXD =
A+ B 100% F
H s s dng:
K sd = A+ B+C .100 % F
Trong : F: Din tch ton phn xng A: Din tch chim t ca nh v cng trnh B: Din tch kho bi l thin C: Din tch chim t ca ng b, st, ng k thut, rnh thot nc. Theo s liu trn ta tnh c: H s xy dng:
K XD = A+ B 9424 .100% = .100% = 24,8% F 38000
H s s dng:
K sd = A+ B +C 24700 .100% = .100% = 65% F 38000
Vy:
KXD=24,8%.
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90
Thit k
Ksd=65%. IV.Cc nguyn tc v thng s k thut trong xy dng IV.1 Cc nguyn tc khi xy dng Vic xy dng cn phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau : Cn b tr cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn mt cch hp l m bo cc hng mc hot ng thun tin v hp l nht. Cc hng mc cng trnh cn c thit k gn gng, hp l v tit kim din tch nht Trit vic b tr mt bng to iu kin thun li cho vic tho x cn v sn phm cng nh tit kim nng lng. Khi b tr cc cng trnh trn mt bng cn phi d kin trc cc hng mc s xy dng giai on sau to iu kin thun li cho vic sn xut. Cc cng trnh ph tr cn phi t gn cc cng trnh chnh gim chi ph vn chuyn. Cc cng trnh gy nhim bn, c hi nn b tr ring bit xa cng trnh chnh, cui hng gi v t ngi qua li. Trm bin th nn t gn ni s dng nhiu nht nh my bm, my nn v gn ng b. ng giao thng ni b cn b tr hp l n tng cng trnh vi chiu rng ln xe t c th ra vo c. m bo m quan nh my.
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Thit k
IV.2 Thng s k thut trong xy dng * Nh hnh chnh, nh ngh, sinh hot, nh bo v, y t, nh v sinh, nh iu khin trung tm, nh bm qut. -Ging mng b tng ct thp. -Nn va xi mng 30 mm, lt gch hoa. -Tng gch bao quanh 220mm, tng ngn 110mm. -Kt cu mi bng, mi b tng ct thp dy 9mm. * Nh xe p , xe my v t -Tng gch 100mm. -Dm mi bng b tng ct thp, dm dc v hai pha, kt cu mi bng tn thp, x g bng thp. -Nn b tng xi mng ct si. -Ct bng b tng ct thp, kch thc 300.400mm. * Nh kho, nh sa cha -Mng ging b tng ct thp. -Ct phn trn vai ct 300.400mm, phn di vai ct 400.600mm. Chn ct mt thn nh c cu trc nh hn 30 tn. -Dm mi bng b tng ct thp, nghing v hai pha, mi bng fibr ximng, x g bng thp. -Nn kt cu bng b tng xi mng ct si. -Tng gch 200 mm trt va xi mng. * B cha - B cha l cc thp c lm bng vt liu CT3 v c bo n. * Giao thng trong phn xng
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92
Thit k
ng giao thng trong phn xng c tri nha, c chiu rng 6m gm 2 cng vo phn xng: cng chnh v cng ph. Cng chnh c ni lin vi ng quc l. ng c b tr thun li cho vic i li v vn chuyn cc thit b khi lp t cng nh khi sa cha. Hai bn ng trng cy cnh v cc vn hoa m bo cnh quan cho mi trng nh my. Cc ng ng chnh trong nh my nh ng ng thot nc phc v sn xut, sinh hot, ng ng nc thi, nc ma. IV.3 B tr mt bng Din tch cn s dng cho phn xng l 1430 m2. Trong h s s dng l 65%. Do yu cu ca dy chuyn cng ngh cc thit b c b tr trong nh sn xut c b tr gia phn xng. ph hp vi dy chuyn cng ngh ta b tr cc thit b sao cho bo m sn xut mt cch lin tc thun li. Cng trnh c b tr l thin, cho nn cn m bo che chn cc b to iu kin thun li cho cng nhn khi lm vic. V. T ng ho V.1. Mc ch T ng iu chnh l qu trnh ng dng cc dng c, cc thit b v cc my mc t ng iu khin vo qu trnh cng ngh. Nhng phng tin ny cho php thc hin cc qu trnh cng ngh theo mt chng trnh tiu chun c to dng ph hp vi cng ngh, m bo cho my mc thit b hot ng theo ch ti u nht, vic t ng ho khng ch lm n gin cc thao tc trong sn xut, trnh c nhm ln, tng nng sut lao ng v cho
93
Thit k
php gim s lng cng nhn v cn l bin php hu hiu trong an ton lao ng. m bo cc yu cu trn th vic s dng h thng t ng o lng v cc bin php t ng ho trong sn xut khng ch l mt vn cn thit m cn c tnh cht bt buc i vi cng ngh ny. Trong khi hot ng ch mt thit b khng n nh th ch cng ngh ca c dy chuyn b ph v, trong nhiu trng hp phi ngng hot ng ca c dy chuyn sa cha cho d ch mt thit b. Nh vy t cc c im cho thy o lng t ng ho v t ng ho trong dy chuyn cng ngh l mt vn ht sc quan trng. N khng ch tng nng sut ca cng ngh, cng sut ca thit b m l c s vn hnh cng ngh ti u nht, tng hiu qu thu hi sn phm ng thi gim ng k cc chi ph khc, m bo an ton cho nh my sn xut, nh c t ng ho m nhng ni c th xy ra cc hin tng chy n hay r r hi sn phm c hi ra ngoi c iu khin t ng, t ng kim tra trnh c vic s dng cng nhn. T ng ho m bo cc thao tc iu khin cc thit b cng ngh mt cch chnh xc, trnh c cc s c xy ra trong thao tc iu khin, t ng bo ng khi c s c xy ra. V.2. H thng iu khin t ng H thng t ng iu chnh bao gm i tng iu chnh (T) v b iu chnh (BC). B iu chnh c th bao gm b cm bin v b khuych i. B cm bin dng phn nh s sai lch cc thng s iu chnh so vi gi tr cho trc v bin i thnh tn
94
Thit k
hiu. B khuych i lm nhim v khuych i tn hiu ca b cm bin gi tr c th iu khin (CQK), c quan ny tc ng ln i tng nhm xo i sai lch ca cc thng s iu chnh. Mch iu chnh c khp kn nh quan h ngc. Quan h ny c gi l hi tip chnh. V.3. Cc dng iu khin t ng + T ng kim tra v t ng bo v: T ng kim tra cc thng s cng ngh ( nhit , p sut, lu lng, nng ,) kim tra cc thng s cng ngh c thay i hay khng? Nu c th cnh bo ch th ghi li gi tr thay i , truyn tn hiu tc ng iu chnh n i tng. 5.1
1 5
t
2
CB
3
BK
CT 5.2
1
N
3 4
G PL
5.3 5.4
C th biu din s t ng kim tra v t ng iu chnh nh trn: 1. i tng iu chnh; 2. Cm bin i tng 3. B khuych i; 4. Yu t nhiu. 5. C cu chp hnh 5.1. Cnh co 5.2. Ch th bng kim hoc bng s
95
Thit k
5.3. Ghi li s thay i 5.4. Phn loi + Dng t ng iu khin. S cu trc nh sau:
T CB BK B
2 4
N
1. i tng iu khin 2. Cm bin i tng 3. B khuych i 4. Yu t nhiu B c cho php ta c tn hiu iu khin, n l mt t chc tc ng c nh hng iu khin t ng. + Dng ng iu chnh: S cu trc: 5
T CB SS B
1
CCCH BK
2
N
7 4 1. i tng iu chnh ; 2. Cm bin i tng 3. B khuych i ; 4. Yu t nhiu 5. B c; 6. B so snh ; 7. C cu chp hnh
Trong tt c cc dng t ng iu khin thng c s dng nht l kiu h thng t ng iu khin c tn hiu phn hi .Gi tr thng tin u ra ca thit b da trn s khc nhau gia cc gi tr o c ca bin iu khin vi gi tr tiu chun. S c m t nh sau: N
96
Thit k
i lng t Y XC X XCB
i lng ra x
phn hi
S mch iu khin phn hi Y : i lng t t tr X : i lng ra iu chnh N : Tc nhn nhiu cm bin O : i tng iu chnh t tr XPH: Tn hiu phn hi XT - XCB CB : Cm bin SS : Phn t so snh Phn t cm bin: l phn t lm nhim v nhn tn hiu iu chnh X v dch chuyn n ra mt dng thng s khc cho ph hp vi thit b iu chnh. Phn t t tr: l b phn n nh cc thng s cn duy tr hoc gi tr phm vi cc thng s cn duy tr (XT). Khi thng s vn hnh lch ra khi gi tr th thit b iu chnh t ng phi iu chnh li cc thng s cho ph hp (thng trn b t tr c thit k cc vt hoc cng
T : Phn t C : Phn t X CB : Ga tr XT : Ga tr X ( tr s ) =
97
Thit k
tc ngi iu chnh d dng thay i cc gi tr (t cc thng s iu chnh) cho ph hp khi vn hnh. - Phn t so snh: l c cu tip nhn gi tr ca phn t nh tr qui nh (XT) so snh vi gi tr thng s nhn c t phn t cm bin XCB, xc nh sai lch ca hai thng s X = XT - XCB a tn hiu vo c cu iu chnh. - C cu iu chnh: c nhim v bin cc tn hiu nhn v sai lch X gy ra tc ng iu chnh trc tip. Gi tr iu chnh c thay i lin tc tng ng vi s thay i lin tc ca c cu iu chnh. V.4. H iu khin phn hi S iu khin nng Dng c o Thit b khin LC chnh Dn g ra Trong s ny bin c iu khin l nng , tc dng chy l bin thao tc. Tn hiu c iu khin sinh ra bng cch so snh cc gi tr ca bin c iu khin (nng ) vi gi tr mong mun (gi tr ci t). S sai khc gia hai tn hiu ny c gi l tn hiu sai khc, h thng iu khin thng tin lun l hm ca cc tn hiu sai khc. Tn hiu iu khin thng c dng bng hi nc hoc c dng bng in. Tn hiu iu khin c gi qua van iu
B iu Van iu
98
Thit k
khin n cc v tr c bit hoc ng, m. Bt k mt s thay i no trong cc tn hiu iu khin dn n cc thay i c th tnh trc trong tc dng chy ca cht lng khi ra khi thit b. Nh vy v nguyn tc th nguyn l iu khin ca h thng nh trn hu nh l ging nhau cho tt c cc h thng. H thng iu khin thit b gia nhit khng cn thit ti sao gi tr nhit ti u ra ca dng c gia nhit li thay i nhng tc ca dng tc nhn vn c th thay i c mt cch n gin cho nhit u ra ca dng c gia nhit c tng thch vi gi tr nhit c ci t. TC mong mun TC TI Hi tc nhn mang nhit Dng vo Dng ra Dng tc nhn ra V.5. Cu to ca mt s thit b t ng cm bin V.5.1. B cm bin p sut Trong cc b iu chnh thng s dng b cm ng p sut kiu mng, hp xp, Piston, ng cong n hi, vic chn b cm ng p sut ph thuc vo vic cm ng v chnh xc theo yu p thc Nhit
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99
Thit k
p B cm ng sut kiu mng piston kiu

p Cm bin kiu hp xp cung trn V.5.2. B cm ng nhit Hot ng ca cm ng nhit da trn nguyn l gin n nhit, mi quan h gia nhit ca cht kh v p sut hi bo ho ca n trong h kn, da trn nguyn l nhit in tr. Cm bin kiu
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100
Thit k
Cm ng nhit kiu mng. kiu hp xp.
Cm ng nhit
Cm ng nhit kiu thanh kiu in tr
Cm ng nhit
V.5.3. B cm ng mc o cht lng Mc cc cht lng c th o bng nhiu cch khc nhau nhng phng php n gin v c chnh xc cao l o bng p
Kiu phao d. B cm bin lu lng
Kiu mng
B cm bin lu lng c xy dng trn s ph thuc Q = f.V f: Din tch ca ng ng dn
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101
Thit k
V: Tc cht lng chy trong ng dn theo nh lut Becnuli
2 S
Vi S: T trng ca cht lng;
: chnh lch p sut cht lng

Nu t trng khng i th lu lng th tch ph thuc vo hai thng s l tit din chnh lch p sut f v Ta c hai cch o lu lng: + Khi tit din khng i o lu lng bng chnh lch p sut trc v sau thit b c ng hp. + Khi chnh lch p sut khng i o din tch tit din ca ng dn xc nh c lu lng ca dng chy.
Phn IV
tnh ton kinh t I. Mc ch v nhim v ca vic tnh ton kinh t Sau khi thit k phng n v k thut v cng ngh sn xut cho phn xng isome ho cng sut 1,11Triu tn/nm cng vic k tip l phi tnh ton kinh t.
102
Thit k
Tnh ton kinh t l mt phn quan trng trong n thit k n quyt nh xem trong phng n thit k c tnh kh thi hay khng. Mt phng n thit k tt m bo v trnh k thut sn xut, cht lng sn phm ng thi em li hiu qu kinh t cho nh sn xut. Vi 3 nhim v chnh: Xc nh chi ph cho phng n sn xut Xc nh gi bn sn phm Xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca phng n k thut nh gi c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t ca phng n k thut. II. Cc loi chi ph II.1. Chi ph u t xy dng c bn Chi ph xy dng nh xng: 9424 (m2) . 3 (triu ng) = 28272 (triu ng). Chi ph xy dng cng trnh ph tr (cu cng, ng x, khu cha) 15276(m2) * 1 (triu ng) = 15276(triu ng). Chi ph kho st v thit k xy dng c tnh bng 1% chi ph xy dng: 1% (28272 + 15272) = 435,48 (triu ng). Tng chi ph xy dng: 28272 + 15272 + 435,48 = 43983,48 (triu ng). II.2. Chi ph cho mua my mc thit b Mua my mc thit b ca hng UOP (i theo t gi 1$ = 15860 ng (Mua my mc thit b theo gi c tnh c chi ph vn chuyn, lp t).
103
Thit k
Dy chuyn cng ngh mua ca hng UOP vi gi : 391604 triu ng. II.3. Cc loi chi ph khc Chi ph chuyn giao cng ngh 19608 triu ng. Chi ph chy th = 100 triu ng. Chi ph khc (chi ph m phn, chi ph hi quan) = 100 triu ng. II.4. Tnh khu hao Nh xng v cc cng trnh ph tr khu hao trong 20 nm. Khu hao trong 1 nm ca nh xng v cc cng trnh ph tr l:
28272 +15272 20
=2177,4 triu ng.
Chi ph kho st v thit k c khu hao ngay trong u = 30,3 triu ng. Vy khu hao cho u t xy dng c bn l: 2177,4+ 30,3 = 2207,7 triu ng. Thit b phn ng, thit b gia nhit, thp tch c tnh khu hao trong 20 nm:
338457 20
= 16922,85
Thng cha khu hao trong 5 nm:

530 2
=265 triu ng.
Bm khu hao trong 2 nm:

688 2
= 344 triu ng
Vy chi ph di hn l: Bng 38: Cc loi chi ph di hn Chi ph

Thnh tin, triu Khu
hao,
Tr-
triu 104
Thit k
ng u t xy dng c 43983,48 bn Mua my mc 391604 19808 455395,48
ng 2207,7 17426,85 100 19734,55
thit b Chi ph khc Tng
III. Chi ph lu ng III.1. Chi ph mua nguyn vt liu Phn xng hot ng 24h/ngy, 340 ngy/nm Do nguyn liu cn dng l: 1,11Triu tn/nm Xc tc lm vic trong 2 nm mi phi ti sinh v c th thay th mi m khng cn ti sinh Bng 39: Chi ph mua nguyn vt liu TT S lng, n gi, triu Thnh tin, triu ng 4885,67 4440000 4444885,67 T Xc tc 69,300 Nguyn liu 1110000 Tng ng/T 70.5 4,0
Bng 40: Chi ph nhin liu TT Nhin liu in Nc Tng Lng tiu n gi, triu Thnh tin, triu ng 0.5 0,0018 0,0008 ng 8071 7200 720 15991 th 16142 tn 4000000Kw 900000 m3
III.2. Nhn cng sn xut trc tip Bng 41: S nhn cng v tin cng TT Lng tiu n gi, triu Thnh tin, triu 105
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Thit k
th
ng
ng 4 3,5 3,5 15 30 140 227,5 227,5.12 = 2730
Qun c 1 4 Ph qun 1 3,5 c K s 10 3,5 Th in 5 3 Th c kh 10 3 Cng nhn 70 2,0 Tng Chi tr lng cng nhn tng 1 nm l: triu ng
Bo him x hi 17%, phc li x hi 10% lng. 2730 (17% + 10%) = 737,1 triu ng Tng chi ph cho nhn cng sn xut trc tip l: 1379,22 triu ng. Bng 42: Chi ph bin i Chi ph Nguyn liu, xc tc Nhin liu Nhn cng Tng III.3. Cc chi ph chung Chi ph bo dng v sa cha my hng nm 100 triu ng. Chi ph vn phng: Chi ph in thoi 50 triu/nm. Bo v 162 triu ng Qun l hnh chnh 150 triu ng Li vay u t. p dng li vay di hn ca ngn hng u t v pht trin l 8,4% Li = li sut vn u t ban u.
Thnh tin, triu ng 4444885,67 15991 3467,1 4464343,77
106
Thit k
Vn u t ban u = chi ph c nh + chi ph bin i. Vy vn u t ban u: Bng 43: Tng vn u t cn Vn C nh Nguyn vt liu Nhin liu Nhn cng Qun l chung Tng Tin, triu ng 455395,48 4444885,67 15991 3467,1 150 4919889,25
Vn lu ng: 4919885,29 - 455395,48 = 4464493,77 triu ng. (Ta xem ton b vn lu ng l i vay) Li phi tr trong 1 nm = 4464493,77 x 8,4% = 375017,47 triu ng Ngoi ra trong qu trnh sn xut cn c ph phm, do s c lng ph nguyn liu = 5% chi ph bin i = 5% x 4464493,77 = 223224,69 triu ng. Bng 44. Chi ph sn xut ca 1110000 tn sn phm Chi ph Khu hao Chi ph bin i Chi ph qun l chung Li Ph phm Tng Thnh tin, triu ng 19734,55 4464343,77 150 375017,47 223224,69 5082470,48
Gi thnh ca 1 n v sn phm ti ni sn xut: 107
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Thit k
GT =
5082470 ,48 1110000
= 4,5788 Triu ng/tn
Gi thnh sn phm = gi thnh sn xut + chi ph bn hng + thu + li. Trong : Chi ph bn hng = 10% gi bn. Li d kin l 5% gi bn GB = GT + (5% + 10% + 5%)GB GB = 4,5788+ (0,05 + 0,1) 4,5788= 5,26 triu ng/tn IV. Xc nh hiu qu kinh t Xc nh im ho vn. Q0 l sn lng ha vn. Q0 x GB = V0 + C1 + Q0 x c c: chi ph bin i cho 1 n v sn phm 3,76 triu ng. C1: chi ph chung. C1 = 5082470,48 triu ng. V0 khu hao ti sn c nh trong 1 nm. V0 = 19734,55 triu ng. Q0 =
V0 + C1 5082470 ,48 +19734 ,55 = = 7490025 5,26 4,5788 GB c Q0 7490025 = = 6,75 nm. L 1110000
Vy thi gian thu hi vn l:
Li nhun thu c trong mt nm: Ln = (GB - GT).1110000 = (5,26- 4,5788).1110000 = 756132 triu ng/nm E = LN/vn = 756132/5082470,48 = 0,149 = 14,9% Phng n c coi l kh thi nu thi gian ho vn nh hn thi gian khu hao. Trn y ta tnh khu hao trong 108
Thit k
20 nm. Vy thi gian ho vn l 6,75 nm hon ton kh thi v c th thc hin c.
Phn V
An Ton Lao ng V Bo V Mi Trng I. Khi qut Trong qu trnh sn xut cc nh my ho cht ni chung v nh my lc du ni ring th vn an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng l ht sc quan trng. Chi ph dnh cho cng tc ny c th chim n 40% chi ph vn hnh. Mt trong nhng vn cn c quan tm nht l:
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an ton chy, n. Tt nhin l cn c nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn khc. C th phn chia nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn thnh ba nhm: I.1. Nguyn nhn do k thut Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh trng my mc, thit b ng ng, ni lm vic bao gm: +S h hng cc my mc chnh v cc dng c, ph tng. +S h hng cc ng ng. +Cc kt cu thit b, dng c, ph tng khng hon chnh. +Khng m bo khong cch an ton gia cc my mc. +Thiu ro chn, ngn che. I.2. Nguyn nhn do t chc Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc vo vic t chc hoc giao nhn cng vic khng ng quy nh bao gm: +Vi phm quy tc quy trnh k thut. +T chc lao ng, ch lm vic khng ng yu cu. +Gim st k thut khng y . +Phm vi ch lm vic. + S dng lao ng khng ng ngnh ngh, chuyn mn. +Ngi lao ng cha nm vng c iu l, quy tc an ton trong lao ng. I.3. Nguyn nhn do v sinh +Mi trng khng kh b nhim +iu kin kh hu khng thch nghi +Cng tc chiu sng v thng gi khng c tt.
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+Ting n v chn ng mnh +Vi phm iu l v sinh c nhn II. Nhng yu cu v phng chng chy n Nh chng ta bit nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho u d b chy n. V vy vn quan tm l phng chng chy n. Di y l nhng yu cu v chy n. II.1. Phng chng chy phng chng chy phi thc hin cc bin php sau y: +Ngn nga nhng kh nng to ra mi trng chy. +Ngn nga nhng kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy trong mi trng c th chy c. +Duy tr nhit ca mi trng thp hn nhit cho php ln nht c th chy c. +Duy tr p sut ca mi trng thp hn p sut cho php ln nht c th chy c. II.2. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy trong mi trng chy phi tun theo nhng quy tc v: +Nng cho php ca cc cht chy dng kh, hi hoc dng l lng trong khng kh. Ni cch khc l phi tin hnh qu trnh ngoi gii hn chy n ca hn hp hydrocacbon vi khng kh v oxy. +Nng cn thit ca cc cht gim nhy trong cht chy dng kh, hi hoc lng. +Tnh d chy ca cc cht, vt liu, thit b v kt cu.
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II.3. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy +Tun theo nhng quy nh v s dng, vn hnh v bo qun my mc, thit b cng nh vt liu v cc sn phm khc c th l ngun chy trong mi trng chy. + S dng thit b ph hp vi loi gian phng s dng v cc thit b bn ngoi ph hp vi nhm v hng ca cc hn hp nguy him chy n. + p dng quy trnh cng ngh v s dng thit b bo m khng pht sinh ra tia la in . + C bin php chng st, ni t cho nh xng, thit b . + Quy nh nhit un nng cho php ln nht ca b mt thit b, sn phm, vt liu tip xc vi mi trng chy. + S dng nhng thit b khng pht ra tia la in khi lm vic vi nhng cht d chy n. + Loi tr nhng iu kin c th dn n t chy do nhit , do tc dng ho hc v do vi sinh vt i vi cc vt liu v kt cu ca c s sn xut. III. An ton v trang thit b trong nh my ho cht t khu thit k n khu vn hnh III.1. Khi thit k tng mt bng v x nghip S an ton trong x nghip ph thuc rt nhiu vo khu t v b tr xy dng trn . Khu t phi tng i bng phng, c dc tiu thot nc, thm nc, c mc nc ngm thp hn chiu su tng hm. Khi quy hoch phi nghin cu cc bin php trnh cht c hi thi ra, trnh tn la bi xng du rt d chy n.
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Trong nh my ch bin phi c y trang thit b phng chng chy, n bao gm: Chn cu ho, bnh bt, xe cu ho, my cu ho, ct v h thng nc cu ho bt k nc no v vi thi gian di dp tt hn m chy. Tt c cc trang thit b ny phi c b tr mt cch hp l khi s c xy ra th vi trang thit b phi thao tc kp thi. ng i trong nh my phi m bo cho xe cu ho i li thun tin, cc thit b cha chy phi c t ti ni d thy, d ly v phi c kim tra thng xuyn. Thit b trong nh my phi kn, khng r r, cc b cha nguyn liu phi c ni t bng dy tip in d phng xng du khi bm chuyn tch in s phng in, st nh gy chy n, xung quanh khu b cha phi c xy tng ngn cch vi cc khu vc khc. B tr kt cu, mu sc, cc b phn, dng c o m bo d thao tc khng nhm ln khi vn hnh. B tr t cc ngun in, trang thit b in, cc loi cu dao ngt in ph hp vi mi trng, m bo an ton. xy dng cc khu phn xng d chy n v tr cch ly vi cc khu vc khc, s dng vt liu xy dng bn, chu nhit, nh, b tr nhiu ca ra vo, m bo quy ch an ton. III.2. C s k thut an ton phng chng chy trong cng nghip Do c th ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin du m: sn phm ca qu trnh l nhng cht d chy n. Chnh v vy vn phng chng chy n c t ln hng u khi ni n an ton trong mt nh my ni chung v mt phn xng ni ring. bao gm an ton vi trang thit b k
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thut ca cc qu trnh sn xut, an ton vi cc iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn, an ton mi trng. An ton vi thit b nhit (Ni hi, thit b trao i nhit, s dng nhit). un nng nguyn liu d chy n nh du m v d sinh ra chy cc b khi c cn ng vo thnh th ngi ta khng dng phng php un bng ngn la m dng o bc cha cht mang nhit bn (difenil, difenil oxit). Cc vt liu dng lm ni hi v ni phi lm bng thp c (ng khng hn). i vi loi p sut cao dng thp cht lng cao cha Si, Mo v Cr. Gang c dng cho thit b un nng khng qu 300oC v p sut nh, ng knh khng ln, c th dng gang c thm Mo un nng trn 3500C. Ni hi cn phi c van an ton, p k, ng thng, van ng v van x nc 1 chiu, van ng v van x hi, van an ton. c bit van an ton th ni hi phi c hai van, tc dng c lp hn vi nhau. Ni hi phi c t trn nn mng ring, khng lin h vi tng nh, t cc gian nh mt tng, c tng v c mi khng chy. Trc khi s dng ni hi phi c kim tra k thut xc nh tnh trng ni hi. Trong thi gian s dng c 3 nm phi xem xt bn trong mt ln, thu lc t nht 6 nm mt ln. An ton i vi my nn, ng ng dn v b cha kh. Khi nn kh do p sut, nhit tng cao v do c nhng qu trnh ho hc do vy c th xy ra chy n gy tai nn. h thng my nn lm vic an ton th cn lm lnh lin tc, my nn p sut thp v nng sut thp th c
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Thit k
th lm lnh bng khng kh. Do hin tng gim nhit chy bng ca du bi trn lin quan ti s tng p sut nn nhit ca my nn khng c qu 1600C trong my nn 1 xy lanh v khng qu 1400C trong my nn nhiu xi lanh. Vi my nn 4-6 cp nu cn nn cao hn th phi c my lm lnh trung gian t ngoi v gia mi cp nn. ng ng dn dng vn chuyn cht lng nguy him, chu p sut cn phi m bo yu cu chu p sut, ng ng ch to t cc ng ko lin khng hn, ni mt bch tin hnh ch trong trng hp cn thit lp rp v sa cha. ng dn sn phm un nng cn phi t cch xa ng ng dn kh ho lng mt khong 0,5 m v phi c bo n. phng hng hc thit b dng van chnh lu, gim p sut qu ln ca hi, kh v kh khng nn. Sau van chnh lu ta t van an ton iu chnh p sut sau khi van chnh lu iu chnh. Tt c cc ng ng khi lp rp phi ch n hin tng bin dng v nt do ng sut nhit khi thay i nhit . + Khng c t ng ngay trn nn nh hoc mt t. + ng ng cn sn mu khc nhau d phn bit III.3. An ton chy n trong nh my ni chung v trong phn xng ni ring Tt c cc cht lng chy u c kh nng bc hi v chy ch xy ra trong pha hi. Trn b mt ca cht lng, bt c nhit no u c hi ca n, lng hi ph thuc vo thnh phn cht lng v nhit ca n.
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m bo trnh c chy v n khi tin hnh cc qu trnh k thut cn c cc bin php sau: + Thay th cc khu sn xut nguy him bng cc khu t nguy him hn. + C kh ho t ng ho lin tc cc qu trnh sn xut. + Thit b m bo kn, hn ch hi, kh chy bay ra khu vc sn xut. + Dng cc cht ph gia tr, cc cht c ch, cc cht chng chy n gim tnh chy n ca hn hp. + Loi tr mi kh nng pht sinh mi la ti nhng ni c lin quan n cht chy n. + Trnh mi kh nng to ra nng nguy him ca cc cht chng chy n. + Trc khi ngng sa cha hoc cho thit b hot ng tr li phi thi kh tr, hi nc vo thit b . III.4. An ton v in An ton v in l mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca cng tc an ton. Phi tun theo nguyn tc v k thut trnh gy ra tai nn in. + Dy in phi c ci tin bng v cao su v c th lng vo ng kim loi trnh b dt. + Cu dao c lp t sao cho d iu khin nhng cng khng qu thp v phi ni kh ro v an ton i vi ngi iu khin.
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IV. An ton lao ng v phng chng c hi vi cng nhn, mi trng Cng nhn lm vic trong nh my phi c hc tp cc thao tc v phng chy cha chy, nm c kin thc v c hi v bo v mi trng. Trong cng vic i hi cng nhn phi c tay ngh trnh hin tng xy ra ri vi, gy s c dn n chy n thit hi n tnh mng v ti sn. Trong nh my ngi cng nhn phi nghim chnh chp hnh mi qui tc, ni quy trong nh my nh: trong nh my cm mi hnh thc dng la, cm va trm gy ra tia la in. Khi sa cha khng dng in 220V m ch dng in 120 V thp sng. Cm dng ba st, giy c inh i li lm vic trong khu vc sn xut. Trong cng tc bo qun b cha i hi phi ui ht hi xng du ra khi b mi c vo trong. Cng nhn lm vic trc tip phi c trang b dng c bo h lao ng nh: ng, m o, gng tay,trong nh my ch bin du phi c t ng ho m bo an ton phng chng chy, trnh c hi cho con ngi. Trong nh my bm xng du nn trang b cc thit b phng chy t ng. xng du l cc hp cht bay hi nn cn phi cn x l hi xng du nhm m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng. Ngi lao ng cn phi c khm sc kho nh k v phi c ch bi dng c hi thch hp vi cng vic. Ngun nc thi trong nh my phi c x l sch cc hp cht c hi bng cc h thng s l nc thi ri mi c
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thi ra ngoi trnh nhim mi trng v ngun nc ca dn c ln cn nh my.
Phn kt lun Qu trnh isome ho tuy hin nay cha c cp n trong k hoch xy dng nhng nh my lc du u tin
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Vit Nam. Song nu nhn nhn xa hn trong tng lai, vi mc s dng nhin liu xng nh hin nay, nhu cu v xng cht lng cao, xng khng ch, th ngoi Reforming xc tc, Cracking xc tc l hai qu trnh ch bin c bn, qu trnh isome ho vn l mt phng n y trin vng. Cng vi nhng bc i u ca ngnh cng ngh ch bin du nc nh, tch lu kin thc, nghin cu nhng qu trnh ch bin cng nghip, hy vng chng ta s xy dng nn mt ngnh cng nghip mi nhn thc s cho t nc. Qua mt thi gian mit mi nghin cu, thc hin di s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio: Ts.Nguyn Hu Trnh, nn em hon thnh n. Thit k phn xng isome ho. Tuy cn nhiu sai st, hn ch song v c bn em nm c nhng l thuyt ct li ca quy trnh, nm c nhng nguyn tc quan trng trong thit k ca mt ngi k s ho du. Em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp, ch bo ca qu thy c gio. Em xin chn thnh cm n ! H Ni, ngy 8 thng 6 nm 2006. Sinh vin thc hin T Vn Nam
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Ti liu tham kho

1. PGS.TS. inh Th Ng. Ha hc du m v kh. NXB Khoa hc v k thut 2005. 2. TS. L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m. NXB Khoa hc k v thut 2001. 3. B mn nhin liu. Cng ngh ch bin du m v kh HBK 1983. 4. B mn nhin liu. Tnh ton cc cng ngh ch bin du m HBK 1973. 5. Kiu nh Kim Cc sn phm du m v ho du, 1999. 6. Khut Minh T Bi ging an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng. 7. HBKHN, S tay tm tt cc i lng ho l, NXB HBKHN , 1963 8. Hiu nh: PTS. Trn Xoa. PTS. Nguyn Trng Khung, KS. L Vin S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht (tp 1). NXB KHKT - HN 1992. 9. Hiu nh: PTS. Trn Xoa. PTS. Nguyn Trng Khung, PTS. Phm Xun Ton - S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho cht (tp 2). NXB KHKT - HN 1982. 10. PGS. Ng Bnh - C s xy dng nh cng nghip HBKHN - B mn xy dng cng nghip - HN 1997. 11. Robert.A.Meyers - Hanbook of petroleum refining processes, second edition. 1986. 12. IFP - Hydrocacbon processing, November 1998. 13. Hydrocacbon processing, November 2000 120
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14. Hydrocacborn Processing . November/2000 .trang 131134 15. ApPlied CtalysisA .Vol 147 .1996 trang 145-147 16. Japan. Energy Research Center Co., Ltd,3-17-35 NiizoMinami, Toda-Shi, Saitama 335-8502 Japan.
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n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Arabi a 64.3 33.3 2.4 46.6 40.5 3.9

Wyomin g 59.8 36.4 3.8 37.8 38.2 3.8

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Xyclohexan Benzen RON ca C5 RON ca C6

4.2 2.0 74.4 55.9

2.2 0.6 72.9 57.7

4.5 79.2 76.4

2.0 72.1 55.1

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

29 36,05 49,72 58 60,27 66,72 71,19 80,72 80,11

0,617 0,625 0,650 0,655 0,700 0,647 0,780 0,770 00,86

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

d = 10-150 m d = 3-6 d = 3-4, chiu cao h = 3-5

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

cc iso-parafin. Thng dng l cc kim loi qu sau Pt, Pd, Ni,

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Cch 2: CH2 CH2 CH3

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Ngoi cc phn ng trn cn xy ra phn ng to dime (c ch lng phn t):

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

H3 (3) H2C CH CH3

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

H 2C CH CH3 H2C CH CH3

H2C CH CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C C+ CH3 CH3

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

C5: n-pentan 2-metylbutan xyclopentan C6: n-hexan 2-metylpentan 3-metylpentan

64.3 33.3 2.4 46.6 40.2

59.8 36.4 3.8 37.8 38.2 29

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

2.2-dimetylbutan 2.3-dimetylbutan Metylcyclopentan Xyclohexan Benzen RON ca C5 RON ca C6

2.0 4.2 5.1 4.2 2.0 74.4 55.9

0.5 0.5 14.0 2.2 0.672.9 57.7

0.75 0.75 17.0 4.5 79.2 76.4

3.9 7.3 2.0 72.1 55.1

3.8 18.8 1.4 73 61.1

- p sut ring phn ca hydro, 4,3 1,3 5

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Arbian Nguyn liu Sn phm 31

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

Metyl xyclopenyan 10.8

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

2. Thit b gia 4. Thp tch

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha

n tt nghip phn xng izome ha