Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BI GING
K THUT X L NC THI
Th.S. Lm Vnh Sn
Dng cho sinh vin ngnh MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC
Nm xut bn 2008
Cht thi hu c
(g/ngi.ngy)
110
50
60
40
20
Cht thi v c
(g/ngi.ngy)
80
50
30
20
10
Trang 1
Bng 1.2: Thnh phn nc thi sinh hat phn tch theo cc phng php ca APHA
Cc cht (mg/l)
- Tng cht rn
- Cht rn ha tan
- Cht rn khng ha tan
- Tng cht rn l lng
- Cht rn lng
- BOD5
- DO
- Tng nit
- Nit hu c
- Nit ammoniac
- NO2
- NO3
- Clorua
- kim
- Cht bo
- Tng photpho
Mc nhim
Nng
1000
700
300
600
12
300
0
85
35
50
0,1
0,4
175
200
40
-
Trung bnh
500
350
150
350
8
200
0
50
20
30
0,05
0,2
100
100
20
8
Thp
200
120
8
120
4
100
0
25
10
15
0
0,1
15
50
0
-
Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi cc gi tr in hnh nh sau: COD=500 mg/l, BOD5=250 mg/l,
SS=220 mg/l, photpho=8 mg/l, nit NH3 v nit hu c=40 mg/l, pH=6.8, TS= 720mg/l.
Nh vy, Nc thi sinh hot c hm lng cc cht dinh dng kh cao, i khi vt c yu cu cho
qu trnh x l sinh hc. Thng thng cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cn cc cht dinh dng theo t l
sau: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1
Mt tnh cht c trng na ca Nc thi sinh hot l khng phi tt c cc cht hu c u c th b
phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt v khong 20-40% BOD thot ra khi cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cng
vi bn.
1.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip (nc thi sn xut)
L lai nc thi sau qu trnh sn xut, phc thhuc loi hnh cng nghip. c tnh nhim v nng
ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph thuc vo lai hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh
la chn.
Trong cng nghip, nc c s dng nh l 1 loi nguyn liu th hay phng tin sn xut (nc
cho cc qu trnh) v phc v cho cc mc ch truyn nhit. Nc cp cho sn xut c th ly mng
cp nc sinh hot chung hoc ly trc tip t ngun nc ngm hay nc mt nu x nghip c h
thng x l ring. Nhu cu v cp nc v lu lng nc thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t. Lu lng nc thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm
c sn xut.
Bng 1.3. lu lng nc thi trong 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Ngnh cng nghip
Tnh cho
1. Sn xut bia
2. Tinh ch ng
3. Sn xut b sa
4. sn xut x phng v cht ty ra
5. Sn xut nc khong v nc chanh
6. Nh my hp rau qu
7. Giy
8. Giy trng
9. Giy khng ty trng
10. Dt si nhn to
11. X nghip ty trng
1 l bia
1 tn c ci ng
1 tn sa
1 tn sn phm
1 tn
1 tn
1 tn sn phm
1 tn si
Lu lng nc
thi
5,65 (l)
10 - 20 (m3)
5-6 (l)
4,5 - 1,5
100
(m3)
1000 - 4000 (m3)
Trang 2
Ngoi ra, trnh cng ngh sn xut v nng sut ca x nghip cng c ngha quan trng. Lu
lng tnh cho 1 n v sn phm c th rt khc nhau. Lu lng nc thi sn xut li dao ng rt
ln. Bi vy s liu trn thng khng n nh v nhiu x nghip li c kh nng tit kim lng
nc cp do s dng h thng tun hon trong sn xut.
Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1 ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c
th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca cng ngh sn xut hoc iu kin mi trng.
Cn c vo thnh phn v khi lng nc thi m la chn cng ngh v cc k thut x l. Sau y
l 1 s s liu v thnh phn nc thi ca 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Bng 1.4. Tnh cht c trng ca nc thi 1 s ngnh cng nghip
Ch bin
sa
1000
- BOD5 (mg/l)
1900
- COD (mg/l)
- Tng cht rn 1600
300
(mg/l)
- Cht rn l lng 50
12
(mg/l)
7
- Nit (mgN/l)
29
- Photpho (mgP/l)
- pH
0
- Nhit ( C)
- Du m (mg/l)
- Clorua (mg/l)
- Phenol (mg/l)
Cc ch tiu
Sn xut
tht hp
1400
2100
3300
1000
150
16
7
28
500
-
Dt si
tng hp
1500
3300
8000
2000
30
0
5
-
Sn
xut
clorophenol
4300
5400
53000
1200
0
0
7
17
27000
140
80 100
110 140
140 180
cc khu thng mi, c quan, trng hc, bnh bin, khu gii tr xa h thng cng thot ca thnh
ph, phi xy dng trm bm nc thi hay khu x l nc thi ring, tiu chun thi nc c th
tham kho bng 1.6, bng 1.7, bng 1.8. Tuy nhin, c s thay i trong thc t iu kin nc ta.
Bng 1.6. Tiu chun thi nc t cc khu dch v thng mi
Lu lng (l/n v tnh- ngy)
Ngun nc thi
n v tnh
Khong dao ng
Tr s tiu biu
11
7,5 -15
Hnh khch
Nh ga sn bay
38
26 -50
u xe
Gara- t, sa xe
11
3,8 -19
Khch hng
Qun bar
50
38-60
Ngi phc v
1900
1515-2270
Nh v sinh
Kho hng ho
38
30-45
Nhn vin phc v
180
151-212
Khch
Khch sn
38
26-49
Ngi phc v
49
26-60
Cng nhn
Hiu git l
2080
1703-2460
My git
11
7,5-15
Ngi n
Tim n
38
26-50
Ngi lm
Siu th
49
26-60
Nhn vin
C quan
Trang 4
+ N
+q
+ Kng
: S dn c
: Tiu chun thot nc
:H s khng iu ha ngy H s khng iu ngy ca nc thi sinh
hot khu dn c ly Kng = 1,15 1,3
+ Kc
: H s khng iu ha chung
Trang 5
10
20
50
100
300
500
1000
5000
Kc max
2,5
2,1
1,9
1,7
1,6
1,55
1,5
1,47
1,44
Kc min
0,38
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,59
0,62
0,66
0,69
0,71
+P
+ qtc
Q = qtc x P
: Cng sut sn phm ca nh my
: Tiu chun (nh mc ) s dng nc cho sn xut. C th tham kho s liu
nh mc x thi ca nh my trong bng 1.10
Bng 1.10. Tiu chun thi nc ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
STT
Ngnh sn xut
Ch bin m cao su
Ch bin thy sn
20 100 m3/tn
Ch bin nng sn
6 60 m3/tn nng sn
Ch bin tht
3 10 m3/tn sn phm
Thuc da
65 100 m3/tn da t
Git gi
33 lit/kg qun o
Ru bia
C ph
22 m3/tn sn phm
Luyn du
3 m3/thng du th (150 l)
10
Luyn cn thp
11
15 25 lit/kg gia cm
12
Kh
35
2,5
25
3,0
Trang 6
Lng nc tm cho cng nhn sau gi lm vic theo kp l 40 60 lit/ngi v thi gian tm l
45 pht.
Lu lng nc thi trong cc x nghip cng nghip:
Qtb = (25N1 + 35N2)/1000, m3/ng
Qhmax = (25N3 + 35N4)/T.1000
Qsmax = Qhmax /3,6
S phn b lu lng nc thi sn xut theo ca kp c th ly theo phn trm lu lng ngy nh
trong bng 1.12
Bng 1.12. Phn b phn trm lu lng sn xut theo ca
Bui
Bui sng
Bui chiu
Bui m
C ngy
Lm vic 3 ca
40 50
35 30
20 25
100
Lm vic 2 ca
50 65
50 65
100
Ngoi ra khi khng c s liu c th ca tng nh my c th tnh lng nc thi chung theo din
tch ca khu cng nghip nh sau:
- KCN gm cc nh my SX ra sn phm th, t ngm nc, lng nc thi dao ng t 914m3/ha.ngy.
- SX sn phm ngm nc trung bnh t 14-28m3/ha.ngy.
- Lng nc thi KCN tnh theo lng nc cp: 90-95%
1.2.1.3. Nc ma
Vic xc nh lu lng nc ma kh phc tp. Rt nhiu cng trnh x l nc thi sinh hot hin
nay cha cp nhiu n vic xc nh lng ma. Ti liu ny trnh mt phng php ng hc
(phng php .) xc nh lu lng nc ma ti mt vng bt k. Vic tnh ton mg li thot
nc ma s cp trong mt ti liu khc ca tc gi
1.2.1.3.1. Cc s liu c bn thit k h thng thot nc ma
1. Thi gian ma: L thi gian ko di ca mt trn ma tnh bng pht hoc gi. Thi gian bt u
cn ma c lng nc chy vo mng li nh hn lu lng tnh ton. Hin tng ny gi l s
chm tr ca dng chy nc ma, do nc ma phi mt thi gian di chuyn t b mt lu vc n
mng li thot nc. V vy, trn sut chiu di on ng, lu lng lun nh hn lu lng ti a
hin din cui on ng tnh ton.
- Thi gian ma tnh ton:
ttt = tm + tr + to
Trong :
+ tm : Thi gian tp trung nc ma trn b mt t im xa nht n mng li
1,5.n 0, 6 .L0, 6
, phut
Z 0,3 .i 0,5 .I 0,3
9 Z,n,i : h s lp ph, h s nhm v dc b mt tp trung nc m
9 I
: cng ma, mm/pht
9 L
: chiu di on nc chy
tm =
Trang 7
2. Cng ma: l lng nc ma ri xung tnh trn mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi
gian. Cng ma c biu din di 2 hnh thc: theo lp nc v theo th tch.
- Cng ma tnh theo lp nc l t s gia chiu cao lp nc v thi gian ma.
i = h/t (mm/pht)
- Cng ma tnh theo th tch l lng nc ma tnh bng l/s.ha
q = 166,7 i (l/s.ha)
- Cng ma c xc nh theo cng thc Lin x c:
q=
[20 .q
n
20
(1 + C. lg P )]
tn
Trong :
+ n,C : i lng ph thuc c im kh hu tng vng
+ q20 : Cng ma trong thi gian 20 pht vi chu k P= 1 nm
+P
: Chu k ma, nm
+t
: thi gian ma tnh ton, pht
- Cng ma c xc nh theo cng thc Trn Lit Vin:
[(20 + b)
q=
+ q 20 (1 + C. lg P )
(t + b )
3. Chu k ma: L thi gian lp li mt trn ma c cng cng v thi gian ma. n v tnh
bng nm
4. Chu k trn cng (P): l thi gian c mt trn ma vt qu cng ma tnh ton
La chn P : + Khu dn c, thnh ph nh :
0,3 01 nm
+ Thnh ph ln, khu cng nghip:
01 03 nm
+ Khu vc c bit quan trng: 05 10 nm
Bng 1.13. Chu k trn cng i vi khu vc dn c
Loi cng
Khu vc
Ph chnh
Thun li
0,25
0,35
Rt bt li
1
2
Trang 8
> 100
0,25 0,33
0,33 0,50
0,33 0,5
0,5 1,5
0,5 1,5
1,5 2
23
4
0,33 0,5
0,5 1
23
5
0,5 1,5
12
35
5
12
13
5
10
34
5 10
10
10 20
P (nm)
12
3-5
Khi din tch b mt khng (hoc t) thm nc ln hn 30% din tch lu vc th h s dng chy
cho php ly bng tb l i lng trung bnh chung ca h s dng chy o v din tch b mt m
khng ph thuc vo cng ma v thi gian ma.
Bng 1.16. bng xc nh h s dng chy o v h s lp ph b mt Z
H s Z
Dng b mt
H s dng chy o
Mi nh, mt ng btng
0,95
0,240
Trang 9
Mt ph dm, o, ng nha
ng lt cui, hc
Mt ph dm khng c vt liu kt dnh
ng si trong vn
Mt t
Mt c
0,6
0,45
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,15
0,224
0,145
0,125
0,09
0,064
0,038
Bng 1.17. Gi tr
Din tch lu vc, ha
H s phn b ma ro
<300
1
300
0,96
500
0,94
800mg/l cn ha tan
70mg/l cn dng keo
130mg/l cn lng
200 mg/l cn
l lng (SS)
Tng hm lng
cn (TS). Chim
0.1% v trng
lng
100%
Nc chim 99.9
% theo trng
lng
BOD5 =
DOb - DOsau
(mg/l)
V
Ngun nc
10 C
0.17
0.425
K2
15 C
0.11
0.185
0.46
20 oC
0.15
0.02
0.05
25 oC
0.215
0.54
100
ht ti a
A
75
3
B
50
1
25
01
02
03 04 05 06
Thi gian, Ngy
07
08
th thay i ch Oxy
A: im ti hn ca ht Oxy ti a
B: im phc hi tc oxy ha tan ti a
1.2.4.5. pH
- nh gi s tn ti ca H+ trong nc thi. Ch tiu kh quan trng khi nghin cu x l nc
thi .
pH = -lg[H+]
- Qu trnh x l nc thi bng PP SH rt cn gi tr pH.
- Qu trnh XL hiu kh cn pH = (6.5-8.5). Tt nht l 6.8-7.4.
1.2.4.6. Hp cht Nit v Phospho
N l cht dinh dng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca VSV trong cc cng trnh XLSH. Trong
nc thi tn ti 2 dng l NO2-v NO3-. NO2- l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh nitrt ha. Qu
trnh ny bao gm 2 giai on:
Nitroza
2NH3 + 3O2
2HNO2 + 2H2O + Q
Nitrosomona
\Sau :
2HNO2 + O2
VK
2HNO3 + 2H2O + Q
Nitrobacter
Nh vy, NO2 v NO3 ch c th xut hin sau khi x l nc thi trong cng trnh sinh ha: Biophin
v Areten.
Phospho cng n nit l cht dinh dng cho VK sng v pht trin trong cc cng trnh x l nc
thi. Tn ti ch yu PO43-.
C hai loi Nit v P nu vt qu gi tr no s gy ph dng ha.
Trong x l nc thi bng PP SH thng COD:N:P ~150:5:1
1.2.4.7. Cc hp cht v c trong nc thi sinh hot khng cn phn tch, nhng ng lu l
chlorite v sulphate
- Chlorite khng bin i trong qu trnh x l, nhng n cho chng ta nhn bit nc thi sinh
hot c b pha trn nc thi CN hay khng.
- Sulphate trong iu kin him kh s sinh H2S rt hi.
- Nc thi CN cha mt hm lng cht v c, c c cc KL nng. Nn cn xc nh v loi tr
cc b trc khi cho vo mng li chung.
1.2.4.8. Thnh phn VS
Nc thi c cha mt lng ln VK, VR, nm, ru to, giun sn, . nh gi mc nhim bn
bi VK, ngi ta nh gi qua mt loi VK ng rut: Coli.
-
Coli index ( Coli chun ) l i lng dng tnh ton s lng trc khun c cha trong 1 lt
nc thi.
Tr s Coli ( Colitit) l th tch nc nh nht (ml) c cha mt trc khun. VD: ni rng
Colitit = 400 tc l trong 400 ml nc thi cha 1 trc khun.
Trong :
- rT: nhit phn ng & To (K)
- r20: nhit phn ng & 20oC
- : h s hot nhit (1.02-1.09)
Nng thch hp cho x l SH: 30-35oC
1.3. BO V NGUN NC KHI B NHIM BN, KH NNG T LM SCH CA
NGUN NC
1.3.1. Du hiu ngun nc nhim bn. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc
Du hiu:
- Xut hin cht ni ln trn b mt v cn lng y.
- Thay i tnh cht vt l (Mu sc, mi v).
- Thay i thnh phn ha hc (s lng CHC, phn ng, cht khong v cht c ).
- Lng oxy ha tan gim gim xung
- Thay i hnh dng v s lng vi trng gy bnh.
.Q + q
q
1 e l
=
3
Q
1 + e l
q
Trong :
+l
: Khong cch t ca x nc thi n mt ct tnh ton (m)
+
: H s c tnh n nh hng thy lc
Trang 14
=
E
3 E
q
: H s cong ( = l/l1)
: ( = 1: Ca x gn b , = 1.5: Ca x xa b )
: H s khuych tn
Vtb .H tb
200
g.Vtb .H tb
E=
2mc
E=
Loi 1
Cht nhim bn
1. SS
2. Mi, v
3. DO
4. BOD20
5. P
6. Mu sc
7. VK
8. Cht c
Ghi ch:
- Loi 1: Cp nc th, XN ch bin thc phm
- Loi 2: Cp cho Cng nghip , dng chn nui ca, tm git,
- Loi 3: Ti tiu, chn nui thy sn
1.3.3. Xc nh mc x l nc thi
- Khi b cc cht nhim trong nc thi khng phi lm cho chng bng khng m phi n
mc cho php x vo ngun (TC x thi).
- Cng trnh x l tt hay khng da vo 2 yu t:
+ Hiu qu x l (mc x l).
+ Nin hn s dng.
- C 2 cch xc nh mc x l:
+ Xc nh mc x l theo SS
+ Xc nh mc x l theo BOD
1.3.3.1.
Theo SS
Eo =
1.3.3.2.
Theo BOD
BOD ca nc thi cho php thi vo ngun:
Q Lth
10 k1t
L
ng
q 10 k1t
10 k1t
'
L2 =
+ Lth
10 k1t
Vi:
- Lng: BOD ngun
- k1, k1: Hng s tc tiu th oxy ca nc thi v nc ngun
- k1: Theo bng ph thuc nhit
To, oC
k1
10
0.063
15
0.08
20
0.1
25
0.126
30
0.158
Trang 16
c tnh ngun nc
0.17
0.185
0.02
0.215
0.425
0.684
0.46
0.74
0.05
0.08
0.54
0.865
Lo - L2
Lo . 100%
Theo SS
E = (VTB.HTB)/200 = (0.4 x 2)/200 = 0.004
= 1.2 x 1.5
1 -e- 0.32
Bi gii
3 0.004
0.8 = 0.321
3
30000
3
14
1 + 0.8 e- 0.32
= 0.85
30000
Theo BOD
14
3
10- 0.185x2.6
3
L2 = 0.85 0.8 (10- 0.08x2.6 - 2 10- 0.08x2.6 ) + 10- 0.08x2.6 = 28.69 (mg/l)
Eo = [(261 28.69)/ 261]. 100% = 89 (%)
1.4. S CNG NGH X L NC THI
1.4.1. C s la chn cng trnh x l nc thi:
Trang 17
Trong vic quyt nh xy dng cng trnh x l nc thi, 3 nhn t chnh quan trng c
gi l 3E, gm: Mi trng (Environment), K thut (Engineering), Kinh t (Economic) cn
phi hi ha vi nhau.
Khi kho st thit k mt t hp cng trnh, tin trnh xem xt theo s sau:
Trang 18
X l
tp trung
X l
trit
Phng php
x l
+ Ha L
+ Ha hc
Cng trnh x l
Mc tiu x l
- Tuyn ni
- Hp ph
- Keo t...
- Oxy ha
- Trung ha
- Trung ha v kh c
nc thi
+ C hc
- Song chn rc
- B chn rc
- B lng t I
- Tch cc tp cht rn v
cn l lng
+ Sinh hc
- H sinh vt
- Cnh ng lc, ti
- Knh oxy ha
- Aeroten
- B lc sinh hc
- B lng t II
- Tch cc cht hu c
dng l lng v ha tan
+ Kh trng
+ X l bn cn
- B metan
- n nh v lm kh
- Sn phi bn
- Trm x l c hc bn cn ngun cn
+ C hc
- B lc ct
+ Sinh hc
- B aeroten bc II
- B lc sinh hc bc II
- H sinh vt
- B kh nitrat
+ Ha hc
- B oxy ha
- Kh nit ,phtpho v
cc cht khc
Trang 20
SCRac
Be Lang Cat
be vt dau
Be lang t I
X Ly bac mot
Nc thai
Be aeroten
Be Lang t II
Cl2
X Ly
Sinh Hoc
Be tiep xuc
chlorine
kh nc
Nen bun
2.
Phan huy k kh
cha bun
9 -Be sinh hoc tiep xuc va be lang: Kh nhng chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc
(BOD) va can l lng (SS).
9 -Be sinh hoc tiep xuc c lam thoang bi may thoi thoi kh.
9 -Bun tuan hoan: duy tr mat o sinh khoi cao
9 -Bun d: bun d c thai en he thong x ly bun va thai bo.
9 -Trc khi x ra ngun ngun tip nhn, nc thi c a vo b tip xc chlorine kh
trng.
3. XLNT dt nhum:
Trang 22
B keo t to bng nu nh trn hnh l khng ph hp v cht l lng qua b hiu kh v b lng
c x l gn ht.B keo t to bng phi t sau b iu ha hiu qu x l t cao nht.
Trang 23
+2.4(m)
+1.9(m)
+2.4(m)
+1.8(m)
+1.8(m)
0(m)
Mat at
-0.8(m)
-2.0(m)
Be Aeroten a x b x c
16.5 x 7 x 4.5 (m)
Be Lang Li Tam II D x c
20.6 x 4.7(m)
Ong t chay
Be Lang Li Tam I D x c
11 x 4.7 (m)
Ong t chay
Be Tao Bong x b x c
10.6 x 2.5 x 1.8 (m)
Ong t chay
Be ieu Hoa a x b x c
14.1 x 9 x 4.8(m)
Ong t chay
Mat at
Ong t chay
Be Phan ng a x b x c
1.8 x 1.25 x 0.6 (m)
Ong t chay
Ho thu nc
axbxc
6 x 4 x 3 (m)
Bm ap lc
-3,74(m)
-1.2(m)
-2.0(m)
-2.4(m)
Ho Tiep Xuc a x b x c
6 x 4.4 x 3.3 (m)
Trang 24
0.0
+ 2000
+ 2000
+ 1000
XA RA NGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3800
-5200
-4400
BE IEU HOA
4*2,5*3,8
BE LANG I
BE AEROTANK
D=4
H=6,4
10*5,3*3,5
BE KH TRUNG
BE LANG II
D=4,8
H=7,2
11*7*4,4
3*1,3*2,3
+ 1400
+ 1500
+ 1000
+ 200
0.0
XA RANGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3000
-3850
-4015
TENCONGTRNH HAMBM
KCHTHC
(Dai*Rong*Cao), m
2,5*2,2*3,2
BE IEUHOA
15*5*2,7
BE LANGI
BE UASB
D=2,87
H=5,515
6*4*3,3
BE AEROTANK
19,1*4*5
BE LANGII
BE KH TRUNG
D=4,7
H=5,25
3*2,08*2,3
Trang 25
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
PAC
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
Al2(SO4)3
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
NaOH
0.00
0.00
BE LANG NGANG
15 x 4 x 2,5
ONG KHONG AP
ONG KHONG AP
BE TUYEN NOI
& IEU HOA
D x H = 7,4 x 4
BM AP LC
TRAM BM
2 x 2,8 x 2
BM AP LC
BE X LY SINH HOC
30 x 10 x 5
CHU THCH:
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
C-Polymer
MAY EP BUN
ng bun
BE NEN BUN
D x H = 5 x 4,4
ng hoa chat
Trang 26
Song chn rc th
Ta c th phn bit cc loi SCR nh sau:
SCR th: b = 30 200mm.
SCR c tinh: b = 5 25mm.
SCR c nh v di ng.
SCR th cng v c gii.
8 - 10
TNH TON
A-A
h1
Bs
Bk
l1
lS
l2
Trang 29
n=
q max
kz
b.h1 .v
B s Bk
(
2tg
l2 = 0,5l1 (m)
l1 =
Chiu di on thu hp sau:
Tn tht p lc qua SCR:
2
v max
2 g
0
=15-20 )
.K
+ : h s tn tht cc b: = (s/b)4/3sin.
+ : h s ph thuc hnh dng thanh an:
= 2,42
1,83
1,67
1,97
0,92
+ K: h s tnh ti s tng tn tht p lc do rc mc vo SCR: K = 3.
Lng rc c gi li:
Wr = a.Ntt /365.1000 (m3/ng.).
+ a: lng rc tnh cho 1 ngi/nm : 5 6 l/ngi.nm.
+ Dn s tnh ton: N = Q/q.
+ q: tiu chun thot nc:
Mt s c tnh ca SCR:
+ m rc: 80%.
+ tro : 7 8 %.
+ Trng lng th tch 750 kg/m3.
V d p dng: Tnh ton thit k song chn rc ca mt cng trnh x l nc vi cc thong s nh sau:
lu lng trung bnh QTBng = 300 m3/ngy.
-
Trang 30
a) S lng khe h
n=
Qmax
8,68 10 3
kz =
1,05 = 9,498(khe )
v s b hl
0,6 0,016 0,1
n : s khe h.
c)
hs =
v max
k
2g
Trong :
=
Vi:
3/ 4
0,008
sin = 2,42
0,016
3/ 4
= 600.
= 2,42
hs = 0,83
(0,6)2
2 9,81
sin 60 0 = 0,83
3 = 0,05(m ) = 5(cm )
L1 =
Bs Bk 0,3 0,2
=
= 0,13(m )
2tg
2tg 20 0
Trang 31
e)
= 200.
hmax = hl : y ng vi ch Qmax.
Tn thng s
Chiu di mng (L)
Chiu rng mng (Bs)
Chiu su mng (H)
S thanh song chn
S khe (n)
Kch thc khe (b)
B rng thanh (s)
Chiu di thanh (l)
n v
m
m
m
Thanh
Khe
mm
mm
mm
S lng
1,8
0,3
0,7
9
10
16
8
50
2.2.2. B lng ct
B lng ct thng dng lng gi nhng ht cn ln c cha trong nc thi (chnh l ct).
C nhiu loi b lng ct.
2.2.2.1. B lng ct ngang
B lng ct ngang nc chy thng thng c h thu cn u b. Ct c co v h thu
bng co st v ly ra bng bm phun tia.
Trang 32
Tnh ton:
Chiu di ca b:
Qmax
n.v
Nu trn : D =
4F
Nu vung : D = F
Tc nc : v = 0,4 m/s.
Thi gian lu: t = 2 3,5 pht.
2.2.2.3. B lng ct tip tuyn:
C mt hnh trn. Mng dn nc vo tip tuyn vi b. Chu tc dng ca 2 lc, lc bn thn
P, v lc ly tm.
Ti trng nc b mt : 100m3/m2.h.
Tc nc trong mng: 0,8 0,6 m/s.
Hiu qu gi ct: 90%.
h D/2.
2.2.2.4. B lng ct lm thong:
L bc pht trin ca b lng ct tip tuyn. Nh thi kh m dng chy nc thi trong b
va quay va tnh tin to nn chuyn ng xoc c.
Tnh ton
Hiu sut 90 95%.
ng knh ng thi kh: 2,5 6 mm.
Q
Din tch tit din ngang: F = max .
n.vt
Trang 34
Chiu rng b b.
uo : ln thu lc u0 ph thuc vo kch thc d ca ht ct theo bng di
y:
d(m)
0.1
0.12
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
uo(mm/s)
5.12
7.27
11.2
17.2
29.1
40.07
b
vv
(vv: vn tc vng theo chu vi tit din ngang: 0,25 0,3 m/s.)
Thi gian nc lu li: t = 1,1 .m.t1.
L=
1000 * K * H * v max
Uo
Trong :
-
Vy:
L=
B=
Qmax
v max * H
Trong :
-
Qmax: Lu lng ln nht giy, Qmax = 417 m3/h = 116 l/s = 0,116 m3/s
H = 0,3 m
Trang 35
0,116
=0,3m
0,3 * 0,3 * 4
B=
~ Chiu rng mng:
Bv
b=
m 2g
Bv 1 K 2 / 3
Qmax 1 K
3/ 2
Trong :
-
B = 1,3m
v = 0,3m
0,352.
-
K = 1,3.
Vy:
b=
0,352 2 * 9,81 0,116 1 1,3
1,3 * 0,3
3/ 2
=0,2m
~ chnh y:
P =
Qmax K K 2 / 3
.
Bv 1 K 2 / 3
Trong :
-
B = 1,3.
v = 0,3m/s.
Vy:
P =
0,116 1 0,4 1 / 3
= 0,2m
.
1,3 * 0,3 1 0,4 2 / 3
W =
Qtb * q o
1000
Trong :
-
Vy:
W =
4000 * 0,15
= 0,6 m3/ngay.d
1000
Phn lng ct c b tr pha trc ca b lng ct ngang. Trn mt bng c dng hnh vung, kch thc
1,1 x 1,1m, su H + 0,64m = 0,3 + 0,64 = 0,94m
Trang 36
~ Hm lng cht l lng, COD v BOD ca nc thi sau kh qua b lng ct gim 5% v cn li
-
2.2.3. B vt du m
Nc thi ca mt s x nghip n ung, ch bin b sa, cc l m, x nghip p du...
thng c ln du m. Cc cht ny thng nh hn nc v ni ln trn mt nc. Nc thi
sau x l khng c ln du m mi c php cho chy vo cc thy vc. Hn na, nc thi
c ln du m khi vo x l sinh hc s lm bt cc l hng vt liu lc, phin lc sinh hc
v cn lm hng cu trc bn hot tnh trong aerotank...
Ngoi cch lm cc gt n gin bng cc tm si qut trn mt nc, ngi ta ch to ra cc
thit b tch du, m t trc dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi.
Tnh ton:
Chiu di cng tc: L = K.(v/umin).h.
-
Trang 37
v/umin
10
15
20
1.5
1.65
1.75
1
( h n )g.d h2
18
9 d: ng knh du.
9 pn, pd: t trng ring ca du v nc. (g/cm3).
9 : nht nc thi ( 200c: =0,01).
Din tch tit din ngang: f = Q/v.
Chiu su cng tc: h = f/B. (B: b rng b)
Dung tch: W = B. L .h.
Thi gian lng: t = L/v.
V d p dng: Hy tnh ton b vt du m cho h thng x l nc thi c cng sut 200 m3/ngy,
Chn thi gian lu nc l 2h (1.5 3h )
Ti trng b mt 40 (m3/m2.ng.)
Chn kiu thit k di : rng l 1 : 4
Th tch ca b lng:
V = Q*T = 200*2 = 400 (m3/m2.ng.) = 16.67 (m3/h)
Din tch b mt:
F=
( )
Q 200
=
= 5 m2
Uo
40
( )
F = B * L = B * 4 * B = 4 * B2 = 5 m2
B = 1.12(m )
Ly B = 1.2 m
Chiu di L = 4*B = 4.8 m
Din tch F = 5.76 m2
Ti trng b mt
Uo =
Q 200
=
= 34.72 (nm trong gii hn cho php bng 4-3 sch tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh
F 5.76
XLNT)
Chiu cao b:
h=
V 16.67
=
= 2.98 m
F
5.76
Chn h = 2.9m
Th tch b lng:
V = F*h = 5.76*2.9 = 16.7 m3
Thi gian lu nc trong b
T=
V 16.7
=
= 2h
Q 200
24
v=
Q
200
=
= 0.0007(m / s )
B * h 86400 * 1.2 * 2.9
Hiu qu kh BOD
R BOD =
2
t
=
= 34.48 %
a + bt 0.018 + 0.02 * 2
Trang 38
Trang 39
M HNH TH NGHIM
VI
10
II
8
III
V
V
VI
CC BC TIN HNH.
5 (pht) 10
15
20
40
60
90
Trang 40
su
(m)
0.0 m
He
0.2 m
Hd
Hc
0.4 m
0.6 m
100%
h
Hb
0.8 m
1.0 m
1.2 m
1.4m
25
H1 =
35
1.6 m
40
Ra = 55%
H a + Hb
2
Rb = 65%
80
95
1.8 m
2.0 m
t1 = 18
t3 = 37.5
t4 = 50
t2 = 30
5.
10 15 20
Ha
40
t5 = 62.5
60
t6 = 82.5
t7 = 100
90
100
pht
+ ..
Trang 41
T cc s liu tnh ton trn xy dng biu hiu qu lng theo thi gian lu nc v hiu
qu lng theo tc chy trn.
T hai biu trn vi hiu qu lng yu cu c th xc nh thi gian lu nc v tc
chy trn thit k.
o th bie u die n mo i quan he gi a hie u qua la ng va to c o cha y tra n
o th bieu dien moi quan he gia hieu qua lang va thi gian lang
100
100
80
80
60
40
60
40
20
20
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
20
40
60
80
100
Nc ra
X cn
Nc vo
b) B lng trn phn phi vo bng mng quanh chu vi b v thu nc ra bng mng
trung tm
Nc vo
Nc ra
X cn
Trang 42
c) B lng trn phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra bng mng t vng quanh theo chu vi b.
Nc vo
Nc vo
Nc ra
Nc ra
X cn
Nc ra
h2
Cn
h3
h1
h4
Nc vo
i
L
Tm chn dng
Mng dn nc ra
Thu nc
Thu x cht ni
Vi:
- h1: chiu su lm vic.
- h2: chiu cao lp cha cn.
- h3: chiu cao lp nc trung ho (=0,4m).
- h4: chiu cao thnh b cao hn mc nc (0,25-0,4m).
Hxd = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
- i = 0,01-0,001.
- dc h thu khng nh hn 45o.
- B lng t 1 c chiu cao p lc x cn >=1,5m.
- Tm chn cao hn mt nc 0,15-0,2m v su hn so vi mc nc <=0,25m. t
cch mng phn phi (0,25-0,5m).
Tn thng s
1/ Thi gian lu nc
2/ Ti trng b mt
_ h trung bnh
_ h cao im
3/ Ti trong mng thu
n v o
Gi tr thng s
Khong dao ng
Tiu biu
Nc thi trc tip vo lng 1
(h)
1.5-2.5
2
m3/m2.ngy
31-50
m3/m2.ngy
81-122
m3/m di ngy
124-490
Nc thi + bn hot tnh Lng 1
1/ Thi gian lu nc
(h)
1.5-2.5
2/ Ti trng b mt
_ h trung bnh
m3/m2.ngy
25-32
_ h cao im
m3/m2.ngy
48-69
3
3/ Ti trong mng thu
m /m di ngy
124-490
40
89
248
2
28
61
250
Thng s
_ B ngang
+ Su
+ Di
+ Rng
+ Tc my gt cn
_ B trn
+ Su
+ ng knh
+ dc y
+ Tc gt cn
n v o
Gi tr
m
m
m
m/pht
3-4.8
15-90 (25-40)
3-25 (5-10)
0.6-1.2
m
m
m/m di
v/pht
3-4.8
3-60 (12-45)
1/10-1/13
0.02-0.05
VH =
2 8k( - 1)gd
f
Vi:
- VH : vn tc gii hn trong bung lng.
- K = 0,05 (BL1): h s ph thuc tnh cht cn
- : trng lng ht: 1,2-1,6 (chn = 1,25).
- g: gia tc trng trng.
- d: ng knh tng ng ca ht (10-4 m).
- f: h s ma st (ph thuc vo Re) 0,02-0,03 (ly f = 0,025).
d. Hiu qu kh SS, BOD5 b lng 1 c tnh theo CT thc nghim sau
t
Rt = a+ b.t .100%
Vi:
- t: thi gian lu.
- a, b: hng s thc nghim
+ BOD5: a = 0,018 (h), b = 0,02
+ SS: a = 0,075 (h), b = 0,014
Trang 44
F1 =
s
Qmax
0,0035
=
= 7,3(m 2 )
v
0,000475
Trong :
F2 =
s
Q max
0,0035
=
= 0,175(m 2 )
Vtt
0,02
Trong :
ng knh ca b lng:
D=
-
4 * 7,475
= 3,085(m)
3,14
4F
4 * F2
4 0,175
= 0,47 m
Trong :
Trong :
D dn
3,085 0,5
) tg = (
) tg50o = 1,54 (m)
2
2
Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng v bng 3,25 m.
. ng knh phn loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ng loe v bng 1,35 ng
Trang 45
thu nc lng, dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh thnh b. Thit k mng thu nc
t theo chu vi vnh trong ca b, ng knh ngoi ca mng chnh l ng knh trong ca b.
-
Q 150
=
= 19,1 (m3/mdi.ngy)
L 7,85
Hiu qu x l COD t: H =
10830 1160
= 89,3%
10830
Lng bn cn x l:
G=
-
M
61,44
=
= 1,2 (m3/ng)
(1 0,95) * 1053 0,05 * 1053
STT
Tn thng s
n v
0,175
(m2)
7,3
(m2)
0,47
(m)
Trang 46
ng knh ca b lng(D)
3,085
(m)
5,1
(m)
1,9
gi
2,5
(m2)
V d p dng 2 : Tnh ton b lng ngang cho cng trnh x l nc thi cng sut 1500m3/ngy, cc thong s
cho nh sau:
- Thi gian lng:
t = 72 (pht).
-
Gii :
Vng lng.
Th tch nc.
tb
Vn = Q gio
t
Vi
-
t : thi gian lu nc theo kt qu th nghim lng. Theo sch Tnh Ton Thit K Cc Cng Trnh
XLNT Cng Nghip V Th do Lm Minh Trit (ch bin) th thi gian lu nc tng 1,5
2 ln so
vi thc nghim
tb
gi:
62 , 5 108
112 ( m 3 )
60
Din tch mt bng ca b lng.
Vn =
F =
Vn
112
=
56 ( m 2 )
H
2
Kch thc ca b:
Ta c B
L = 56(m2) (*)
5) H (**)
Vn 112
=
= 2 (m),
F
56
Vc
B L
Vi Vc : th tch cn ti (m3)
Trang 47
G
SP
Trong :
- G : khi lng cn ti (kg/ ngy).
G=Q
Rss SS
Vi:
+ Q : lu lng nc thi, Q = 1500 (m3/ngy).
+ R : hiu sut kh SS, R = 75%
+ SS : hm lng cn, SS = 202 (mg/l).
Vc =
0,227
= 4,45 (m3/ngy)
1,02 * 0,05
Vy hcn =
Vc
4,45
=
= 0,08(m)
L B 14 4
Chn h2 = 0.1(m)
vi : D = 14 m : chiu di b
R = 4 m : chiu rng b
htrungha,
Khong cch ngn phn phi ly Ln = 1(m) phn phi nc u trong b, vch ngn phn phi c
cc l, tc nc phn phi qua cc l theo quy phm 0,2 0,3 ( m/s) chn vl = 0,3 ( m/s).
Tit din ng phn phi, ng dn nc vo, tit din ng ln hn lu lng tnh ton t 20%
30%
Qtt =
tb
Q gio
20
100
tb
+ Q gio
=
62 ,5 20
+ 62 ,5 = 75 ( m 3 / h )
100
S pp =
Qtt
75
=
= 0,069(m 2 )
Vl
0,3 3600
D=
4 S pp
4 0,069
0 ,3 ( m )
3,14
Trang 48
Sl =
S l cn thit.
n=
S pp
Sl
v 8 hng ngang.
d2
4
3,14 0,032
= 7,065 10 4 (m 2 )
4
0 ,069
= 98 (lo )
7 ,065 10 4
ed =
B
4
=
= 0,33 ( m ) = 330 ( mm )
12 12
hng ngang.
Theo quy phm hng l cui cng nm cao hn mc cn tnh ton l
0,3m 0,5m, chn 0,5 (m).
en =
H 0 ,5 3 0 ,5
=
= 0 ,31( m ) = 310 ( mm )
8
8
Q
5 H Vlang
Trong
- Qtbngy: lu lng tnh ton trung bnh theo ngy.
- hcng tc : chiu cao cng tc, hcng tc = 2(m).
- Vlng : vn tc vng lng (m/s)
Vlng =
Q
1500
=
= 0.0003 (m/s)
L B 14 4 86400
1500
= 5,7(m)
5 2 0.0003 86400
Theo gio trnh TTTKXLNT-TXLai, th : L = 2 n l
L > L
(*)
(**)
Vi n : s mng trong b.
l = 4(m) : chiu di mng.
T (*) & (**) : 2 n l > 5,7
n>
5,7
= 0,71 chn n = 1
8
Th tch mng:
Chn s b : D R C = 4 0,5 0,3 = 0,6 (m3)
Ti trng mng :
Q 1500
=
= 375 (m3/m ngy )
l
4
Tha k qmng = 124 490 (m3/m ngy)
qmng =
Trang 49
Q
F
Vmng =
Vi
Vmng =
R = 4 0.5 = 2 (m2)
8 K ( 1) g d
M V H =
1/ 2
Vi
- K : hng s thuc tnh cht cn, nc thi cng nghip vi K = 0,06
-
0,25
1/ 2
= 0,0685 (m/s)
Vng nn cn.
Th tch vng nn cn.
Wc =
Vi:
tb
T Q gio
(C v C )
tb
T Q gio
H Cv
100
12 mg/l),
chn C = 10 (mg/l).
-
: nng trung bnh ca cn nn, tra bng 3.3/78 sch XLNC ca PTS Nguyn Ngc Dung
chn
= 25.000( mg/m3)
Cv: hm lng cn trong nc a vo b lng, Cv = 194 (mg/l) ( theo tnh ton phn b tuyn ni).
Wc =
8 62 ,5 75 194
= 2 ,91 ( m 3 )
25 . 000 100
hc =
Wc
2 ,91
=
0 , 05 ( m )
F
56
H thng x cn.
Vx
Trang 50
K =0,5.
V = 0,5 2,91 =1,455( m3).
Lu lng cn x.
Qx =
V
1,455
=
= 0,0012 ( m 3 / s )
t 60 20
Sx =
Q x 0,0012
=
= 0,0008 ( m 2 )
vx
1,5
Dx =
4 Sx
4 0,0008
= 0,032 ( m )
3,14
Chn ng x c ng knh D
ng knh ng x.
= 35(mm).
dc y b chn i = 0,02.
H thng thu nc b mt.
Tit din ng thu.
Chn
-
0,8 m/s
vo = 0,6 (m/s).
So =
S 20
0,0174 20
+S =
+ 0,0174 = 0,021(m 2 )
100
100
ng kinh ng thu.
Do =
4 So
4 0,021
= 0,164(m) = 164(mm)
3,14
Cc thng s ca b.
Chiu di b.
Lb = L + Lpp = 14 + 1 = 15 (m)
Vi
-
Trang 51
B lc
Ngun nc
p ly nc
Ca a nc vo
Ca thu nc ra
B cha bc sch
Ct lc
Si
Sn thu nc
Van iu chnh tc lc
Kch thc vt
liu lc (mm)
0.3 1
1 2
2 5
5 10
10 20
20 -40
Lp nc trn lp ct : 1.5 m
u im :
To lp mng gip lc tt.
Dng x l nc khng phn
Khng dng my mc.
Qun l n gin
Nhc im:
Din tch ln
Vn tc lc thp
B lc chm s dng vi cng sut nh hn hoc bng 1000 m3/ngy m; SS nh
hn hoc bng 50 mg/l; M < 50o
B lc chm c dng hnh vung, n 2; i 5%
TNH TON
1. Din tch b mt b lc chm:
F = Q / v ( m2)
Q : lu lng nc x l (m3/h)
V : vn tc lc ph thuc vo SS vo b:
SS 25 mg/l v = 0.3 0.4 m/h
SS 25 mg/l v = 0.2 0.3 m/h
Nc ngm v = 0.5 m/h
2. S b lc c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
Trong : Vtc : vn tc lm vic ca b khi c mt ngn ngng hot ng. (Tc lc
tng cng ph thuc vo SS )
N
v v tc
N
1 qr =
qo n
3.6
(l / s.m )
2
Wr =
q r . f n .t n
1000
(m 3 )
( )
b.l
m3
n
(b, l : chiu rng v chiu di ca mt ngn)
6. Thi gian ra: 10 20 pht.
2.2.5.2.2. B lc nhanh
fn =
Nguyn tc hot ng
Nc lc t b lng ngang, qua mng phn phi vo b lc, qua lp vt liu lc, lp si
vo h thng thu nc trong v c a v b cha nc sch.
TNH TON:
B lc phi tnh theo hai ch lm vic, ch bnh thng v tng cng.
Khi n 20 b d tr mt b n 20 b d tr 2 b
1. Tc lc : Ph thuc ng knh ht.
a. B lc 1 lp lc : (ct thch anh)
Trang 54
dt
0.7 0.8
8 1.0
1 1.2
H s khng ng
nht K
2 2.2
1.8 -2
1.5 1.7
hlc
vtb
Vtc(m/h)
700 800
1200 1300
1800 2000
5.5 6
7.0 8
8 10
6 7.5
8 10
10 12
dt
7.0 8.0
1 1.2
vtb
Vtc(m/h)
8 10
10 12
Q
T .vtb 3,6.W .t1 a.t 2 .vtb
(m )
2
N
N 1
(1)
Qr =
f .W
1000
(m 3 / h)
400
150
2200
1000
Trang 56
1
5
1.
Ong dn nc t b lng
2.
Ong x nc ra lc
3.
4.
Ong dn nc ra lc
5.
Mng tp trung nc
6.
vt liu lc
2
6
4
F=
Q
vl
F=
Q
vl
3.75
= 5.86(m 2 )
0.64
Trang 57
Qr =
F * Wr 5.86 * 15
=
= 0.0879(m 3 / s ) 88(l / s )
1000
1000
fc =
d 2
4
3.14 * 0.3 2
= 0.07(m 2 )
4
Chn khang cch gia cc ng nhnh l 0.25m (quy phm cho php 0.25 0.3m) th s ng nhnh
ca b lc l:
n=
B
2.4
* 2 = 19.2 (ng)
*2 =
0.2.5
0.25
Chn n = 20 ng
Lu lng nc ra lc chy trong mi ng nhnh
q nh =
88
= 4.4(l / s )
20
Chn ng knh ng nhnh dnh= 55mm = 0.055m bng thp th tc nc chy trong ng nhnh vnh =
1.85m/s (nm trong gii hn cho php 1.8 2m/s).
Tng din tch l ly bng 35% din tch tit din ngang ca ng (quy phm cho php 30 35%), tng
din tch l tnh c l
3.14 * 0.012
= 7.85.10-5 (m2)
4
Tng s l
n0 =
f lo
0.0245
=
= 312 (l)
f lo
7.85.10 5
S l trn mi ng nhnh =
312
= 15.6 (l), chn 16 l.
20
Trn mi ng nhnh, cc l xp thnh hai hng so le nhau, hng xung pha di v nghing mt gc 450 so
vi mt phng nm ngang. S l trn mi hng ca ng nhnh l 8 l.
c.Tnh tan mng thu nc ra lc
B lc c chiu di 2.5m, b tr 2 mng thu nc ra lc c y hnh tam gic.
Khang cch gia cc mng d = 2.5/2 = 1.25m.
Lu lng nc ra thu vo mi mng
qm = Wr*d*l (l/s)
trong : Wr: cng ra lc, Wr = 15 l/sm2
d: khang cch gia cc tm mng, d = 1.25m.
l: chiu di ca mng, l = 1.9m
qm = 15 * 1.25 * 1.9 = 35.625(l/s) = 0.035625 (m3/s)
Chiu rng mng thu nc ra lc
Trang 58
Bm = K 5
q m2
(m)
(1.57 + a ) 3
Trong : a: t s gia chiu cao phn ch nht (hCN) vi na chiu rng ca mng, ly a = 1.1 (quy phm a =
1 1.5).
K: h s i vi tit din mng hnh tam gic, K = 2.1
0.035625 2
= 0.307(m)
(1.57 + 1.1) 3
Bm = 2.15
a=
B * a 0.307 * 1.1
hCN
h CN = m
=
= 0.16885(m)
Bm
2
2
2
m = 0.06m.
H m =
L*e
+ 0.25(m)
100
H m =
0.6 * 50%
+ 0.25 = 0.253(m)
100
Theo quy phm, khang cch gia y di cng ca mng dn nc ra phi nm cao hn lp vt liu lc ti
thiu l 0.07m.
Chiu cao tan phn ca mng thu nc ra l Hm = 0.3289m, v mng dc v pha mng tp trung i = 0.01,
mng di 2.4m nn chiu cao mng pha mng tp trung l: 0.3289 + 0.024 = 0.353m.
Vy H m = 0.353 + 0.07 = 0.423(m)
Nc r lc t mng thu trn vo mng tp trung nc.
Khang cch t y mng thu n y mng tp trung xc nh theo cng thc
hm = 1.753
q M2
+ 0.2(m)
g * A2
hm = 1.75
0.088 2
9.81 * 0.5 2
+ 0.2 = 0.457(m)
Trang 59
hp =
v 02 v n2
+
( m)
2g 2g
: h s sc cn
=
2.2
+1
kW 2
kW: t s gia tng din tch cc l trn ng hoc mng v din tch tit din ngang ca ng hoc mng
chnh, kW = 0.35.
2.2
+ 1 = 18.96
0.35 2
h p = 18.96
1.25 2
2 * 9.81
1.85 2
2 * 9.81
= 1.68(m)
Tn tht p lc qua lp si
hd = 0.22 * Ls * Wr (m)
Trong : Ls: chiu dy lp si , Ls = 0.4m.
Wr: cng ra lc, Wr = 15l/sm2.
Tn thng s
Chiu cao b tng cng
Kch thc b lc
ng knh ng phn phi nc
S mng thu nc ra lc
S ng phn phi nc ra lc
Chiu cao mng thu
Chiu rng mng
n v
m
m2
m
mng
ng
m
m
V d p dng 2: Tnh ton b lc p lc cho cng trnh x l nc thi thy sn cng sut 300m3/ngy (thi
gian hot ng ca nh my l 8 gi)
Chn b lc p lc hai lp than Anthracite v ct thch anh.
Cc thng s thit k c chn:
Chiu cao lp ct: h1 = 0,3 (m). ng knh hiu qu ca ht ct de = 0,5 mm, h s ng nht
U = 1,6
Trang 60
( )
Qtbh 37,5
A=
=
= 4,2 m 2
v
9
ng knh bn lc p lc:
4 A
=
n
D=
4 4,2
= 1,6 (m )
2 3,14
Chn D = 1,6 m
Khong cc t b mt vt liu lc cho n ming phu thu nc ra lc:
Wn = A vn t =
4,2
0,35 10 = 7,35(m 3 / be)
2
Lu lng bm nc ra ngc:
Qn = A vn =
4,2
0,35 60( phut / h) = 44,1(m3 / h)
2
Qk = A vk =
4,2
1) = 2,1(m3 / phut) = 126(m3 / h)
2
Trang 61
L
1
60
h=
2 vh
o
c 1,8 T + 42 d e
Trong :
C: h s nn p, C = 600 1200, chn C = 1000
To: nhit nc (oC)
de: ng knh hiu qu (mm)
vh: tc lc (m/ngy)
L : chiu dy lp vt liu lc (m)
i vi lp ct:
hc =
1
60
0,3
24(h)
2 9
= 0,18(m / ngay)
1000 1,8 25 + 42 0,5
1ngay
i vi lp than:
hth =
1
60
0,5
24(h)
2 9
= 0,052(m / ngay)
1000 1,8 25 + 42 1,2
1ngay
C t .q
C
t +1
1 e
Q t
W t+1
+ C t .Q .e
Q t
W t+1
Vi:
- Q: lu lng TB ca nc thi (m3/h).
- Ct, Ct+1: nng bn ra khi b thi im t v t+1 (mg/l).
- Ct, qt: nng v lu lng chy vo b trong thi gian t (t = 1h).
- Wt+1: dung tch nc trong b thi im t+1.
9 Lu lng khng kh cn: Qkk = n . qkk . L
Vi:
Trang 62
- n: s b
- qk: cng thi kh 2-4m3/mh.
- L: chiu di ng thi bng chiu di b (m).
2.3.2. B iu ho ch yu lm nhim v iu ho lu lng
9 t sau SCR, khng i hi c thit b khuy trn.
- Th tch: xc nh nh b cha nc sch.
- Vt liu: BTCT.
V d p dng: Tnh b iu ha lu lng cho cng trnh x l nc thi 4870m3/ngy cho mt th trn
Gii:
Th tch tch lu b iu ho c xc nh da vo th tch tch lu vo b qua cc gi v th tch tch lu bm
i qua tng gi vi lu lng bm bng lu lng trung bnh gi.
Th tch tch lu dng vo gi th I c xc nh:
V
Trong :
v(i)
=V
v(i-1)
+Q
v(i-1)
Th tch tch lu bm i ca gi th i:
V
Trong :
b(i)
=V
b(i-1)
+Q
V
b(i)
b(i-1)
b(i)
Q (m /h)
Th tch tch lu
Th tch tch lu
Hiu s th tch
92,8583
92,8583
92,8583
92,8583
106,5995
155,3055
322,233
243,4358
337,611
337,611
337,611
333,1242
289,4175
258,127
277,855
281,78
321,1845
393,0155
335,6735
277,53
vo b (A), m
92,8583
185,7166
278,5749
371,4332
478,0327
633,3382
955,5712
1.199,007
1.536,618
1.874,229
2211,84
2.544,964
2.834.382
3.092,509
3.370,364
3.652,144
3.973,328
4.366,344
4.702,017
4.979,547
bm i (B), m
232,629
465,258
697,887
930,516
1.163,145
1.395,774
1.628,403
1.861,032
2.093,l661
2.326.29
2.558,919
2.791,548
3.024.,177
3.256.,806
3.489,435
3.722,064
3.954,693
4.187,322
4.419,951
4.652,58
(A) (B), m
139,771
279,541
419,312
559,083
685,112
762,436
672,832
662,025
557,043
452,061
347,079
246,584
189,795
164,297
119,071
69,9203
-18,6352
-179,0217
-282,0662
-326,9672
Trang 63
239,302
155,2305
115,162
93,8583
5.218,849
5.374,08
5.489,242
5.583,1
4.885,209
5.117,838
5.350,467
5.583,1
-333.6402
-256,2417
-138,7747
0
h(lt)
= (1,1 1,2)* V
h(tt)
h(tt)
F=
h(lt)
W 1.206
=
= 301.5
h
4
(m )
W = L*B*H = 20 * 15 *4 = 1.200 (m )
Lu lng kh cn cung cp cho b iu ho:
trnh hin tng lng cn v ngn chn mi trong b iu ho cn cung cp mt lng kh thng
xuyn.
kk
kk
kk
m /pht, (Ngun: Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai,
2000) ;
Khng kh c phn phi qua h thng ng chm l vi ng knh 4 mm, khong cch gia cc tm
l l 150 mm. Khi , s l phn phi trn mi ng nhnh l:
(l)
Vi din tch y b l 20 m x 15 m, ta cho cc ng sc kh t dc theo chiu di b, cc ng c t
trn cc gi cao 20 cm so vi y b.
Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh l 1,5 m, cc ng cch tng l 0,75 m. Khi , s ng nhnh c
phn b (n ng) l:
(m /pht)
Lu lng kh i qua cc l sc kh:
3
(m /pht)
Khi ng knh l :
Trang 64
(mm)
Chn ng knh ca ng nhnh l 65 mm. Khi , vn tc kh trong ng nhnh l:
(m/pht)
Chn ng knh ng chnh l 170 mm, khi vn tc kh trong ng chnh l:
(m/pht)
p lc cn thit cho h thng kh nn:
H = h + h + h +H
c
Trong :
Vy p lc tng cng l:
H = 0,4 + 0,5 + 4 = 4,9 (m)
c
p lc kh nn:
= 0,7;
S h thng sc kh b iu ho
Cc thng s thit k b iu ho
S liu dng thit k
STT
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b iu ho (L)
20
15
4,5
10
ng
ng knh ng nhnh
65
mm
132
ng knh ng chnh
170
mm
V d p dng 2: Tnh ton thit k b iu ha cho cng trnh x l nc thi nh my cao su cng sut
12,5m3/gi
-
Th tch b iu ha:
Trang 65
( )
h
V = Q max
* t = 12 ,5 * 5 = 62 ,5 m 3
Trong :
-
H =
V
62 ,5
=
= 2 , 6 (m )
B * D 6*4
chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): 2,6 + 0,4 = 3 (m)
= q kk *V = 0 ,015 * 60 * 62 ,5 = 56 , 25 m
Trong :
m3/m3.pht (Theo Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi -Trnh Xun Lai 1999)
V- dung tch b iu ha
Chn h thng cp kh bng nha PVC c c l, h thng gm 1 ng chnh, 4 ng nhnh vi chiu di
mi ng l 6m, t cch nhau 0,8m.
Hbv = 0,4 m
H = 2,6 m
D=6m
0,8 m
B=4m
D c
4 * Q kk
=
*V ong * 3600
4 * 56 , 25
= 0 , 0446 (m ) 0 , 045 (m )
3 ,14 *10 * 3600
Chn D c = 0,045m
Trong :
Trang 66
Dn =
4 * q ong
4 *14 ,0625
= 0 ,0223 (m ) 0 ,023 (m )
3,14 *10 * 3600
*V ong * 3600
Chn Dn = 0,023m
Trong :
3
Q kk
56 , 25
=
= 14 ,0625 m
h
4
4
q ong =
q lo = Vlo *
*d 2
4
S l trn 1 ng: N =
3
3,14 * 0,003 2
* 3600 = 15 *
* 3600 = 0,38151 m
h
4
q ong
q lo
14,0625
= 36,86 l
0,38151
Chn N = 36 l
-
N 36
=
= 6 l
6
6
125mm
3 mm
23 mm
1000 mm
N=
Trong :
Trang 67
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b (L)
(m)
(m)
(m)
Thi gian lu nc
gi
Cng sut my nn kh
KW/h
Th tch xy dng b
72
m3
24
m2
Trang 68
Tuy nhin vic ng dng c th phi xc nh liu lng v loi phn thch hp.
Mc d vy chng ta c th xc nh theo tiu chun TCXD 33 1985 nh sau:
1) X l nc c:
Hm lng cn (mg/l)
< 100
101 200
201 400
401 600
601 800
801 1000
1001 1400
1401 1800
1801 2200
2201 2500
45 70
55 80
60 90
65 105
75 115
80 125
80 130
2) X l nc mu:
Lng phn nhm : PAl = 4 M
+ M: mu ca nc ngun (Co pt)
3) X l nc va c va mu:
- Ta ly gi tr max { (1) v (2)}
- Nu ta dng phn st th ly bng 1/3 1/2 ng vi nhm.
- Khi kim nc thp => lng cht kim ho :
Pk = e1(Pp/e2 Kt + 1 )100/C ( mg/l)
Trong :
o Pk : hm lng cht km ho (mg/l).
o Pp: hm lng phn cn dng keo th(mg/l).
o e1, e2: trng lng ng lng ca cht km ho v phn.
o Kt kim nh nht ca nc ngun.
o 1: kim d phng ca nc.
o C: t l cht km ho nguyn cht(%).
i khi cn phi dng cc tc nhn ph tr keo t : gi l cht tr lng: axit silix, oliacrilamit,
(PPA); polialuminun clorua(PVC)
3.1.2. Cc thit b v cng trnh ca qu trnh keo
3.1.2.1.Cc cng trnh chun b dung dch phn:(nh liu lng phn): bao gm:
Thng ho trn, thng tiu th, thit b nh liu lng cht phn ng.
Cc cng trnh trn u dung dch cht phn ng vi ngun: ng trn, b trn.
Cc cng trnh to iu kin cho phn ng to bng lng xy ra hon ton: ngn
phn ng b phn ng.
Mt s s b tr cc cng trnh chun b phn.
i vi cng trnh c cng sut x l nh:
phn
nc
nc
Bm nh lng
bm vo b ho
trn
Thng ho
trn
Thng tiu
th
Trang 70
nc
nc
Thng tiu
th
Thng ho
trn
Thit b nh
lng phn
T chy
phn
nc
Thng ho
trn
Thng tiu th
nh
lng
1
T chy
xung
trn
Cu to b pha phn ht vi
cnh khuy phng
Q .n . P p
10000
.b h . y
(m
n (h)
24
12
8 12
6 8
3
Trang 72
W h .b n
bt
(m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cu to phao Khavanshi.
B nh lng
Phao nh lng
Ong cao su
Vi dn dung dch
Ong dn dung dch vo b nh lng
Ong thng hi
Ong thu dung dch
Mn chn c l thu.
Trang 73
50.5
79
113.5
154.5
202
49
76
109.5
149.5
195.5
47
73.5
105.5
144.0
188
4
5
6
7
8
52
81.5
117.5
159.5
208
Q tt . n . P v
10000
.b v . y
F kh =
Q . P .T .
10000 . P k . h .G
(m
v2
2 .2 g
thuc(dl/).
Trong :
dl/
dl: ng knh l
: chiu di tm chn
1.0
1.5
0.75
0.71
2.0
0.65
3.0
0.62
2
1
4 .Q t
60 . . H . n
Trong :
t: thi gian lu, t = 15 20 pht
H: 2.6 5 m
n: s b phn ng.
Tn tht p lc do vi phun: h= 0.06 vf
3.1.4.1.2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu:
B c dng nh mt ci phiu ln, gc nghing gia 2 thnh b cn ly trong khong
o
o
50 -70 tu theo chiu cao b. Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn t 6 -10 pht (nc c ly
gii hn di v nc mu ly gii hn trn). Tc nc vo b pha di ly bng 0.7
1.2 m/s. Tc nc i ti ch ra khi b lng 4 5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b phn ng sang b lng phi tnh n tc nc chy trong
mng, trong ng v qua l khng c ln hn 0.1 m/s i vi nc c v 0.05 m/s i vi
nc mu m bo bng cn c hnh thnh v khng b ph v. Khong cch dn nc
sang b lng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong qu trnh nc dng ln, do tit din dng chy tng dn, nn tc nc s
gim dn. Tc nc phn b khng u trn tit din ngang, tc nc cng ln khi cng
gn tm b v dng nc lun c xu hng phn tn dn dn ra pha thnh b.
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian lu
nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu: thu
nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.
Trang 76
Hnh
Hnh
: B
: B
phn
phn
ng
ng
cc
vch
vch
ngn
ngn
ngang
ngang
1. 1.
Mng
Mng
dn
dn
nc
nc
4. 4.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
rara
2. 2.
Mng
Mng
xx
cn
cn
5. 5.
Van
Van
xx
cn
cn
3. 3.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
vo
vo
6. 6.
Vch
Vch
ngn
ngn
hng
hng
dng
dng
Trang 77
Vn tc nc ln (mm/s)
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.2
Chiu cao lp cn 3 m.
Thi gian lu: 20 pht
Nc chy t phn ng - > lng phi c thi gian trn (vtrn 0.05m/s)
3.1.4.4. B phn ng c kh
y l chu trnh hay s dng.
B c chia thnh nhiu ngn, mi ngn c b cnh khuy ring bt.
Cc ngn (bung) thng c kch thc: 3.6 x 3.6; 3.9 x 3.9; 4.2 x 4.2
Thi gian lu: 10 - > 30 pht.
Trng thi lm vic ca b phn ng c trng bi: Gradien vn tc
G = 10
Trong :
z: nng lng tiu ph cho 1m3 nc (KGm2/s3).
: nht ca nc (KGm2/s)
250C: =0.0092
9 G = 80 -> 100 l/s
9 Gc = 30 -> 40 l/s
Tc chuyn ng cnh khuy:
Vk =
2R.n
60
N= 51.C.F.v3 (w)
c: h s tr lc ph thuc chiu di v chiu rng bn cnh khuy.
9 L/b = 5 -> c = 1.2
9 L/b = 20 - > c =1.5
9 L/b 20 -> c =1.9
F: dung tch bn cnh (m2)
Tc tng i ca quay: V= 0.75 Vk
Trang 78
ng-
= 150 m3/ng, COD = 10830 mg/l, BOD = 5956 mg/l, SS = 640 mg/l, Mu = 16000 Pt Co .
B phn ng
-
Th tch b:
V = t*
Trong :
s
Q max
t
-
s
=0,0035*20*60 = 4,2 (m3)
Qmax
s
V 4,2
=
= 3,23 (m2)
H 1,3
a =
F =
3 , 23 = 1, 79 1,8 ( m )
a = 1 ,8 ( m )
Chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,3 + 0,2 = 1,5 (m)
Th tch thc ca b phn ng: D * B * H = 1,8 * 1,8 *1,5 = 4,86 (m3)
-
Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy 2 bn, i xng qua trc, khuy quanh trc thng ng
Nng lng:
C
G = 10
Trong :
Vi
Z=
N
V
: nht nc thi:
= 0,0092 (N/cm2)
Trang 79
-1
N =
-
G 2 *V *
800 2 * 4 , 2 * 0 , 0092
=
= 247 (W )
100
100
N = 51 * c * F * v 3
N
247
=
51 * c * v 3
51 * 1, 2 * 4 ,953
F =
Trong :
= 0 , 034 ( m 2 )
L
= 5 c = 1,2
B
vk =
Vi:
f =
C:
F 0,034
=
= 0,017(m2 )
2
2
L
=5
B
B*L=
f = 0 , 017 ( m 2 )
Vy:
0,15
0,3
0,06
0,45
Trang 80
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b (L)
1,8
1,8
1,5
Thi gian lu nc
20
pht
Th tch xy dng b
4,86
m3
0,06
0,3
0,45
B to bng
B to bng c xy dng gm 3 ngn vi kch thc bng nhau
-
Th tch 1 ngn:
V = t* Qs max =0,0035*15*60 = 3,15 (m3)
s
Qmax
Trong :
t
-
V 3,15
=
= 2,625 (m2)
1,2
H
F = 2,625 = 1,62(m )
a = 1 , 62 ( m )
chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,2 + 0,2 = 1,4 (m)
Th tch thc ca 1 ngn b to bng: D * B * H = 1,62 * 1,62 *1,4 = 3,675 (m3)
-
Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy gm trc quanh v 4 cnh khuy t i xng nhau qua
trc. Tng din tch bn cnh khuy = 15% din tch mt ct ngang ca b.
fc =
Vi:
15 * f n 15 * 2, 268
=
= 0,34 ( m 2 )
100
100
f =
( )
F
0 , 034
=
= 0 , 085 m
4
4
2B < 0,45,
Chn
B < 0,225
L 1,2
L
=
= 0,06( m)
= 20 B =
20 20
B
B = 0,06 < 0,225
R2 = 0,225
0,165
B = 0,06
R1 = 0,45
Bung phn ng 1:
- Dung tch: V1 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 40 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75
V2 = 0,75
Trong :
2 R1 n
2 3,14 0,45 40
= 0,75
= 1,413 (m/s)
60
60
2 R2 n
2 3,14 0,225 40
= 0,75
= 0,7065 (m/s)
60
60
R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay
n: s vng quay, n = 40 vng / pht
= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (1,413 3 + 0,70653) = 88,57 (W)
Trong :
C = 1,9 v L / B = 20
Fc: Tit din ca bn cnh khuy Fc = 1,2*0,06*4 = 0,288 (m2)
Trang 82
= 10 *
N
88,57
= 10 *
= 511,82( S 1 )
*V
0,0092 * 3,675
Bung phn ng 2:
- Dung tch: V2 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 20 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75
2 R1 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 45 20
= 0,7065 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
V2 = 0,75
2 R2 n
2 3,14 0 , 225 20
= 0,35325 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay
Trong :
= 51 * C * Fc * (V33 + V43 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,70653 + 0,353253) = 11,07 (W)
- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:
G2 = 10 *
= 10 *
N
= 10 *
*V
11 , 07
= 180 , 95 ( S 1 )
0 , 0092 * 3 , 675
Bung phn ng 3:
- Dung tch: V3 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 10 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75
V2 = 0,75
60
60
2 R2 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 225 10 = 0,1766 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
Trong :
= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,353253 + 0,1766253) = 1,3 (W)
- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:
G3 = 10 *
= 10 *
*V
= 10 *
1,3
= 62 ( S 1 )
0 ,0092 * 3,675
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b (L)
1,62
1,62
Trang 83
1,4
15
pht
0,45
0,225
1,2
0,06
3.2.1. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.
Phng php ny cho x l nc thi cha axit hoc cha kim trong khu cng nghip c
tp trung lai x l v ch thi ca cc nh my khng ging nhau. Nc thi cha axit
thng c thi mt cch iu ho ngy m v c nng nht nh. Nc thi cha kim
li thi theo chu k, mt hoc hai ln trong mt ca tu thuc vo ch cng ngh.
Trang 84
Nc thai kiem
Dan nc thai
a c trung hoa
10
11
Bun thai
9
12
Ba thai
2. B iu ha
5. B phnnh lng
8. B lng
11. Kho cha b cn tch nc
3. Kho tc nhn
6. Thng khuy trn
9. B c c bn
12. Sn cha bn
3.2.3. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ho.
i vi nc thi cha HCl, HNO3 v c nc thi H2SO4 vi hm lng di 5 mg/l v
khng cha mui kim loi nng c th dng phng php lc qua lp vt liu lc l vi
magiezit, hoa cn, lmit...
2
7
10
11
Trang 85
Trang 86
3.5.1. C s qu trnh hp ph
Hp ph cht bn ho tan l kt qu ca s di chuyn phn t ca nhng cht t nc vo
b mt cht hp ph di tc dng ca trng lc b mt. Trng lc b mt gm c hai
dng :
Trang 87
3.5.2. Cht hp ph
Nhng cht hp ph c th l : than hot tnh, silicagel, nha tng hp c kh nng trao
i ion, cacbon sunfua, than nu, than bn, than cc, lmit, cao lanh, tro v cc dung dch
hp ph lng. Bng cn ca nhng cht keo t (hydroxit ca kim loi) v bn hot tnh t b
aeroten cng c kh nng hp ph.
S cc thp lc hp ph
1. Dng phn iu chnh pH ca nc thi khi dn vo
thp; 2,3,4-thp cha than hot tnh
Trang 88
Thp trch ly vi lp m
bng sng rung
Trang 89
Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt ca lp bin gii mng
cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion.
Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii
Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha v ht nha trao i.
Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao i ion
Phn ng ho hc trao i ion A v B
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha.
Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng.
Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng
Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng.
3.8. X L BNG MNG
Trang 90
Cc k thut nh in thm tch, thm thu ngc, siu lc v cc qu trnh tng t khc
ngan cng `ng vai tr quan trng trong x l nc thi.
Mng c nh ngha l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th
l cht rn, hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng.
Vic ng dng mng tch cc cht, ph thuc vo thm ca cc hp cht qua
mng.
C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay ln
hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c nc
sch i qua ; mt du kch tht ca nhiu ion nh hn kch tht ca phn t nc.
Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun ca
mng. Kch tht lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.
Thit b
c th thit k mt thit b thm thu ngc ta cn bit thnh phn v s lng
nc thi, nhit v p sut thm thu.
3.8.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng lc v i
hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc. iu khc bit l
ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t bt v c p sut thm
thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s
dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p sut thm thu cao.
Nc thi
Siu lc
Phn m c cha
cc cht hu c
Nc cha cc
cht v c
Thm thu ngc
Phn m c cha
cc cht v c
Nc khng c mui
Trang 91
Catot
Anot
Phan am ac
Nc san pham
Hnh 2.6.3
: Nguye
ly cuthm
a ietch
n tham tach
Nguyn
l can in
1.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g
o
loa
n
g
2.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g o a
ac c
1. Dng c nng long; 2. Dng c nng
mm
Trang 92
Trang 93
Nc ngng
1
Q
Nc
sach
7
3
Nc
thai
2
5
Khong kh
Trang 95
S cnh ng ti
1. Mng chnh v mng phn phi; 2. Mng, rnh phn phi trong
cc ; 3. Mng tiu nc; 4. ng tiu nc; 5. ng i
Trang 96
Loi cy trng
6-9,5oC
9,5-11oC
11-15 oC
Vn
ng
Vn
ng
Vn
ng
Loi cy trng
Bp ci sm v xp l
Bp ci mun
C chua
C ci
Khoai ty
Hnh ti, rau thm
A st
Ct
2.0m
75
85
130
210
3.0m
85
100
235
350
Mi cnh ng c mt vng t d tr
Q
qo
Fdt = q = Ftdq
dt
dt
Vi:
qo
+ (q = 0.3-0.5)
dt
Vi:
Trang 97
Ftd.m mFtd.1000
t = t.3600 (l/s)
Vi:
+ m: T/C ti cho loi cy ch yu
+ t: t/g ti
Lu lng nc tnh ton tiu nc:
qt =
qoT 3
t (m /ha.ng.)
Vi:
+ qo: T/C ti (m3/ha.ng.)
+ T: t/g gia cc ln ti trong ngy (h).
+ t: t/g tiu nc (0.4-0.5)T
V nc khng ng u nn nhn thm h s n (=1.5):
1000
qmt = qt.n.86400 (l/s.ha)
(modun dng chy tiu nc)
Lu lng tnh cho 1 ng:
q1 = F1. qm.t
Vi:
+ b: khong cch gia cc ng tiu nc.
+ l: chiu di ng tiu.
l = 629(H-h)
2 k
p
Vi:
+ H: chiu su chn cng
+ h: chiu su ca lp t cn tiu nc
+ k: h s thm
Loi t
Ct
A ct
Kch thc ht t
(mm)
1.22-0.12
0.12-0.076
H s thm (cm/s)
1-0.01
0.01-0.004
Trang 98
A st
St thm nc
0.076-0.038
0.038
0.004-0.001
0.001
qoT
P=
t.1000
h
ho
b
Nguyn tc hot ng: Vi sinh vt s dng oxy sinh ra t ru to trong qu trnh quang hp
cng nh oxy ha t khng kh oxy ha cc cht hu c, rong to li tiu th CO2,
photphat v nitrat amon sinh ra t s phn hy, oxy ha cc cht hu c bi vi sinh vt. h
hot ng bnh thng cn phi gi gi tr pH v nhit ti u. Nhit khng c thp
Trang 99
hn 60C. Theo qu trnh sinh ha, ngi ta chia h sinh vt ra cc loi:h hiu kh, h k kh
v h ty nghi.
H sinh hc dng x l nc thi bng sinh hc ch yu da vo qu trnh lm sch
ca h.
Ngoi vic x l nc thi cn c nhim v:
+ Nui trng thu sn.
+ Ngun nc ti cho cy trng.
+ iu ho dng chy.
C cc loi sau y:
+ H k kh.
+ H k hiu kh
+ H hiu kh.
4.1.3.1_ H k kh
a/ c im
o Dng lng v phn hu cn lng bng PP sinh hc t nhin da trn s phn
gii ca VSV k kh.
o Chuyn dng x l nc thi CN nhim bn.
o Khong cch v sinh (cch XN thc phm): 1.5-2 km.
o Chiu su: h = 2.4-3.6.m
b/ Tnh ton: ch yu l theo kinh nghim
o Sk kh = (10-20%) Sk hu kh
o t/g lu
+ Ma h: 1.5 ngy
+ Ma ng: > 5 ngy
o E% BOD
+ Ma h: 65-80%
+ Ma ng: 45-65%
c/ Lu
o H c 2 ngn d phng (tho bn, )
o Ca cho nc thi vo phi t chm
o S < 0.5 ha: 1 ming x
o S > 0.5 ha: b sung thm
o Ca ly nc thit k ging thu nc b mt.
4.1.3.2_ H k hiu kh: thng gp
Trong h xy ra 2 qu trnh song song
+ Oxy ho hiu kh.
+ Phn hy metan cn lng.
C 3 lp:
+ Hiu kh
+ Trung gian
+ K kh
Ngun oxy cp ch yu l do qu trnh quang hp rong to.
Qu trnh k kh y ph thuc vo to.
Chiu su ca h k hiu kh: 0.9-1.5 m.
TNH TON
1/ Chiu su ca h: 0.9-1.5 m
D 1 2
2/ T l chiu di v rng: R = (1 : 1)
3/ Vng c gi: S rng ; Vng t gi: H c nhiu ngn
4/ Nu y d thm ph lp t st S = 15 cm
Trang 100
5/ B h c mi dc:
+ Trong (1:1 1.5:1)
+ Ngoi (2:1 2.5:1)
6/ Nn trng c dc h (cch mt taly v y 30 cm phi gia c b tng).
7/ Cu to ca vo v ca ra:
ng dn
nc
Mc nc H
ng dn
nc
Mc nc H
1
Tm ngn ni
Ong dn nc ra
8/ Hiu qu x l
Lt
1
E = L = 1 + kt
a
t
Vi:
+ La: BOD5 nc thi (mg/l)
+ Lt: BOD5 x l
+ t: t/g lu nc thi
+ kt: H s ph thuc vo to
kt =k20 . C (T - 20)
Trang 101
S liu u ra cn t:
Chn h sinh hc hiu kh hai bc vi lm thong t nhin tnh ton thit k. Phng php tnh
ton da theo TCXD-51-84, ph lc E, mc 6.
a. Tnh ton h sinh hc bc I:
Gi s rng hiu qu x l nc thi h sinh vt bc I t 30%. Nh vy, hm lng NOS20 ca
nc thi ra khi h bc I s l 140 x 70% = 98 mg/L. Thi gian lu nc ti h bc I c tnh theo
cng thc:
t1 =
L
1
1
140
lg a =
lg
= 3,5 ngy m
1 K1 Lt 0,35 0,1258 98
Trong :
1 :
K1 :
Hm lng NOS20 dn vo h bc I;
Lt :
Trang 102
F1 =
tb
C p (La Lt )
Qngd
a (C p C 0 ) Tr
Trong :
Cp :
C0 :
La :
Hm lng NOS20 dn vo h bc I;
Lt :
Tr :
L1 B1 =
74279
18570 = 150m 125m
4
Chiu su lp nc ca h sinh vt bc I:
H1 =
W1 10460
=
= 0,56 m
F1 18570
t2 =
L
1
1
98
lg t =
lg = 1,6 ngy m
2 K 2 Lr 0,8 0,1148 70
Trong :
2 :
K2 :
Lr :
F2 =
tb
C p (Lt Lr )
Qngd
a (C p C0 ) Tr
Trang 103
L2 B2 =
49520
24760 = 160m 155m
2
H2 =
W2
4755
=
0,2 m
F2 24760
CAU THANG
CHI TIET 1
3125
70
00
4000
70
400
600
3000
00
300
150
750
300
4753
300
50
60
300
4754
300
4753
50
0
50
00
3000
70
00
00
70
230
40
15000
230
150
0
10
A-A
150 750
50
350
150
4753
300
COT 300*300
CHI TIET 1
DAN ON G PHAN PHOI NC 4 GOC THAP
2000
NC VAO
300
4754
15460
THANG THAM
17260
T LE 1:2
CA NC RA
1000
30
1000
1000
300
BE TUAN HOAN
2000
150
850
ON G SUC KH
600
1200
19300
300
1000
300
CA NC QUA BE AEROTEN
1000
1000
MAT BANG
150
50
200
1000
2020
50
3980
20
100
1000
7000
1000
50
T LE 1:15
1000
300
300
1000
1500
1500
300
100
1000
1000
ON G NC TUAN HOAN
T MAY EP BUN
300
1000
750
230
1000
4753
1000
1000
500
1000
300
CNBM
SVTH
THAP LOC
SINH HOC
TY LE : 1:80
SO BAN VE : 15
BAN VE SO : 11
THAN G 12 - 2004
Trang 104
Thng s
Chiu cao lp VL
n v o
m
Ti trng thp
1-3
Kg BOD5/1 m3.ngy
m3/m2.ngy
Ti trng cao
0.9-2.4 ()
6-8 (nha tm)
cc, than,
ong, nha c.
0.4-1.6
4.1-40.7
80-90
65-85
Loi VL
Ti trng theo cht HC
Ti trng thu lc theo din
tch b mt
Hiu qu BOD
TNH TON
1/ Hiu qu kh BOD:
E = (%)
Vi:
t1
CO = 30 100C
F=
1+R
R
(1 + 10)2
QT
R = Q : H s tun hon
2/ Xc nh li th tch VL lc theo hiu sut Eo
Eo =
100
0.4333 2 W
1+ 1-E
VF
Gii PT
Vmi
Trang 105
V
S=H
5/ ng knh b lc
D=
Nu Hnh ch nht:
6/ Ti trng thu lc:
4S
S = DxR
a=
Q + QT
S
7/ Ti trng cht HC
W
b = V (kg BOD / 1 m3.ngy)
8/ Lng kh cp:
f
WKK = 21
Vi:
(g BOD5 / m2.ngy)
15
2.6
20
2.25
25
2
30
1.75
35
1.6
40
1.45
45
1.3
Trang 106
LAN CAN
500
500
CAU THANG
3000
3000
0.00
0.00
2000
2200
1000
200
200
200
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
CHI TIET 1
1000
31000
200
200
200
200
500 1000 500 500 1000 500 500 1000 500 200
200
200
200
R60
CHI TIET 2
200
20
60
20
300
ONG DAN NC THAI RA
250
6000
2000
CHI TIET 3
D20
1000
1000
1000
42
200
200
B
CHI TIET BO VAT LIEU BAM DNH
(ONG PVC RUOT GA 34)
MAT BANG
CHI TIET 3
O AN TOT NGHIEP
GVHD
TY LE 1:1
SO BAN VE: 11
BAN VE SO: 08
12 / 2007
BOD + NH3 + O2
T bo VS (C5H7NO2) + O2 + H2O
O2
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
+ O2
NO2
+ O2
NO3-
Trong lp VL lc BOD b kh v chuyn ho NH4+ NO3Khi tn tht trong lp VL lc = 0,5 m ng van v x cn (30-40 giy)
Cng ra lc: 12-14 l/s.m2
TNH TON
+ BOD5 500
+ Tc lc 3m/h.
+ dht = 2-5 mm.
+ Hiu qu lc:
So
K = S = 10F+
Vi:
- F: chun s : F = H.B0,6.KT/q0,4
Trong :
Trang 107
KT = 0,2 x 1,047 T 20
T (oC): nhit nc thi
H: chiu cao lp VL lc
B: lu lng n v ca KK: 8 12 (m3 KK / 1 m3 nc thi)
q: ti trng thu lc (20-80 m3/m2.ng).
, : ph thuc vo qv ca KK, vo F
1.51
0.47
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.2
F
0.662
0.662
0.85
0.85
1.06
1.06
8
10
12
0
0.69
0.13
0.83
0.19
1.15
Tc lc 3m/h.
Hiu qu lc:
So
K = S = 10F+
Trong :
F
0.662
0.662
0.85
0.85
1.06
1.06
1.51
0.47
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.2
0
0.69
0.13
0.83
0.19
1.15
S0
= 10F +
S
=> S =
-
S0
190
= 1.510.662 = 19 mg/l
F +
10
10
Trang 108
W =
Trong :
(S 0 S ) QTBNgy
NO
W=
-
550
= 373 m3
F=
Trong :
W
H vl n
F=
373
= 186.5 m2
2 1
Trong :
Lk = 10 83 = 830 m3/h
Chn h thng cung cp kh bng ng thp, phn phi kh bng a sc kh, c phn b dc theo
chiu di b cch nhau 1m. Nh vy c tt c 30 ng.
-
Trong :
-
Lkh 830
= 83 m3/h
=
10
10
Dng =
4 Lkh
4 830
=
= 0.171 m = 171 mm
vng 3600
10 3600
Trang 109
ng knh ng nhnh:
4 q ng
d ng =
vng 3600
4 83
= 0.54 m = 54 mm
10 3600
ng knh : d = 300 mm
Din tch b mt : f = 0.07 m2
Cng kh 200 l/pht.a = 3.33 l/s
Lk
830 1000
=
= 69.23
3.33
3.33 3600
B tr h thng sc kh:
Chiu rng :B = 6 m
Chiu di : D = 31 m
W=
Trong :
p=
Trong :
Hd = hd + hc + hf + H
hd: Tn tht do ma st
hc: Tn tht cc b ng hd + hc 0.4 Chn hd + hc = 0.4
hf: Tn tht qua thit b phn phi kh. hf 0.5 Chn hf = 0.5
H: Chiu cao hu ch ca b, H = 4.5 m
W=
-
b iu ha v b lc sinh hc
Tm tt kch thc b lc sinh hc:
K hiu
Kch thc
D x R x (H + hbv)
13.35 KW/h
Trang 110
K=
La 1956,3
=
= 16,3
120
Lt
Trong :
La :
Lt
H = 3,5 m
F=
tb
Qngd
q0
2988,6
= 149,43 m2
20
Trong :
tb
:
Qngd
q0
Th tch ca b:
f =
F 149,43
=
= 37,36 m2
4
4
ng knh b:
D=
4f
4 37,36
= 6,9 m
3,14
Trang 111
h2 :
h3 :
h4 :
h5 :
Cu to ca lp vt liu lc gm:
Si vi c ng knh ht l 5 mm;
Lp lt sn vt liu lc 0,2 m;
Dng si vi c ng knh 6 - 10 mm.
Tnh ton h thng ti phn lc:
B Biophin thit k dng hnh trn, phn phi nc bng h thng ti phn lc vi cc cnh ti t cch
lp vt liu lc 0,2 m.
Lu lng tnh ton nc thi trn 1 b Biophin cao ti:
q=
Qmax .s 67,45
=
= 16,86 L/s
n
4
D=
4.q
4 0,067
= 0,16 m, chn D = 200 mm
=
4. .
4 3,14 0,8
Trong :
v
S l trn mi ng ti:
m=
1
80
1 1
Dt
1
80
1 1
6700
42 l
ri =
Dt
i
2
m
ri =
6700
1
517 mm
2
42
ri =
6700
2
731 mm
2
42
n=
34,8 10 6
34,8 10 6
q
=
4,215 = 3,62 vng/pht
0
42 12 2 6700
m d12 Dt
Trong :
Trang 112
q0 :
= 4,215 L/s
+
2
200 4
300.10 3
12 42
Trong :
k
Mun lu lng ly theo bng: k = 300 (Tra bng 7.5, Gio trnh x l nc thi HXD,
1974)
4.2.2. B Aerotank
4.2.2.1- ng hc ca qa trnh x l sinh hc
qu trnh x l bng PP sinh hc xy ra tt th cn thit phi to iu kin pH, nhit ,
. Lc qu trnh x l s xy ra.:
a/ Tng trng TB: Tc tng trng c th biu din
dx
rt = .X = d = .x (1)
t
Vi:
Oxy ho
Cht VC v HC n nh
Trang 113
Nc vo
Khng kh
Bn hot tnh
tun hon
A trn
Bn hot tnh tun hon
Nc t b lng
ln th nht
Khng kh
Nc ra khi b
A kiu hn hp.
Nc t b lng ln th nht
Nc ra
Bn hot tnh
tun hon
Khng kh
d/ Theo PP lm thong
Bng kh nn
Khuy c hc
Thong kt hp
Qut gi
4.2.2.4- Cc dng s b A
S 1 (p dng rng ri)
A
Lng II
Cn d
Bn hot tnh
-
Trang 115
S 2
A
Lng II
Bn d
B.htnhh
Ngn
phc hi
S 3:
A.1
Lng II (1)
A.2
Lng II (2)
X s
c
4.2.2.5- Tnh ton b
a. Xc nh cng thc v xc nh ng hc (nhc li nh hng ca phn hu ni bo)
rt= -Yrd Kd.X
Tc tng trng ring thc:
S
= m.K + S - Kd
s
IV
IV
III
IV
II
IV
IV
VI
m
(t K = Y ) (theo 5)
Trang 116
V
K.X.S S S
T 5 v 6 K + S = 0
s
K +S
X
= s
KS
S0 S
K 1 1
X
= s. +
Hoc
S0 S
K S K
- V ng thng hi quy tuyn tnh quan h gia X/ (S0 S) v 1/S
T ta c : y= ax + b
1
1
b = K K = b
K S = a K = a.K
S
K
Kd v Y
Xo: lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi.
So: cht nn trong nc thi.
Qv: lu lng nc thi vo.
QT: lu lng bn.
X: nng bn sau khi ho trn.
S: nng cn li sau khi ra khi b (nng cht nn).
Qr: lng nc sau khi ra ngun
Xr: nng bn hot tnh trong nc lng (ra khi b )
XT: bn hot tnh lng xung tun
: thi gian lu nc.
c: tui bn (thi gian lu bn).
dx
d : tc thay i nng bn hot tnh.
t
V: th tch b.
rt: tc tng trng thc ca bn hot tnh trong thi gian.
Hay
Cc PT cn bng:
Lng bn trong b = Lng bn i vo Lng bn x ra + Lng bn tng ln trong b
sau thi gian lu nc.
dx
dt .V = Qv.Xo (Qx.XT + Qr.Xr) + V(rt)
Gii phng trnh vi phn trn khi : X0 = 0 , n nh ; dx/dt = 0; rt= -Yrd Kd.X
Qx.XT + Qr.Xr
rd
= YX - Kd
V.X
Q xa X T + Qr X r
: lng bn thc Xthc
(Trong :
X
Ta c
ngha l
X thuc
V
Trang 117
Do :
Mc khc : rd =
rd
= YX - Kd (*)
S S 0 S S 0 S
=
=
Q th vo * ta c :
T
(S 0S )
K d
C
X
V ng thng hi quy tuyn tnh quan h gia thng s
(S0 - S)/ (.X) v 1/c
=Y
T ta c dng: y = ax + b
Kd = b
Y =a
Q.Y.(So - S)c
X(1 + Kd. c)
Cch 2
+ F: food
Trang 118
+ M: microorganism ratio
F So
M = X
Lu : khi chn la cc thng s cn lu :
So 100: X 1500 mg/l
So = 100-150: X 1000 mg/l
So = 150-200: X 2800 mg/l
So > 200: X = 2800-4000 mg/l
tro: Z = 0,3
c. Tnh ton thit k
+ Cc thng s u vo
BOD5
QNT, So, f = COD , t, Sra, CODra, SS, Xo, % cn HC(= a), X, Z, Xtun hon, Y, c
+ Xc nh hiu qu x l:
- Lng cn HC trong nc thi ra khi b lng: a.BOD5 ra = b.
- Lng cn HC theo COD:
1,42.b.(1 z) = c
(1,42: mg O2 sdng/md TBo phn hu)
- Lng BOD5 trong cn ra khi b: f.c = d
- Lng BOD5 ho tan khi b lng: c = BOD5 cho php d
Hiu qu x l theo COD:
CODvo - (CODra - c)
E=
CODvo
Hiu qu x l theo BOD5:
BOD5 vo - d
E = BOD
5 vo
Hiu qu x l BOD ton b
BODvo - BODra
E=
BODvo
-
+ Th tch b
V=
Q.Y.(So - S)c
X(1 + Kd. c)
(m3)
+ Thi gian lu nc
V
=Q
+ Lng bn HC l lng khi s dng BOD5:
- Tc tng trng ca bn:
Y
Yb =
(1/ngy)
1 + c xK d
- Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong ngy:
(kg/ngy)
Px = Yb.Q.(So - S)
- Tng lng cn lu lng sinh ra (tng bn d):
Px
Px1 = 1 - z
- Lng cn d hng ngy x ra:
Px = Px1 Pra
(Pra = Q.SSra.10-3)
- Lu lng x bn:
Trang 119
Qx =
V.X - Qr.Xr. c
XT.c
Vi:
+ Qr = Q v
+ XT = (1-z)Xbn
+ Xr = (1-z).c (mg/l)
+ Thi gian tch lu cn (tun hon ton b) khng x cn ban u
V.Xb
(ngy)
T= P
x
( Tthc = (3-4)T)
+ Sau khi h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn HC x ra hng ngy
(kg/ngy)
B = Qx.Xb
- Cn bay hi: B = (1-z).B.
- Cn bay hi trong nc x l i ra khi b: B = Qr.Xr
- Tng cn HC sinh ra: B + B = Px
+ Xc nh lu lng tun hon: Qr
X
QT
Gii ra tm QT
Qr = XT - X
+ T l F/M
So
F/M =
.X
+ Lng kh cn thit
- Lng oxy cn thit:
Q(So - S)
4.57(No - N)
OCo = 1000.f - 1.42Px +
(kg/ngy)
1000
Vi:
+ No: tng nit ban u (sau khi b sung dinh dng)
+ N: tng nit ra (5-6 mg/l)
- Lng oxy thc t:
Cs
1
1
OCt = OCo + C + C .1.024(T - 20) . (kg/ngy)
s
Vi:
+ Cs: oxy bo ho trong nc (9,08 mg/l).
+ C: lng oxy cn duy tr trong b (2-3 mg/l)
+ : 0,6-0,94.
+ OCTB = OCt/24 (kg/h)
+ OCt max = 1,5.OCt TB
+ OCt min = 0,8.OCt TB
+ Tnh lng khng kh cn thit:
OCt
(f = 1,5)
Ok = OU fan ton
Vi:
Ok thc t = 2Ok
+ p lc kh my nn
Vi:
hd: do ma st.
hf: qua thit b phn phi (<= 0,5 m).
hc: tn tht cc b ng (hd + hc <= 0,4 m).
H: chiu cao hu ch ca b.
+ p lc kh:
p=
+ Cng sut my nn:
10.33 + Hd
10.33
(atm)
34400(P0.29 -1).q
N=
102.
Vi:
Trang 121
V d p dng 1 :
Lu lng nc thi : 1500m3/ngy m.
Lng BOD5 u vo (sau x l keo t ) (gim 60%) :
763 x 40
= 305,2(mg / l )
100
T l BOD5/COD = 305,2/460 = 0,66
Nhit nc thi t=300C
Nc x l xong t tiu chun BOD 50mg/l (30 mg/l).
Nc x l xong t tiu chun COD 100 mg/l (70 mg/l).
Hm lng cn l lng 50 mg/l gm 65% l cn hu c.
Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b X0=0.
Thng s vn hnh nh sau :
1. Nng bn hot tnh trong b : X=3000 mg/l (cn bay hi).
2. tro ca cn Z=0,3-nng cn lng y b lng t 2 v cng l nng cn tun hon
10.000mg/l.
3. Thi gian lu ca bn hot tnh (tui ca cn) trong cng trnh c =10 ngy.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
Xc nh hiu qu x l :
E=
Trang 122
E=
305,2 8,6787
x100= 97,15%
305,2
E=
305,2 30
x100= 90.2%
305,2
V =
V 426,25
=
x 24 = 6,82 (h ) = 0,284 (ngay )
Q 1500
Yb =
Y
1 + c x kd
0,46
= 0,2875
1 + 10 x0,06
Px1 =
Px 127,875
=
=182,68 (kg / ngay ) .
1 Z
0,7
V xX
Q xa x X T + Qr x X r
(Gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai).
Suy ra:
Qxa =
Trang 123
T =
V x X 426.25 x10000
=
= 33.33 ngay
Px
127874.8106
Thc t s di hn 3-4 ln v khi nng bn cha trong hiu qa x l thi gian u s thp v
lng bn sinh ra t hn Px
e. Sau khi h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn hu c x ra hng ngy:
B = Qx x 10.000 g/m3=13,4 x 10.000=134000 g/ngy =134 kg/ngy.
Trong cn bay hi:
B = 0,7 x134 = 93,8 kg
Cn bay hi trong nc x l i ra khi b QR x XR
B= 1500 x 22.75 x 10-3= 34,125 (kg/ngy)
Tng cn hu c sinh ra:
B + B = 93,8 + 34,125 = 127,925 kg = 128 kg = Px .
f.
QT
X
3000
=
=
= 0,75
QV X T X 7000 3000
QT =0,75x 1500 = 1125 (m3/ngy)
g. T s F/M:
F
S
305,2 mg BOD / l
mgBOD5
= 0 =
= 0,358
M x X 0,284 x 3000 (mg / l )
mg bun . ngay
h. Tnh lng kh cn thit:
Tnh lng xy cn thit theo cng thc:
OCO =
Q (SO S )
1000 f
1,42 Px +
4,57 (N O N )
1000
(kg / ngay )
Trong :
Q = 1500 m3/ ngy
So = 305,2 mg/l .
S = 8,6787 mg/l
No= Tng hm lng N u vo :15,26 (mg/l) (sau khi b sung dinh dng)
N = Tng hm lng u ra : 5 (mg/l) (tiu chun l 6 mg/l).
PX = 127,875 (mg/ ngy)
f =BOD/COD =0,66
Vy:
Trang 124
OCO =
OCt = OCo x
Cs
1
1
x
x (kg / ngay )
(T 20 )
Cs C 1.024
Trong :
Cs: Lng xy bo ha trong nc 9.08 mg/l.
C: Lng xy cn duy tr trong b 2 mg/l.
: h s t 0.6 0.94 . Chn 0.7.
Vy
OCt = 492.4 x
9.08
1
1
x
x
= 713.4 (kg / ngay )
( 30 20 )
9.08 2 1.024
0.7
Ok =
OCt
713.4
xf=
x1.5 = 50957 (m3 / ngay ) = 0.59 (m3 / s ).
OU
21 x10 3
Trong :
OCt : Lng xy thc t cn.
OU : Cng sut ha tan thit b.
f : H s an ton. Chn 1.5.
Qktb = 2123.2 m3/h.
Qkmax = 1.5 x 3184.8 m3/h.
Qkmin = 0.8 x 1698.56 m3/h.
Lng khng kh cn thit chn my nn kh : 2 x 0,59 = 1.18 (m3/s).
k. Tnh p lc kh my nn:
Vn tc kh thot ra khi khe h :5-10 m/s.
Ap lc cn thit cho h thng ng kh nn xc nh theo cng thc :
Hd = hd + hc + hf + H.
Trong :
hd : Tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di trn ng ng dn (m).
hc : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m).
hf : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m). Gi tr ny khng vt qu 0.5m.
H: chiu cao hu ch ca b. 3m.
Tng tn tht hd v hc khng vt qu 0.4 m.
Vy p lc cn thit l :
Trang 125
P=
(10.33 + H d ) =1.38amt.
10.33
Cng sut my nn :
N=
l.
N q max =
N q min =
L=
F
V
426.25
=
=
= 31.6(m).
b h1 x b 3 x 4.5
3000
3000
3000
3000
16000
Cp kh
l=
L
N q min
26
= 0.165(m).
157
Trang 126
q=
50957
=119.55(m3 / m 2 ngay ).
426.25
Ch tiu gi:
a=
Ok
50957
=
=114.56 (m3khi / 1kgBOD5 ).
3
Q x ( So S ) x10
1500 x ( 305.2 8.6787) x103
Cc thng s vn hnh:
+ Cn hu c, a = 75%.
+ tro z = 0,3 (Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi- Trnh Xun Lai)
+ Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b, Xo= 0.
+ Nng bn hot tnh, X = 2500 4000 mg/l, chn X = 3000 (mg/l)
+ Lng bn hot tnh tun hon l nng cn ln y b lng 2, XT = 8000 (mg/l)
+ Ch xo trn hon ton.
+ Thi gian lu bn trong cng trnh, c = 515 ngy, chn c = 10 ngy
+ H s phn hy ni bo, Kd = 0.06 ngy-1
+ H s sn lng bn Y = 0,4 0,8 mg VSS/mg BOD5, chn Y = 0,6 mg VSS/mg BOD5
1.
Xc nh hiu qu x l
-
E
-
Hiu qu x l COD:
E =
2.
637 20
100 % = 96 ,86 %
637
1160 50
100 % = 95 , 69 %
1160
Th tch b:
V=
Q * Y * c ( S o S ) 150 * 0 , 6 * 10 * ( 637 20 )
116 (m3)
=
X * (1 + K d * c )
3000 * (1 + 0 , 06 * 10 )
Trong :
Trang 127
Trong :
116
V
=
= 38,67 39 (m2)
Hi
3
Chiu di b:
D = 7,8 (m)
Th tch thc ca b:
Vt = D * B * H = 7,8 * 5 * 3,5 = 136,5 (m3)
3.
=
4.
V
Q
ngay
tb
116
150
Yb =
-
Y
1+ c * Kd
0 ,6
= 0 ,375
1 + 10 * 0 , 06
Px
= 34,7 (kg/ngym)
-
P1 x =
-
Px
3 4, 7
=
= 4 9, 6 (kg/ngy)
1 z 1 0, 3
Trang 128
Trong :
XT: Nng bn hot tnh trong dng tun hon (cn khng tro), XT = (1 - 0,3) *
Q,X0
(Q +Qt), X
B
AEROTANK
Q,Xr
B lng
Qt, Xt
Qx ,Xt
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht i vi b aeroten:
(Q + Qt) * X = Q * X0 + Qt * Xt
Trong :
Qt
X0
Xt
Qt
l t s tun hon bn:
Q
X + * X = * Xt
Suy ra:
=
-
3000
X
=
= 0,6
X t X 8000 3000
Ta c:
Qt
Q
Kim tra t s khi lng cht nn trn khi lng bn hot tnh F/M:
F/M =
So
*X
637
= 0,28 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS.ngy
0 , 75 * 3000
F/M = 0,28 nm trong gii hn cho php i vi b Aeroten xo trn hon ton: F/M = 0,2
0,6 kg BOD5/kg MLVSS.ngy
Trang 129
Ti trng th tch:
La =
So * Q
V
*10-3 =
637 * 150
116
La = 0,8237 nm trong gii hn cho php i vi aeroten xo trn hon ton: La = 0,81,9 kg
3
OC
Q * (S o S )
150 * ( 637 20 )
1, 42 * P x =
1, 42 * 34 , 7
1000 * f
1000 * 0 , 55
BOD 5
= 0 , 55
BOD 20
OCt = OCo * (
Trong :
Cs
1
1
)*
*
T 20
C s C 1, 024
9,08 (mg/l)
T = 25 C, nhit nc thi
9, 0 8
1
1
)*
*
= 1 9 3, 6 4 (kg/ngy)
25 20
9, 0 8 2 1, 0 2 4
0, 7
OC t
fa
OU
Trong :
fa: H s an ton, fa = 1,5 2, chn fa = 1,5 (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l
Ou: Ph thuc h thng phn phi kh. Chn h thng phn phi bt kh nh v mn,
(tra bng 7-1 sch Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi- .Trnh Xun Lai).
Trang 130
iu kin th nghim
Ou=grO2/m .m
Ou grO2/m3.m
12
10
8,5
Nc sch T=20oC
Nc thi T=20 C, =0,8
o
Ou = 7 (gO2/m .m)
3
Qkh =
8.
193 , 64
* 1, 5 = 9879 , 7 (m3/ngy)
19 , 6 * 10 3
Tnh p lc my nn:
-
Trong :
p lc khng kh l:
p=
10 ,33 + H ct
10 , 33 + 3 , 9
=
= 1,38 ( atm )
10 ,33
10 ,33
34400 ( p 0 , 29 1) q k
34400 (1, 38 0 , 29 1) 0 ,114
=
= 5 , 02 ( KW )
N=
102 n
102 0 , 75
Trong :
Qk
= 0 ,114 (m3/s)
86400
B tr h thng sc kh:
Chn h thng cp kh cho b gm 1 ng chnh, 4 ng nhnh vi chiu di mi ng l 7,8 m, t cch
nhau 1 m
-
D =
4 * Q khi
=
*V
4 * 0,114
= 0,12 (m) = 120 (mm)
3,14 *10
D= 120 (mm)
Trong :
V=10 15 (m/s), chn V = 10 (m/s) (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi- Ts.Trnh Xun Lai)
-
Trang 131
4 * q kk
=
4 * 10 * 3 ,14
4 * 0 ,114
= 60 (mm)
4 * 3 ,14 * 10
Chn Dn = 60 (mm)
-
Chn dng a xp, ng knh 170 (mm), din tch b mt F = 0,02(m2), cng kh
200l/pht.a = 3,3(l/s)
-
N =
Q kh i
0,1 1 4
=
= 3 4, 5 5 a
3, 3
3, 3 * 1 0 3
Chn: S lng a: N = 36 a
-
4 * Q th
=
* vb
4 * 90
= 0, 0297 0, 03 m
3,14 *1, 5 * 86400
Chn Db = 34
Qth: Lu lng bn tun hon Qth = 90 (m3/ng)
Vb: Vn tc bn chy trong ng trong iu kin bm, Vb = 1 2 m/s
Chn Vb = 1,5 m/s
Trang 132
Tn thng s
n v
7,8
(m)
Chiu di b (L)
(m)
3,5
(m)
Thi gian lu nc ( )
18,55
gi
Thi gian lu bn ( C )
10
ngy
ng knh ng dn kh chnh
120
mm
ng knh ng dn kh nhnh
60
mm
Cng sut my nn kh
5,02
KW/h
S lng a
36
ONG PVC 42
DAN NC
THAI VAO BE
+4000
I
4800
ONG SAT
TRANG KEM60
200
0.00
1000
1000
200
500 1000
1000
1000 500
LP CHONG THAM
Bu long M20
LP VA TRAT
BETONG MAC 200
LP AT T NHIEN
20
B
70
I
6000
TL: 1:50
La 30x3 mm
450
250
Bu long M20
B
MAT BANG
4.2.3. B lng 2
C nhim v lng trong nc sau khi x l sinh hc.
300
200
T le : 1: 50
CHI TIET 1:
Goi ch I bang be tong
TL: 1:10
SV thiet ke
So ban ve: 3
Ban ve so: 3
NHT: 18/6/2001
NBV: 23/6/2001
Trang 133
Qt
+ Vt = S : do tun hon
+ VL: vn tc lng ca ht.
+ Nng ht ti cc mt
ct L v T l CL, CT.
C=0
CL
L
Vp = VL + Vt
QtCt
Vp = Vt
PT cn bng:
G = (Q + Qt)Co = S.VPL.CL
G = (Q + Qt)Co = S.VPL.CTR
S=
(Q + Qt)Co
CtVt
Gi l h s tun hon: Qt = .Q
Do :
Q(1 + ).Co
S=
Ct.VL
TNH TON B LNG II:
1/ Din tch mt bng ca b lng II:
S >=
Q(1 + ).Co
Ct.VL
Vi:
+ Q: lu lng nc thi (m3/h).
+ : h s tun hon, ly = 0,6-0,8
+ Co: nng bn hot tnh trong b sinh hc.
Co = .X ( ~ 0,8)
+ Ct: nng bn trong vng tun hon (7000-15000 mg/l)
+ VL: vn tc lng ca mt phn chia L.
VL = Vmax.e-KCL.10-6 (m/h)
Vi:
- Vmax = 7 m/h
- K = 600 (khi 50 < SVI <150) v y l thng s phi s dng.
2/ Din tch bung trung tm
fB = 10% S
3/ Tng din tch b
F = S + fB
4/ Thng xy dng dng b trn (li tm)
Trang 134
D=
4 xF
Q
a= S
8/ Vn tc i ln ca nc trong b
(m3/m2.ngy)
a
V = 24
(m/h)
Dmng = 80% D
L = Dmng
Q
aL = L
12/ Ti trng bn
b=
Q(1 + )Co
24.S
(kg/m2h)
Q x (1+ ) x Co
Ct x VL
Trong :
Q: Lu lng nc thi bng 1500 m3/ngy = 62.5 m3/h.
: H s tun hon ly 0.75.
Trang 135
X 3000
=
= 3750 (mg / l ) .
0.8 0.8
Co =
CL =
Ct 10000
=
= 5000 (mg / l ) .
2
2
F=
4 Fbe
D=
250
4 x130
= 13 (m)
3.14
f =
Vy din tch vng lng ca b:
Ti trng thy lc:
a=
3.252 x 3.14
= 8.3 (m 2 ) .
4
Q 1500
=
= 12 (m3 / m 2 .ngay ) .
S L 125.7
Vn tc i ln ca nc trong b.
V =
a 12
= = 0.5 (m / h)
24 24
Trang 136
aL =
Q 1500
=
= 45.93 <125(m3 / m 2 .ngay ) .
L 32.656
Ti trng bn:
b=
24 x125.7
Ctb =
CL + C t 5000 +10000
=
= 7500 ( g / m3 ) = 7.5 (kg / m3 ).
2
2
T=
V
481
=
= 4.39 ( gio)
Q + Qt 109.375
T2 =
Vbun
269.1 x 24
=
= 5.67 ( gio)
Qt + Qxa 0.75 x1500 +13.4
V d p dng 2
-
Trang 137
F1 =
Q tt
(1 + 0, 6) * 0, 0035
=
= 0, 28( m 2 )
0, 02
V
Trong :
F2 =
Q tt
(1 + 0 , 6 ) * 0 , 0035
=
= 11 , 2 ( m 2 )
V
0 , 0005
Trong :
ng knh ca b :
D =
-
4 *11, 48
= 3, 8( m )
3,14
4F
4 * F1
4 * 0 , 28 = 0,59 m 0,6 m
Trong :
Trong :
) * tg = (
Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng v bng 2,7 m.
. ng knh phn loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ng loe v bng 1,35 ng
Trang 138
thu nc lng, dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh thnh b. Thit k mng thu
nc t theo chu vi vnh trong ca b, ng knh ngoi ca mng chnh l ng knh trong ca b.
-
Q 150 *1, 6
=
= 24, 65 (m3/mdi.ngy)
L
9, 734
Vl =
-
d 2 * h tt =
( )
3,14
3,8 2 0 ,6 2 * 2 ,7 = 29 ,8 m 3
4
Vl
Q + Q
=
th
2 9 ,8
= 1, 4 9 2
1 2 , 5 * (1 + 0 , 6 )
V
-
(D
4
t=
-
(h )
( )
= F * h n = 11 , 48 * 1 , 96 = 22 , 5 m
tb =
Trong :
Vb
Q x +Q
=
th
22 , 5
= 2 , 9 (h
0 , 23 + 7 , 5
STT
Tn thng s
n v
0,28
(m2)
(f)
2
11,2
(m2)
0,6
(m)
ng knh ca b lng(D)
3,8
(m)
(m)
1,5
gi
3,1
(m2)
Trang 139
+1.90
+1.15
+1.15
TAM CHAN CHAT NOI
0.00
MANG RANG CA
TAM CHAN
MANG RANG CA
-3.25
DAY NEO
-5.25
MANG RANG CA
BULONG M10
2000
450
1200
(Vng XL)
Dn nc
vo
Trang 140
4.2.4.2. Nguyn tc
Nc thi sau khi iu chnh pH v dinh dng c dn vo y b v nc thi i ln vi
vn tc 0,6-0,9 m/h. Qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php k kh xy ra (bn + nc
thi) to ra kh (70-80% CH4)
4.2.4.3. TNH TON
1/ Hiu qu lm sch
E=
Sv - Sr
Sv
2/ Lng S kh 1 ngy
Trang 141
m 97.5
=
= 32.5 (m3)
L
3
Tc nc i ln trong b: v = 0.6
lng.
Q
300
=
= 16 (m)
VVao 0.781 * 24
V 32.5
=
=2.031 (m) 2.1 (m)
F 16
Chiu cao phn lng: H2 1m . (Trang 195 Tnh tn thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi TS. Trnh
Xun Lai)
=> Chn H2 = 1.2 (m)
Chiu cao bo v, chnh l phn thu kh: H3=0.3 (m)
Chiu cao xy dng ca b UASB s l:
Htc= H1+ H2 + h3 = 2.1+1.2+0.3 =3.6 (m)
Trong b thit k 1 ngn lng. Nc i vo ngn lng s c tch bng cc tm chn kh.
Tm chn kh t nghing mt gc (vi 550)
Chn = 550
Gi Hlng : chiu cao ton b ngn lng.
=> HLng= 2 (m).
(Trang 195 Tnh tn thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi TS. Trnh Xun Lai)
H lang + H 3
2 + 0.3
= 63.89% 30% (Tha yu cu)
3.6
H be
Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng (tlng 1 h).
Kim tra:
t lang
1
3
* Lmatthoang * B * H lang 0,5 *L
matthoang *4 * 2( m )
=
= 2
=
= 1h
Q
Q
12.5m 3 / h
Vlang
Lmtthng=3.125 (m)
Khong cch t m trn cng ca ngn lng n thnh b l: (L-Lmtthng)/2 = (4-3.125)/2= 437
(mm)
Thi gian lu nc trong b (HRT = 4 12 h) :
HRT =
L B( H be H 3 ) 4 * 4(3.6 0,3)m
=
= 4.224h (Tha yu cu)
Q
12.5m3 / h
Trang 142
Q
12.5m 3 / h
=
= 9m / h
S khe 4khe 4m bm
b= 0,087m=87 mm
Trong b UASB, ta b tr 2 tm hng dng v 4 tm chn kh, cc tm ny t song song vi
nhau v nghing so vi phng ngang mt gc 550
Tm chn kh 1:
.Di = B = 4 m
.Rng = b1 =
H lang H 2
sin 55
Chn rng = 975 mm
2 1,2
= 0.976m
sin 55 0
Tm chn kh 2:
on xp m ca 2 tm chn kh ly bng 0,25 m.
.Di = B = 4 m
.Rng = 0,25 m +
H2 + H3 h
sin 55 0
v cch tm chn kh di
l=
bkhe
87
=
= 106mm
0
0
cos(90 55 ) cos 35 0
h 71
=
= 52 0
a 2 56
= 180 0 2 = 180 0 2 52 0 = 76 0
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 1020 cm. Chn mi bn nh ra 15 cm.
b3 =
512
2
2
=
= 416mm
sin(90 ) 0 sin(90 52) 0
Trang 143
A=
Q
Vmang
12.5m 3 / s
= 0,0058m 2
3600 0,6m / s
Lng kh sinh ra trong b = 0.5 m 3/kgCODloab (Metcalf & Eddy Waste water engineering
Treating, Diposal, Reuse, MccGraw-Hill, Third edition, 1991)
Qkh = 0,5 m3 /kgCODloab * 97.5kgCODloab /nga
= 48.75 m3/nga = 2.03125 m3/h = 0,564 (l/s)
Trong lng kh metan sinh ra chim 70 80%
Chn metan sinh ra chim 70%.
=> Lng kh methane sinh ra = 0,35 /kgCODloab
QCH4 = 0,35 m3kgCODloab * 97.5 kgCODloab
= 34.125 (m3/nga)
Tnh ng thu kh
Chn vn tc kh trong ng Vkh = 10 m/s
ng knh ng dn kh :
Dkh =
4 * Qkh
=
24 * 3600 * * Vkh
4 * 48.75
= 0,0085 m = 8 mm
24 * 3600 * * 10
4 xQkh
4 * 0,00056
=
= 11,141 (m/s)
2
xD
* 0,008 2
Vbun 1.125
=
= 0.070 m
F
4*4
Trang 144
3.375
= 1.125 m3/h
3
4 x4
= 8 u
2m 2 / dau
4Q
=
.Vchnh
Q
S chnh
20,83 / 3600(m 3 / s )
= 1.7684 m/s
( 2 / 4)m 2
Q 12.5m 3 / h
=
= 3.125 m3/h
4
4
ng knh ng nhnh
Dchnh =
4Q
=
.Vnhanh
4 * (3.125 / 3600)
= 0,024 m = 24 mm
*2
Q
S nhanh
3.125 / 3600(m 3 / s)
= 1.919 m/s
( 2 / 4)m 2
H. Bm :
Lu lng cn bm Q = 12.5 m3/h.
Ct p ca bm : H = z + h (m H2O)
z : khong cch t mt nc b tuyn ni n mt nc b UASB .
Trang 145
Q. p.g .H
(12.5 / 3600)m 3 * 1000kg / m 3 * 9.81m / s 2 * 11m
=
= 0,468 kw
1000.
1000 * 0.8
ONG THU KH -
4000
30
4000
CHI TIET 2
T LE 1/5
CHI TIET 1
+6.800
270
300
+6.000
15
40
1600
12
56
1000
172
MAT CAT C -C
MANG THU NC
150
450
4100
1000
00
0
15
500
1000
40
300
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1000
CHI TIET 2
500
1000
+ 0.000
1000
1000
1400
1000
1400
980
200
300
- 0.600
300
12000
BULONG
2000
2000
B
2000
2000
200
CHI TIET 1
T LE 1/ 5
ONG THU NC -
400
TAM INOX
75
75
200
300
MANG THU NC
T LE 1/5
EM CAO SU
2000
50
1000
MAT BANG
300
BULONG
200
MANG RANG CA
100
150
75
5000
100
300
BULONG M10
EM CAO SU
5000
MANG RANG CA
T LE 1/10
60
250
100
40
200
60
300
20
100
CAU THANG
25
50
480
2500
QUACH.M.TUAN
GVHD
NG .TAN PHONG
CNBM
NG.VAN PHC
TY LE : 1/50
SO BAN VE: 3
BAN VE SO :3
6/2001
1025.25 * 5
= 17 mg / l
350
1025.25 * 1
= 3mg / l
350
N ra = 111 17 = 94mg / l
Pra = 27 3 = 24mg / l
Trang 146
V=
G 1677
=
= 240m3
a
7
1000
Q
=
= 46.3 m2
v 24 * 0.9
F=
H1 =
V 240
=
= 5.2m
F 46.3
T=
V
24h
Q
324.1
* 24 = 7.78h
1000
7) Kch thc b:
Vi din tch F= 46.3 m2, chiu cao tng cng H=7 m
chiu di b L=8m
Chiu rng b B=5.9m
8) Nc khi vo ngn lng s c tch kh bng cc tm chn kh t nghing so vi phng ngang
mt gc 45-600. Chn 500
tg 500 =
H lang + H 3
B2
H lang + H 3 = tg 500 * B 2
Trang 147
Fkhe =
Fkhe
1.77
=
= 0.435m
sokhe
4
H3
l=
lang
T m ch
kh 2
T m ch
kh 1
10) Tm chn kh 1.
435
T mh
dng
Chiu di l1=L=8m
Chiu rng b1.
b1 =
H lang H 2
sin 50
ng
3.16 1.5
= 2.17 m
sin 500
11) Tm chn kh 2:
Chiu di l2= L = 8m
Chiu rng b2
b2 = 400 +
H 2 + H3 h
1.5 + 0.3 0.280
= 400 +
= 2.38m
sin 50
sin 50
12) Tm hng dng c t nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 500 v cch tm chn kh 1 l 435mm
Khong cch gia hai tm chn kh l L=4X.
Vi X=435*cos 500=280mm
=>L=4X=4*280=1119mm 1.12m
Trang 148
1520
2 =
2 = 1182mm
Cos500 Cos500
D
4*Q
4 * 1000
=
= 0.122m = 122mm
3.14 * vong * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1 * 24 * 3600
Dongchinh =
vong =
2
ongchinh
4*Q
= 0.943m / s , gn bng 1m/s (tha).
* 3.14 * 24 * 3600
an =
8 * 5.8
= 3.1m 2 (nm trong khong cho php t 2-5m2/u.)
15
Trang 149
Dongnhanh
4 * 1000
4 * Qongnhanh
5
=
=
= 0.044m = 44mm
3.14 * vongnhanh * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1.5 * 3600 * 24
vongnhanh =
4 * Qongnhanh
2
ongnhanh
* 3.14 * 24 * 3600
= 1.46m / s
Qongnhanh
6
200
= 33.333m3 / ngy.
6
4 * 200
4 * Q phanphoi
6
Dlo =
=
= 0.018m = 18mm
3.14 * v phanphoi * 24 * 3600
3.14 * 1.5 * 24 * 3600
Vn tc nc qua l phn phi = 1.5m/s.
l phn phi c ng knh 18mm.
Cc ng phn phi nc t cch y 20cm.
17) Tnh lng kh sinh ra
Lng kh sinh ra trong b tng ng: 0.5m3/1kgCODloi b
Th tch kh sinh ra trong ngy:
Qkhi
4 * 419.25
2
=
=
= 0.025m
3.14 * vkhi * 24 * 3600
3.14 *10 * 24 * 3600
4*
Dkhi
Trang 150
Vbun =
167.7
= 0.645m3 / ngay
260
58
= 1.24m
46.3
58
= 0.008m3 / s
120 * 60
0.008
= 0.0054m 2
3 * 0.5
4*S
=
3.14
4 * 0.0054
= 0.0083m = 83mm
3.14
0.008
= 0.0054m 2
3 * 0.5
Flo 0.0054
=
= 7.6
f lo 0.00071
Chn s l trn 1 ng 8.
3 ng s c 24 l.
22) ng knh ng thu bn trung tm:
Chn vn tc 0.3m/s
ng knh ng thu bn: D =
4 * 0.008
= 185mm
3.14 * 0.3
Theo TCXD 51-84, ng knh ng thu bn ti thiu 200mm. Chn ng knh ng trung tm l 200mm.
23) Mng thu nc:
Trang 151
Q=
5
8
Cd tg
2g H 2
15
2
Trong :
= 90
0.7
R W 0.17
Cd = 0.56 +
Trong : W
0.165
R=
H gH
Cd = 0.71
Q=
5
3
8
900
* 0.71 * tg
* 2 * 9.81 * 0.04 2 = 0.00054 m
s
15
2
1000
= 26
24 * 3600 * 0.00045
l=
8
= 0.57m
13 + 1
= Q *t =
8
= 17 s (17 giy).
2 * 0.24
1000
*17 = 0.197m3
24 * 3600
V
0.197
=
= 0.082m
L * b 8 * 0.3
Tng chiu cao mng thu nc: = 0.04 + 0.082 = 0.122m, chn 0.15m (do c thm chiu cao d tr mng rng
ca).
Chiu cao mng thu nc cui b: 0.15 + 0.05*8 =0.55m
Trang 152
8000
550
570
23) Lp t cc ng dn bn:
M
cn
Z1 +
P1
1v12
2g
+ H = Z2 +
P2
1v22
2g
+ h1 2
Suy ra ct p my bm:
H = ( Z 2 Z1 ) +
P2 P1
2v22 1v12
2g
+ h1 2
Trang 153
1 , 2
: tng tn tht.
1 2
a) Tng tn tht:
1 2
= hd + hc
hd : tn tht dc ng.
hd = hd _ 125 + hd _ 45 = 0.1176 + 1.21 = 1.3276m
hd _ 125 : tn tht dc ng trong ng chnh c ng knh 125mm.
l v2
d 2g
hd _ 125 =
vd
1*0.125*1000
= 246284 >105
0.8545*103
Nn
1
1
=
= 0.0148
2
(1.8lg Re 1.5)
(1.8lg 246284 1.5) 2
_125 =
19.4 1
l v2
= 0.0148
= 0.1176m
0.125 2 g
d 2g
l v2
d 2g
vd
0.3164
0.3164
=
= 0.019
0.25
Re
(78994)0.25
l v2
25 1.52
= 0.019
= 1.21m
d 2g
0.045 2 g
Trang 154
v2
2g
1 : h s tr lc khi vo ng ht.
2 :
Suy ra hc _ 125 =
v2
1 .0
= 0.86
= 0.044m
2g
2 * 9.81
hc _ 45 =
= 4
v2
2g
1 2
1.52
v2
= 14.468
= 1.66m
2g
2 * 9.81
b) ct p my bm:
H = ( Z 2 Z1 ) +
P2 P1
2v22 1v12
2g
+ h1 2 = 2.3 +
N=
K hiu
n v
S lng
Chiu di b
Chiu rng b
5.9
Chiu di tm chn kh 1
l1
B rng tm chn kh 1
b1
2.17
Chiu di tm chn kh 2
l2
B rng tm chn kh 2
b2
2.38
1.52
Trang 155
1.182
ng knh ng dn nc trung tm
mm
125
mm
45
S lng ng nhnh cp nc
S lng ng thu kh
ng knh ng thu kh
mm
25
mm
200
mm
97
Mm
150
mm
550
Trang 156
Cht ko tro
72-90
65-75
65-75
N
2-3
3.4
5.5
P2O5 K2O
0.6-1.7 0.2
2.3
0.4
3.1
-
Cht bo
14-17
2.6
6
HC
20-30
4-7
-
E.coli
107-108
4.106-3.107
-
4H2 + CO2
Vi H2 (t giai on 1)
H2 + CO2
men
4 + CH4 + 2H2O
CH4 + 2H2O + Q
Trang 157
Vi CH3COOH
men
CH3COO
CH4 + CO2 + Q
CH3COOH
c Dn cn vo
d Thit b hm nng cn
e Dn hi nng
f My trn
g Kh t
1
3
(m3/ng)
Vi:
+ Co: hm lng cht l lng BL1
+ E: hiu sut lng %
+ K: h s tnh n kh nng tng lng cn do c c ht l lng (K = 1,1-1,2)
+ Pc: m cn ti (%)
+ Yc: trng lng th tch ca cn ti
b) Lng bn hot tnh d
Trang 158
Wb =
[Co(100 - E) - 100b]Q
(100 - Pb)106Yb
(m3/ng.)
Vi:
+ : h s tnh n kh nng tng trng khng iu ho ca bn hot tnh trong qu trnh x
l sinh hc ( = 1,15-1,25)
+ b: hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc ra khi b lng 2
+ Pb: o m bn hot tnh sau khi nn
+ Yb: trng lng th tch ca bn hot tnh
c) Lng rc nghin song chn
100 - P1
(m3/ng.)
Wr = W1.100 - P
2
Vi:
+ W1: lng rc trong ngy m vi m ban u P1
+ P1, P2: m rc trc v sau khi nghin
d) Lng cn tng cng metan:
W = Wc + Wb + Wr
e) m TB ca hn hp cn b
C + Bk + RK
P = 100 ( 1 K
(%)
W
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti vi m Pc
Wc (100 - Pc)
Ck =
100
+ Bk: lng cht kh trong bn hot tnh d ng vi m Pb
Wb (100 - Pb)
Bk =
100
+ Rk: lng cht kh trong rc sau khi nghin vi m P2
Wr (100 - P2)
Rk =
100
2/ Dung tch b metan theo cng thc
W.100
Wm = d
(m3)
Vi:
+ d: lu lng cn trong ngy m dn vo b metan ph thuc m cn (ly theo bng)
d (d m cn %)
Ch ln men
93
94
95
96
97
Am 33oC
7
8
9
10
11
Nng 53oC
14
16
18
20
22
3/ Lng kh t: Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh Metan c sinh ra 1 lng kh t ch yu l
CH4 v mt t CO2.
a - nd
y = 100
Vi:
+ y: lng kh t tu c (m3/kg) cht khng tro
+ a: kh nng ln men ln nht ca cht khng tro trong hn hp cm dn n Metan %.
a = (0,92B + 0,62H + 0,34P)100
Vi:
- B: lng cht bo
- H: hm lng (H, C)
- P: hm lng protein
Trang 159
Trong TH khng xc nh c B, H, P
53 (Co + Ro) + 41Bo
a=
Co + Ro + Bo
- Co, Ro, Bo: Tng ng l lng cht khng tro ca cn ti, rc v bn hot tnh d
v c xc nh:
Ck (100 - Ac)(100 - Tc)
Co =
104
Vi:
+ Ck: lng cht kh trong cn ti (T/ng.)
+ Ac: m cn ti
+ Tc: t l tro trong cn
Rk (100 - Ar)(100 - Tr)
Ro =
104
Bk (100 - Ab)(100 - Tb)
Bo =
104
+ n: h s ph thuc m cn v ch ln men (theo bng)
Gi tr n theo m
Ch ln men
93
94
95
96
97
o
Am 33 C
1.05
0.98
0.72
0.56
0.4
Nng 53oC
0.435
0.385
0.31
0.24
0.17
Vi:
2900
3500
200
100
BE PHAN HUY
200
300
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
500
2800
300
3500
6600
200
300
500
7900
200
600
800
11800
200
300
500
5750
300
11800
5750
200
300
500
800
5900
5900
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
12400
BE PHAN HUY
NAP THAM
NGAN LANG 1
200
300
4530
5900
NGAN LANG 2
1700
2900
3500
570 800
200
100
300
200
225
275
500
3500
300
7300
MAT BANG
3500
200
300
500
O AN TOT NGHIEP
NGHIEN CU MO HNH BUN HOAT TNH PHUC VU
THIET KE HE THONG X LY NC THAI TOA NHA
SAIGON CASTLE
CHI TI? T HAM T HOAI II
Trang 160
Th tch tnh ton chung ca 1 b t hoi: ly khng nh hn lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong 1 2 ngy m (
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 1 v b 2
Wa = 0,5 x 138 = 69 m3
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
Wa = 0,5 x 207 = 103,5 m3
3.
Th tch ngn th hai bng th tch ngn th ba v bng th tch tng cng:
B 1 v b 2
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:
F1 =F2 =
-
W1 138
=
= 69 m2
H
2
B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2,5m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:
F3 =F4 = F5 = F6 =
W3
207
=
= 82,8 m2
2,5
H
Trang 161
5.2.1.3. B nn bn
- B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn
- B nn bn thng thit k dng trn ng.
- Lng cn bao gm
+ Cn x l sinh hc (d)
+ Cn ban u (SS)
+ Cn keo tt phn
TNH TON
1/ Lng cn
P = PSH + PSS + PAl(OH)3
2/ Lu lng bn dn vo b
P
q = 24C (m3/h)
Vi:
+ P: Hm lng cn (g).
+ C: Nng bn m %
(C = Co)
(g/m3)
3/ Din tch b nn bn ng
q
F1 = L
q: m3/ng.
L: Ti trng b nn bn 24-30m3/m2ng.
4/ Din tch ng trung tm
q.103
F2 = V .3600.t
2
Vi:
+ V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm (28-30mm/s).
+ t: thi gian vn hnh (h).
5/ Din tch tng cng
F = F1 + F 2
6/ ng knh ca b
4F
D=
7/ ng knh ng trung tm
4F2
d=
8/ ng knh ng lc trung tm
d2 = 1,35d
9/ ng knh tm chn
Trang 162
dc= 1,3d2
h1 = V1.t. 3600
Vi :
+ V1 =0,0001 m/s.
+ t: thi gian lng.
11/ Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing , ng knh y (0,2-0,4m) d
D - d
h2 =
2cotg
12/ Chiu cao t y ng loa n tm chn: h3 = 0,25-0,3m
13/ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho: 0,3m
Chiu cao lp bn nn
Hb =h2 - h3 hTH
h3
hTH
h2
Hb
V d p dng: Tnh B Nn Bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi Dt nhum cng sut 1500m3/ngay.em.
Lm gim m ca bn t 99.4% xung 96-97%. Bn v vn ni t b lng c bm vo b nn bn.
Lng bn sinh ra t :
Lng cn t b sinh hc.
Hm lng cn u vo .
Hm lng kt ta hyrxyt nhm sinh ra khi keo t bng phn nhm.
Lng cn t b sinh hc: 107.68 kg/ngy m.
Lng cn l lng u vo trong mt ngy 2.176 (kg/m3) x 1500 (m3/ngy m) = 3264 (kg/ngy m).
Tnh lng Al (OH)3 sinh ra khi thy phn phn Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
Dng phn hm lng 150 mg/l vi tinh khit 90%. i vi phn nguyn cht 100% th lng phn l 135
mg/l.
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. 2 Al (OH)3
666
156g
135mg
x = 31.62 (mg/l).
Lng Al (OH)3 dng trong mt ngy l 0.03162 x 1500 = 47.43 (kg/ngy m).
Vy tng lng cn l : 107.68 + 3264 + 47.43 = 3419 (kg).
Hm lng cn trong 1m3 nc thi: P = 2.28 (kg/m3).
Lu lng bn dn vo b
q=
P x Q 2280 x1500
=
= 20.35 (m3 / h) = 488.4 (m3 / ngay ).
24 x C
24 x 7000
Trong :
P: Hm lng bn 2.28 (kg/m3).
Q: Lu lng nc thi.
24: Thi gian vn hnh.
C: nng bn m 70%.C = 7000 g/m3.
Din tch b nn bn ng :
F1 =
q 488.4
=
=18.78 (m 2 )
L
26
Trang 163
F2 =
q 5.6
=
= 0.202 (m 2 )
V2 28
Trong :
V2: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm bng 28mm/s.
Din tch tng cng b nn bn ng.
F = F1 + F2 = 18,78 + 0.202 = 18.982 m2..
ng knh ca b nn bn ng:
D=
4F
4 x18.982
= 4.9 (m) . Chn D = 5m.
3.14
d=
4 F2
4 x 0.202
= 0 .5 ( m )
3.14
Trong
Trang 164
5000
250
500
290
2300
5.2.1.4. Sn phi bn
Sn phi bn l cng trnh s dng nhit mt tri nhm mc ch gim khi lng ca hn hp bn
cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln lng nuc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x
l v gim trng lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn.
S O MAT CAT SAN PHI BUN
20
1 000
7
6
5
100
2
200
1 000
9000
9 400
200
300 300
2 2200
800
300
200
3000
3000
3200
9800
200200
10200
On g tieu
nc bun
O n g da n bun
n g i
Lp soi
Lp cat
6
7
Lp bun
K hoa xa bun
Ty le
1:45
Ng a y ve
Nhom
GV HD
L AM VNH SN
B a n ve
so 2
Trang 165
r hn ta lm bi tp p dng sau y:
V d p dng: Tnh ton sn phi bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi vi cc thong s cho.
Lng bn hnh thnh bao gm: lng bn ti t b lng I v bn hat tnh d t b lng 2
a) Lng bn t b lng I
Hiu qu x l cn l lng t 94,23%, lng bn
Mti = 1000gSS/m3 * 94,23% * 300 m3/ngy = 282690 (g/m3) = 282,69 (kg/ngy)
ti
sinh
ra
mi
ngy
l:
Lu lng bn ti cn x l:
Q=
M tuoi
282,69
=
= 5369(l / ngay ) = 5,369 m 3 / ngay
S P 1,053 0,05
Trong :
S: t trng cn ti, S = 1,053 kg/l. (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 5% =0,05 ( m 95%) (bng 13-5)
b) Lng bn t b lng II
b Aerotank, lng bn d cn x l mi ngy l 40,62 kg/ngy
Lu lng bn cn x l
Q=
40,62
M
=
= 4041(l / ngay ) = 4,041 m 3 / ngay
S P 1,005 0,01
Trong :
S = 1,005 (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 1% =0,01 (bng 13-5)
Th tch bn a vo sn phi mi ngy
Vb = 5,369 + 4,041 = 9,41 (m3)
Ch tiu thit k: t nng cn 25% ( m 75%)
Chn chiu dy bn 25% l 10 cm, sau 4 tun (28 ngy) 1m2 sn phi c lng cn:
g = V . S . P = 0,1 x 1,4 x 0,25 = 0,035 (tn) = 35 (kg/28 ngy)
Trong :
V = 1m2 x 0,1 = 0,1 m3.
S: t trng bn kh, S = 1,4 (bng 13-1); P = 0,25.
Lng bn cn phi trong 28 ngy
G = 28 x (282,69 + 40,62) = 9052,68(kg)
Din tch sn phi
F=
( )
G 9052,68
=
= 250 m 2
35
g
Din tch cc cng trnh ph ca sn phi (ng bao, h thu nc, trm bm, ) ly bng 20 % din tch sn phi
bn. Tng din tch sn phi:
Ftng = 1,2 x 250 =300 (m2)
Ta b tr 5 . Din tch 1 :
f =
250
= 50(m 2 )
5
Mi c kch thc: 8 x 6,25 (m). Bn c phi v thu gom theo chu k 28 ngy (1 thng) 1 ln.
Trang 166
Gi tr
Ch nht
8m
6,25 m
1,04m
25 cm
30cm
100 mm
1%
30 cm
= Vb/f = 9,41/50 = 19 cm
H thng ng bm ht bn
Trang 167
H THNG X L NC CP
5600
phen
Be tieuthu
Be loc
3200
2700
Be tronng
Be phanng
xoay hnhpheu
3700
Chat kh trung
2000
Be lang
1000
Nc
Be cha
0,00
MLCN
TBCI
ho em
be ieu hoa
mng thoat
may ep bun
be ieu hoa
be cha bun
P. phan tch
may ep bun
be loc sinh
hoc nho got
loc tho
bun d
ho em
be bun hoat tnh
be lang
ngang
ho thu + SCR
nha bao ve
be cha bun
Trang 168
Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng x l nc sinh hot. Sau qu trnh x l
c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi sinh vt b gi li. Song tiu dit hon
ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh trng nc.
Kh trng nc thi l nhm mc ch ph h, tiu dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh nguy him hoc
cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc thi.
Nc thi sau khi x l bng phng php sinh hc cn cha khong 105 106 vi khun /ml. Hu ht
cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi l vi trng gy bnh nhng khng loi tr kh nng c
vi khun gy bnh. Khi x ra ngun nc cp, h bi,.. th s lan truyn bnh rt ln. V vy cn phi
tuyt trng nc thi trc khi x ra ngoi.
Nh bit, x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin cho hiu xut x l
v kh trng cao nht, t ti 99%, cn cc cng trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to ch t
91 98%.
Biu sau y biu th s gim s lng vi khun sau khi nc thi x l qua mt s cng on:
% gim VK
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
II
III
Vi nhng phn tch nh trn ta thy rng cn phi kh trng truc khi s dng (nc cp) v trc
khi thi ra ngun tip nhn (nc thi).
6.2. CC PHUONG PHP KH TRNG NC THI
9 Hin nay c nhiu bin php kh trng c hiu qu:
Kh trng bng cc cht oxi ho mnh: Cl2, cc hp cht Clo, O3, KmnO4.
Kh trng bng cc tia vt l: tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng siu m.
Kh trng bng phng php nhit.
Kh trng bng cc ion kim loi nng.
9 Cch la chn phng php ph thuc:
Cc yu t nh hng.
Hiu qu.
6.2.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh
6.2.1.1.Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo
Cl2 l cht oxi ho mnh bt k dng no. Khi cho Clo tc dng vi n s to thnh HOCl c tc
Trang 169
dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo trong H2O, cht dit trng s khuych tn qua lp v t bo
sinh vt gy phn ng vi men t bo lm ph hoi cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh
vt.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HclO
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn li
Cl2 + H2O = H+ + OCl- + Cl-.
Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Ca(OCl)2 + H2O = CaO + 2HOCl
2HOCl = 2H+ + 2OClKh nng dit trng ca Clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong H2O. Nng HOCl ph thuc
vo lng ion H+ trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi:
- pH = 6 th HOCl chim 99,5% cn OCl- chim 0.5%
- pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79% cn OCl- chim 21%
- pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl- chim 75%
Tc l pH cng cao hiu qu kh trng cng gim.
Tc dng kh trng ca HOCl cao hn nhiu OCl-.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc ngoi vic dit vi sinh vt, n cn kh cc cht ho tan v NH3.
HOCl + NH3 = NH2Cl + H2O
HOCl + NH2Cl = NHCl2 + H2O
HOCl + NHCl = NCl3 + H2O
Do kh nng dit trng km i. Bi v kh nng dit trng ca monocloramin hp hn dicloramin
khong 3 5 ln, cn kh nng dit trng ca dicloramin thp hn HOCl khong 20 25 ln.
Khi pH tng NCl3 to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH2Cl =( 1/3 -1/5) NHCl2 v NH2Cl2 =(1/20
1/25)Cl2.
Sau khi qua x ly (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d: 0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn
0.05mg/l.
Lng Clo d a vo trong nc phi xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh
sau : i vi nc thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay
Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l.
Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu. Nn kh bng NH3
trc khi kh trng.
* Kh trng bng Clo lng: Khi dng Clo lng kh trng , ti nh my phi lp t thit b
chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c chc nng pha ch v nh lng
Clo hi v nc.
Trang 170
Trang 171
Hnh : Clorat
Trang 172
6.2.1.3. Kh trng bng Natri hypoclorit (nc zaven). NaClo l sn phm ca qu trnh in phn
dung dch mui n . Nc zaven c nng Clo hot tnh t 6 8g/l
Trang 174
Trang 175
Ya =
Trong :
3 * 12 , 5
a*Q
=
= 0 , 0375 kg
h
1000
1000
V =
27
m
=
= 18 , 36 (l )
1 , 47
P
vng 1 2 pht. Mng gm 3 ngn vi cc l c d = 20 100 (mm) (X l nc thi th v cng nghip,Tnh ton thit
k cng trnh- Lm Minh Trit)
Chn d = 30 mm
Trang 176
t=
H 1 * B * L H 1 * 0 , 5 * 2 , 65
=
= 2 * 60 ( giy )
Q max
0 , 0035
H1=
2 * 60 * 0 , 0035
0 , 5 * 2 , 65
= 0 ,3 ( m )
nn =
l
H 1d
0 , 3 0 , 03
+1=
+ 1 = 5 ,5 6
2*d
2 * 0 , 03
l
B 2*d
0 , 5 2 * 0 , 03
+1=
+ 1 = 8 ,3 8
2*d
2 * 0 , 03
h=
v2
=
2 * 2 g 0 , 62
1
= 0 ,13 ( m )
* 2 * 9 ,81
: H s lu lng:
20mm
H1 = 0,3m
30mm
30mm
B = 0,75m
Vch ngn mng xo trn
Trang 177
H2
H1
D1 = 0,75
B = 0,5
D = 2,65 m
mng trn vch ngn c l
-
30
= 6,25 (m3)
60
V
6 , 25
=
= 7 ,8125 ( m 2 )
H
0 ,8
Chn chiu di b:
D = 4 (m)
chiu rng b:
B=
F
= 1, 953 2 ( m )
D
Cc thng s thit k b kh trng
STT
Tn thng s
n v
Chiu di b (D)
Chiu rng b
Thi gian lu nc
0,5
Trang 178
X l c hc c sn phi bn
X l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn
to c sn phi bn
Bi lc
cnh ng ti
H sinh hc
MOT
Aeroten ko di thi gian lm thong
Trm bm
200
200
200
200
200
100
20
400
500
400
20
500
1000
1000
30
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9 Xung quanh trm x l nc thi c hng ro ngn cch. Bn trong trm trng nhiu cy xanh,
chiu sng tt, ng cp phi v ng qua li gia cc cng trnh y v,v
9 Ty thuc vo iu kin a phng trong n thit k phi c bin php chng l lt. Xung
quanh mi cng trnh phi c song chn m bo an ton.
7.1.2. Mt bng tng th v cao trnh trm x l
9 Khi lp mt bng tng th ca trm x l phi xt n kh nng m rng (theo mt bng, cao
trnh v tit din cc knh mng ).
9 Mt bng tng th trm x l, ty thuc vo kch thc thng lp theo t l 1:200, 1:500 hoc
1:1000. Trn mt bng th hin cc cng trnh chnh v ph x l nc thi, ng thi c
cc ng ng dn nc, in, ng i
9 Cao ca tng cng trnh nh hng ln n s ca trm x l, v n quyt nh khi
lng cng tc t. Cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln (b lng ng, b lng 2 v, b Metan) nn
t na chm na ni so vi mt t, gim khi lng cng tc t v lng t phi chuyn
ch i.
9 t o ln li p cho cc cng trnh cn p v cc cng trnh cch nhit. Sn phi bn c
kch thc ln nn t trn mt t gim khi lngcng tc t. Cc cng tc t. Do
ty thuc vo a hnh khu vc, c khi ngi ta xy dng sn phi bn kiu bt thang. Nhiu
khi ct t sn phi bn quyt nh s cao trnh ca trm.
9 Nc thi phi t chy qua cc cng trnh. Thng dng bm bm cng t b lng t mt
v b Mtan, bn hot tnh t b lng t hai v b Aeroten, bn d v b lng ng t hoc b
nn bn trc khi ln b Metan.
9 nc thi t chy qua cc cng trnh, mc nc cng trnh u ca trm x l phi cao
hn mc nc cao nht ngun 1 gi tr bng tng tn tht p lc qua cc cng trnh v cng
thm p lc d tr 1 1,5m ( nc t chy t ming cng x ra sng).
9 Vic xc nh chnh xc tn tht p lc qua mi cng trnh thit b v ng dn l iu kin u
tin bo m cho trm x l lm vic bnh thng.
9 Tn tht p lc trn trm x l gm:
1- Tn tht theo chiu di khi nc chy trong ng, knh mng ni cc cng trnh vi nhau.
2- Tn tht khi nc chy qua mng trn, ca s ch dn nc vo v ra khi cng trnh,
qua cc thit b o kim tra.
3- Tn tht qua tng cng trnh v nhng ch chn lch mc nc.
9 Ngoi ra, cng cn tnh n p lc d tr khi m rng trm x l trong tng lai.
9 Trong tnh ton s b c th chn tn tht p lc qua tng cng trnh (khng k tn tht cc b
knh mng vo v ra khi cng trnh) nh sau.
Song chn rc
5 20cm
B lng ct
10 200cm
B lm thong s b
15 25cm
B lng ngang
20 40cm
B lng ng
40 50cm
B lng Radian
50 60cm
B lng trong c tng cng l lng
60 70cm
B Biophin, ti nc phn lc
H + 150cm
B Biophin, vi phun bt ng
H + 250cm
B Aetoten
25 40cm
B tip xc
40 60cm
B trn
10 30cm
( H chiu cao lp vt liu lc )
9 Tng s tn tht p lc trm x l ph thuc cch b tr cc cng trnh - tc l ph thuc
khong cch gia chng, s b c th ly nh sau:
khi x l bng phng php c hc
3,5m
Khi x l bng phng php sinh hc trn b Aerote
4,0m
Khi x l bng phng php sinh hc trn b Biophin
10m
Trang 181
Trang 182
? T TR ON G ? N G C ? NG D=60mm; I M
(5x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE + 2x4C-2,5mm2 +
6x1C-2, 0m m2 ECC) + 4x1c-1,5mm2.
?T TRONG ?N G C ? N G D32mm; I M
(1x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
? T TR ON G ? N G C ? NG D32mm; I M
(1x4C-2,0mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
? T TR ON G ? NG C? N G D 32mm; I M
(1x 4C-2, 5mm2 XLPE +1C-2,0mm2 ECC)
Trang 183
100 160
250
400 630
1000 1250
1600 - 200
1500
1500
1500
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
2300
9300
H1
1300
1300
1300
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
1600
1600
h1
400
400
400
750
750
400
500
650
750
900
b
250
350
500
600
800
l1
600
600
600
1000
1000
800
800
800
1200
1200
ng knh ng dn
(mm)
Khi 1 ng
Khi 2
ng
150 250
150
250
150
400
250
600
250
700
400
phn phi vn chuyn nc thi v cn lng ti tng cng trnh ngi ta dng cc knh
mng h tit din ch nht hoc cc ng dn trn. Dng cc knh mng h tt hn v d dng
qun l (theo gii, quan st v ty ra).
Khi dn nc thi ti cac cng trnh theo kiu diuke th phi dng ng (chng hn t b lng 1
n b Biophin). Cc mng dn nc nn c np y, kch thc knh mng v ng dn xc
nh theo tnh ton thy lc. Tc nc chy trn knh mng tnh bng,4 0,6m/s ( cc
trm nh 0,2 0,3m/s ) khi lu lng qmin, v khng qu 1m/s khi lu lng ti a. Chiu cao
xy dng ca knh mng phi ly ln hn chiu su lp nc chy trong khong 0,1
0,2m.
Tc nc chy trong ng dn phi chn ln hn trong knh mng trnh lng cn trong
ng.
phn phi nc phi vo cc cng trnh khi knh mng c chiu rng di 1m.
Khi lu lng nc thi ln hoc phn phi cn vo cc cng trnh, ngi ta dng cc ngn
phn phi hoc knh thon gi.
ng knh ca ng dn iuke hoc kch thc ca mng dn vo cc cng trnh xc nh
bng tnh ton thy lc. Tc nc chy trong ng iuke ly bng 0,8 0,9 m/s khi lu
lng ti thiu v bng 1,25 1,3 m/s khi lu lng ti a. Bn knh ch ngot ca ng iuke
dn vo phi khng nh hn 2,3d. nc thi chy trng qua cc l trn theo dng chy t do
phn phi u v tng cng trnh.
Chiu rng b ca cc l trng hoc p lc t do cc ca ra ca ng iuke xc nh theo cng
thc mng trn t do.
+ 3000
+ 1700
+ 1400
+ 1500
+ 1000
+ 200
XA RA NGUON
0.0
-1000
-1300
-1300
NC THAI VAO
- 3000
-3850
-4015
HAM BM
KCH THC
(Dai*Rong*Cao), m
2,5*2,2*3,2
BE IEU HOA
15*5*2,7
BE LANG I
D=2,87
H=5,515
BE UASB
6*4*3,3
BE AEROTANK
19,1*4*5
BE LANG II
BE KH TRUNG
D=4,7
H=5,25
3*2,08*2,3
Trang 184
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
PAC
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
Al2(SO4)3
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
NaOH
0.00
0.00
ONG KHONG AP
BM AP LC
BE TUYEN NOI
& IEU HOA
D x H = 7,4 x 4
BM AP LC
TRAM BM
2 x 2,8 x 2
ONG KHONG AP
THANH GA T BUN
BE LANG NGANG
15 x 4 x 2,5
BE X LY SINH HOC
30 x 10 x 5
CHU THCH:
THUNG PHA
DUNH DCH
C-Polymer
MAY EP BUN
ng bun
BE NEN BUN
D x H = 5 x 4,4
ng hoa chat
ng nc sach
TRNG A I HOC
KY THUAT CONG NGHE TP. HCM
KHOA MOI TR NG VA
CONG NGHE SINH HOC
ng nc thai
GVHD
SVTH
O AN TOT NGHIEP
GVHD
KY TEN
Ty le1:40
So ban ve: 08
Ban ve so: 07
+2,8
+2,0
+0,5
+3,05
+3,0
+1,5
+0,25
+1,5
+1,3
+1,3
+0,5
0.0
+0,2
+0,2
-1,5
-3,0
-4,1
-4,27
-4,5
BE CHA
BE LANG CAT
BE IEU HOA
BE LANG 1
BE BIOPHIN
5*4*2,1
4*3,5*2
25*40*5
d=5,2 ; h=7,27
d=6,9 ; h=6,05
+2,0
+1.0
+1,7
+0,5
0.0
+0,3
+0,15
+0,25
-0,25
-1,4
-3,0
-1,8
-1,8
-2,0
-3,0
BE LANG 2
BE NEN BUN
BE SINH HOC
BE KH TRUNG
d=5,045 ; h=5,74
d=6,3 ; h=4,7
150*120*1,5
8*4*2
Theo Badanh
0,003
H 2
) 1 + 0,55(
)
H
H + P1
2. Nu nc chy qua cc ca tam gic vi gc nh 900 th lu lng c th xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q = 1,343H 2, 47 (m3 / s )
m0 = (0,405 +
Q(l/s)
0,23
0,47
0,81
1,29
1,88
2,62
3,50
4,55
H(m)
0.12
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,255
0,275
Q(l/s)
7,14
10,45
12,40
14,54
19,43
25,29
43,82
55,36
H(m)
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
Q(l/s)
68,67
100,4
139,9
186,9
242,7
306,0
386,1
463,2
Trang 186
Trong :
o : h s lu lng, chn bng 0,6 0,7
o H: ct nc tnh t mt nc ti tm ca phn ca cng m.
: din tch phn ca cng m
Hin nay trong cc trm x l cng xut ln ngi ta thng dng mng parsan o lu lng nc
thi. Mng lm vic theo nguyn tc dng chy co hp. Mng o kiu ny c chnh xc n 1% v
tn tht p lc trong nh hn 25% so vi cc p trn kiu khc, ngoi ra khng gy cn tr i vi
ht rn trong nc thi.
i=0.0002
H
h
hmax
i=0.0002
Cu to ca mng c tiu chun ha vi nhng kch thc nht nh. Mng gm cc thnh phn
chnh sau: phn thu hp, hng v phn m rng.
Mng c t nhng on knh mng thng c tit din ch nht, chiu rng khng nh hn 40cm.
phn gia (hng) cc ng bin ca mng phi thng ng v song song tuyt i. y lm dc
0,375 theo hng nc chy. Chiu di chiu rng ca nhng mng thu hp v m rng ph thuc vo
chiu rng b ca hng.
9 xc nh lu lng nc chy qua mng ta ch cn o chiu su H(m) ca lp nc im
u ca ng cong dc, ti tit din II II.
9 Chiu su ny c o bng thc mia hoc p k vi sai vi thit b t ghi ni vi b phn c
hc o gi hoc ng c in truyn t xa.
9 Do c th o lu lng nc bt c thi im no v tng lu lng nc ngy m.
9 Mng o lu lng ny c xy dng bng b tng ct thp.
9 Lu lng nc c th xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim:
Khi b = 0,15m
Q = 0,384bH 1,58 (m3 / h)
Q = 2,356bH n , (m3 / s)
9 S m n, chn ty thuc vo chiu rng b, theo bng
b(m)
n
0.3
1,522
0,5
1,54
0,75
1,558
1,0
1,572
1,25
1,577
1,50
1,585
9 Nhng cng thc trn cho kt qu chnh xc khi chiu su lp nc so vi nhng ca mng
trng ti im D (ranh gii gia l1 v l2) nh hn 0,5H vi b=15cm v < 0,7H vi b 30cm.
9 Ty thuc lu lng nc thi m kch thc mng o c theo ly theo bng.
Kh nng vn
chuyn(l/s)
Min
Max
5
110
5
500
10
750
10
1150
20
1500
20
2000
30
3000
l1
132,5
135
145
157,5
170
182,5
195
l2
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
l3
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
2/3 l1
90
92,5
98,5
107
115,5
124
132
A
78
84
108
138
168
198
228
B
55
60
80
105
130
155
180
C
22,2
22,2
22,5
22,5
22,5
22,5
22,5
9 i vi thit b o lu lng, yu cu khng cho php lng cn, mng phi lm vit tt k c
khi c chn lch p lc nh (tn tht p lc).
9 o lu lng chung ca trm x l, thit b o lu lng nn t khong gia b lng ct
v b lng.
7.2. C S K THUT QUN L TRM X L NC THI
7.2.1. Nghim thu cng trnh
nghim thu cng trnh x l sau khi xy dng xong phi thnh lp 1 tiu ban c i din ca c
quan thanh tra v sinh Nh nc tham gia. Ni dung nghim thu bao gm :
- Kim tra cng trnh c c xy ng vi thit k duyt khng.
- Kim tra s lng v qui cch lp t cc thit b,k c d tr.
- Kim tra cht lng thi cng : dng nc sch kim tra s r r ca cng trnh;kim tra s
hot ng ca my mc thit b;v tr tng quan v cao gia cc cng trnh, dc c m
bo nc t chy hay khng
i vi cc cng ngm v cc cng trnh ngm khc phi c bin bn v chng t ca mi giai
on thi cng thng qua tiu ban nghim thu.
Quy tc v nghim thu k thut c trong quy phm do y ban kin thit c bn Nh nc ban hnh.
Qun l cng trnh x l cng tin hnh theo quy trnh qun l k thut cc h thng cp thot nc.
7.2.2. Giai on a cng trnh vo hot
9 Sau khi nghim thu cng trnh th bc sang giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng hay cn
gi l qun l th.
9 a cng trnh vo hot ng phi thnh lp mt t chc c bit gm i din ca
nghnh kinh t cng cng v cc lnh vc cng nghip khc nhau.T chc ny s nh ch
lm vic ti u ca tng cng trnh m bo cht lng nc sau khi x l,m gi thnh
x l li thp.
9 Trong sut giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng phi tin hnh kim tra v iu chnh ch
lm vic ca tng cng trnh. Lc u khi iu chnh, i vi a s cc cng trnh ngi ta
dung nc sch m bo cc iu kin v sinh khi cn sa cha li.
Trang 188
9 i vi song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng, trm clorat, sn phi bn th thi gian a vo
hot ng tng i ngn.Trong thi gian tin hnh iu chnh v cho cc b phn c
kh, van kha v cc thit b o lng,phn phi vo hot ng.
9 i vi cc cng trnh x l, trong din ra cc qu trnh sinh ho th gian on a vo
hot ng i hi tng i di, vi sinh vt pht trin vi mt lng cn thit v qu
trnh x l din ra c tt,ngha l cc cng trnh x l phi c chn mui.
9 Do giai on a cng trnh vo hot ng cn gi l giai on chn mui v l giai
on quyt nh, nn i hi phi lu v hng ngy phi kim tra hiu qu lm vic ca
cng trnh.
9 Vi b lng hai v : giai on a vo hot ng l giai on iu chnh s lm vic ca
mng lng v ngn cha bn.
9 u tin nc thi phi c phn phi u theo tit din ngang ca mng lng.
9 Mun vy phi t ng v tr ca mng phn phi nc vo v thu nc ra.Cng nh i vi
tt c cc b lng ngang, nhng mng phi t vung gc vi ng dng chy.
9 Cu to ca ca vo b phi tt nc thi vo mng phn phi c iu ha theo ton b
chiu rng ca mng. nh mng phn phi phi ngang thng nc chy trn qua c
u.
9 cn nhanh chng t c giai on ln men mtan phn t hoi, phi ly cn ln
men b lng 2 v khc, hoc b metan ang lm vic bnh thng, hoc mc cn bn t
m h lu nm v cho v ngn cha bn ca b. Lng cn bn chn ny phi bng 1520% th tch ca ngn cha bn. Sau cho nc thi chy qua v b s lm vic bnh
thng.Nu khng lng bn chn th cho nc thi chy qua t t cho ti khi lng
cn ti tch ng lai bng lng bn chn v cho cng trnh ngng hot ng mt thi
gian cn ln men.Khi bn chin tc l phn ng kim ca mi trng xut hin,khng
cn mi ca sunphuahydro,xut hin mu bn en,th li tip tc cho nc thi chy qua. C
nh th lm lp i lp li cho ti khi lng cn chn t 20% th cho cng trnh hot ng
bnh thng.
9 Nu khng c bn chn lc u, th thi gian a b lng hai v vo hot ng bnh
thng phi ko di ti 6 12 thng, ty thuc vo nhit ca nc thi.
9 Vic x cn b ln men bn chn ln u c th tin hnh khi mc cn trong ngn cha
thp hn khe h cua mng lng 1m.
9 Vi b Biophin : Giai on a vo hot ng c bt u t lc thay ra b lc loi b
rc, ct v cc vt dnh vo vt liu lc. Tt c th s b gi li b lng 2 ri x i.
9 Sau khi ra b lc vi ngy, ngi ta bt u cho nc thi chy vo vi lu lng nh
trn ht vt liu lc to thnh mng sinh vt vi mt lng lm sch nc thi.
Tc tng trng ca mng ph thuc vo nhit ca nc thi trong thn b lc. Vi
nhit 9 - 10oC qu trnh tng trng din ra chm;vi ta nhit 5-6oC th qu trnh hu
nh b nh tr.Do cc nc x lnh ngi ta thng cho b Biophin vo hot ng vo
ma m khi nhit ca nc thi chy vo trm x l khng di 17-18oC.
9 Lc u ta ti vi lu lng bng 1/10 n 1/4 lu lng tnh ton. C th cho ti khi xut
hin Nitrat vi 50% lng mui amoni(chng 15-20 mg/l) trong nc ra khi b.
9 Sau tng dn lu lng v khong sau mt thng tng ti lu lng tnh ton.
9 tng nhanh qu trnh tng trng ca mng vi sinh vt trong b Biophin hoc Acrophin
ngi ta c th cho thm vo b Biophin khng c chim qu 10% th tch vt liu lc(tnh
theo th tch cn sau khi lng mt gi).
9 Vi b Aeroten : Giai on vo hot ng l giai on tch ly bn hot tnh cn thit lm
vic bnh thng.
9 Bn hot tnh c th to ra t bn thn nc thi. Mun vy,nc sau khi lng trong cc
b lng mt a vo b Aeroten. cho thi khng kh v cho nc vo vi lu lng
khng qu mt na lu lng tnh ton. Sau bn thu c b lng hai li bm v b
Aeroten ri tm dng khng cho nc chy vo na, ng thi lin tc thi khng kh vo
bn cho ti khi khng cn thy nit ca mui amon na, m li thy xut hin Nitrat(nu b
phi x l ti giai on nitrat ha) v tch oxy ha tan.
Trang 189
9 Ngoi ra, cn phi quan st xem qu trnh lng bng bn hot tnh c din ra nhanh khng.
Tip theo li cho nc thi vo b vi ti trng bn tng dn cho n khi t gi tr tnh ton.
9 Nu b x l vi mc khng hon ton, th vic to bn hot tnh cng nh vy, nhng
tng dn ti trng ln v nh gi theo BOD5 ca nc thi ra khi b m khng phi theo
lng nitrat(khi x l khng hon ton th khng to thnh nitrat). Thi k a b vo hot
ng c th t chc nh sau : cho nc vo b vi ti trng nh v thng xuyn bm bn t
b lng hai v. Khi tch ly bn ngi ta cho tng dn ti trng ti gi tr tnh ton.
9 Nu trn trm x l c b Aeroten c hoc hot ng bnh thng th ch vic bm bn
hot tnh d vo b mi.
9 Nu dng bn hot tnh ca trm x l khc, th c th dng t tc ch trong iu kin
thong gi lin tc. Thi gian a b vo hot ng l khng cn thit na.
9 rt ngn thi gian a cng trnh vo hot ng c th dng bn hot tnh un nng.
9 i vi nc thi sn xut,th khi cho b Aeroten vo hot ng,u tin nn dng bn hot
tnh ca nc thi sinh hot.Vi cnh ng lc,cnh ng ti : thi gian a vo hot ng
l thi gian cn vi sinh trong t pht trin v to ra qu trnh hiu kh.Gian on ny bt
u t lu lng nh ri tng dn n lu lng thit k khi m cht long nc sau khi tiu
i t yu cu lm sch.
9 Song song vi nghim thu v a cng trnh vo hot ng cn t chc cho cng nhn qun
l hc tp v cng ngh x l nc thi v cc quy tc qun l cng nh k thut an ton lao
ng.
9 Sau khi nghim thu v a cng trnh vo hot ng, cn thit lp h s hng dn qun l
tng cng trnh v s cu to ca chng, cng nh cc bin php khc phc khi gp sai
st, s c trong qun l.
7.2.3. Nhng phng php kim tra theo di ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh x
9 trm x l lm vic bnh thng th phi thng xuyn kim tra ch cng tc ca tng
cng trnh v ca ton trm.
9 Thc hin kim tra theo cc ch tiu sau :
Lng nc thi chy vo ton trm v tng cng trnh.
Lng ct, cn, bn hot tnh v hi kh thu c.
Lu lng khng kh, hi nng v nc nng.
Nng lng in tiu th ( kh trng hoc khi x l bng phng php ho hc).
Hiu sut cng tc ca cc cng trnh theo s liu phn tch ho hc v vi sinh vt ca
nc thi trc v sau khi x l.
Liu lng bn hot tnh trong b Aeroten.
9 iu kin quan trng l phi xem lu lng thc t c ng vi lu lng thit k khng.
Nn tin hnh o lu lng nc thi bng cc dng c thit b t ghi qua bng t ghi c th
bit c lu lng tng cng v s dao ng ca lu lng theo gi trong ngy m.
9 Nu ton b nc thi c a vo cng trnh x l bng trm bm chung c trang b ng
h o lu lng th khng phi o lu lng tng cng trm lm sch na. Khi c cc s
liu v lu lng nc thi th phi thng xuyn chuyn t trm bm v trm x l.
9 Lng cn ti v bn hot tnh c th xc nh theo dung tch ca b cha(bung thu nhn)
trong trm bm bn v theo lu lng my bm.
9 Lng khng kh cp vo b Aeroten hoc Aerophin v lng kh (gas) b Metan c th o
bng ng h o kh hoc p kh v sai t ghi.
9 Ngi ta cn phi o lng oxy t do ho tan trong nc sau khi x l phi bng 2 mg/l hoc
ln hn.
9 Lng hi v nc nng dng hm nng b Metan c th o bng ng h o kh v ng
h o nc. Nhit trong b Metan o bng nhit k in tr.
9 Nng lng in tiu th phi o theo tng phn xng ( trm lm thong,trm bm bn,
b phn c gii ca thanh gt b lng) v trong ton b trm x l.
9 Nhng ch tiu c bn c trng cho thnh phn ca nc thi l : cn (theo th tch) sau khi
lng 2 gi trong phng th nghim (mg/l), cht l lng theo trng lng (mg/l), sy kh
Trang 190
105oC; nhit ca nc thi (0C); trong (cm), mu (theo pha long nc thi bng
nc ct n khi mt mu); mu sc, clorua (mg/l), oxy ho (mgO2/l) : BOD20, BOD5 ;
Nit ca mui amon, nitrit, nitrat, oxy ho tan (mg/l) v pH .v.v
9 Trong nhiu trng hp cn phi xc nh c lng Sunfat, Photphat, Kali, tinh cn khi nung
600oC, phng x
9 V vi sinh vt, th phi xc nh lng vi khun trong 1ml nhit 37oC, lng trng giun
sn trong nc trc v sau x l.
9 nh gi c tnh ca cn, ngi ta xc nh m, tro & v thnh phn ho hc ca
n (lng m, m, ng).
9 Khi c nc thi sn xut chy vo trm vi mt lng ln th khi lng phn tch phi
nhiu hn v phi xc nh cc tp cht c trng cho loi nc thi .
9 Mi qu mt ln phi tin hnh phn tch mt cch hon chnh ton b nc thi trc v sau
khi x l. Phi ly mu nc qua tng khong thi gian nht nh trong ngy m phn
tch. i vi tng cng trnh, th mu nc ly theo thi gian nc lu li trong . V thnh
phn ca nc thi thay i theo thi gian trong ngy m, cho nn mi thng mt ln ly
mu nc theo gi phn tch. Cc mu nc c trn ln theo t l c tnh n s dao
ng v lu lng ly mu nc trung bnh. Nhng mu nc phn tch phi ly
nhng im v chiu su nht nh do ngi ph trch cng ngh quy nh.
9 ng thi vic ly mu nc ngi ta o nhit ca nc ti thiu mi ngy mt ln.
Mi ngy 3 ln ghi nhit ca khng kh vo lc 7, 12, 19 gi. theo di nhit ca
khng kh c th dng nhit k t ghi.
9 Nhng kt qu ca mi ln phn tch, kt qu trung bnh sau thi gian mt nm c chnh l
v ghi vo s.
Cc ch tiu cng tc ca tng cng trnh l :
i vi song chn rc : lng rc c gi li.
i vi b lng ct : lng ct c gi li v tri i.
i vi b lng : lng vt cht l lng c gi li v tri i.
i vi b Aeroten : lng vt cht hu c c oxy ho, cc dng nit, lng oxy ho
tan .v.v
i vi cnh ng ti : cc dng nit, oxy ho tan.
9 Vic phn tch nh vy phi tin hnh thng xuyn hng ngy, i vi mi cng trnh phi
c s ghi ring. Trong ghi tt c cc s liu v phn tch c trng cho hiu sut x l
cng nh tt c cc hin tng bt bnh thng xy ra.
9 Tu thuc vo lu lng v mc phc tp ca trm x l t chc iu khin, ngi ta
phi xy dng :
1- ng in thoi v cc im thng trc.
2- iu khin t xa hon ton hoc tng b phn cc cng trnh v dy chuyn.
3- iu khin theo chng trnh hon ton hoc tng b phn cc cng trnh v dy chuyn.
4- T ng ho hon ton hoc tng b phn ca qu trnh cng ngh, hoc cc b phn c
gii ca cc cng trnh.
9 sa cha cc my mc thit b kim tra ch cng tc bnh thng ca trm, th trn
trm phi c trm sa cha.
9 Song song vi cc iu kin t xa v t ng ho cc cng trnh x l, vn phi duy tr s
iu khin th cng m bo cho cc cng trnh vn hnh lin tc trong nhng lc c s
c v ngun in hoc mt b phn t ng no b hng.
9 i vi cc trm c lu lng ln phi xy dng nhng nt iu khin tng cng trnh v
phng iu khin trung tm cho ton trm.
9 Nhng ch s ca cc thit b tng im iu khin ring l chuyn v trung tm (k c cc
ch tiu cng ngh nh nhit , lng kh v cc ch tiu v cht lng nc thi). i vi
cc trm c lu lng nh, phm vi din tch nh c th ch cn xy dng mt im iu
khin chung cho ton b cc cng trnh.
9 C th iu chnh vic phn phi nc ti cc cng trnh, song chn, mng phn phi, nhm
cc b lng.v.v bng cc thit b in t ng.
Trang 191
5. Nhc nh nhng cng nhn thng trc ghi ng s sch v kp thi sa cha sai
st.
6. Hng thng lp bo co k thut v ban qun ly cng trnh.
7. Nghin cu ch cng tc ca tng cng trnh v dy chuyn ng thi hon
chnh cc cng trnh, dy chuyn .
8. T chc cho cng nhn hc tp k thut nng cao tay ngh v lm vic cho
qun l cng trnh c tt hn, ng thi cho h hc tp v k thut an ton lao
ng.
9. C th t chc thi ua gia cc t, ca, phn xng, xi nghip v gia cc nghnh
ngh.
9 Cn b qun l cc trm x l nc thi cn c nhng bin php tng cng cng sut ca
cng trnh, m bo cht lng x l, p dng k thut mi v cc thnh tu khoa hc k
thut vo lnh vc x l nc thi. ng dng cc phng php t chc lao ng tin tin v
gim gi thnh qun l 1 m3 nc thi.
7.2.5.3. K thut an ton.
9 Khi nhn cng nhn mi vo lm vic phi c bit lu h v an ton lao ng. Phi hng
dn, ging dy cho h v cu to, chc nng ca cc cng trnh, k thut qun l v an ton ;
hng dn cch s dng cc my mc thit b v trnh cho ho tip xc trc tip vi nc thi
v cn.
9 Mi cng nhn phi c trang b qun o v cc phng tin bo h lao ng khc.
nhng ni lm vic cc cng trnh phi c chu ra, tm v thng nc sch. i vi cng
nhn ty ra cn cc cng trnh, ra vt liu lc Biophin, ph mng cn b lng 2 v, b
Metan phi c nh tm nc nng. Cc cng vic lin quan n clo nc, clorua vi th
phi c nhng hng dn v quy tc c bit.
9 Khi lm vic b Metan lin quan n kh c, d n, d chy phi c nhng bin php ngn
nga v an ton.
7.2.6. Thng k v cng ngh ca cc cng trnh
9 nh gi v kinh t k thut phi lp thng k cng ngh v kt qu cng tc ca tng
cng trnh v ton b trm x l.
9 Cc ch tiu cng tc ch yu v c trng ca cc cng trnh x l l :
1. Lu lng nc thi n trm v n tng cng trnh.
2. Lu lng rc c gi li song chn, m, thnh phn, dung trng v tro ca n.
3. Lng rc gi li b lng ct, dung trng, tro, v thnh phn c ht trong .
4. Lng cn ti b lng ln mt, m, tro, lng cn tri i tnh theo th tch v
trng lng.
5. Lu lng v nhit ca cn v bn hot tnh nn v a vo b Metan, ra khi b
Metan. m v tro ca chng. Lng kh thu c v lng hi nng tiu th.
6. Lu lng khng kh, liu lng bn hot tnh trong b Aeroten.
7. Lng bn hot tnh a v b Aeroten, lng bn hot tnh d a v b lm thong s
b hoc b nn bn.
8. Hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc sau b lng hai.
9. Lng clo tiu th.
10. Chi ph nng lng in v lng nc cho tt c cc cng trnh.
9 Thng k ln th nht do cng nhn thng trc thc hin. Anh ta ghi tt c cc s liu v
ch lm vic ca tt c cc cng trnh vo s theo di tng ca v s tng kt vo c ban
ngy. s cng tc ngoi cc ch tiu c bn cn phi ghi tt c nhng hin tng sai lch
bt thng cu cc thit b v cng trnh. Trn c s thng k cc s liu ngi ta lp bn
tng kt.
9 Hng thng theo quy cch nh, da vo cc bng ngi ta lm bo co k thut v ch
lm vic ca cc cng trnh.Km theo bo co k thut l thuyt minh ngn gn phn tch
ch lm vic ca cc cng trnh theo cc s liu c.Trong bo co k thut ghi tt c
nhng nhc im v thnh tu qun l v phn nh cc kt qu cng tc nghin cu khoa
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hc, ng dng cng ngh mi v cc phng php tin tin.Da vo bo co hng thng lp
bo co tng kt hng nm.Trong a ra nhng giai on cng tc ch yu l cc ch tiu
kinh t.
9 Hiu sut cng tc ca cc cng trnh x l phi c nh gi bng cc ch tiu kinh t v
gi thnh. Mi trm x l phi l mt x nhip doanh thu. nhng trm x l ln th mi
phn xng phi l mt b phn doanh thu. Nhim v c bn l tng nhanh thi gian khu
hao ca trm x l.
9 Trn c s cc bo co hng qu, hng nm x nghip hoc phn xng phi c nhng con
s v ch tiu sn xut, thu nhp nc thi, nhn lc, chi ph trc tip, chi ph theo tng phn
xng, i tu, n gi v tiu chun tiu th n v v in, nc, hi nng v kh t.v.v
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MC LC
Chng 1: NHNG VN CHUNG V X L NC THI................................................... 001
1.1. PHN LOI NC THI ......................................................................................................... 001
1.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot .............................................................................................................. 002
1.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip (nc thi sn xut) ........................................................................ 003
1.1.3. Nc thi l nc ma......................................................................................................... 004
1.2. THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC THI VA CC DNG NHIM BN................ 004
1.2.1. Lu lng nc thi ........................................................................................................... 004
1.2.1.1. Nc thi sinh hot ................................................................................................. 006
1.2.1.2. Nc thi cng nghip............................................................................................. 007
1.2.1.3. Nc ma................................................................................................................. 007
1.2.1.3.1. Cc s liu c bn thit k h thng thot nc ma ..................................... 010
1.2.1.3.2. Tnh ton nc ma ........................................................................................ 010
1.2.2. Dao ng ca lu lng nc thi ...................................................................................... 010
1.2.3. Chn lu lng thit k ....................................................................................................... 010
1.2.4. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi........................................................................................... 010
1.2.4.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht cn c trong nc thi..................................................... 011
1.2.4.2. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD v nhu cu oxy ha hc COD ..................................... 012
1.2.4.3. Oxy ha tan (DO)..................................................................................................... 012
1.2.4.4. Thnh phn thc n: c 3 loi ch yu.................................................................... 013
1.2.4.5. pH............................................................................................................................. 013
1.2.4.6. Hp cht Nit v Phospho....................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.7. Cc hp cht v c trong nc thi sinh hot khng cn phn tch, nhng ng lu
1 l chlorite v sulphate..................................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.8. Thnh phn VS......................................................................................................... 013
1.2.4.9. Nhit nc thi.................................................................................................... 014
1.3. BO V NGUN NC KHI B NHIM BN, KH NNG T LM SCH CA
NGUN NC................................................................................................................................... 014
1.3.1. Du hiu ngun nc nhim bn. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc.......................... 015
1.3.2. Nguyn tc x nc thi vo ngun .................................................................................... 016
1.3.3. Xc nh mc x l nc thi......................................................................................... 016
1.3.3.1. Theo SS..................................................................................................................... 016
1.3.3.2. Theo BOD ................................................................................................................ 017
1.4. S CNG NGH X L NC THI.............................................................................. 017
1.4.1. C s la chn cng trnh x l nc thi: ........................................................................ 019
1.4.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh trm x l nc thi: ...................................................................... 020
1.4.3. Gii thiu 1 s dy chuyn x l nc thi: ....................................................................... 027
Chng 2: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC............................................... 027
2.1. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC 027
2.1.1. Thit b chn rc: ................................................................................................................. 027
2.1.2. Thit b nghin rc: .............................................................................................................. 027
2.1.3. B iu ha: ......................................................................................................................... 027
2.1.4. B lng ct: .......................................................................................................................... 028
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