1. Aspartame.

Aspartame l mt cht lm ngt nhn to. Mc d n c cng ch s calo vi ng n thng thng nhng n ngt hn ng n khong 200 ln. Cht ny c nh Ha Hc James Schlatter lm vic cho tp on G D Searle pht hin rt tnh c vo nm 1965 trong khi ng ang th nghim thuc chng l lot vt thng. Cht ny c cho php s dng trong nc gii kht c gas vo nm 1983. Sau mt thp k di u tranh phn i vic s dng cht lm ngt ny ca John Olney (nh nghin cu v thn kinh hc) cng vi James Turner (khch hng i din) v nhng kho st ca b phn kim nghim ca G D Searle. Aspartame l methyl ester ca dipeptide: L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, phn t lng 294Da. dng tinh th,aspartame c mu trng, khng mi, n nh rt cao. nhit phng thi gian bo qun aspartame (dng tinh th) c th ko di n mt nm. ha tan ca aspartame trong nc khng cao. Mt lt nc 20oC c th ha tan c 60g aspartame Ngi ta thy rng 2 thnh phn chnh ca Aspartame l phenylalanin and aspartic acid (c bit n vi ci tn aspartate l mt amino acid kch thch, n l mt trong 20 amino acid cu to nn protein v l mt carboxylic acid tng t asparagine tm thy trong protein ca nhiu loi thc vt nhng khng ng vai tr ch yu trong ng vt v c th hot ng nh l mt tc nhn kch thch qu trnh truyn tn hiu thn kinh trong no, v l mt sn phm ca qu trnh trao i cht trong chu trnh urea, tham gia vo qu trnh to thnh glucose) l hai cht i quang, c ngha l chng c hai ng phn m khng phi l hai nh gng c th chng ln nhau. iu ny c ngha l phn t aspartame c hai tm bt i. Nu cc ng phn khng i quang c s dng th phn t aspartame s c hnh dng khng ng v gic pht hin c n. Trong qu trnh tng hp aspartame, nguyn liu l mt hn hp racemic (hm lng ca 2 ng phn

i quang bng nhau 50:50) ca phenylalanin v aspartic acid. Ch c ng phn i quang L ca phenylalaninc s dng, n c chit ra t hn hp racemic bng phn ng vi acetic anhydric v NaOH v sn phm ca phn ng ny c x l vi enzym porcine kidney Acylase( l mt loi enzym xc tc rt mnh, bn dng kh, trong dung dch n bn nhit khong 70 C ti pH=7 cn nu pH< 5 th n s b bin tnh. Ezym ny th hin tnh chuyn bit quang hc mc cao so vi cht nn. V l do ny m n c dng ph bin tch hn hp racemic ca amino acid) v mt qu trnh chit hu c vi s c mt ca ion H+, ng phn L c tm thy trong lp aqu v ng phn D c gi li trong lp cht hu c. X l L-phenylalanin vi metanol v HCl easter ha nhm COOH, v ester ny sau s phn ng vi acid aspartic v cho ra sn phn cui. iu quan trng l nhm amin trn arpartic acid c bo v bng cc nhm carbobenzyloxy v nhm acid gn nhm amin nht cng c kha bng cc nhm benzyl, nhm ngn L-phenylalanin phn ng vi cc nhm ny cho ra nhng sn phm khng mong mun. Nhm acid yu cu phn ng c hot ha bng thuc th Castro. Thuc th ny s c thay th khi L-phenylalani c thm vo, nhng cc nhm kha sau phi c m ra sau khi phn ng cn thit kt thc. Carbobenzyloxy c m bng phn ng vi Hydro v platin(IV) oxit, metanol , cloroform, benzyl c m bng phn ng vi hydro/Pd/carbon cng metanol v cloroform v sau qu trnh tng hp kt thc. Trong dung dch, tnh n ca aspartame ph thuc vo cc gi tr nhit , pH v thi gian bo qun. thng thng cc tnh cht ca aspartame khng b thay i khi nhit nm trong khong 20-25oC, pH 3,0-5,0. Khi pH qu acid hay qu kim v nhit tng cao, aspartame b thy phn v v ngt cng khng cn. Aspartame cho v nht tng t nh ng saccharose. y l mt u im ln ca aspartame so vi cc cht ngt khc. Hin nay, aspartame c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip sn xut nc gii kht, c bit l sn xut cc thc ung dng bt. Aspartame b thy phn trong c th thnh 3 cht l : aspartic acid (40%), phenylalanin (50%) v metanol (10%). Trong aspartic acid l mt amino acid. Mt vi nghin cu c tin hnh nhm xc nh tc dng ca cht lm ngt trong c th khi n i vo c th dng t do, khng b rng buc bi phn t protein. Ngi ta ni rng khi cht lm ngt b ngm vo trong mu th plasma ca aspartate v glutamat tng ln ng k. C aspartate v glutamat ng vai tr nh b phn truyn neuron trong no, truyn thng tin t neuron ny sang neuron khc. Khi c hn mt b phn truyn neuron hiu, th mt neuron no s b dit bng vic tng nng Canxi trong t bo. Cc t bo neuron b tn thng l do vic d lng aspartate v glutamat l l do m chng

c xem nh l c t gy kch thch cc t bo cht trong neuron thn kinh, chng kch thch t bo neuron cho n khi t bo ny cht i. Phenylalanin cng l mt amino acid khc thng c tm thy trong no. Ngi ta khuyn co rng nhng ngi m trt t gen b thay i th phenylkeonuria( PKU(Mt loi bnh m trong cc enzym trao i cht vi amino acid phenylalanin khng c mt gy nn s d tha amoni acid d thng nu khng c cha tr s gy bin chng h thn kinh trung ng)). Nhng ngi mc chng ny th trong c th hm lng phenylalain tng i cao do s trao i cht gia enzym v phenylalanin l rt kh khn trong qu trnh thy phn. Hm lng phenylalanin cao rt c hi cho no thnh thong vn xy ra trng hp t vong. Metanol rt c n thng c rut non tit ra khi nhm metyl ca aspartame tng tc vi enzym chymotrysin. N c ch ra rng mt s nc tri cy v thc ung c c cn c cha mt lng nh metanol. iu quan trng l metanol khng bao gi xut hin mnh n. Trong cc trng hp c mt ca etanol, thng th hm lng cao hn nhiu do d etanol gim tc hi ca metanol vo c th. iu ch Aspartam c cu to t acid aspartic, phenylalanin v metanol. Cc thnh phn ny u tn ti trong t nhin. Tuy nhin bn thn aspartam khng tn ti trong t nhin. N c iu ch thng qua cc qu trnh ln men v tng hp. Ln men Dng s lng ln cc vi khun c trng gm B.flavum v C.glutamicum sn xut ra cc acid amin L-aspratic v L-phenylalanin. Mi trng l tng cho s pht trin ca vi khun gm nc m, thc n, ngun cacbon v ngun nit.

Thc n l cc loi cacbonhydrat nh mt ma, ng glucose hoc saccharose. Ngun cacbon nh acid acetic, ru hoc cc hidrocacbon. Ngun nit nh NH3 lng hoc ur.

l nhng iu kin ch yu vi khun tng hp ra cc acid amin mong mun. Ngoi ra cn mt s cc yu t khc nh cc vitamin, acid amin Tng hp

Aspartame c th c tng hp bng nhiu phng php ha hc khc nhau. Mt phng php thng dng nh sau : u tin cc acid amin phi qua qu trnh x l: L - Phenylalanin thu c t qu trnh ln men c cho phn ng vi metanol to thnh hp cht gi l L phenylalanin metyl ester. Cn acid aspartic phi qua mt qu trnh phn ng che cc v tr trong phn t c th nh hng n phn ng to aspartam, m bo phn ng ch xy ra cc v tr cn thit. Sau khi c x l ph hp, chng c bm vo bnh phn ng v trn ln trong 24 gi nhit phng. K nhit c tng ln 650C (1490F) v duy tr trong 24 gi na. Sau phn ng c lm ngui n nhit phng. N c pha long vi dung mi thch hp v c lm kt tinh -180C (00F). Tinh th thu c s c lc tch ring ra ri lm kh. Nhng tinh th ny ch l sn phm trung gian v dng cho phn ng k. Chng c chuyn ha thnh aspartam bng phn ng vi acid acetic. Phn ng ny c thc hin trong mt ci bn ln cha dung dch acid, cht xc tc Pd v H 2. Chng c trn ln v cho phn ng trong 12 gi. Tinh ch: Cht xc tc Pd c loi b bng cch lc v chng ct thu dung mi. Phn cht rn cn li c tinh ch bng cch ha tan trong dung dch etanol v c kt tinh li. Nhng tinh th ny s c lc v lm kh cho ra sn phm cui cng l bt aspartam.

2. Sucralose.

Sucralose l mt ng ha hc c tn gi chung l Altern.. Ngoi ra, trn th trng succralose c tn thng mi l Splenda. Sucralose c tm ra vo nm 1976 bi cc nh khoa hc thuc cng ty ng Tate & Lyle cng cc nh nghin cu Leslie Hough v Shashikant Phadnis ca i hc Queen Elizabeth (hin nay l mt phn ca i hc King London). H ang c gng kim tra ng x l bng clo. Tnh c vo mt ngy h, Phadnis c bo kim tra loi bt ny. Phadnis li ngh rng Hough bo anh y nm th n. V anh y lm th. Kt qu tht bt ng, anh pht hin ra hp cht ny c v ngt him c. H lm vic vi Tate & Lyle trong mt nm trc khi tm ra c cng thc hon chnh ca sucralose. Phn t lng 397Da. N c chp nhn s dng Canada vi tn thng mi l Splenda vo nm 1991, Australia vo nm 1993, New Zealand vo nm 1996. n nm 1998 n c FDA cng nhn nh l mt loi ng ha hc hng u. N tri qua hn 20 nm nghin cu v kim tra an ton bi hn 100 nh khoa hc. Sucralose c Chu u s dng rng ri vo nm 2004. V n nm 2006, n c chp nhn s dng hn 60 quc gia nh Brazil, Trung quc, n , M, Nht Bn Splenda l sn phm c thnh phn gm sucralose trn vi maltodextrin dextrose (ng vai tr cht lm y- filler) v c ng thnh dng gi mu vng phn bit vi gi mu hng ng saccharin v gi mu xanh ca aspartame. M Canada, Splenda c dng rt nhiu trong cc nh hng gm c McDonalds Starbucks. v v v

Hin nay, sucralose c sn xut bng phng php ha hc, s dng nguyen liu l saccharose. dng tinh th, sucralose mu trng, khng ht m v c th bo qun vi nm ni kh ro, nhit mt. Sucralose tan tt trong nc. Mt lt nc 20oC c th ha tan c 260g sucralose. Theo nghin cu , sucralose chim 62% th trng ng ha hc nm 1999 v n nm 2006 ch ring M, Splenda t doanh thu 212 t dolar.

Sucralose c s dng rng ri trong nhiu loi nc gii kht, thc phm, gia v, ru, mt, kem, bnh ngt, bnh m, tri cy ng hp, chewing gum, kem nh rng, c dng ph bin nh th v so snh vi cc loi cht to ngt khc, sucralose c nhiu u im nh :

Khng c nng lng thch hp vi ngi bo ph, ngi bnh tim mch v ngi cao tui. Khng lm dao ng lng ng trong mu thch hp cho ngi bnh tiu ng. V ngt tinh khit tng t nh saccharose. Sc cng b mt nh (71.8mN/m) nn sucralose c th c dng trong sn xut nc gii kht c gas. Tnh cht vn n nh khi d tr trong thi gian di.

Sucralose bn trong pH 3,0-7,0. Cc nh nghin cu nhn thy rng khi bo qun dung dch sucralose pH 3,0, nhit 20-25oC, sau mt nm ch c 0,6% sucralose b thy phn. Sucralose cng rt bn nhit. khi gia nhit mu thc phm c cha sucralose ln n 80 C trong thi gian 25 pht, sucralose vn khng b thy phn, Sucralose to v ngt tng t nh ng saccharose v khng gay ra hu v.
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Tnh cht:

C v ngt gp 600 ln ng saccharose. Kt tinh dng ht rn mu trng. Tan trong nc Khng ging aspartame, sucralose kh n nh vi nhit v pH bin i trn khong rng. Mc d c tng hp t ng nhng c th khng hp thu sucralose nh mt cacbonhydrat. V th phn t ca n khng h b b gy sinh ra nng lng trong c th nh ng. V c loi ra nh nhng khi c th sau khi n m khng c bt k s bin i no. V th n c xc nh l khng c calo.

Tng hp:

Sucralose l mt disaccharid c tng hp t ng saccharose qua 5 bc bng cch thay th chn lc 3 nhm OH) trong phn t ng bng 3 nguyn t Cl.

Trong sch thy Mn lm g c ng Dulcine, vi li tao tm trn mng khng thy. Bao nhiu y c ri. okay?