Name: Surname: Group:

NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY
Second Year Higher National Diploma

Worksheet 4:

Assignment 1 Revision

Q1. Name and describe the most popular media that exist for data transmission. Copper, Fibre, Wireless (Air) Examples of Which: Copper: Twisted Pair,Coaxial Fibre: Multimode, Singlemode

Q2. What is crosstalk? How is it caused? Crosstalk is caused by the electromagnetic signals interfering with each other through cables passing through with each other in parallel. Twisted Pair cabling Prevents this, because the twists with the wires cancel crosstalk out. the tighter the twists, the less crosstalk affects the signal. Q3. What are EMI and RFI? How can these affect signal transmission?

EMI - Electromagnetic Interference and Radio Frequency Interference cause performance degradation in media that utilise Electromagnetic waves as their means of transmission.

Q4. Why is proper cable termination essential? What can improper termination cause? Proper Cable Termination is extremely important, because if termination is not done correctly, Insertion loss can be caused, and performance degradation and data loss can be increased exponentially. Improper termination causes increased crosstalk.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

1.

Q5. How are signals transmitted through fiber optic media? Explain the two modes of transmission that are most popularly used? Optical Fibre transmits data through light. the two methods are: Single Mode Transmission, which is the longest range transmission method with a range of over 5 km, Single mode transmits it's data through a single ray of light. Multi Mode Transmission utilises a thicker cable, and transmits data through multiple rays and the use of total internal reflection. with a higher bandwidth, and the feature of multiplexing, Multimode Cabling has a shorter range, limited to about 500m.

Q6. Mention and briefly explain the components making up a fiber optic cable. Fibre Optic Cabling is protected by the following layers of protection: Fire Proof Sheath Kevlar Sheilding Buffer Cladding and then the fiber core.

Q7. What does VCSEL mean? What is it used for? VCSEL - Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers are used in multimode fiber cabling to transmit data via Laser instead of LEDs.

Q8. Mention and briefly explain the components making up a coaxial cable.
a Coaxial Cable comprises of the following components. The Copper Core Cladding (Copper Mesh) Buffer and Plastic Shield.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

2.

Q9. What does FLUKE test a copper cable for? a FLuke Test Tests copper cables for: Termination, Speed, Continuation, Wire Mapping, Meeting of Standards and Basic Troubleshooting

Q10. List the three main types of twisted-pair configurations and briefly explain their use. Straight Through = Used with Different Devices which transmit and recieve data between each other. Crossover = Used to transmit and recieve data between like devices. Rollover = used to connect with Cisco Routers to access their operating system.

Q11. Identify the transmission speed, transmission mode, medium, and cable length described by the following standard media notations: 10Base5:
Thicknet - 10mbits - 500 meter Range Thinnet - 10mbits - 200 meter Range Twisted Pair - 10 mbits - 100 meter Range Fast Twisted Pair - 100mbits, 100 meters 1 Gigabit - MultiMode Fiber - 220 Meters 550 Meters Range. 1 Gigabit - Multimode/Single Mode Fiber - 5 Km Range

10Base2:

10BaseT:

100BaseTX:

1000BaseSX:

1000BaseLX:

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

3.

Q12. Name three (3) common IEEE 802.N standards. 802.11 - Wireless 802.5 - Token Ring 802.3 - Ethernet

Q13. List the name of the terminators used with copper media and fiber optic media over networks. RJ-45 RJ-11 BNC SC, LC, ST, TOSLINK

Q14. What is the difference between broadband and baseband? baseband - Uses a Single Frequency to transmit data, is usually the highest. broadband - uses all of the available frequencies on any given media.

Q15. What is the difference between bandwidth and throughput? Bandwidth is a literal measure of the capacity of a waveband. The wider the wave is, the more data it can handle at any one time. Throughput is the speed at which data is transmitted.

Q16. Mention and explain different Media Access Control mechanisms.

CSMA/CD - Collision Detection - Manages Collision Detection by clearing the media for a random amount of time, then allows data to restart transmission CSMA/CA - Collision Avoidance, prevents data collisions by only granting permission to data transmission whenever the medium is clear of data. Token Ring - Allows data transmission to the host that holds the token that is passed from one computer to another.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

4.

Q17. In what ways does a NOS provide ways to install, configure and maintain network adapters? A NOS utilises protocols to control transmission, and recieval of data. NOSs also allow administrators to configure Network Cards.

Q18. Identify and briefly describe 4 common NIC features which are used as a basis for network card selection. Feature 1: Connection Speed: The Maximum Speed at which the NIC Card can transmit data.

Feature 2:

Cost

Feature 3:

Combo - NIC Cards that support more than one different Medium.

Feature 4:

Wake On LAN, Buffer Size etc...

Q19. What is the use of the following NIC components or features? DMA Bus Access:

Allows access to the RAM without CPU Intervention

CPU:

The CPU on a NIC Card takes on the load of managing data recieval and transmission from the Main CPU.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

5.

Memory: The Buffer on a NIC Card stores the data that is being transmitted, and reduces the RAM load.

LEDs: The LEDs on a NIC Card indicate the Card's activity. Green indicates power, while Orange indicates activity.

Transceiver: a Transciever Recieves and transmits data.

Q20. Write all you know about CAT5, CAT6 and CAT7 cables? CAT 5 - Standard Unsheilded UTP Cabling, The original Standard Supported up to 10mbits, but CAT 5e supports up to 100mbits. CAT 6 - Features tighter twists, a plastic border between the pairs, and can support up to 1000bits transmission speed. CAT 7 is Fully shielded STP Cabling. It fully supports Gigabit Ethernet, and consists, of tighter Twists than CAT6, individually foil wrapped pairs and an earth cable In order to ensure that the minimum amount of Electromagnetic interference gets into the cable. (It gets dissipated when contact with Metal is achieved.)

Q21. Identify and explain the elements that you would consider when planning the network infrastructure for a particular site? Floor Plan, Required speeds, Resources required for Client's goals Budget, Number of Hosts, Departments if Applicable, Hardware requirements, Centralised or Client Server, Wire Distance etc...

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

6.

Q22. What do the terms OFDM and DSSS stand for? Which IEEE 802 Protocols use these methods of wireless transmission? OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing used by 802.11n,b While DSSS - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum used by 802.11g,n,a

Q23. What is the difference between infrastructure and ad-hoc wireless connectivity? Infrastructure mode is a wireless extension to a full wired network. ad-hoc Mode refers to a wireless connection that is established temporarily, between two different hosts.

Q24. In which type of wireless association method is probing used? Explain how it works. Active Scanning is When a Query for Wireless networks is initiated, and when a Wireless Access point recieves the Probe Frame, it allows the host to connect to the Wireless Access point.

Q25. Which type of wireless association method makes use of beaconing? Explain what the process involves. This is the opposite of Probing. - A Host must have the Access Point's SSID to connect to the Access Point. this is a more secure method of connecting to a Wireless Network, as certain details are required to even find the Access Point. This is called Beaconing or Passive Scanning.

Q26. Identify the two main types of wireless antennae that are commonly used, explaining how they propagate the signal. Omnidirectional - Transmits it's signal in all angles. used in mobile platforms to connect to wireless access points. Unidirectional - Used on fixed apparatus to transmit signals. usually transmits signals in the physical direction of the antenna.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

7.

Q27. What are the physical infrastructural requirements of HomePlug and HomePNA? Home PNA requires a minimum of 2 Home PNA Connectors plugged into an RJ-ll Socket. HomePlug Requires a minimum of 2 Homeplug connectors plugged into the Electrical system of a home. Q28. What is the function of a HomePNA Adapter? Which physical properties does it usually have? it is usually an adapter which converts the RJ-11 Socket into an RJ-45 Connector. it allows the use of Existing Telephony infrastructures to transmit and recieve data that can only otherwise be used when connecting to a standard RJ45 Network.

Q29. What is the function of a HomePLUG Adapter? Which physical properties does it usually have? it is usually an adapter which converts an Electrical Socket into an RJ-45 Connector. it allows the use of Existing Electrical infrastructures to transmit and recieve data that can only otherwise be used when connecting to a standard RJ45 Network.

Q30. Write down the services offered by each layer of the OSI Model. Layer 1: Physical Layer - Transmits and recieves data over a physical Medium.

Layer 2: The Data link Layer adds Physical Addressing, and uses The Ethernet protocol to apply these properties. the sublayers, MAC and LLC define the media access control method which is usually CSMA/CD or CSMA/CA and LLC also caters the Frame for the Selected transmission protocol in the transport layer. Frames

Layer 3: The Network Layer performs Routing Services, and adds IP Addressing to the Data's header. (source and destination addresses) Packets

Layer 4: Transport Layer Decides what method of connections are to be made for instance TCP or UDP, and also adds Source and Destination Port Numbers to the header. it also performs window sizing and sequencing.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

8.

Layer 5: Session Layer: The Session Layer Establishes, and Maintains connectivity between the Source host and the Destination Host.

Layer 6: The Presentation layer Performs Encryption, Encoding and Compression of the data.

Layer 7: The Application Layer consists of most of the protocols that the user of the host interacts with. it is the highest level of interaction, and is the only interaction that the user has with the data to be sent.

Q31. What do the acronyms PCI, PDU and SDU mean? What do they refer to? PCI: Protocol Control Information - The Header that is to be added to the Data. Protocol Data Unit - Is the complete Data packet. The Service Data Unit is the data that is to have a header attached to it. It generally descends from higher layers. PDU:

SDU:

Q32. Explain the prerequisites for the WOL function to properly operate. For the Wake On Lan to work correctly, the BIOS and NIC Card must support it. it must maintain power to the motherboard and NIC Card in order to be able to recieve packets while turned off.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

9.

Q33. What is a Magic Packet? What is it used for? a Magic Packet is used to transmit a command to turn on a pc through WOL. First a Broadcast packet is sent, FF FF FF FF FF FF Then the Mac Address of the computer in question is sent 16 times.

Q34. List and explain the stages of encapsulation. How does each stage relate to the OSI Model PDUs? Refer to Diagram in handwritten Diagram.

Q35. List the three main type of switches that exist and highlight their particular functions.

NOT IN SYLLABUS

Q36. What does a router require in order to carry out its routing function? A Router Requires a Routing table to carry out it's routing functions.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

10.

Q37. What is the difference between Routed, Non-routed and Routing Protocols? Provide examples. Routing Protocols - Are used for communication between Routers Routed Protocols - Routed Protocols are used for Data Transfer between networks. RIP, OSPF, IGRP Non-Routable Protocols are used in only one network, and cannot be used to communicate outside a set network or segment.

Q38. What does a layer 2 Switch require in order to carry out its packet-switching function? A Switch requires a Mac Address Table. It is populated in this manner: Whenever a device is connected to the Switch, the Table becomes updated, because the switch would broadcast a request for Mac Address information.

Q39. Why is TCP considered as a connection-oriented protocol unlike UDP? Explain in detail. TCP is considered as a connection oriented protocol because it ensures that connectivity is established through a three way handshake.

Q40. Describe the process of establishing a connection using TCP.

Information is gathered about the data's destination by performing a Three way handshake. This discovers the Destination's limitations Accepted Window Sizes, etc.... SYN --> <---- SYN ACK ACK---->

Q41. What is the difference between the Session Layer and the Transport Layer. The Transport Layer is responsible for handling Data transmission according to the protocols defined in Earlier Layers. for instance, TCP or UDP and also assigns Source, and Destination Port Numbers. While the Session Layer manages the actual connection between The Applications that are sending and recieving data.

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

11.

Q42. Why is the Presentation Layer very important especially when considering an internetwork infrastructure? The Presentation performs data encryption, compression and encoding. this allows the data to be sent securely, so that it cannot be compromised during data transmission.

Q43. How does an Application Software differ from the OSI Application Layer? The Application Layer simply consists of the Protocols required to begin the transmission process, i.e., http, ftp, etc... while application software is the application which utilises the OSI model to Start Data Transmission.

Q44. Identify and briefly describe six main components of the TCP Segment.

Source Port

Destination Port Sequence Number Acknowledgement Number Windowing

Data cd

Networking Technology

Worksheet 4

12.