Giao Trinh Cay Mia

S Nng nghip&PTNT tnh ho bnh
hng dn chuyn giao tin b k thut
cy ma
chi cc Bo v thc vt
Thng 3 nm 1999
ni dung cho cc k hun luyn

K th nht: - Chn rung. - Gii thiu quy trnh trng ma. - Hng dn thc h nh. K th hai : Khai ging lp hc - Gii thiu ni dung, gii thiu i biu. - Nu gi tr kinh t ca cy ma. - Ni dung hc tp ca kho hc. - T chc lp, pht hc c. - Vn ngh. - Cc i biu pht biu kin. - K hoch hc k ti. K th ba: - Gii thiu ni dung bui hc. - Phng php iu tra H sinh thi rung ma. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu. - Gii lao - tr chi Hc l m chuyn gia - V - tho lun H sinh thi. - Sinh l cy ma giai on mc mm. - nh gi lp hc, ni dng hc k sau. K th t : - Gii thiu ni dung bui hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu. - B tr th nghim Liu lng m vi cy ma - Gii lao - Tr chi Tho g kh khn - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Phn bn v k thut bn phn cho ma. - Mt cy v cch iu khin mt cy hu hiu. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th nm : -Gii thiu ni dung k hc. -iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu.
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-L m v theo di th nghim. -Gii lao - tr chi T u m. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc thi k sinh trng chnh ca cy ma. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th su : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Gii lao - tr chi Mua giy. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - c im thc vt hc ca cy ma. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th by : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di Th nghim. - Gii lao - tr chi Th bt v o chai. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Ging ma - Cc ging ma trng ph bin min Bc. - Chut - c tnh sinh sng v bin php phng chng. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th tm : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Gii lao - Vn ngh. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc loi su chnh hi ma v cch phng chng. - Sinh l cy ma giai on chn cng nghip. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th chn : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu.
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- L m v theo di th nghim. - Vn ngh IPM. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc loi bnh chnh hi ma v cch phng chng. - Cc vn cn lu khi s dng thuc Bo v thc vt. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th mi : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - Vn ngh. - Cc yu t cu th nh NS ma - Cch tnh nng sut l thuyt. - Sinh l cy ma khi ra hoa - Tc hi vi ma thng phm v bin php ngn chn. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. K th mi mt : - Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi. - Ngng kinh t - nh gi s ri ro ca ngng kinh t. - Bin php bo qun hom ma ging. - Vn ngh IPM. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung k ti. K th mi hai : -Gii thiu ni dung k hc. -iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu v theo di th nghim -Ma gc - phng php ma gc c hiu qu cao. -Phn cng, hng dn cc bo bo trong Hi ngh u b. -nh gi lp hc, ni dung tun ti. K th mi ba: -Thu thp s liu k cui - c lng nng sut. -Kim tra li cc s liu. -Ho n th nh cc bo co - Tp bo co cho Hi ngh u b. K th mi bn : Hi ngh u b.
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K th mi lm: Hi nghi tng kt.
cc k hc phn th nh 3 giai on
Giai on 1: hc t k 1 - k 5 Giai on 2 : hc t k 6 - k 10 Giai on 3 : Hc t k 11 - k 15 .
giai on I : hc t k 1 - k 5
K th nht :
- Chn rung. - Gi tr kinh t ca cy ma. - Gii thiu quy trnh trng ma. - Hng dn thc h nh. I.Chn rung: Rung ca lp hc c din tch khong 1.000m2, ni thun li i li, d tham quan, d thc hin ng cc quy trnh k thut trong vng c quy hoch trng ma. II. Quy trnh k thut trng ma:
1.Thi v, ging ma:

a.Thi v: Vic b tr thi v nhm p ng yu cu ri v, cung cp nguyn liu cho nh my. Vic ri v c th ko d i thi gian cung cp ma t mc 150 ng y th nh 180 ng y/nm. C tc dng nng t l ng ca ma u v, to iu kin thunli cho ngi lao ng, li dng hp l sc ko. Yu cu ri v: Cn phi c b ging thch hp, gm cc ging chn sm (NCO-310; COMUS; ROC1; ROC20 ...). Cc ging chn trung bnh v mun (ROC.18; ROC.10; V813254; F.146; F.154 ...). Trong nm c th b tr th nh 3 v trng ma: -V ng xun: Bt u t T11-Cui T3, nhng thng trng v o thng 11 v thng 2 thun li hn. -V h: Trng t u thng 4 - cui thng 5, l v thch hp nhn ging cho v ng xun nm sau.
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-V thu: u thng 8 - ht thng 10, thi k n y thng c m cao nn d ny mm, t mi (c bit vi nhng vng i ni). To iu kin ko d i thi gian ch bin, t l ng u v cao. Tuy nhin hin nay v n y cha c ch trong sn xut. b.Ging ma: - Gi vai tr quan trng trong vic thm canh ma, l bin php hu hiu chng li mt s bnh nguy him ( Than en, Fiji ...). - Hin nay, b ging ma ti Vit nam cn rt ngho n n. ri v thch hp cn tp trung c 3 nhm ging ma (chn sm, chn trung bnh v chn mun), trong mi nhm phi c 2-3 loi ging b xung cho nhau. Vic nh gi hiu qu phi l m tng hp trn cc ging s dng, trong nng sut v h m lng ng l ch yu. Tu thuc iu kin t ai m chn ging: Vi vng cao hn : chn ging chu hn. Vi vng chua phn : chn ging chu chua Vi vng t b i : Chn ging chng , c kh nng sinh trng thi k u mnh, cng cy. Vi vng thiu lao ng : Chon ging c kh nng ti sinh mnh, s dng ma gc c nhiu nm . 2.K thut trng trt: a.t trng: Tt c cc loi t (b i, i thp, rung...) c tng canh tc trn 50cm, gi m v thot nc tt u c th trng ma. Dn sch c di, c y to n b din tch trng, to ti xp, tng kh nng gi m ca t. o r nh su 30-35cm, rng 25-30cm, khong cch r nh 1,1-1,3m (tu theo ph ca t). Vi vng i, dc phi o r nh theo ng ng mc (v nh nn) trnh xi mn. Ch : Khi chn t trng ma cho cc lp HLND phi m bo din tch ti thiu 500m2 (cho rung p dng tin b KHKT). b.Hom ging: (Tham kho thm phn k thut bo qun hom ging mak 12) Thng p dng bin php c in l dng ngn l m hom ging, phi m bo chn 4 tt (chn rung, chn hom, chn cy, chn mm ).
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Tt nht chn hom xong trng ngay, ch x l bng nc vi trong vi nhng ging lu mc mm hay gp thi tit rt, hom d i 20-30cm, c 2-4 mm. C th p dng bin php dng c cy ma l m hom ging, nhng phi m bo mi hom c t nht 2 mm, vt cht khng dp nt, cy ma l m ging khng qu gi . c. Mt , cch trng: *Mt : xc nh mt , khong cch hp l phi cn c v o iu kin t ai, tp qun canh tc. Vi cc tnh pha Bc thng trng vi khong cch h ng 1,1 - 1,3 m. Lng hom ging khong 3-3,4 vn hom/ha. *Cch trng: C th trng 1 h ng hay 2 h ng so le. Nu trng v o ma kh c th trng hai h ng song song. t hom sao cho hai pha mt nm ngang sang hai bn. t xong lp t ngay, su lp t 3-5cm. Thi v trng ma ma ch cn lp va kn hom. Khi ma bt u c lng th lp t kn r nh. d.Phn bn: - Lng phn: Phn chung tt Phn m urea Phn ln Phn Kali Vi bt : 20-30tn/ha. : 400kg/ha. : 500kg/ha. : 400kg/ha. : 200-500 kg/ha (tu theo cht t)
- Cch bn: Bn lt m.
: To n b phn chung, phn ln, vi v 50% kaly v 20%
Bn thc ln1: Bn 20% m trong thi k u nhnh. Bn thc ln 2: Bn 20% m trong thi k 2-3 lng. Bn thc ln 3: Bn 40% m v 50% Kaly khi ma 7-8 lng. k th hai : Khai ging lp hc II.
Gii thiu gi tr kinh t ca cy ma : 1. Ma l cy cao sn, c l i sut ln : Nu chm sc tt, ma c th cho 150 -200 tn sinh khi/ ha/ nm (gm c r, thn, l ti ), y l k lc m t cy trng n o c c. t k lc n y l do ma c ch s din tch l ln, trong thi k phn thnh din tch l gp 6-7 ln din tch t, thi gian hot ng ca b l d i v n nh trong c nm. Ma l cy c
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hiu xut quang hp cao nn c th to ra nhiu cht hu c trn mt n v din tch. Theo thi gi nm 1994, mt Ha trng ma thm canh tt c th cho nng sut 100tn/ha, vi tng thu 18 triu ng v l i thun t 10 triu ng/ha. Mt s gia nh sng trn t b i v t ph nhiu c th t nng sut 140tn/ha, l i thun t 16 triu ng /ha. V vy, nhiu h gia nh tr ln gi u c sau 4-5 nm trng ma . 2.Sn phm ca ma l mt h ng c nhu cu ng y c ng cao v c th trng tt: Ma l nguyn liu duy nht ca ng nh ng nc ta, ng cung cp nng lng cao ngo i ba n chnh, l loi thc n ngon, hp khu v mi ngi, hu ht cc loi bnh ko, ung u phi ly ng l m gc. Tc ng c cu p v ng son, ngon mt m, i sng c ng cao th nhu cu v ng c ng ln. Trong chin lc kinh t n nm 2000, chng ta phn u a sn lng ng ln 1 triu tn, tc l gp i hin nay v sn lng lun c tng ln mi p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Chng ta ch lo khng sn xut kp ch khng lo tha sn phm. 3.Ma l cy c kh nng bo v t: Mt trong nhng hng pht trin cy ma l nhng chn rung cao, t b i, i thuc cc tnh Trung du thay th cy sn, khoai, la c nng sut thp. Nhn chung l vng t c dc, c s ra tri cht dinh dng l m suy gim ph ca t ang din ra tng ng y. Do , vic xem xt kh nng bo v t ca cy trng vng n y l vn c ngha ln v kinh t x hi v bo v mi trng. Ma c u th ln v lnh vc n y bi nhng cn c sau: a.Ma l cy trng theo r nh, c su 25-30cm, c thit k theo ng ng mc nn c tc dng gi m v chng si mn t. b.Ma thng c trng t thng 8 n thng 2 h ng nm, n ma ma, cy c 4-5 thng tui, b l giao nhau l m th nh thm khng cho nc ma ri rc tip xung t nn c tc dng chng si mn. c.Ma l cy r chm, pht trin mnh trong t ti 60cm. Trong ma ma, b r an xen gia cc h ng, 1ha ma c t 10-13 tn r, do chng ra tri, chng si mn rt tt. Sau khi thu hoch, b r ma ma li trong t l m tng cht hu c v ph ca t. 4.Ma l cy nng lng ca Th k 21:
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Nhiu nh khoa hc d bo rng sang Th k 21 cc nguyn liu ly t lng t dng cho cng nghip v giao thng vn ti s cn kit, cn c ngun nguyn liu khc thay th. Mt hng c nhiu ngi quan tm l tm kim nng lng t thc vt. Trong hng n y, cy ma c quan tm nht v ngi ta sp xp cy ma l cy nng lng h ng u ca th k 21. T 1 tn ma tt, ngi ta c th sn xut ra 35-50 lt cn 960. Mt ha ma vi k thut hin i c th to ra c 5.000-10.000 lt cn l m nhin liu. T y ta c th thy v tr ca cy ma ng y c ng quan trng, va l cy cng nghip, va l cy nng lng. 5.Ma l cy ly si ca tng lai: Do tc ph rng ca th gii ng y c ng tng, din tch rng gim ti mc ng lo ngi, trong khi dn s th gii ng y c ng tng, nhu cu s dng giy ng y c ng ln, do vic gii quyt nguyn liu giy l vn ng quan tm. Trong cy ma c khong 14% cht x, 1 ha ma c th t 100-200 tn/ha/nm, nn ngi ta hy vng cy ma c th l cy ly si thay th cho cy rng v o th k 21. 6.Nhn nh tng th: Ma l cy cng nghip ngn ng y, c v tr quan trng trong nn kinh t nc ta, l cy mi nhn, c hiu qu kinh t cao trong vic chuyn i c cu cy trng, vng t cao khng ch ng ti tiu v vng i thp, ca di Trung du rng ln ang trng nhng cy c hiu qu kinh t thp. L cy c kh nng bi dng v bo v t, ma l cy phc v cho s nghip hin i ho v cng nghip ho nn kinh t nng nghip nc nh , l cy l m gi u cho vng Trung du v Min ni. Trc mt, ma l cy ly ng phc v cho nhu cu tiu dng v xut khu, l nng lng, l si nhn to qu cho tng lai. Nhn chung tng lai ca cy ma l v cng sng sa.
K th ba :
- Gii thiu ni dung bui hc. - Phng php iu tra H sinh thi rung ma. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu. - Gii lao - tr chi Hc l m chuyn gia - V - tho lun H sinh thi. - Sinh l cy ma giai on mc mm. - nh gi lp hc, ni dng hc k sau.
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I. Gii thiu ni dung (phn n y c trong tt c cc tun): Vic n y c th tin h nh ti b rung tranh th thi gian, ngi c phn cng s tm tt gn gn nhng ni dung s tin h nh trong bui hc v gii thiu ging vin ph trch tng phn ni dung. II. Phn tch H sinh thi: 1. iu tra l g : iu tra l quan st mt s cy vi s lng mu nh m c th nh gi c iu g ang xy ra trn ng rung. Khi quen l m, ngi nng dn c th nm chc din bin ng rung mt cch chc chn qua iu tra n gin. + Mc ch ca iu tra l : - Ngi nng dn nm c cy ma ang giai on n o, nhng biu hin ca giai on n y ra sao? - Ngi nng dn phi nm c qun th su hi din bin nh th n o? xut hin bnh trn ng rung cha, xut hin vi t l bao nhiu? iu ta khng ch l vic o m m cn nh gi kh nng ca hc vin. Hc vin cn l m th n o nh gi chnh xc mc su bnh hi, thin ch ... +Yu cu ca ngi iu tra l : - Quan st gii. - Cn thn, chc chn. - Tip xc nhiu vi ng rung. Kt qu iu tra s c kt hp vi cc thng tin khc nh: Kh nng n b ca cy, sc khng ch ca thin ch, thi tit, giai on sinh trng ca cy trng, ti tin ca ngi sn xut ... phn tch thc trng ng rung v ra bin php s l ph hp . 3- Phng php iu tra H sinh thi: a. Cc khi nim: - H sinh thi l g: H sinh thi l tp hp cc yu t sinh vt, phi sinh vt trong mt khong khng gian v thi gian nht nh. - Cc yu t sinh vt : L cc yu t c s sinh trng, pht trin nh: Cy ma, c di, su hi, thin ch, bnh hi ...
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- Cc yu t phi sinh vt: L cc yu t khng phi l sinh vt (khng c s sinh trng, pht trin) nh: t ai, kh hu thi tit, nc, nh sng... Ngo i ra H sinh thi cn chu tc ng ca con ngi - Cn trng l g: Cn trng l nhng lo i ng vt c 6 chn. Nh vy nhn tuy cng thuc ng nh chn t nhng khng phi l cn trng v chng c 8 chn. - Su hi l g: L nhng cn trng hoc nhn s dng cc b phn ca cy trng l m thc n ca chng, l m nh hng n sinh trng, pht trin, n nng sut v cht lng nng sn. -Thin ch l g: L nhng cn trng hoc nhn s dng cc lo i su hi l m thc n ca chng bng cch k sinh hoc bt mi n tht. - Bnh hi l g: L nhng Vi sinh vt k sinh trn cc b phn ca cy, l m nh hng n sinh trng, pht trin, n nng sut v cht lng nng sn. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy bnh khc nhau (Nm, Virus, Vi khun, Tuyn trng, Sinh l ...) - C di l g: L nhng lo i thc vt mc ngo i mun ca con ngi. Nh vy c cy trong trng n y l cy trng nh trng hp khc li l c di v ngc li.V d : Ng l mt loi cy trng ph bin nhng nu n mc t do trong lung hoa, trong vn thuc, trong sn vn ng ... th c coi l c di. b.Phng php iu tra H sinh thi : - i ra ngo i rung quan st thi tit trong ng y (nng, ma hay m u), quan st to n b cnh ng v c nhn xt chung. - iu tra c th 10 cy ma theo ng thng (nh du v tr iu tra c nh), v tr iu tra u tin cch b khong 1,2 mt. C hai rung IPM v FP u quan st, iu tra v ghi chp nh nhau. - Trc khi o m tng cy, trc ht quan st cc loi cn trng d bay, d nhy trc (chun chun kim, ong, bm, chu chu ...) Sau n cc i tng su, bnh hi khc theo phng chm t xa n gn, t trn xung di, t ngo i v o trong, xem xt k to n b cy ma. Ghi chp y cc s liu v su hi, bnh hi, thin ch, c di, chut, o chiu cao, s l xanh, l v ng ... S liu ghi chp c a v o mu ghi chp sau:
Ch tiu C.1 Cao cy (cm) S lng/cy S l xanh/cy S l v ng/cy Su .thn(c/c) Rp (c/c) B tr (c/c) Nhn (c/k) . . . . . .
Rung IPM C.2 . . . C.10 T.s T.B
C.1
C.2
Rung FP . . . C.10 T.s T.B
Ghi ch: - Chiu cao cy tnh t mt t n c l (im tht ca c l) - S l xanh: Tnh s l ho n chnh (l l nhn r c b l v phin l) v cn xanh. - Su hi v thin ch: Tnh mt theo con/cy hay quy ra con/m2. - Bnh hi: Tnh t l (%) s l, s cy b bnh. 4.V H sinh thi : v H sinh thi, mi nhm cn c mu sng (cy ma, c di, su hi, bnh hi, thin ch ... v v theo quy lut sau y: - V cy ma c ng nguyn trng, mang s lng, s l trung bnh m. Nu cy kho t m u xanh, nu cy thiu dinh dng hoc b bnh t m u v ng, cc l pha di t m u v ng. - i vi c di v kch thc v mt tng ng vi cy ma, v cc loi c hin din trn ng rung. - i vi su hi: V nhng loi su tm thy ngo i ng v v bn phi cy ma, vit mt trung bnh bn cnh tn su, c th vit bng tn a phng. - i vi thin ch: V nhng i tng tm thy ngo i ng rung, v bn tri cy ma, vit tn gi v mt bn cnh hnh v. - i vi chut: V cc nhnh nm trn mt t (bng cc nhnh trung bnh b cn). - Nu c nng th v mt tri ri nng, tri m u v mt tri b my che khut. Vit gi tr nhit trong ng y bn di mt tri. 12 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Nu rung mi c bn phn th v b n tay ri phn, ghi r l phn m, ln hay kali, liu lng bn. - Nu rung c phun thuc th v vi phun v vit tn thuc. - Sau khi v xong, ghi cc ch tiu nng hc, nhn xt (v thi tit, giai on sinh trng ca cy, tnh hnh su bnh hi ...) v ghi bin php s l ca nhm xung pha di t Trky. 5-Tho lun H sinh thi : - Mi ngi trong nhm s sm vai l ngi hi (mi tun li thay i ngi khc), ngi n y ra cu hi, ngi kia ghi chp v tr li. - Mi nhm phi trnh b y nhng quan st, hnh v, kin tho lun, kt lun ca nhm mnh cho nhm khc nghe v tip thu kin tho lun ca nhm bn. Ging vin cn hng cho lp tho lun vn trng tm xy ra trong tun v a ra bin php s l thch hp (bn phn, l m c, ti nc, phun thuc ...) trong mi tng quan h sinh thi m khng tch di cc yu t. V d: C di nhiu cn l m c, bn m nhng thi tit m u phi dng li, hoc nu thy trng su c thn nhiu, l ra phi phun thuc nhng thy nhiu thin ch (ong, mum mum,...) th khng cn phun thuc ... III. Sinh l cy ma khi mc mm: Mc mm l lc mm ma nt nanh n khi mm nh ln khi mt t. Yu cu giai on n y l ny mm nhanh, u, t l ny mm cao. T khi t hom ma xung t cho n khi ny mm, n s dng cht dinh dng d tr trong hom v nh m ca t, mm ma mc ln th nh cy con, ng thi r hom mc ra t im r (trn ai r ca hom trng). R chnh thc mc ra t cc t thn ca cy con lc c 3-4 l tht l m nhim v ht nc v thc n nui cy thay th cho r hom dn dn mt tc dng. 1.Cc yu t ni ti nh hng n giai on trng v mc mm: a.Cht lng hom ging: - Cht lng hom gi vai tr quyt nh n kt qu cui cng v n quyt nh trc tip ti t l ny mm v mt cy - l yu t cu th nh nng sut ma cy. Nu hom ging tt mm s mc , kho, rung ma sinh trng tt. Ngc
li, hom xu mm mc yu, khng u, thiu cy l m rung ma sinh trng km, nng sut cui cng thp. - Hom ging tt phi t cc tiu chun sau: Mm khng qu gi . t ln cn thit (tu ging). Khng mang mm mng su bnh. Khng ln ging. Trong sn xut hin ti, phng php thng dng, ph bin nht l s dng hom ngn ly t ma thu hoch. y l cch l m n gin, d l m nhng c nhc im l khng ng u, d ln ging, ging kh bo qun trong thi gian d i, h s nhn thp. C th s dng c cy l m hom ging nhng nn p dng 4 tt: Chn rung sinh trng tt. Chn cy to kho, khng su bnh, khng tr c. Chn hom thng, tt, khng ln ging. Chn mm tt, khng xy st, nn cht hom c t 2-3 mm. b.S ra r: R ma c hi loi l r hom v r chnh thc. -R hom: L r pht sinh t hom ma khi trng. Nhim v ca n l ht mui khong, nc giai on sinh trng ban u, kch thch cho mm pht trin. R hom nh, phn nhnh nhiu nhng khng su, thng ch tn ti n 1-2 thng sau trng. - R chnh thc: L r sinh ra t nhng t cui ca thn non, gm c 3 loi r (r mt, r gia v r n su). S pht trin sm v nhanh ca cc loi r nh hng ln ti vic cc mm mc c u hay khng. 2. nh hng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh: a.Ch l m t: Khi c ging tt cn c ch l m t ng k thut m bo cho ma c iu kin thun li mc mm. Ngo i ra cn nh hng ti v ma gc nm sau. Tc dng ca l m t tt l : -To iu kin cho nc thm nhanh v gi m tt, lun duy tr c m trong t ma ny mm. -L m cho t ti xp, thong kh, to iu kin cho s h hp ca cy c bnh thng. -To iu kin cho b r pht trin su v rng, thun li cho ma pht trin. -Tin vic chm sc sau n y.
Trong iu kin cho php, nn c y ba k trc khi trng. C y ba su c tc dng l m d y thm tng t canh tc, ci thin tnh cht vt l ca t, l m tng lng dinh dng d tiu trong t, gip b r pht trin su v rng. R nh o su 25-30cm, di r nh c lp t xp 3-5 cm. b.Kh hu: Ni chung vi kh hu nc ta, c th trng ma c quanh nm, nhng tu theo bin php ri v m chn thi v trng thch hp, nht l thi k ny mm ma cn nhit ti thch 26-300C, ti thiu 180C (vi nhit khng kh) v ti thch 22-280C, ti thiu 19-200C (vi nhit t ). thi k n y, ging vin c th hng dn cho hc vin khi ma ln c 50-70%, dng tay bi nh t c th quan st c s ny mm v cc loi r ca cy ma thi k n y. iv. Cu hi tho lun: - Nhng nguyn nhn n o l m ma lu mc mm hoc khng mc. - Trong thc t sn xut, thi v trng ma n o s d ny mm, thun li v kh khn ca thi v . - Ti sao trc khi trng, ngi ta hay nhng hom ma v o nc vi hoc chm hai u hom v o tro bp. - Nguyn nhn n o l m rung ma ny mm khng ng u. - M t triu trng gy hi ca cc loi su bnh trn hom ma khi mc mm. - Th n o l hom ging tt. - Cch chn lc c hom ging tt. - R ma mc ra t u (tnh trn c hom trng v mm mi mc). - loi t th n o th mm ma d mc. - Trong iu kin thi tit kh hu n o, cy ma s d ny mm.
K th t :
- Gii thiu ni dung bui hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu. - B tr th nghim Liu lng m vi cy ma - Gii lao - Tr chi Tho g kh khn - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Phn bn v k thut bn phn cho ma. - Mt cy v cch iu khin mt cy hu hiu. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I.Mt cy, cch iu khin mt :
1.Mt cy: Cng nh nhng cy trng khc, i vi cy ma, vn mt c quan h mt thit ti nng sut, cht lng v hiu qu kinh t. i vi cy ma, cn phn bit r cc khi nim mt sau: - Mt mm khi kt thc ny mm : Khi ma c 3-4 l tht. - Mt mm khi kt thc nhnh : Khi ma c 6-8 l tht. -Mt mm du thi k vn lng : Khi ma c 10-15 l tht. -Mt cy hu hiu lc thu hoch: y l yu t quan trng nht. Mt hp l lc n y s cho nng sut cao, phm cht tt, c li cho ma gc nm sau. Mt ti u lc n y l : + 65.000 - 75.000 cy/ha vi ging to cy (khong 7cy/m2). + 75.000 - 80.000 cy/ha vi ging to trung bnh (khong 8cy/m2) + 80.000-100.000 cy/ha vi ging b cy (khong 9-10 cy/m2). Khi kt thc ny mm, mt cy cao hay thp khng quan trng lm. Lc n y ch cn mm phn b u, khng c ch qu d y hay qu tha, v ma c kh nng nhnh tt, nu d y t, tha nhiu, nu chm bn tt th mt cy hu hiu cui cng cng khng chnh lch nhau lm. 2. iu khin mt cy: Mun c c mt cy ti u cho tng thi k, cn nm vng cc bin php iu khin sau y: - Gim mm cho cc ch b mt mm t 60cm tr ln. - Nu thiu mm ng lot, phi thc cho ma bng cch: +Bn y dinh dng, c bit l ln v Kali. +Lp t mng, xi t ti xp. +To iu kin ti m. - Nu tha mm th hn ch bng cch: +Lp t d y v o gc. +Ta b cc mm nh, yu. +nh mm khi ma bt u c lng. cc giai on chm sc cn tin h nh 3 khu na l : -Gim mm: Khi ma c t 3-5 l tht th km tra thy ch n o tha th bng mm nhng ch tha mm em gim. Khi gim cn lu : Phi bng c bu, mi bu c 0,5-1kg t. Gim lc t m, khng gim lc t qu t s b chai t lm mm kh hi phc. Buc b l mm va gim gim s thot hi nc. Ti nc lc gim t mi v t c tip xc vi nhau. -Ta mm: Khi rung ma mm, lp t h m khng cho tip, nu qu tha phi ta bt cc ch d y, cc mm v hiu. 16 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
-nh mm: Khi ma c 1-2 lng, kt hp vi vic bc l chn chun b cho vun gc, ct b cc mm tha, cc mm gi yu (bin php n y ch dng cho nhng ni tha lao ng v c th s dng mm ct l m thc n cho tru, b). 3.Tho lun chung: - V o thi k ny mm ca cy ma, iu n o trong hai yu t sau s quan trng hn: S phn b u ca cc mm trn r nh ma. Cc mm tp trung vi mt cao nhng khng ng u, c nhiu ch mt mm. - Mt cy khi kt thc ny mm khong bao nhiu l hp l v c hiu qu cao. - Nu c hom ging tt th nn trng vi mt bao nhiu. - Nu thiu mm phi thc ma bng cch n o. - L m th n o vi nhng ch b mt mm vi khong cch kh xa (trn 60cm). - Bin php k thut gim mm c hiu qu. - Nu mm qu d y c cn thit phi ta bt khng? ti sao? - Ti sao khi ma c 1-2 lng, phi tin h nh bc cc l chn v vun gc ma. II. phn bn cho ma : 1.Yu cu dinh dng ca cy ma : Trong thi k sinh trng dinh dng, cht dinh dng quyt nh n cc yu t cu th nh nng sut nh: Mt cy hu hiu, chiu cao cy, ng knh, trng lng thn v nng sut ma. Thi k chn, cht dinh dng chi phi thi gian chn, h m lng ng, cc tp cht v nh hng n c v ma gc nm sau. Hai qu trnh sinh trng dinh dng v sinh thc c quan h mt thit vi nhau nhng khng phi c qu trnh trc tt l qu trnh sau cng tt, chng c th theo chiu thun v ngc li nu s dng phn bn tri ngc nhau. Ma l cy cao sn, c thi gian sinh trng ko d i 10-15 thng nn yu cu dinh dng cao hn cc cy khc. K thut bn phn cho ma cn t c 3 mc tiu: Tng nng sut. Tng h m lng ng Tng ph nhiu ca t.
Trong sut qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin, ma hp th Kali nhiu nht, sau n m ri n ln. Lng cht dinh dng c hp th ca ma ph thuc v o ging ma, thi v trng, cht t, cch bn phn ... Thng thng mun c 100 tn ma cy (Khng k t, l) cn phi s dng lng phn nh sau: - Phn m nguyn cht : 80-180kg, c bit 280kg/ha. - Phn Kali nguyn cht : 200-270kg, c bit 330kg/ha. - Phn Ln nguyn cht : 8170kg, c bit 180kg/ha. Mi thi k sinh trng, cy ma cn lng dinh dng khc nhau c v chng loi v khi lng: - Thi k mm non (1-5 l tht) ma yu cu nhiu nht m ri ti kali v ln. - Thi k nhnh v u thi k vn cao ma yu cu nhiu nht l kali ri n ln v m. - Thi k chn (tch lu ng) ma yu cu theo th t m, ln, kali. V khi lng dinh dng th thi k vn lng s dng nhiu cht dinh dng nht. Vn dinh dng khong v k thut bn phn cho ma c nghin cu nhiu v cho nhng kt qu phong ph nhng cha i ti s thng nht chung. V vy, mi a phng c iu kin t ai, kh hu khc nhau cn tm hiu cch bn ring ca mnh nhm t hiu qu kinh t cao nht. 2. Phn bn hu c : Phn bn cho ma c nhiu loi, nhng phn hu c chim v tr h ng u. Ngo i vic cung cp dinh dng cho ma, phn hu c cn c tc dng khc m khng loi phn n o c c, l : To s thong kh gip b r pht trin mnh. Gi m tt cho r. C axt Humc c tc dng kch thch b r pht trin. Tng lng mn trong t l m t c cu tng tt. Ngai ra chng to iu kin tt cho vi sinh vt t pht trin, l m tng ph ca t. iu kin thun li l t lu nhn dn ta c tp qun canh tc v kinh nghim s dng phn hu c bn cho ma. a.Phn chung, phn : L hai loi phn ch lc ca phn hu c, phn chung l dng ph bin nht, gia nh n o cng c nhng s lng b hn ch bi s u gia sc nn kh c th tho m n nhu c c. Trong phn hu c phi c 18 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
bit quan tm n phn . Chng ta phi ly cht hu c t cy ma tr li rung ma. Nu tn dng c ho n to n l ti v mt phn l kh khi thu hoch th c th ch bin c 10-15 tn phn /ha. -Ch bin ti rung: Chn v tr thch hp mt gc rung l m h phn. C xp mt lp l d y 10-15cm li rc mt lp phn chung l m men, ph t d y 7-10cm, gim cht, ti m. C l m tip tc nh vy cho ti khi y h, sau ph kn t c ng d y c ng tt, c ng chng th nh phn, ti rung tit kim c chi ph vn chuyn. Ch bin ti nh : Cc gia nh c nhn lc th thu l v nh l m cht n chung cho gia sc, cch n y tn nhiu cng sc nhng chng th nh phn hn v cht lng cng tt hn. Mi ha trng ma nn c 10-20 tn phn chung hoc phn , c th bn lt to n b hay bn lt 2/3, thc 1/3 khi vun ln th nht lc ma bt u c lng. b. Phn xanh: L ngun phn hu c r tin, d l m, thun li v d p dng trn din tch rng i vi ma, c hai cch trng v bn phn xanh cho ma: - Trng mt v phn xanh gia hai chu k trng ma: Tu iu kin ca tng ni m chn cy phn xanh n o cho thch hp, va cho nhiu cht xanh li va chi ph t nht, khi phn xanh t sn lng cht xanh cao nht th c y vi to n b l m phn trc khi trng ma. - Trng xen phn xanh gia hai h ng ma: Khi ma c lng th nh to n b cy phn xanh tp v o gc ma khi vun vng ln 1, nn trng xen cch h ng va c phn xanh, va ch ng chm sc, xi xo, bn thc phn theo ng quy trnh. 3. Bn phn m cho ma : m ch chim 1% tng trng lng cht kh trong cy ma khi thun thc, xong n gi vai tr rt quan trng vi nng sut v cht lng ma. m tham gia v o cc Axt amin v Protein trong cy ma. Phn ln m c cha trong cc t b o sinh trng. Trong cy ma, m tp trung phn ngn nhiu hn c, phn t c nhiu m hn phn lng. H m lng m trong cy thng t mc ti a khi cy ma c 1 thng tui, sau gim dn. Thng thng bn 1 kg m nguyn cht c th cho 400-500kg ma nguyn liu. Tu theo loi t, ging ma v mc tiu nng sut, ngi ta c th bn t 100-250kg m nguyn cht cho 1ha.
Thiu m l m ma c m u v ng nht, tc ra l v vn cao chm li, l nhanh gi , s l t, cy nh. Thiu m ma s thp cy, t, cy hu hiu thp, sm bc v o giai on tch lu ng. Nu qu tha m l c m u xanh thm, cy yu t, d ng, nhim su bnh nng, h m lng ng thp, chn chm hn bnh thng. *Phng php bn phn m: - Phn m c th bn lt to n b (bn 1 ln) hay bn th nh 2-3 ln (lt v thc). Khi bn m cn nm vng cc nguyn tc sau y: Bn ngm v bn su hn ch lng m b mt do bc hi v ra tri, tuyt i khng bn m trn mt t. Nu bn l m 2-3 ln th mi ln bn phi c y ra, bn phn m v o r nh c y sau lp t li. C th chc hc b m ri lp t li, c th bn kt hp vi vun gc. Kt thc bn m trc khi thu hoch sm khi nh hng ti h m lng ng. Bn cn i gia m, ln v kali theo t l 2-1-2 hay 2-1-1,5 tnh theo lng nguyn cht. 4.Bn phn ln cho ma : Ln gip cho vic to th nh Protein c mt trong nhn t b o v gn nh kim sot phn ln cc hot ng ca t b o, l cht c bn gip cho s phn chia t b o, gip cho cc b phn ca cy pht trin. Trong cy ma, ln tp trung nhng b phn hot ng mnh nht, n c mt phn ln cc t chc t b o sinh trng, cc b phn non ca cy ma. Ln c nh hng ln ti s nhnh v pht trin ca b r, nhng l c nhiu ln hot ng quang hp cao hn nhng l t ln. ln s pht huy c hiu qu tc dng ca m v Kali, s cho nng sut v phm cht cao (h m lng ng cao); Ln ch c tc dng kch thch ch khng tc ng trc tip n h m lng ng v tc tch lu ng. Thiu ln l m gim tc tng trng, gim chiu d i v ng knh ca thn, gim tc hnh th nh l v hnh th nh cc lng ma, thiu ln ma nhnh chm, thm ch khng c, l m cho mt mm v mt cy hu hiu thp. Rung ma thiu ln l m s l xanh t., b r sinh trng km v v ngn, khng n su c do km kh nng chu hn, ma kh l chng ho v sinh trng km, thiu ln l m gim th nh phn ho hc trong cy ma, h m lng ln trong nc ma gim gy tr ngi cho vic lng trong nc ma khi ch bin ng Thiu ln l m h m lng Kali trong tro ca cy ma thp, ngc li h m lng silc li tng ln. Hiu sut s dng ln ca ma v o khang 10-20%, thng thng t c trng hp sau v i ba v trng trt m ma c th ht kit ln trong t. Nhng thiu nhiu ln th khi phc li s rt kh khn v i hi lng ln rt ln.
C th bn ln 3 dng: Ln Supe, ln nung chy hay pht pht ni a. Tu theo t m chn loi phn ln thch hp: t trung tnh hoc kim nn bn Supe ln. t hi chua bn th n o cng c t chua (PH nh hn 5,5) bn ln nung chy. To n b phn ln ch dng bn lt lc trng ma (bn ln 1) hoc s l ma gc. Thng thng ngi ta bn ln cho ma t nhiu hn v ma gc c s dng tn d ca ln ma t. 5. Phn Kali v cch bn : Trong qu trnh pht trin, ma cn mt lng kali rt ln, ln hn c m v ln. Cy ma cn nhiu kali nhng kali khng phi l th nh phn tham gia cu trc t b o, kali ch tham gia v o th nh phn cc men, l m nhim v xc tc trong nhiu hot ng sinh l, sinh ho ca cy ma. n nay ngi ta vn cha hiu ht, chng minh c mt cch tng tn cc c ch hot ng ca kali trong cy ma, m mi ch thy c tm quan trng khng th thiu ca n i vi cy ma. Trong cy ma, kali tp trung l, cc b phn non, cc t chc sinh trng. H m lng kali bp non n 5,7%, cn lng ch khong 0,75%. Kali khng tham gia v o cu trc t b o nhng li rt cn trong qu trnh hnh th nh t b o. Cn thit trong qu trnh ng ho Ccbon khi quang hp, trong qu trnh tng hp Prtein. Kali gi vai tr quan trng trong vic vn chuyn Protein v ng, gi s cn bng nc trong cy, l m gim xu th ho r, tng kh nng chng hn v chng cho cy. Bn Kali y , cn i vi m v ln l m cho ma sinh trng mnh, nhiu, b r pht trin tt v tch lu ng sm hn, nng sut ma cy cao hn so vi thiu kali. Phm cht ma tt, d ch bin hn. Kali l m cng cc t chc t b o, tng h m lng Xelluloza trong cy ma, tng kh nng chng , chng su bnh ... Bn tha Kali, t c th gi li phc v cho v sau, s mt mt do ra tri khng ng k. Thiu Kali ma s t hoc khng c nu thiu nghim trng. Thiu Kali b r pht trin km, kch thc ca l gim, d nhim su, bnh, rp, nng sut ma cy thp, phm cht km, chu hn yu ... Biu hin c trng ca thiu Kali l : Cc l chuyn sang m u v ng. Hin tng a v ng bt u t ngn l sau lan xung gia l. Ngn l b kh dn xung hai ra, phn gia l to th nh hnh ch V. Gia hai phn l kh v ti c mt ng ranh gii m u v ng. Kali nn bn lt to n b (bn 1 ln) khi trng. Cng c th bn l m 2-3 ln: 1 ln bn lt v 1 ln bn thc lc ma nhnh hoc vun ln 1 hay ln 2. II. Cu hi tho lun :
- Nu tc dng ca vic cung cp y cht dinh dng trong sn xut ma. - Thi k sinh trng n o ca cy ma cn nhiu cht dinh dng nht? - Nu vai tr ca phn hu c. - Trong sn xut thng dng loi phn hu c n o? Cc bin php ch bin phn hu c c hiu qu cao. - Nu triu trng ca cy ma thiu m. - Lng m bn l bao nhiu, bn trong ti k n o c hiu qu. - Phn ln ng vai tr quan trng nht trong giai on sinh trng n o ca cy ma. - Biu hin c trng ca cy ma thiu Kali. - Phn Kali gi vai tr quan trng nht trong giai on pht trin n o ca cy ma. - Bin php bn vi mi loi phn bn nh th n o. - T l N:P:K nh th n o l hp l v c hiu qu III. Th nghim : nh hng ca liu lng m n phn ng ca dch hi v hiu qu kinh t trn ma. 1.t vn : C rt nhiu bin php nng hc thc y nng sut, phm cht ca cy ma: Thi v, ging ma, nc ti, phn bn ... nhng nu khng t cc bin php n y trong mt h thng canh tc tng hp mt cch hp l th phn ng ca dch hi c th s cho mt kt qu khng mong mun. c h thng canh tc hp l cng cn nghin cu cc bin php k thut n l thm d phn ng ca cy trng v dch hi. Phm vi ca th nghim n y l thm d liu lng m hp l vi tng a phng. 2.Mc ch : - Xem xt nh hng ca liu lng m n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy ma trong tng giai on. - Xem xt phn ng ca dch hi trong cc liu lng m khc nhau. - Hiu qu kinh t ca cc liu lng m khc nhau, liu lng tt nht i vi tng a phng. 3.Ni dung v phng php th nghim: Th nghim c tin h nh trn ma ROC1 hay ROC10 trng theo quy trnh nh sn, th nghim c theo di trn 1 v. - Th nghim gm 4 cng thc: Cng thc 1: Nn + Khng bn m (i chng) Cng thc 2: Nn + 300kg ur/ha.
Cng thc 3: Nn + 400kg ur/ha. Cng thc 4: Nn + 500kg ur/ha. Cc cng thc c b tr th nh cc th nghim, din tch mi th nghim 2 20m (c th quy theo mt d i ca r nh ma), mi cng thc nhc li 3 ln. - Cch bn: Bn thc l m 2 ln: Ln 1: Thi k nhnh (50%) Ln 2: u thi k vn cao (50%). Ch : Nu rung ma bn lt mt phn phn m th c th coi l nn chung. Cc loi phn bn khc gi nguyn theo quy trnh. 4.Ch tiu theo di : *Theo di cc ch tiu sinh trng: ng thi nhnh cc liu lng m khc nhau. ng thi tng trng chiu cao. Chiu d i v chiu rng l (o ch rng nht ca l) thi k sinh trng mnh nht ca cy mi. *Theo di din bin ca su hi v thin ch cc liu lng m khc nhau. *Theo di bnh: Thi k xut hin bnh v t l bnh cao nht. *Mt cy hu hiu thi k chn cng nghip. *Cc yu t cu th nh nng sut v nng sut ma. Theo di 10 cy c nh (c nh du) trong mi ln nhc li, thi gian theo di theo cc k hc. 5. Phng php theo di mt s ch tiu sinh trng ca cy ma: + Thi k ny mm: Chia th nh 3 thi k nh: - Bt u ny mm: Khi c 10% s mm ny so vi s mm ny cao nht trong rung ma. - Ny mm r: Khi s mm ny t 50% s mm cao nht. - Cui ny mm: Khi s mm t 80% s mm cao nht. +Thi k cy con: Tnh t khi 10% s mm c 1 l tht n khi 50% s cy c 5 l tht. +Thi k nhnh, t l nhnh: Tnh t khi 10% s cy ti lc to n b rung ma bt u c lng, theo di h ng tun n lc s nhnh khng tng na. -Bt u nhnh: 10% s cy nhnh. - r: Trn 30% s cy nhnh.
-Cui : Khi c trn 50% s cy . +T l nhnh tng thi k (%) = Tng s cy tch lu - s cy m x 100 S cy m +Chiu cao v tc tng trng: Sau khi kt thc nhnh bt u theo di s vn cao. Mi thng theo di o t 1-2 ln, tnh t gc thn (ch mm mc ra t hom ma) ti vai l. vic theo di c chnh xc nn dng cc tre d i 3050cm cm v o gc, sau khi vun vng o t nh cc. Khi tnh chiu cao phi cng thm chiu d i cc tre. Tc sinh trng bng chiu cao ln o sau tr chiu cao ln o trc (cm). +Cy hu hiu: Nhng cy cao trn 1m c th p ng c (khng k cy cht kh) u tnh l cy hu hiu. m trn to n th nhim ri suy ra Ha. +Trng lng cy: Khi thu hoch ly cc im i din s lng cy nht nh, tnh trng lng trung bnh. Trng lng cy = Tng trng lng thu v Tng s cy
K th nm :
- Gii thiu ni dung k hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Gii lao - tr chi T u m. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc thi k sinh trng chnh ca cy ma. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I.Cc thi k sinh trng chnh ca cy ma : 1.Thi k ny mm: Tnh t khi t hom ti khi kt thc ny mm (khi ma c 3-4 l tht), thi k n y thng ko d i 30-60 ng y sau trng. Ny mm chnh l thi k l m c s cho s sinh trng ca cy con v lin quan mt thit ti s cy hu hiu, chiu cao, ng knh thn ma, nng sut, sn lng sau n y. i hi ca thi k n y l t l ny mm cao, sc ny mm tt, ny u. C nhiu yu t nh hng n s ny mm: Hom ging to, ny mm c ng tt v trong hom c cht dinh dng v nc cung cp cho qu trnh ny mm. Bn m cho ma chun b ly ging c th l m tng t l ny mm, rt ngn thi gian ny mm.
Hom bnh t ny mm tt hn hom gi , hom ngn ny mm tt hn hom d i (nn trng hom ngn c t 2-3 mm). Nhit thch hp nht cho ma ny mm l 23-30oC. m yu cu hom ma ny mm thp hn cc loi ht v trong ma c h m lng nc cao. 2.Thi k cy con: Tnh t khi cy c l tht th nht n lc phn ln s cy trong rung c 5 l tht. R cy bt u pht trin t khi ma c 2 l tht v dn dn thay th r hom l m nhim v cung cp nc v dinh dng cho cy. Thi k n y yu cu nhit cao hn thi k ny mm, ti thiu phi trn 0 15 C. Thi k n y cy sinh trng chm, s thot hi nc thp nn nhu cu v nc khng cao, m t t 60% l c. Thi k cy con ma d b c di ln t, chanh chp nc v nh sng v vy cn ch trng xi xo, l m c. 3.Thi k nhnh: Tnh t khi ma bt u nhnh n khi kt thc . thi k n y bt u t khi ma c 5-6 l tht n khi bt u c lng (8-10 l tht). Mt s mm di mt t trn thn cy m pht trin th nh nhnh cp 1, bn thn nhng nhnh n y cng mang cc t mc xt nhau, t to r mi v nhnh mi th nh nhnh cp 2, ri cp 3 ... Thi k nhnh c v tr quan trng, lin quan trc tip ti t l cy hu hiu sau n y. Tu theo mt trng m t l nhnh con s t t 30-50% so vi s cy hu hiu khi thu hoch. Nhit thch hp cho s nhnh khong 25-300C, m 70-80% m ti a ca t. nh sng l yu t tc ng mnh ti s nhnh, cng nh sng c ng mnh, ma c ng kho. Thi gian chiu sng c lin quan cht ch ti s nhnh , mi ng y 10 gi chiu sng ma s kho nht. Thi v trng l tc ng tng hp ca cc yu t sinh thi n s nhnh ca cy ma. Khng phi tt c cc nhnh con sau n y u tr th nh cy hu hiu. Nhng nhnh mun do khng thi gian sinh trng, li b cy m v nhng nhnh sm cnh tranh (dinh dng, nh sng) nn thng tr nn v hiu. Cn ta b nhng nhnh mun tp trung dinh dng cho nhnh hu hiu. Bn m sm thc y nhnh sm, s nhnh hu hiu tng theo lng m bn, nhng khi vt qu mc thch hp th khng cn hiu qu na. Khong cch h ng rng ma kho hn h ng hp, trng nng ma kho hn trng su. 4.Thi k vn lng, vn cao: y l thi k quan trng nht, l thi k quyt nh nng sut. Thi k n y bt u t khi ma c mt v i t u tin cho ti khi ma gim sinh trng hay hnh th nh hoa.
nh sinh trng ca ma phn ho th nh nhng lng v t k tip nhau, thn d i ra, b l lc n y gm khong 10 l xanh pht trin ho n chnh nhng ngn vn cn 7 l non cun trn chun b thay th nhng l gi khc. Thi gian xut hin ca 1 l mi thay i t 1-3 tun tu theo nhit . Thi k n y, do b r, b l pht trin y , cc hot ng sinh l ca cy t ti nh cao, hiu qu s dng ph ca t ai, phn bn, nng lng nh sng mt tri tng ln. Trong thi k n y, cy ma sinh trng nhanh, tc tng trng chu cao c th t 10-50cm /thng. Nhng thng vn mnh c th t 6080cm/thng. Nu iu kin mi trng mt thi im n o ca thi k vn cao khng thun li s l m gim chiu d i v ng knh thn ca mt s lng m sau nu gp iu kin thun li cng khng th cu c, nng sut s gim st. Thi k n y c th ko d i 7-9 thng, thi k n y ng knh thn, ch s din tch l v tc vn cao u t mc ti a. B tr thi v sao cho thi k n y trng vi cc thng nhit cao (trn 0 21 C), c lng ma ln, nh sng y l bin php quan trng nht, r tin nht tng nng sut ma. Ngo i ra, vn cung cp y cht dinh dng v khng kh cho b r cng c tc dng ln n nng sut. Thi k n y c ng ko d i c ng c li cho nng sut. 4.Thi k chn cng nghip: Cn gi l thi k tch lu ng, bt u t cui thi k vn lng n khi thu hoch hay ti khi h m lng ng trong thn gim. Thi k n y c nhng biu hin c trng nh: - Lng ng trong thn tng ti khi lng ng ngn tng ng gc l lc ma chn ho n to n. - Cc lng ngn dn, tc sinh trng ca thn gim. - M u sc l nht dn, l chuyn t xanh thm sang m u xanh l gng, cc l ngn li v mc xt nhau. Thi k n y i hi cc iu kin sau: - Thi tit kh hanh - m t gim - Bin nhit gia ng y v m ln. - Nhit khng kh thp. 6.Thi k chn sinh l, ra ho, kt qu: Thi k n y c th trng vi thi k chn cng nghip, c bit c trng hp sm hn, mun hn hoc khng xut hin. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng chn nhng ging khng ra hoa hay b tr thi v trng ma trn c, v mc ch chnh ca ta l ly ng ch khng phi ly hoa hay ly ht.
Thi k n y khng c li cho sn xut ma nguyn liu ch bin ng. Do ngi ta khng ch thi k n y bng cch b tr thi v trng ma hay dng cc ho cht x l khng ch s ra hoa ca ma. 2. Cu hi tho lun : - Trong thi k ny mm, cy ma cn yu t g nht? - Cy ma c nhng thi k sinh trng n o? Thi k n o quyt nh n nng sut khi thu hoch. - Y t dinh dng n o thc y nhanh s nhnh? - Thi k vn lng thch hp vi iu kin thi tit kh hu n o? - Tc vn lng phu thuc v o nhng yu t n o? - Nu thiu dinh dng trong thi k vn lng th biu hin ca cy ma ra sao? - qu trnh vn lng thun li th bn phn g v bn lc n o? - Nh th n o gi l chn cng nghip v chn sinh l? - Thu hoch ma v o thi k n o s cho h m lng ng cao nht?
giai on 2: Hc t k 6 - k 10
K th su:
- iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Gii lao - tr chi Mua giy. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - c im thc vt hc ca cy ma. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I. Gii lao - Tr chi Mua giy: B i ton: Gi s c ng khch h ng A v o ca h ng ng B mua mt i giy. ng A mua mt i gi 12 ng n. Khi tr tin ng ta a ra t 20 ng n, do khng c tin l nn ng bn giy B phi sang ca h ng ng C i. Sau ng tr li 8 ng n tin tha cho ng A. Sau khi ng A i, ng C n ca h ng ng B v ni rng s tin 20 ng n ng B em sang i l tin gi v i ng B phi tr li tin cho mnh. Vy y ai c, ai mt v s tin c, mt l bao nhiu? (bit rng t 20 ng n ng A em n ng l tin gi). B i hc thc t:
-Mi vic phi ph hp vi quy lut t nhin. -Ngi nng dn phi t hch ton c kinh t gia nh mnh trong c ch th trng hin nay. -Cc con s cng c th bit ni. II. c im thc vt hc ca cy ma: 1.Thn ma: L ni tch lu ng, l b phn chnh thu hoch, thn ma c cu to bi cc lng v cc t. Lng ma c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: Hnh ng, hnh tr, hnh sut ch, hnh trng ..., m u sc lng cng khc nhau: Xanh, xanh v ng, xanh tm, tm .... Hnh dng v m u sc ca lng l mt trong nhng c im dng phn loi ma. 2.t ma: t ma c ai sinh trng mang im sinh trng, nt r v mm. Mm ma c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: Hnh trn, hnh trng, trng ngc ..., trn mm c cnh mm v l mm, mm ma cng l mt c im phn bit ging. Trn cy ma c t 20-30 t v lng, cc lng gia thn th d i, phn gc v phn gn ngn hn. S lng, chiu d i lng, ng knh thn c ngha quyt nh nng sut ma. Khi ma chn cng nghip, lng ng trong thn t ti a, th m u sc thn ma th hin r m u c trng ca ging, do vy y cng l ch tiu tnh thi im thu hoch. 3.L ma: Bao gm phin l, b l, li l, vt d y v gi l, b l c lng hoc khng lng. L ma c kch thc v m u sc khc nhau: Xanh, xanh v ng, xanh m ... , th l c th ng, xin hoc r. Thng qua m u sc l, th l c th nhn bit s sinh trng v kh nng quang hp ca cy cng nh kh nng chng chu su bnh. V d: Th l r, l to l ging c kh nng sinh trng kho, chu thm canh. Th l ng, l hp, b l c lng l ging c kh nng chu hn, chu t xu, chng chu su bnh kh ... Ti ai sinh trng ca t ma c im sinh trng, im sinh trng phn chia lng v t mi. u tin phin l xut hin trc, sau n b l, t v lng xut hin sau cng. Khi t v lng xut hin ra ngo i th hu nh t ngng sinh trng. Mi tng quan sinh trng gia l, lng v t th hin rt r. Do sn phm quang hp ca l n o th nui lng . Bi vy, nu v iu kin n o l pht trin km th lng b ngn li v nh i, nng sut km.
4.R: R ma gm hai loi l r hom v r cy a.R hom: Cn gi l r tm thi, c pht sinh t nhng t trn hom ma khi trng. Nhim v ca r n y l ht nc v dinh dng giai on sinh trng u, kch thch cho mm pht trin. R hom nh, phn nhnh nhiu nhng khng n su v thng ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn sau trng. b.R cy (r chnh thc): L r c pht sinh t nhng t cui cng ca thn non, da v o s phn b v chc nng ca r m phn th nh 3 loi khc nhau: - R mt: Phn b ch yu lp t mt, chim 60-70% trng lng r. Nhim v ch yu l ht nc v dinh dng cung cp cho cy. - R gia: Mc pha di r mt v chch so vi thn mt gc khong 600. Nhim v ch yu l gi cho cy khi , kh nng ht nc v dinh dng km. - R n su: L nhng b r (15-20 r cun li vi nhau) phn b lp t su, thng pht sinh trong iu kin b hn, c kh nng ht nc v dinh dng tng su. Trong qu trnh pht trin, b r ma khng ngng bin i l do: Qu trnh nhnh ca cy ma, khi mt nhnh mi hnh th nh ng thi cc r mi cng hnh th nh theo. Mt s r gi cht th c r mi b xung. Cc ging ma khc nhau th s pht trin b r khc nhau. Tm li: c im thc vt hc l c s nhn bit cc loi ging ma khc nhau, c bit v s sinh trng pht trin ca cy ma .
ni dung hun luyn k 7

- Gii thiu ni dung k hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di Th nghim. - Gii lao - tr chi Th bt v o chai. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Ging ma - Cc ging ma trng ph bin min Bc. - Chut - c tnh sinh sng v bin php phng chng. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I. Vn ging ma :
Ging l bin php h ng u trong h thng thm canh cy trng, cy ma cng vy, ging gi vai tr trng yu. Xc nh c nhng ging ma tt, thch hp vi tng vng, tng loi t c ngha khoa hc v kinh t ln. Ngo i mc tiu nng sut cao, cht lng tt, ging l bin php duy nht chng li mt s bnh nguy him (Than en, Fiji ...). nc ta hin nay, b ging ma qu ngho n n, nhiu ni ch trng n c mt ging ma t nhiu nm, b thoi ho v su bnh nhiu nh ging F134... V vy cng tc ging ma phi c c bit coi trng v phi tin h nh khn trng. Khi xy dng mt b ging ti u cho mt vng n o phi c c cu ca 3 nhm ging chnh: Nhm chn sm, nhm chn trung bnh v nhm chn mun, nhm ri v ch bin, tn dng ti a sc lao ng v trang thit b hin c. Trong mi nhm ging cn phi c v i loi ging b xung u im cho nhau v khc phc nhc im ca nhau, v bt c ging n o cng c u v nhc im ca n. Trong thc t, kh c ging n o c th p ng mi yu cu t ra. V vy, phi ly hiu qu kinh t tng hp l m tiu chun h ng u xem xt v la chn. Trong nng sut ma cy v h m lng ng c quan tm trc ht, khi xc nh ging phi ch : Vng cao hn, khng c kh nng ti phi tm ging c kh nng chu hn l m tiu chun h ng u. Vng t thp, chua phn phi tm ging chu m v chua phn. Vng ngo i , ven sng hay ngp nc trong ma ma cn tm ging c thi k u sinh trng mnh, cng cy, t vt qua thi k l an to n. Vng t xu, trnh thm canh thp phi tm ging chu kham kh. Vng thiu lao ng v c s vt cht km phi tm ging ti sinh mnh. V vy cng tc ging ma l vic l m quan trng, thng xuyn, mang tnh chin lc lu d i, lin tc, khng lc n o c coi nh hoc gin on. II.Gii thiu mt s ging ma trng pha Bc : 1.Ging ROC 1 (F146 x CP 58-48): a.c im hnh thi : - Thn to trung bnh, phn b che nh sng c m u xanh nht, phn l nh sng c m u xanh v ng, phn nhiu ai phn tng i r. - Lng hnh vin tr d i, ni xp vi nhau th nh ng thng ng. - Mm dng hnh trng trn, khng c r nh mm, ai sinh trng g cao, m u v ng nht, sau khi l ra ngo i nh sng c m u v ng xanh. 30 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
rng.
- L tng i ngn, m u xanh thm, mc ng, b l m cht thn, kh
- Tai l hnh kim, tai l ngo i hnh tam gic, cn hoc khuyt. b. c im nng hc: - L ging chn sm, c t l ng v nng sut cao. - Ny mm v sinh trng giai on u chm, giai on sau nhanh, nhnh hi t. - Chu hn trung bnh, ph hp vi t m u trung bnh v hi cao. - Khng bnh than v mt s bnh khc, mt s tnh c tr c . Lu : - Trng v thu trn c u v. - Khng lp t qu su. - Trng m bo mt , chm sc sm. 2.Ging ma ROC 10 (ROC5 x F152): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn: To, pht trin thng, phn b che nh sng c m u xanh nht, phn l ra nh sng c m u lc sm. Khi ri nng sp chy th nh vt loang l, v cng. - Dng: Hnh tr trn, ni vi nhau hi rch rc. - Mm: Hnh ng gic (gn nh trn), cnh mm trung bnh, khng c r nh mm. - L:Phin l to, thng ng, m u xanh sm, b l m u xanh m cht ly thn. b.c im nng hc: - L ging chn trung bnh, t l ng v nng sut cao. - Ny mm v sinh trng thi gian u hi chm, thi gian sau tc sinh trng nhanh, nhnh kho. - Thch hp t m u m, t mn, chu thm canh. - Khng bnh than v mt s bnh khc. Lu : Nn khong 50% din tch v l ging chn trung bnh. Chm sc, ph vng ngay t u m bo mt cy Trng ni t tt, bn phn tranh th nng sut. 3.Ging ma ROC 9 (F171 x F166): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. a.c im hnh thi:
-Thn: To trung bnh, mc thng, phn b che nh sng c m u v ng nht, sau l ra nh sng c m u v ng sng. - Dng: to ng u, c hnh vin tr d i. - L: Phin l nh, m u xanh, khng c tai l. b.c im nng hc: - L ging chn sm, t l ng v nng sut cao. - Thi k u sinh trng chm, giai on sau sinh trng mnh. - nhnh sm, tp trung, thi gian nhnh ngn. - Chu hn hn ROC 10, c th trng trn vng t i. - Trng trong v thu s sinh trng pht trin tt. - Khng c bnh than v mt s bnh khc. Ch : Thi gian u gim ti, tng vun xi gip ma nhnh nhanh m bo mt cy. B tr trong c cu ging chn sm. 4.Ging ma ROC 16 (F174 x 74 - 575): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn: To, pht trin thng, phn b che nh sng c m u xanh tm, v m u xanh n tm c lp p ph dy. - Dng: Hnh chp ct - ai sinh trng: Hp, ai r rng, cc im r m. - Mm: Hnh trn, to trung bnh, r nh mm su, d i. - Phin l rng, ai d y, c l hnh sng b, tha la cong u, khng c tai l. - B l m u pht tm, m cht thn, khng c lng. b.c im nng hc: - L ging chn sm, t l ng v nng sut cao. - Thi gian u sinh trng chm, sau nhanh. - Thch hp t trung bnh v hi cao. - Khng bnh than v mt s bnh khc, l ging c trin vng. Ch : Chm sc ph vng ngay t u m bo mt cy. B tr chim 25% trong c cu chn sm. 5.Ging ma ROC 18 (F169 x CP 63-588): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. 32 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
a.c im hnh thi: - Mm to hnh trng ngc rt p, phn b che nh sng c m u trng v ng, phn l nh sng c m u xanh v ng. - L to va phi, l nh thng ng, khi gp rt l c m u xanh v ng, khi m ln mc rt nhanh v c m u xanh thm. - Thn to va phi n to, dng hi ngn, thn trc khi bc l c m u sng v ng nht sau c m u hng tm nht. b.c tnh nng hc: - C t l ny mm rt cao, ny mm u. - Ban u sinh trng hi chm, sau nhanh dn. - Thn to u kh , kh tr c, thi k chn tng ng ROC 10, ma gc pht trin tt. Ch : Cn phng tr su c thn v mt s loi su khc. 6.Ging ma ROC 20 (69 - 963 x 68-2599): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to, l ging ma tt him c v chn sm v t l ng. a.c im hnh thi: - Mm nh, hnh trn dt, u hi nhn, trc khi bc l c m u hng tm nht, sau c m u hng tm sm. - L rng va phi, phin l d i, m u tm xanh. - Thn to va phi, dng hnh tr, d i trung bnh. b.c tnh nng hc: - Mc mm nhanh, u, kho, sinh trng mnh, khp h ng nhanh, mt cy hu hiu cao. - Kh , kh tr c, c bit chn sm m h m lng ng li cao. - Ma gc ra r tt, t bnh nhng d b su c thn. - Thch hp pht trin trn t tht pha ct, tht pha st, thot nc tt, thch hp trng ma thu, ma xun, ma lu gc. Ch : Do chn cc sm nn c th thu hoch trc thng 10, l ging ph hp kt hp vi cc ging khc nhm ko d i thi gian p ng. Cn ch tr su c thn v bnh thi kh gc. 7.Ging ma qu ng 11 (CP 49-50 x CO 419): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. a.c im hnh thi:
- Thn to trung bnh, hnh thi cy hi xo, phn b che nh sng m u xanh v ng, phn l sng m u tm hng, lp phn d y m u xm l m cho nhng cy bnh t c m u tm xanh. - Dng hnh tr, mi cy u c 1-2 dng ngn. - Mm tng i to, hnh trn dt, cnh mm rng. - B l khng m cht thn, d rng. - Tai l trong ngn v nh, khng c tai l ngo i. b.c im nng hc: - L ging chn sm, t l ng v nng sut cao. - Ny mm mnh, cy con to kho, sinh trng mnh, nhnh nhiu, ph h ng sm. - Chu hn, chu t xu, t m, yu cu vi nc, vi phn khng cao. - Kh nng lu gc mnh. Ch : Trng r nh su, vun gc sm trnh . D nhim bnh than v su c thn. Trng v thu l tt nht. 8.Ging ma Vit ng 63 - 237 (CO 419 x 33.310): Ngun gc do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn to trung bnh, mc thng, phn b che nh sng c m u xanh nht, phn l nh sng c m u thm. - Dng hnh vin tr hi cong, khng c r nh. - Mm hnh trn dt, ui mm lm v khng vt qu ai sinh trng. ai sinh trng m u v ng v g cao. - Phin l m u xanh m, ngn, hp, d y v thng, vin l hnh rng ca sc, thi k u c hin tng cun l. - B l rt t lng, m u xanh pht tm, ai phnh hnh tam gic. - Li l hnh trng non. b.c im nng hc: - L ging chn trung bnh, h m lng ng v nng sut cao. - Giai on u sinh trng chm, giai on sau nhanh. - Chu hn, chu t xu. - Nhim rp trung bnh, t l b su c thn cao. Ch : Cn ch chm sc cy ngay t u m bo mt .
9.Ging ma F-156: Nhp ni t i loan trc nm 1975, do Vin nghin cu ma ng min Nam tuyn chn. n nm 1987 c cng nhn l ging Quc gia. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn thng, dng hnh tr (hi tht ngn), v m u xanh v ng n tm. - Phin l hp, cng, pht trin theo chiu xin. b.c tnh nng hc: - T l ny mm cao, nhnh sm, tp trung, t l cy hu hiu cao, kh nng ti sinh mnh ( gc tt), tr c mun, t l tr c khong 10-15%. - Nng sut trung bnh 50 tn/ha (iu kin khng ti). Thm canh tt c th t 80-100 tn/ha. T l ng trong nc ma trn 13,5%. - Chu hn tt, trng c nhiu vng c iu kin thi tit khc nhau. Vit nam thch hp trn t c ph nhiu cao, gi m tt v o ma ma. - min Bc trng t thng 10-12 thu hoch khi t 12 thng tui. - Chng chu su bnh tt, khng bnh than. 10.Ging ma F.154: Do Vin ma ng min Nam tuyn chn trc nm 1975, n nm 1989 c quy hoch trn phm vi c nc. a.c im hnh thi: - Cy thng, dng hnh ng ch, v tm, tng sp d y. - Phin l hp m u xanh thm. b.c tnh nng hc: - nhnh sm, tp trung, nhnh kho, tc vn cao nhanh, kh nng ti sinh mnh ( gc tt), t l ra hoa cao. - Nng sut trung bnh 50tn/ha, thm canh tt c th t 80tn/ha. - Kh nng thch ng mnh vi cc vng t khc nhau, chng chu su bnh kh. - F.154 c trng nhiu cc tnh min Nam (Ty ninh, ng nai...). Cc bin php chm sc tng t nh vi F-156. Ch : L ging ra hoa mnh nn ch thu hoch sm ngay khi t n chn cng nghip, v nu mun s gim nhanh h m lng ng trong thn ma.
11.Ging ma Vit ng 81.3254: L con lai ca V 57.423 x CP 49-50, do Vin ma ng-B Cng nghip nh Trung quc lai to. Nhp sang Vit nam t 1992 v ang trong thi k nhn ging, sn xut th. a.c im hnh thi: mc. -Thn to, mc thng, thn m u tm nht, c nhiu phn nn nhn c m u tm
- L b v d i, gc l hp, t l m u xanh v ng, t phn. Phn gi ca lng b l c m u n tm, c mt tai l d i. - Mm to hnh ng gic in hnh. nh mm vt ai sinh trng, r nh mm su v ngn. - Lng hnh tr hay pha trn hi b mt cht, lng d i, l d bong ra. b.c tnh nng hc: - Nng sut cao, cht lng tt, chn trung bnh. - Thch hp vi t tt, m. - Cha nhim bnh than, sc khng vi cc loi bnh hi l kh nhng chng yu. - Ny mm tt, nhnh kh, giai on u sinh trng chm, giai on sau sinh trng nhanh dn, cy cao. 12.Ging ma F134 (Cn gi l ging i ng 134): L con lai ca CO290 x POJ 2878 do Vin ma ng i loan lai to. Nhp v o Vit nam t nm 1958, chim 90% din tch trng ma ca khu vc pha Bc nhng hin nay gim nhanh chng, din tch ch cn di 50%. a.c im hnh thi: - Thuc nhm cy to.V m u xanh tm, ch rp bng c m u xanh v ng, ni d i nng c m u tm hng, lc chn chuyn sang m u tm v ng n xanh. - Lng c dng trung gian, gia c dng hnh ng v hnh tr. - Mm hnh ng gic hoc hi thin v hnh trng. Khng c r nh mm, nh sinh trng khng vt qu ai sinh trng. - V c nhiu sp. Lng b l c nhiu lng, l to hi to. b.c tnh nng hc: - L ging ma thch ng rng. - Nng sut kh, thi gian gi ng d i, chn trung bnh. Do trng qu lu nn thoi ho nhiu.
- Nhim bnh than v cc bnh hi l khc, nh hng xu n nng sut v cht lng. y l ging cn c thay th bng cc ging khc c phm cht tt hn. 13.Ging ma COMUS (Aramboo x Q813): C ngun gc t c, nhp v o Vit nam t nhng nm 1960. Gn y c pht trin nhiu min Ty v min ng Nam b. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn to, mc thng, v c m u xanh n tm, khi gi c m u tm v c nhiu
- Lng hnh trng, ni vi nhau hi ch chi, khng c vt nt, ai sinh trng hp, thn v ng u, sp nhiu bao ph c lng. - t tht v o, c 2 h ng im r, so l li v hi s y mm. - Mm hnh thoi, pha trn hnh tam gic, y trn, khng lng, r nh mm cn, l mm trn, cnh mm hp bt u t 2/3 v pha nh. - Phin l rng, dng ngn r. B l nhiu lng, bn ngo i m u xanh n tm, bn trong c m u trng, c l d y, li l hnh trng non, m u sng trong. b.c im nng hc: - Thch hp nhiu loi t, k c t phn. - Ny mm kh, vn lng nhanh. - Thi gian sinh trng 10-11 thng, thuc ging chn sm. - Tr c t, nng sut ma cy v t l ng kh. - Kh nng gc trung bnh, d ng, d b su bnh v chut gy hi. 14.Ging ma Nco 310 (Co 421 x Co 312): Ngun gc t Nam phi, n , nhp v o Vit nam t nhng nm 1950, trc y trng nhiu tt c cc vng. Hin ch cn nhiu Qung ng i v cc tnh min Trung. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn nh, m u v ng xanh, lng hnh chp ct, sp ph d y, ai r c 3-4 h ng, nt r sp xp khng u. - Mm hnh trng, cnh mm xo rng, thp mm c kha. - L nh, mc hi r, b l xanh tm b st ly gc, khng c lng, c l hnh ch nht, m u xanh en. - Khng c tai l,ch c mt chm lng nh mt pha, li l hnh tam gic. b.c im nng hc:
sp.
- Ny mm mnh, kho. Lc u sinh trng chm nhng sau sinh trng nhanh. - Chu t xu, kh hn, nu chm sc tt c th cho nng sut kh. - Tr c sm v nhiu, kh nng ti sinh mnh, chn sm, h m lng ng cao. D nhim bnh ru, bnh cn ci ma gc. Khng bnh chy l. 15.Ging ma POJ 3061-Ma B1 ( POJ 2878 x POJ 2940): T Indonesia nhp v o Vit nam nhng nm 1930. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn to, m u xanh v ng, lng hnh trng c sp bao ph, c vt nt r rt. - Mm hnh thun, cnh mm rng nhng ch che ph phn trn ca mm. - L rng, m u xanh m, mc hi r, b l m u xanh khng c lng, c l m u nu , ch mt pha c tai l. b.c tnh nng hc: - Thch hp iu kin t tt, thm canh kh. - Khng tr c. - D ng v nhiu su bnh. - Kh nng gc km. - Chn sm, tr ng cao, thn mm, thch hp l m ma n hoc p th
cng.
16-Ging ma CO175 (POJ 2878 x CO311): T n nhp v o Vit nam nhng nm 1960. Hin trng nhiu min Ty Nam b v mt s tnh min ng. a.c im hnh thi: - Thn to, mc thng, lng hnh trng, m u v ng nht khi non. Ngo i nh sng c m u v ng, ch rp sng c m u mc, sp ph d y, khng c r nh mm. t ngn, nh c 2-3 h ng im r sp xp khng u. - Mm to hnh trng, y mm nm trn so l, nh mm ngay ai sinh trng cnh mm hp, bt u t gia mm, mm khng c lng . - Th l mc thng, dng r, phin l rng v ngn m u xanh thm, ba l t gai, b l pha ngo i xanh, pha trong thng, c nhiu lng. - C l m u mc en hay v ng nu, hnh li nm ngang. - C hai tai l mt mt ngn, hnh li lim, c hai chm lng .
- li l hnh trng non m u trng trong . b.c im nng hc: - Thch hp trn nhiu loi t, k c t phn. - Ny mm mnh, sinh trng nhanh . - t tr c, d ng. - Chn trung bnh, nng sut cao, kh nng tr ng tt. - Nhim bnh than . - Thch hp p th cng v p c gii. *Cu hi tho lun: - Th n o l ging ma tt. - B tr c cu ging th n o p ng yu cu ri v. - ngha ca vic b tr cc ging ma vi bin php phng chng dch hi. - nh gi hiu qu kinh t, nu ch xt ring v mt u th n o th c c khng. - Bin php chn ging ma nh th n o cho ph hp tnh cht t ai, kh hu, iu kin canh tc . - u v nhc im ca hai ging ma ng ang trng ph bin Ho bnh ROC1 v ROC 10. - Hin ti bn ang trng ging ma n o, ti sao ? III. Chut: c tnh, tc hi v bin php phng chng: 1.Tc hi ca chut: - n hi lng thc, thc phm, thc n chn nui, ph hoi c sn xut lm nghip. - L m h hng sn phm, thc n do chut b i tit, l m bn, , v i. - L m h hi c, vt liu, cn nt qun o. - Ph hu cc cng trnh thu li, chn , cc cng trnh xy dng... - Chut chy, cn ph gy mt ng, kh chu cho con ngi. - chut c ti 5-6 lo i giun sn k sinh v b lng hi hm c h ng chc loi ve, bt l mi gii truyn bnh dch hch, u l o, st pht ban sang con ngi. 2. Nguyn nhn khin tnh hnh ph hi ca chut ng y c ng gia tng: - Do ngi dn tng cng u t, thm canh, tng v, to nn ngun thc n sn c quanh nm ngo i ng cho chut. - Do mt cn bng sinh thi, cc loi thin ch ca chut ng y c ng khan him. - Do phng php dit chut cha hiu qu: Khng ng cch, khng ng lot, dng thuc c l m cht lun c thin ch ca chut ...
Hng dn nng dn tm hiu kh nng sinh sn ca lo i chut thng qua b i tp sau: Xem xt kh nng sinh sn trong mt nm ca mt cp chut s c bao nhiu chut nu nh mt chut ci trong mt nm 4 la (3 thng 1 la), mi la 6 con, s chut con sinh ra trong mi la c t l c/ci nh nhau v sau 3 thng li c th tip tc tham gia sinh sn (gi s chut v o cc thng 1,4,7,10 v 13). B i gii: S con sinh ra/k sinh sn Thi gian Thng 1 06 con + 2 b m = 8 chut Thng 4 24 con + 8 b m = 32 chut Thng 7 96 con + 32 b m = 128 chut Thng 10 384 con + 128 b m = 512 chut Thng 13 1.536 con + 512 b m = 2.048 chut -2 Tng s 2.046 chut S cp 03 + 01 = 04 cp 12 + 04 = 16 cp 48 + 16 = 64 cp 192 + 64 = 256 cp 768 + 256 = 1.024 cp -1 1.024 cp
Nhn xt:Qun th chut pht trin trong nm rt cao, s sinh sn ln v lin tc nn phi c bin php phng nga chut thng xuyn ngay t u v. 3. c tnh sinh hc ca chut: - Chut l lo i gm nhm c ph thc n rt rng, hi hu ht cc loi cy trng ( c bit i vi cy ng cc). - L lo i ng vt rt tinh khn, d cnh gic vi cc loi by b. Chng c khu gic, thnh gic rt pht trin. - Chut c kh nng sinh sn rt ln. Mi nm c th 4 la, mi la trung bnh 6 con. Thm ch lo i chut ng ln ( Rattus argentiventer) c th 10-12 con/la. Kh nng sinh sn ca chut chu tc ng trc tip ca s lng, chng loi thc n . Trong iu kin thc n c ng y th thi gian gia cc la rt ngn, s con/la s tng. Thi gian sng ca chut t 12-15 thng, chut con sinh ra ch 2-3 thng sau li c th tip tc tham gia sinh sn . - Cc khu rung ven l ng, ven i, g, gn b chut hi mnh hn . 4.Nhng iu cn ghi nh khi qun l chut: - Chut l mt trong nhng dch hi quan trng nht ca cy la. - Phng tr chut phi tin h nh h ng v v bt u ngay t u v. Quyt nh tin h nh phng tr chut da trn tc hi ca chut i vi v trc (nu v trc b chut hi nng) hoc da trn s theo di h ng tun v tc hi ca chng.
- Chut nhiu la v di chuyn n nhng ni c mt chut thp, bi vy vic dit chut thng xuyn, lin tc l rt quan trng. - Nhng thuc gy cht chm c hiu qu cao hn thuc gy cht nhanh v chng khng gy tnh nht b cho chut. - nh gi ng s thit hi do chut th khng phi l s lng chut dit c m l tc hi thc t ca chng trn ng rung (v s hao ht nng sut). - Khng phi s lng chut cht m s lng chut cn sng trn ng rung mi l m gim nng sut. - Phi coi chut l mt vn x hi, cn vn ng mi ngi cng tham gia dit chut, dit ng lot th nh nhng chin dch. - Cn c ngi hiu bit l nh o, t chc chng trnh hot ng. 5.Cc bin php dit tr chut a. Bin php th cng : y l bin php c hiu qu cao khi c to n dn tham gia. Bin php n y rt an to n cho ngi v gia sc cng nh an to n cho mi trng. Theo kinh nghim ca nhiu a phng, mi v t chc t 1 -2 t bt chut, mi t ko i t 7-10 ng y ( nn t chc v o giai on la ng ci - l m ng, v lc n y cc bin php khc t hiu qu rt thp). C th dng cch : o, bt, hun khi... b. Bin php sinh hc c truyn : Dng k th t nhin ( thin ch) ca chut dit chut nh: Mo, trn, rn, chim c ...Bin php n y rt c hiu qu, song ta hin nay ang c hin tng hu dit k th t nhin ca chut, cn c chnh sch bo v v pht trin cc lo i thin ch n y. c.Bin php vi sinh vt ( b dit chut sinh hc - DCSH): L bin php da trn tc ng ca cc chng vi sinh vt chuyn tnh gy bnh nhn to cho chut l m chng cht h ng lot, ng thi an to n cho ngi, gia sc v mi trng . Thuc DCSH gy hi cho chut bng cch ph hu cc t b o th nh rut , th nh mch mu v cc c quan ni tng . T khi vi khun xm nhp n lc chut cht, th hin triu chng ( l , gi n ng t, kh th) khong 3-20 ng y, chut vn hot ng nhng chm chp, mt kh nng phn x v cht. Thi gian cht ph thuc v o lng b n. Nu 1 con chut n t 1 gram b tr ln s cht trong vng 2-9 ng y. Ngo i ra, b DCSH cn gy c cho chut qua truyn nhim. Nhng con chut khng n b nhng nu sng chung vi nhng con n b cng cht ti 65-70% sau 25-30 ng y.
B DCSH s dng nn thc n hp dn (thc , u tng, bt c...) nn khng gy ngn cho chut, mt khc rt an to n vi gia sc, gia cm. B DCSH c s dng nhiu ni. Theo kho nghim, b dit chut sinh hc t hiu lc t 6-84% s chut cht. B DCSH c B NN&PTNT cho php a v o danh mc thuc c php s Vit Nam v khuyt co nn s dng rng r i. d.Bin php ho hc : Thuc chut ng y nay kh nhiu dng, song trc ht phi lu n mt tri ca n bo v ngi, gia sc, mi trngv trong thc t xy ra nhiu trng hp ng c thuc do c hay v tnh . Thuc chut ch yu v ph bin l Phosphua km v Klert . *Thuc Fokeba( Phosphua km ): L loi thuc rt c vi ngi v ng vt khc. Fokeba l loi thuc gy c cp tnh, tc ng ln h thn kinh chut l m chng cht sau 2-9 gi. Tuy nhin c hn ch l con chut n o n cha liu ch b ng c nh v khng cht th s khoong bao gi n li th b n y na, s giy da ca nhng con sp cht khin con khc hong s, lng trnh b nn gy tnh nht b ca qun th chut . V vy Fokeba hiu qu khng cao, ch c s dng c thi gian u. l m b chut bng Fokeba phi tin h nh t mi nh (cm, go, thc n tha...) chut n quen trong my ng y u. Sau tin h nh t b bng cch mt phn thuc chut ( loi 20%) vi 20 phn thc n. Chiu ti, nht ht gia sc, gia cm ri t b. Sng hm sau thu ht b li ti t tip. Thu gom xc chut cht, xc gia sc gia cm cht do n phi b chut cht em chn xa nh xa ngun nc . Ngai Fokeba 20% trn, hin nay cn c thm loi Fokeba 2%. Dy thc l loi Fokeba 20% ca cng ty Vipesco Vit Nam nhng c Vin Khoa hc nng nghip Min Nam h thp nng bng cch trn vi parafin v cm thc n gia sc l m th nh dng thuc vin d s dng v an to n hn cho mi trng (do thuc khng tan trong nc). Lu : Fokeba l loi thuc b hn ch s dng ti Vit Nam nn khi s dng phi ht sc cn thn . *Thuc Klerar ( Brodifacoun): Klerat cng rt c vi ngi v ng vt, tuy nhin l loi thuc c m n tnh nn nu pht hin sm vn d d ng cu cha .
Khi chut n phi Klert, sau 3-4 ng y mi cht, thuc n y khng gy tnh nht b nh Fokeba. Khi s dng khng cn trn thm mi v thuc c ln vi mi th nh vin, bn ngo i c bc sp. Chut trng c s b xut huyt ni tng, thng b ra ni thong mt, gn nc th nn vic thu gom xc d d ng hn . Khi s dng Klerat phi hn ch ti a ngun thc n ca chut (y k lng thc, thc phm, nh b v o khi thu hach ma m ng...). t vin Klert ni chut hay qua li, cch 5m t 1 vin, t trc ca hang, cc gc cy n qu m chut thng gy hi....t khi chiu ti, sng thu li nhng vin cha n ti t tip. C nh vy trong 10-15 ng y. Khi n o chut khng n na th thi . Klerat nu c tin h nh ng lot, ng k thut s c hiu qu rt cao. Sau mt t dit th c nm sau mi thy chut xut hin (do di c t ni khc ti). S dng Klert ht sc lu tr em v chng hay n nhm. Nu gia sc, gia cm n phi, pht hin sm c th cu cha bng cch tim VITAMIN K liu cao trong nhiu ng y. Nu b cht phi em chn. e. S dng by TBS ( Trap barrier system ): Cch n y mi s dng ng bng sng Cu long. Rung by c din tch khong 25 X 25 m v gieo sm hn i tr 15-20 ng y, thng gieo cc loi la thm tng hiu qu. Xung quanh quy nilon tm, t cc lng by hom vi kch thc 20 x 20 x 60 cm. C th b tr 4 by/100 ha. Chut v o by nhiu nht lc la l m ng(53%), nhiu ni by n y c hiu qu tt. Nhiu a phng min Bc, nng dn cng dng Nilon quy xung quanh rung nhng khng km theo by, cch n y ch ngn chn khng cho chut v o rung nh mnh nhng khng bt c chut . * Cu hi tho lun: - C cn xc nh vng trng im v phn loi mc gy hi ca chut khng? ti sao? - Hin nay, mt s ni dng in by chut, theo bn c nn dng bin php n y khng? ti sao? - C nhiu ngi sn bt mo, trn rn ... kim li, bn suy ngh g v vn n y? - dit chut t hiu qu cao, theo bn cn phi hp vi t chc, c quan, n v n o?
K th 8:
- Gii thiu ni dung k hc
43
- iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Gii lao - Vn ngh. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc loi su chnh hi ma v cch phng chng. - Sinh l cy ma giai on chn cng nghip. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I.Sinh l cy ma giai on chn cng nghip: V o cui thi k vn lng, tri tr lnh, ma ma kt thc, cy ma tng trng chm dn v bc v o giai on chn cng nghip hay cn gi l thi k tch lu ng. Lc n y lng ng sn xut t b l khng nhng cung cp cho s tng trng ca thn m cn c tch lu nhanh trong thn vi tng dn t gc n ngn. Khi h m lng ng ca phn ngn tng ng phn gc l ma t chn cng nghip v c th thu hoch. Thn ma lc n y th hin r nhng c trng ca ging c v m u sc, chiu d i ca lng, cao ca thn ... do c th thy rung ma c c chm sc tt hay xu, iu kin t ai, thi tit kh hu c thun li hay khng. nht). M u sc l lc n y nht dn, chuyn t xanh thm sang xanh l gng (xanh Thi k n y i hi v thch ng cao vi cc iu kin kh hu: -Thi tit kh hanh - m gim, di 60% m ti a. -Bin nhit ng y m c ng ln c ng tt. -Nhit thp, gii hn t 14-210C. Thi k chn cng nghip rt d trng vi thi k ra hoa nu b tr thi v khng hp l, v ch cn c tui nht nh (3-4 lng ho n chnh), nu gp iu kin ng y ngn (khong 12gi 30 pht) th nh sinh trng c th bin th nh mm hoa v tr c sau 2-3 thng (tt nhin iu n y cn ph thuc v o tng ging). II.Cc loi su chnh hi ma: Cng nh cc loi cy trng khc, su bnh thng hay gy nhng tn tht ng tic vi nng sut v phm cht ma, thm ch gy nn s hu dit h ng lot c vng ma. Mt khc vic s dng cc loi thuc ho hc khng ng quy cch gy nn s nhim mi trng, l m cho su bnh tng thm. V vy, vic tm hiu, nm vng cc loi su bnh hi ma, c bin php phng chng thch hp c ngha rt quan trng. 44
Trn ma c h ng chc loi su hi khc nhau, nhng y chng ta ch xem xt ti mt s loi thng hay gy hi nng trn cc vng trng ma, c bit vi nhng vng i ni nh Ho bnh. 1.B hung c gc (Sng trng, con Nhy): B hung hi ma gm c 3 loi B hung m u en - Alissonotum impressicolte. B hung m u hung - Melolotha sp. B hung m u xanh - Anomota cupripes Hope. Trong 3 loi k trn th b hung en thng gy hi nng nht. - Trng th nh d i 10-22 mm, thn en bng, b mt ngc dy c nhng chm en nh. Cnh cng v ngn hn bng, trn cnh c nhng chm en to th nh 8 vt sc, t ui pha mt lng hnh tam gic v d y c nhng chm en. - Su non khi y sc d i 27- 45mm. Khi b tch khi t c th cong li hnh ch U. u nh m u nu v ng, bng v ngc m u trng ng , phn bng pha sau m u ti. t bng cui (pha mt lng) c nhiu lng. - Pht sinh v gy hi: Mi nm pht sinh mt la. Con trng th nh thng xut hin t thng 4-11, n thng 8-9 trng. Su non thng xut hin t cui thng 8. C su non v con trng th nh n xc cy mc, n r ma, c nt hom, mm non l m mt mm, ho cy, ma d ng v mt kh nng ti sinh. - B hung thng hi mnh cc vng trng ma lu nm trn t rung, t ph sa ven sng. * Bin php phng tr: - Thi v trng ma tp trung, khng ko d i. - C y ba k, lun canh ma vi cy trng khc. C th a nc v o rung ngm git su. - Kt hp l m c vi thu bt th cng (c bit v o thng 4-5 khi con trng th nh ra nhiu). - S l t trc khi trng bng Diazinon 10H; Furadan 10H bn v o r nh ma, liu lng 20-25kg/ha hay Padan 4G 30kg/ha; Basuzin 10H 20-25kg/ha. C th rc tip thuc ln hai khi l m c, xi xo v vun cao. 2.Nhm su c thn: Su c thn mnh v ng (Argyroploces chistaceana Snellen) Su c thn 4 vch (Proceras venosatus Walker)
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Su c thn 5 vch (Chilotraea infuscatella Kapur) Su c thn mnh trng (Scirpophaga nivella Farb.) Su c thn mnh hng (Sesamia inferens Walker) a.Su c thn mnh v ng: -Trng th nh thn d i 6- 8mm, m u thm, cnh trc c nhng vt phc tp, gia cnh c vt en nht hnh ch Y, mp trc c lng ngn m u xm v m u ti an xen nhau. - Trng hnh bu dc, m u trng, kch thc 1,2 x 0,7mm, ri rc tng qu hay 2-3 qu lin kt vi nhau b v gn l. Mi con ci c th 200-500 trng. - Su non y sc d i 18-21 mm, m u v ng, lng khng c vt sc, u m u nu sm, l th hnh bu dc. Su non mi n nm gia b l v thn, n cc b phn non nh mt, mm r, t tui 2 c v o thn cy qua mt mm (ma ln), nu ma cn nh su c v o n phn mm ca mm, cn ct im sinh trng l m ho mm. - Trong nm su pht sinh 7-8 t, vng i su 41-51 ng y. Su mnh v ng pht sinh sm hn cc loi su khc, hi ch yu thi k cy con. b.Su c thn 4 vch: - Trng th nh cnh tc m u v ng nht hay v ng nu. Mt cnh c nhng sc dc nh. gia cnh c mt chm en, ra ngo i cnh c 7 chm en nh. - Trng nhiu trn mt l, c 2 qu xp vi nhau th nh hnh ch c m u v ng nht. - Su non m u v ng sng, trn lng c 4 vt dc sm m u hai bn lng. Su non mi n n n phin l nn to th nh nhiu l thng nh. T tui 3 c v o thn cy, khi ma mm c v o nh sinh trng l m mm kh ho, khi ma vn cao c v o t thn, ng c thng t t n y sang t khc. - Nhng pha lng phn bng t 5-7 c ai nh ln, t ui c 2 gai cha ra. -Trong nm su pht sinh 4-5 la, vng i su 55-62 ng y. c.Su c thn 5 vch: - Trng th nh cnh m u xm v ng hay xm ti, gia cnh c 2 chm en nh, di chm en c vin m u trng, mp ngo i cnh c 7 chm en. - Trng nhiu trn lng l, c 3-4 h ng xp th nh hnh vy c, trng hnh bu dc, nhn, m u trng. - Su non m u v ng nht, lng c 5 vt dc m u nu v ng hoc tm nht. - Nhng m u v ng nu, phn lng ca t bng th 5-7 c ng vn ni r. - Trng th nh c tnh hng quang, su non t tui 2 c v o ngn ma n nh sinh trng l m ho ngn. Hi nhiu ma vng i hay vng kh hn. Trong nm su pht sinh 5 la, vng i su 42-53 ng y. d.Su c thn bm trng:
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- Trng th nh thn d i 13-15mm, cnh v thn ho n to n m u trng. - Trng nhiu mt di l, th nh 12-15 trng, trng c lng che ph m u v ng sng, trng c dng na ht u tng. - Su non d i 20-30 mm m u v ng nht hay trng sa, lng khng c ng sc. - Nhng trng sa n nu nht. - Con trng th nh c tnh hng quang, khi mi n sng ngn bp, nl non th nh nhiu l thng, khi ln ln c t ngn xung thn n c im sinh trng l m cy ct ngn. e.Su c thn mnh hng: - Trng th nh cnh d i 8-16mm, mnh m u nu nht, gia mp cnh ngo i m u nu ti. - Trng hnh bnh bao, b mt c vn dc, ng knh 0,7mm. - Su non y sc d i 30-40mm, lng m u hng nht.. - Nhng d i 12-19mm m u nu ti, phn bng cc t 1-7 c chm lm xung. - Su non mi n sng tp trung trong b l, tui ln c v o thn, v tr c hi cao, hi mnh khi ma nhnh. Su thuc lo i n tp, ngo i ma cn hi cc cy h ho tho khc. * Phng php phng tr su c thn: - S dng ging chng chu: ROC (1;9; 10; 16), Vit ng CP34-79, Qu 11, F156 ... - Thu hoch cht gc su, dn sch t n d, k ch ph. - Bc l kp thi. - Trng xen cy h u tng ngun ong k sinh trong t nhin. - Dng Diazinon 10H; Furadan 10H liu lng 20-25kg/ha bn v o t trc khi trng hay khi vun gc . Dng Padan 95SP : 0,8kg/ha; Supracid 40EC: 0,8l/ha; Sumithion 50EC : 1-1,5l/ha pha t l 1:1000 phun ln cy lc mc mm hoc vn lng. 3.Rp hi ma: Rp l mt trong nhng i tng gy hi nng nht cho cc vng trng ma, s phn b ca rp rt rng. Rung b hi nng l m h m lng ng trong thn gim 20-30% v rt kh kt tinh, ch bin... thng c hai loi rp gy hi. Rp sp - Trionymus sacchari Coc. Rp x trng - Ceratovacuna larigera Zeb. a.Nhn bit: +Rp sp: Trng th nh thn d i 5mm, m u pht hng, chn thoi ho, thn mnh ph mt lp phn trng, sinh sng gy hi trong b l.
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Rp non m u hng nht, chn pht trin c th t do vn ng nhng c ng ln chn c ng thoi ho v rp t di ng. Rp sinh sn n tnh, vng i c 3 pha pht dc l trng th nh, trng v rp non. +Rp x trng:Trng th nh m u v ng sm (cnh d i) hay m u nu en (cnh ngn).Trn lng ph kn bng x trng. Rp sinh sn quanh nm, sinh sn n tnh, vng i ch c 2 pha pht dc l rp non v trng th nh. Rp gy hi trn phin l, dc theo gn l. b.S pht sinh v gy hi: - C hai loi rp u sng th nh tp o n, tp trung gy hi gn l, pha mt lng l (rp x trng) hay trong b l (rp sp). Cc cht b i tit ca rp l mi trng tt cho nm mui en k sinh to nn m u en (b o t nm) nn cn c tn rp mui en. Rung ma b rp nhn v o va c m u trng va c m u en. - Rp pht sinh gy hi quanh nm, vng i rp ngn, h ng nm pht sinh ti 20 la. - Rung b rp cy sinh trng ci cc, gim h m lng ng, mt kh nng lu gc. ng thi cht b i tit ca rp thu ht cc loi kin tm mt v chng gip cho s phn tn, ly lan ca rp. c.Bin php phng tr rp: - Dn sch t n d, k ch ph (c mn tru, c lng vc ...). - Khng trng xen ma xun vi ma thu v ma lu gc. - Bn m sm, bn cn i NPK, l m c, bc l rung thng thong. - Thng xuyn kim tra ng rung, dit ngay cc rp mi pht sinh bng ct b l rp hay git th cng. - Phun thuc tp trung quanh rp, khng phun tr n lan c rung bo v thin ch. C th s dng cc loi thuc Bi58 50EC; Bassa 50EC; Trebon 10EC, mi ha dng 1-1,5lt, pha nng 0,1-0,15%. III. Cc cu hi tho lun: - cy ma t ln tiu chun khi bt u chn cng nghip phi b tr thi v trng ma v o thi gian n o. - S khc nhau ca chn cng nghip v chn sinh l (chn ho n to n)? - Vng t n o hay b b hung gy hi v v o thi k n o trong nm, giai on sinh trng n o ca cy ma thng b hi nng. 48
- Phn bit c im hnh thi su non ca 5 loi su c thn hc. - Trong thc t thng thy kin s dng su hi l m thc n, nhng trong rung ma thng thy nhng con kin tha rp ma. Vy trng hp n y c li hay c hi.
Ni dung hun luyn k 9

- Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. - L m v theo di th nghim. - Vn ngh IPM. - V - Tho lun H sinh thi. - Cc loi bnh chnh hi ma v cch phng chng. - Cc vn cn lu khi s dng thuc Bo v thc vt. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I.Cc loi bnh hi ma: 1.Bnh than (en t): Ustilago scitaminea Sydow: L bnh hi nguy him nht cho nhiu nc trng ma. - Cy b bnh ci cc, l hp v ngn, nhiu nhnh nhng cc nhnh n y u b bnh. Cy b bnh mt kh nng vn cao, gim nng sut nghim trng. - Biu hin c trng sau khi b bnh mt thi gian l cc l t vn th nh mt ci roi d i bm y phn en. C th t l b mt lp m ng mng bao bc, lp m ng n y v ra cng gii phng cc b o t phn en. - Bnh lan truyn qua gi, ma, hom ging. H ng nm thng pht sinh hi mnh v o thng 4-6 v thng 9-11. * Bin php phng tr: - Dng ging khng bnh, y l bin php kinh t nht. Cc ging ROC (1,2,7,8,11); F160; F170 l nhng ging khng bnh kh tt. - S l hom ging bng nc m 54OC trong 20 pht. - Dng hom sch bnh. Khng s dng rung nhim bnh nhn ging hay lu gc. - Nh b v tiu hu sm cy b bnh. Lun canh vi cy h u 1-2 nm. -Dng Tilt 250ND pha nng 0,2% nhng hom ma trong 5 pht trc khi trng.
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2.Bnh thi (Bnh ru): Physalospora tucumanenis Speg: Phn b khp cc nc trng ma, hi hu ht cc ging ma. - Bnh hi tt c cc b phn ca cy nhng hi chnh trn thn ma khi ma ln. Ngun bnh ly lan qua gi, hom ging, qua vt thng c gii hay cc vt c ca su. - Cy bnh gn l xut hin vt nu , ch cy ma ra thy cc mch dn bin m u, c mi ru. Bnh nng vt bnh ko d i t t n y sang t khc, phn v pha ngo i kh v lm xung, cy c th b g y. * Bin php phng tr: - Dng ging sch bnh, s l hom ging bng nc m 540C trong 2 gi. - Dn sch t n d sau thu hoch. - Tr kp thi su c thn. - Dng thuc Ridomil MZ 72WP pha nng 0,1-0,15%, liu lng 11,5l/ha; thuc Score 250ND pha nng 0,1-0,15 liu lng 1-1,5l/ha ./. 3. Bnh thi nn : Bnh gy hi l t, u tin vt bnh m u trng, sau chuyn sang vt sc nh m u nu, nhiu vt hp li th nh vt sc to. Bnh hi l m cc l non b xon li v bin dng, c l rt li, hi nng l m t l ln thi v kh cht, ngi c mi kh chu. Bnh thng pht sinh gy hi mnh trong iu kin nhit , m cao. H ng nm thng gy hi mnh v o thng 5 - thng 10. *Bin php phng tr: - Dng ging khng bnh nh cc ging ROC. - Thu thp v tiu hu cy bnh trong thi k ma vn cao. - Khi bnh pht sinh nhiu dng thuc Booc hoc Sunpht ng trn vi vi bt v t bt rc v o ngn ma. (T l trn 10: 40 : 50), hoc thuc Ridomil MZ 72WP pha nng 0,2% phun m l. II.Thuc Bo v thc vt: 1. Khi nim: - Thuc Bo v thc vt l nhng ho cht dng trong nng nghip nhm ngn chn s gy hi ca cc loi dch hi (su, bnh, chut,c di ...) v cc cht kch thch sinh trng.
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- Cc loi thuc Bo v thc vt khng nhiu th t u gy hi n c th ngi, ng vt v cc sinh vt c ch. c ca thuc th hin qua ch tiu LD, cc thuc khc nhau c mc LD khc nhau. Ngi v ng vt khc nhau cng chu mc LD khc nhau. Ch tiu LD50 c dng ph bin din t ti nng ,liu lng s c 50% s c th nhim thuc b cht. - Bt k mt bao gi ng thuc ng tiu chun n o cng phi c cc ch tiu nh: Tn n v sn xut hay sang chai ng gi, ng y sn xut, thi hn s dng, tn thuc (tn hot cht v tn thng phm), ph tc ng v hnh thc tc ng. m u biu th c (m u -rt c, m u v ng - c, m u xanh - t c ...), nng , liu lng v cch s dng ... - Cc thuc Bo v thc vt c th gy c cho ngi dng cp tnh (th hin ngay tc dng) v dng m n tnh (thuc tch lu dn trong c th v th hin lu d i). - Thuc Bo v thc vt xm nhp v o c th ngi qua cc con ng khc nhau nh: Tip xc (thm qua da), h hp (mi, ming), tiu ho (ming). 2.Mt s vn cn lu khi s dng thuc BVTV : Mun dng thuc BVTV t hiu qu cao cn phi: - Bit phi hp vic dng thuc vi cc bin php phng tr khc. - Bit dng thuc theo nguyn tc 4 ng: dng ng thuc, dng ng lc, dng ng nng , liu lng, dng ng cch. * Dng ng thuc: Ch s dng cc loi thuc c tn trong danh mc thuc c php s dng ti Vit nam do B Nng nghip&PTNT ban h nh. Cn c i tng su bnh cn dit tr v cy trng cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc nhm t c hiu qu kinh t k thut cao, an to n cho cy trng, mi trng sng v con ngi. Cng dng v cch s dng ca thuc c ghi c th trn bao nh n thuc. * Dng thuc ng lc: Cc loi thuc phng tr su bnh c hiu qu cao khi cc i tng gy hi giai on bt u pht trin: Su cn nh, c cn non, nm bnh mi xut hin. Do mun dng thuc ng lc cn phi kt hp vi cng tc d tnh d bo, thng xuyn kim tra ng rung. Dng thuc ng lc cn tu thuc v o giai on pht trin ca cy trng, v d: Trnh phun thuc khi cy ang n hoa r. * Dng ng nng , liu lng: Ch cn mt liu lng thuc thch hp l c th tiu dit c su bnh, khng c dng thuc t hn hay nhiu hn liu lng ch dn, pha ng nng , dng liu lng thuc pha theo quy nh trn nh n mc mi c hiu qu dit tr dch hi cao, bo v cy trng v mi trng.
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* Dng thuc ng cch: Tu theo mi dng thuc m c cch dng khc nhau, thuc bt rc, thuc ht phi rc, ri, thuc bt dng my phun bt, thuc nc phi phun bng my. Khi phun thuc phi m bo thuc bm dnh u trn l cy, hn ch n mcc ti a thuc ri xung t. Tu theo i tng gy hi m c cch phun khc nhau: Tr ry nu phi phun quanh gc la, tr bnh kh vn phun b l la, bnh o n phun trn l la... - Khi dng thuc BVTV phi m bo an to n cho ngi, vt nui v mi sinh. Lu mt s quy nh sau: + Phi c bo h lao ng + Khng n ung, ht thuc, a gin khi l m vic vi cht c, tm git sch s sau khi phun thuc. + Khi phun thuc phi i theo chiu gi. + Ph n mang thai, tr em, khng c tip xc vi thuc. + Khng cho gia sc lui ti vng mi s l thuc. + Bo qun thuc ni kh mt, xa ni tp trung dn c, xa ngun thc n, nc ung. + S dng thuc cho nng sn phi m bo thi gian cch ly mi c thu hoch s dng. 3.Triu trng ng c thuc, bin php s cu ngi b ng c thuc Bo v thc vt: *Triu trng: Khi thuc xm nhp v o c th ngi, thng th hin cc triu trng c cp tnh nh: - Nh: Sng tay, mt, chy nc mi, nhc u, chng mt, ngi mt, tiu chy. - Trung bnh: da, au bng, m mt, m hi, bp tht co git, tim p nhanh. - Nng: i ma, co gi n ng t mt, kh th, bt tnh . Cn lu phn bit vi say nng, ng c thc n kp thi iu tr. *Bin php s cu: - a ngi bnh v o ni rm mt, thong gi, cch xa ni nhim thuc. - Ci b trang phc dnh thuc, lau sch ngi bnh. - L m h hp nhn tao, tr tim. - Kch thch i ma (c bit khi ng c bng tiu ho). - Khn trng a n trm x gn nht.
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III.Cc cu hi tho lun: - Nu triu trng bnh hi ma in hnh thng gp a phng bn? trong thc t, ngi nng dn s l bnh n y nh th n o? - Triu trng bnh than (en t) v cch phng chng? - Bnh thi thn c tc hi nh th n o, cch phng chng? - M t triu trng bnh thi nn v cch phng chng. - Bn ngh g v mi lin quan gia bnh ung th v d lng thuc BVTV. - Ch Bi58 50EC ni ln iu g. - Mt s loi thuc BVTV thng qung co l khng c vi ngi, gia sc, thin ch. iu n y c ng khng .
K th 10:
- Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi - Thu mu. Theo di th nghim - V, tho lun H sinh thi - Ngng kinh t - nh gi s ri ro ca ngng kinh t. - Vn ngh. - Sinh l cy ma khi ra hoa - Tc hi vi ma thng phm v bin php ngn chn. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung hc k ti. I.Ngng kinh t, nh gi s ri ro ca ngng kinh t : 1.Mc ch: Gip hc vin nm c hiu qu ca cc bin php x l trn ng rung. Khng phi c u t l cho nng sut ti a, cn u t v ng lc mi c hiu qu cao. 2.Ni dung: Ly nhng v d thc t, nhng vic l m ca ngi nng dnkhi qun l dch hi trn ng rung v i n nhn xt l : Ngng kinh t l mt su, t l bnh hi gy hi thc t trn cy trng l m nh hng n nng sut, phm cht cy trng v bng chi ph tr su bnh . Nu s l sm, chi ph sm tc l hiu qu ca bin php x l thp. Nu chi ph bng thit hi do su hi gy ra tc l ngi nng dn h nh ng thn trng ti thi im ca ngng kinh t.
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Nu mc gy hi ln, x l mun, dn n thu hoch km, phm cht km, ngi nng dn tht thu. Cng thc cho ngng kinh t l : Ngng kinh t = Mt su, t l bnh hi = chi ph phng tr Hoc = Mt su, t l bnh hi = chi ph phng tr HS gy hi ca su x GT sn phm 3.nh gi s ri ro ca NKT: L mt phn ca quyt nh x l sau, khi su bnh t ti mc NKT. iu g s xy ra nu khng phun thuc? Nu phun thuc? nu khng phun th cn c hi n o khc phun khng? C kh nng tin on c hu qu trn c s hiu bit H sinh thi, s tng quan gia thi tit, cy trng, su hi v thin ch ... Mc tiu: C th nh gi c s ri ro tng i trn mt cnh ng vi mt lot cc yu t sinh thi c cho sn v gi thit l ngng kinh t b vt qua. Tin trnh: chia lp theo nhm, ghi v o giy Trky bng sau: TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yu t Thin ch Ging Thi tit Du nhp Tui su Bnh Chut l nhiu khng Nng t Ln t t chn t nhim C my nhiu Nh nhiu nhiu
Mi nhm chn 1 loi su hi ph bin, chn mt s bt k gm 7 ch s, vit s ln giy, mi ngi s to nn mt tnh hung s xy ra t con s chn, din t tng lai bng mi ch s l iu kin ca tng yu t. V d: nu ch s th nht l l th sp ti bn c nhiu thin ch, nu l s chn s t thin ch, tun t nh vy xt n ch s cui cng. Vi cc thng tin thu c, tng ngi s phi l m g bng cc cu tr li: - Khng l m g - Quan st tip trong tun - Bn thn phn - Dn nc
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- Phun thuc ... Do vy ngng kinh t rt kh xc nh, do n ph thuc v o nhiu yu t ca thi tit, gi tr ca sn phm khi cha thu hoch kh xc nh... Cc yu t v mt su hi, t l bnh nu thay i th ngng kinh t cng thay i. Do vy ngi nng dn khng th tnh c s ri ro kinh t c th xy ra. II.Sinh l cy ma khi ra hoa - Tc hi vi ma thng phm v bin php ngn chn: - Thi k ra hoa, tr c hay cn gi l thi k chn sinh l. Thi k n y tip sau thi k chn cng nghip, hay c th trng hoc n trc thi k chn cng nghip. - Thi k n y chu nh hng rt mnh bi d i ng y v v . V vy Vit nam c nhng ging nu trng min Bc th khng hoc t ra hoa nhng nu trng min Trung v min Nam th ra hoa rt mnh. - C nhng ging khng hoc t tr c nh F157,F160,F163,F170, ROC (10,16,20), nhng cng c ging trng u cng tr c nh NCO.310, CO.290, F173, ROC1. - Khi tr c, thn ngng sinh trng, t l ng trong thn gim, t l x tng ln. Khi rng c, tl ng tng cht t, nhng do t l x tng nn s lng ng p ra thp hn hn ma khng tr c, min Bc ma thng tr c v o cui thng 11, sang thng 12. - Trong thc t, vic tr c ch c ngha vi nhng c s lai to ging cn ho n to n bt li cho ma dng l m nguyn liu p ng, l m t l ng gim. Mt khc, do thi gian sinh trng ko d i s nh hng trc tip ti s ny mm v sinh trng pht trin, ng thi c th to thm nhng t n d cho su bnh ph hoi v ma nm sau. V vy cn thit phi ngn chn s tr c ma bng cc phng php: + S dng nhng ging khng hoc t tr c. + B tr thi v trng ma trn c (trng trong v thu thng 10 v thu hoch u v p ng). + C th s dng mt s ho cht x l, khng ch khng cho ma tr c. III.Cc cu hi tho lun: - Nhng ging ma n o thng ra hoa, ging n o t ra hoa. - Cy ma thng ra hoa v o thng n o.
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- Khi ra hoa thn ma c s bin i g (v ngt, xp ...). - Nhng nguyn nhn n o l m cho ma ra hoa. - Bin php ngn chn ma ra hoa nh th n o? - Th n o l ngng kinh t. - Nu ch da v o mt su, t l bnh m s l thuc th c t yu cu khng? ti sao?
giai on 3 : hc t k 11-k 15
K th 11:
- Gii thiu ni dung k hc - iu tra H sinh thi. theo di th nghim - Cc yu t cu th nh nng sut ma - Cch tnh nng sut l thuyt. - Bin php bo qun hom ma ging. - Vn ngh IPM. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung k ti. I.Cc yu t cu th nh nng sut, cch tnh nng sut l thuyt: - Nu nh h m lng ng trong cy ph thuc ln v o c tnh ca ging (trong cng iu kin chm sc), th nng sut ma cy ph thuc c bn v o hai yu t cu th nh nng sut. l mt cy hu hiu v trng lng cy (to, cao). - Trong cng mt ch trng trt v chm sc th mt cy hu hiu v trng lng cy c lin h mt thit. Thng thng nu mt cy c ng cao th trng lng cy c ng thp, cy b v thp hn, ngc li nu mt tha cy s to hn. - Ma l cy trng theo h ng, nn phi c tnh cch nng sut l thuyt ring. Trc ht phi c lng c s cy/ha, tnh trng lng trung bnh ca cy ri mi tnh nng sut/ha. c lng s cy hu hiu: thun li, ta c tnh s cy/m2 theo mt d i r nh ri nhn vis 10.000 tnh s cy/ha: Nu khong cch r nh l 1m th 1m2 tng ng 0,9 m d i Nu khong cch r nh l 1,2m th 1m2 tng ng 0,83 m d i Nu khong cch r nh l 1,3m th 1m2 tng ng 0,77 m d i
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Vy nu ta p dng vi khong cch lung1,2m th ta o 0,83m d i r nh, m s cy trong v d c 7,8 cy, ta nhn vi 10.000 s c mt cy l 78.000 cy/ha. s liu chnh xc hn, mi nhm nng dn s o m s cy 5 v tr khc nhau. Ging vin cn c v o b tr ca tha rung hng dn v tr o m cho cc nhm. Tnh trng lng cy: chn nhng cy c kch thc trung bnh, khng cao qu v cng khng thp qu m phi c trng cho c rung. Mi im chn 3 cy tnh trng lng trung bnh cho tng cy, l m li 5 im khc nhau c s liu chnh xc. Cui cng cng tt c s liu ca cc nhm ri chia ra tnh nng sut trung bnh/ha. II.Bin php bo qun hom ging ma: V xun l mt trong hai v trng ma chnh cho cc vng nguyn liu ca Tnh ta. V o u v p ti cc vng nguyn liu thng xy ra hin tng tha ngn ging, do nng dn cha c t trng v do iu kin thi tit kh hn nghim trng. Mt s nng dn b hng ngn hay a ln v o ma nguyn liu, gy kh khn cho ch bin. iu n y dn n tnh trng khi v o v trng chnh (cui thng 2-trong thng3), lc n y thng iu kin thi tit thun li nhng li thiu hom ging, nng dn bt buc phi mua ging vi gi th nh cao. gii quyt kh khn n y cn phi c bin php bo qun hom ma ging ph hp: 1.Nhng nguyn tc chnh trong bo qun ging: - Chng ma (chng t) ma khng ra r - Chng nng, chng gi ma lu kh - Chng nm ngn lu hng - Chng nng (do h hp v ln men) ngn khi cht. 2. Cc thao tc c th: qun. - o h bo qun su 25-30cm, rng 1.2m, d i tu theo lng ging cn bo
- Cuc xp y h su khong 5-10cm, ti nc cho t nh o sn st, rc ln mt lp tro hoc vi bt. - Dng ng b ngn v o h, n mnh b ngn cho ngp v o t su 5-7cm. - Khi xp ngn y h, dng rm rc hoc l ma t kn ng ngn ging; sao cho nc ma khng chui v o trong ng ngn, hom khng ra r. Xung
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quanh c th p t cao n 2/3 chiu cao b hom gim lng nc bc hi, gi cho ma ti c lu. - Thng xuyn kim tra nhit , m trong ng hom, nu nhit cao qu phi to l thong pha nh ng, gim nhit , m xung mc bnh thng. Nu thc hin tt cc bin php trn trong ma ng, c th bo qun hom ging t 45-60 ng y hoc hn na, mt cch an to n. Trc khi trng, d ht phn l pha nh ng, ti phun nc v o ng hom ng y 2 ln, sau 3-4 ln ti (36-48h), ngn ht nc c th em i trng. Tt nht nn trng xong trc khi ngn ra r . III.Cc cu hi tho lun: - Nhng yu t n o to nn nng sut ma cy. - Mt v trng lng cy quan h vi nhau nh th n o. - u v nhc im ca phng php dng hom ngn. - Bo qun hom ging cn lu cc vn g.
K th 12:
- Gii thiu ni dung k hc. - iu tra H sinh thi - thu mu v theo di th nghim - Ma gc - phng php ma gc c hiu qu cao. - Phn cng, hng dn cc bo bo trong Hi ngh u b. - nh gi lp hc, ni dung tun ti. I.Ma gc, phng php ma gc c hiu qu cao: Ma gc l ma ti sinh t b gc ca ma v trc. Thng thng ma gc c nng sut cao hn ma t (gc v 1), cc v sau bt u gim dn. V vy phi nm vng nhng c im ca ma gc v c bin php s l ph hp. 1.Nhng thun li, kh khn khi ma gc: a.Thun li: - Khng phi lu ging, gim c lao ng trong lc thi v khn trng, ri c thi v chm sc cng nh ko d i thi gian ch bin u v (ma gc chn sm hn ma t 15-20 ng y). Hn ch xi mn t so t c y ba nn trnh c ra tri. Nh c nhng u im n y, ma gc c gi th nh h hn ma t. 58
- Ma gc c b r nhiu v n su, v ngo i b r c phn nhiu vn cn kh nng hot ng, cng thm s pht trin mt s im r trc ang trong thi k ng ngh v b r ca mm con mi mc. V vy b r ca ma gc phn b rt d y c v chiu rng v b su nn c kh nng ht nc v dinh dng rt ln. - Kh nng nhnh ca ma gc rt cao, mi khm ma thng c ti 20 mm con. Trong mm tt chim 60-80%. Trng lng mm ca ma gc gp 3-4 ln ca ma t. y chnh l tim nng tng sn ca ma gc. b.Kh khn: - Sau mi v, t trng ma thng b nn cht, cc mm ma pha di tuy kho nhng li b vi su, cht, nn nu khng kp thi x l to cho t thng thong th nhng mm n y s rt kh mc, gy hin tng thiu cy. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l gii ti sao nng sut ma gc khng n nh. - C sau mt v ti sinh, b gc ma b cao dn so vi v tr hom ban u. Gy hin tng chi gc l m cho s ai r di mt t t, b r km pht trin l m cy d ng nh hng n nng sut v cht lng ma. - Cc rung ma gc khng ng u v mt (nht l t v th 3), nguyn nhn do s ph hoi ca su hi, do cht mm, hng gc do thu hoch v o thi tit bt thun... iu n y l m gim r rt nng sut ma gc. - Gc ma thng c hin tng l o ho sm so vi ma t, ch tc sinh trng km, dng ngn v b dn, cy bc v o thi k tch lu ng v nh ch sinh trng sm l m ma yu cy v nng sut thp. 2.Cc yu t nh hng ti ma gc: a.Cht t: - ph nhiu ca t khng ch nh hng n v ma trc mt m cn nh hng rt ln n v mi gc nm sau. - t c mn cao s iu ho tt ch nc v khng kh b r v gc ma l m cho t l ti sinh v tc ny mm cao, nh t c ngun gc ni la rt thun li cho vic gc. - t b nn cht, cu tng xu, t l ct cao, thiu m s nh hng rt ln ti kh nng ti sinh ca ma gc, nhng loi t n y cc mm gc khng pht trin c, mm cng, c m u en do thiu kh, s nh hng ln n s ny mm. b.Ging ma:
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Nin hn c th gc ph thuc v o tng ging ma khc nhau. Trong cng mt iu kin chm sc th kh nng gc ca ging n y c th gp 2-3 ln ging khc. V d : Kh nng gc ca ging F156, NCO.310 c th gc vi thi gian gp 2-3 ln ging POJ.3061, ging vit ng 54-143... c.iu kin khi thu hoch: - Thu hoch trong lc tri m p, m t va phi th kh nng ti sinh v t l mm hu hiu cao v ngc li. - Thu hoach v o lc tri ma, t t, b nn cht, cc vt cht s d nhim khun, nh hng ti s ti sinh v sinh trng ca mm gc. d.Tnh hnh su bnh: - Ma b rp nng s mt kh nng ti sinh. - Khng nn lu gc rung ma b bnh than. - Ma c nhiu b hung, mi phi dit tr sm. 3.Bin php k thut x l ma gc: Cn tun theo 5 nguyn tc sau: - Bt gc sm: Sau khi thu hoch phi tin h nh bt gc sm, ch li 510cm (khong 3-5 ai r), on n y c ng ngn, gc c ng tri. C th dng cuc bi phn gc vun tng phn ma thu hoch m vn m bo s mm ngm ca v sau c th pht trin. d l m, ta phi x l b l ma bng cch phn hay bm ti ch ri vi l m phn. -Gim gc sm: Mc ch iu chnh s mm ma u ngay t u. C th thc hin theo 3 cch sau: +Gim gc: bng to n b gc ch d y gim cho ch tha. y l cch gim tt nht. +Gim mm: Tin h nh khi kt thc ny mm, mm gim phi c bu t km theo, sau khi ti ct l li trnh s thot hi nc gip mm chng hi phc. +Gim hom: Bin php n y khng tt lm v mm hom chm pht trin hn mm gc nn d b mm gc ln t. Trc khi gim nn hom v tin h nh gim sm trc thu hoch 1 tun m bo mm gim pht trin ng u so vi mm gc. - C y ba sm: Sau khi bt gc tin h nh c y gia hai h ng ma, c y c ng su c ng tt. c y ba c tc dng to thng thong cho r ma v ct t bt b r gi , gim s l o ho.
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- Lng gc sm: Tc l cuc b phn b nn cht gia cc gc ma, gp phn ci thin ch kh cho gc ma phn n y c y ba khng thc hin c. - Bn phn sm: sau khi lng gc, tin h nh bn y dinh dng nh ma t, bn xong cn lp t ngay. *Mt s vic cn lu trong vic x l v chm sc ma gc: - Khng ti nc gn ng y thu hoch v nh hng ti h m lng ng. - Vi vng cao, hn hn, khng c iu kin ti nc, phi x l to n b nhng cy v hiu, nhng mm ang xanh v b l gim s thot hi nc. trng hp n y, khng nn bt v lng gc sm, v kh qu ma khng th ny mm ngay c. Mt khc nu thu hoch v o thi tit qu rt cng khng nn x l gc ngay, khi n o nhit m bo 12-150c tr ln mi tin h nh x l gc. - Giai on u, ma gc sinh trng mnh hn ma t, nhng li nh ch sinh trng sm hn ma t nn phi kt thc bn phn sm hn ma t khong mt thng. - Ma gc thng c hin tng tri gc, d nn phi vun cao v k thut hn ma t. - Ma gc thng b mi v b hung gy hi, bnh than cng gy hi nng hn ma t do t n d v trc cn st li, cn thng xuyn theo di pht hin s l sm trnh ly lan. III.Cc cu hi tho lun: - Th n o l ma t, ma gc v 1, v 2... trong thc t sn xut, nng sut ma gc c cao hn ma t khng? - Nu u v nhc im ca ma gc. - Ti sao ma gc li d ng hn ma t. - Cc rung ma gc c ng u khng, ti sao? - Cht t nh hng ra sao ti ma gc. - Ti sao phi tin h nh bt gc v gim gc sm? - Tc dng ca vic c y ba sm i vi ma gc? - Tc dng ca t n d cy trng v trc mang mm mng su bnh cho v ma gc nm sau?
K th 13:
- Thu thp s liu k cui - c lng nng sut. - Kim tra li cc s liu. 61
- Ho n th nh cc bo co - Tp bo co cho Hi ngh u b.
Cc vn cn lu hng dn trong cc bo co ca HNB:
y l tun cui cng ca t hun luyn v IPM nhm chun b bo bo kt qu hc tp ca lp trong Hi ngh u b. Ging vin phn cng, hng dn nng dn chun b cc bo co, m bo cc ni dung chnh sau y. 1.Bo co rung thc nghim IPM : +Mc ch: L ni lp tin h nh hc tp v l m cc thc nghim IPM. +Yu cu: Rung ni thun tin, ch ng canh tc, c trng cho t ai ca a phng, din tch khong 500m2. +Ni dung: Chia l m hai khu c b ngn cch, mt khu IPM (l m theo lp hc) mt khu FP (l m theo nng dn). C bng biu gii thiu rung, nu r s khc nhau ca hai khu rung v u t phn bn, cch bn, mt , khong cch trng, cch x l thuc su, nng sut t c (NS l thuyt, nng sut c tnh) ... ti hai khu rung, trn c s lp bng hc ton kinh t xc nh hiu qu ca vic p dng tin b KHKT so vi cch l m theo tp qun c ca nng dn. Nu cc kt lun v ngh da trn kt qu thc t trn hai rung. 2.Bo co phng php iu tra H sinh thi : a.Mc ch: Nm tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy, mt v th nh phn thin ch, su hi, t l bnh ... t ra bin php x l thch hp. b.Yu cu: iu tra thc t, khch quan, trung thc, kt qu iu tra phi phn nh ng thc trng rung la qua cc ch tiu iu tra v thi tit kh hu, sinh trng ca cy, tnh hnh su bnh ... c.Dng c iu tra v cch ghi chp s liu iu tra: d.Phng php iu tra: - Quan st tng th cnh ng, nhn xt tng quan v tnh hnh thi tit kh hu, s pht trin ca rung ma. - Ni r cch iu tra 1 im e.Trnh b y v d mt bc tranh HST: Hng dn hc vin trnh b y bnh thng nh trong gi tho lun HST h ng tun
62
Khi bo co c bng s liu trung bnh ca 12 tun hun luyn v ch tiu sinh trng ca cy ma, din bin mt , t l ca cc i tng su bnh hi chnh. Kt qu v hn ch ca lp khi iu tra. 3.Bo co TN phn bn cho ma: a.Mc ch v yu cu: Tm hiu nh hng ca liu lng m n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy ma tng gian on. -Phn ng ca dch hi i vi mi liu lng m khc nhau. -Xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca cc mc bn m khc nhau trong thm canh cy ma, rt ra liu lng bn ph hp vi tnh cht t ai ca a phng. b.Ni dung th nghim: - Nu s cng thc, s ln nhc li, liu lng phn bn trong mi cng thc - C s th nghim. - Bng biu v kt qu th nghim da trn c s tnh nng sut tm tnh ca cc cng thc. - Nu nhn xt v t nh phn,mc gy hi ca cc lo i dch hi chnh trong cc cng thc, rt ra kt lun v mi lin quan gia liu lng m v tnh hnh pht sinh pht trin v gy ha ca dch hi. - Nu khuyn co vi nng dn thng qua kt qu th nghim. 4-Vn ngh IPM: Tin h nh trong hi trng, nu thi gian cho php c th xen k cc tit mc vn ngh v o gia cc bo co. 5-Bo co qui trnh thm canh mt v ma: Trnh b y c th quy trnh p dng qua mt v ma vi rung IPM t khu chn t, trng, chm sc v phng tr su bnh, rt ra kt lun khuyn co nng dn. 6.Bo co tng kt lp hc : y l bo co tng hp cho c lp nn cn phn nh y cc mt ca lp: a.T chc lp: S hc vin tham d, s nam, n, tui ...s t, nhm Ni quy ca lp, s iu h nh lp trong qu trnh hc tp... b.Tnh hnh a phng: -iu kin t nhin, t ai, kh hu -Din tch canh tc, nng sut, sn lng, c cu cy trng .... -Tnh hnh ng dng KHKT: Ging, phn bn, thu li, tp qun canh tc ... -Tnh hnh s dng thuc BVTV c.Nhng kh khn, thun li ca lp. 63
d.Kt qu hc tp ca lp: -Cc ni dung chnh ca lp c tip thu v kt qu -Kt lun v cc ni dung chnh (tng hp t cc bo co chuyn ). e.Kt qu trin khai, ng dng IPM ca a phng: -S lp IPM m, loi cy trng -S hc vin qua IPM -Kt qu ng dng : S ngi ng dung, s din tch ng dng, tnh tnh s dng thuc BVTV, nng sut ... trc v sau khi ng dng IPM. f.Kin ngh ca lp, ca a phng nhm trin khai su rng hn chng trnh IPM ...
K th 14 :
Hi ngh u b.
K th 15:
Hi nghi tng kt.
64
ph lc
cc vn cn lu trong cc hi ngh lp HLND I.Hi ngh khai ging: 1.Cng tc chun b: - Hc vin : 30 ngi, chia th nh 5 t, c t trng, lp trng. - Rung thc nghim: Hai tha rung (c th chia i mt rung ln) c cng tnh cht t ai, ch ti tiu. - Chun b hai bng gii thiu rung vi ni dung sau : Rung IPM Din tch : Ging : Ng y trng : Mt trng : Nn phn bn lt : Rung FP Din tch : Ging : Ng y trng : Mt trng : Nn phn bn lt :
- Chun b hi trng, b n gh, loa i, hoa ... - Khu hiu ngo i hi trng : Knh ch o qu khch - Khu hiu trong hi trng : L khai ging Lp chuyn giao TBKT trng ma theo chng trnh IPM Hp tc x (x) ........... V ............. Nm ....... 2-Ni dung khai ging: + n nh t chc, gii thiu l do, gii thiu i biu + Khai mc bui l (L nh o x , Hp tc x ) + Gii thiu mc ch, yu cu, ni dung lp hun luyn (ging vin gii thiu) + Gii thiu rung thc nghim (ging vin) + Gii lao - Vn ngh
65
+ Cc i biu pht biu kin, hc vin pht biu cm tng. + B mc bui l (L nh o x , hp tc x ) II-Hi ngh u b: 1-Cng tc chun b - Chun b hi trng, b n gh, loa i, hoa .. - Khu hiu ngo i hi trng : Knh ch o qu khch - Khu hiu trong hi trng : Hi ngh u b Lp chuyn giao TBKT trng ma theo chng trnh IPM Hp tc x (x) ........... V ............. Nm ....... 2-Ni dung Hi ngh: + n nh t chc, gii thiu l do, gii thiu i biu + Khai mc Hi ngh (L nh o x , Hp tc x ) + Cc bo co ngo i rung: -Bo co gii thiu rung thc nghim. -Bo co phng php iu tra H sinh thi -Bo co th nghim phn bn cho ma Lu : Cc bo co n y, ging vin hng dn cho hc vin ch ng bo co, khi bo co hn ch nhn giy c. + Gii lao - Vn ngh + Tip cc bo co: -Bo co qui trnh thm canh mt v ma . -Bo co tng kt kt qu hc tp v ng dng IPM + Cc i biu pht biu kin, hc vin pht biu cm tng, trao phn thng, qu tng ... +B mc bui l (L nh o x , hp tc x ). III.L tng kt: 1-Cng tc chun b: -Chun b hi trng, b n gh, loa i, hoa ... -Khu hiu ngo i hi trng : Knh ch o qu khch -Khu hiu trong hi trng : L tng kt Lp chuyn giao TBKT trng ma theo chng trnh IPM Hp tc x (x) ........... V ............. Nm ....... 2-Ni dung tng kt: + n nh t chc, gii thiu l do, gii thiu i biu 66
+ Khai mc bui l (L nh o x , Hp tc x ) + Bo co tng kt lp (cc s liu ly theo nng sut thc thu sau khi thu hoch) + Gii lao - Vn ngh + Kt qu kim tra cui kho + Cc kin tham lun ca ging vin, hc vin + Cc i biu pht biu kin, trao giy chng nhn + B mc bui l (L nh o x , hp tc x )
67

Giao Trinh Cay Mia

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Giao Trinh Cay Mia

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S Nng nghip&PTNT tnh ho bnh

hng dn chuyn giao tin b k thut

ni dung cho cc k hun luyn

K th mi lm: Hi nghi tng kt.

1.Thi v, ging ma:

: To n b phn chung, phn ln, vi v 50% kaly v 20%

Rung IPM C.2 . . . C.10 T.s T.B

Rung FP . . . C.10 T.s T.B

ni dung hun luyn k 7

- L tng i ngn, m u xanh thm, mc ng, b l m cht thn, kh

Ni dung hun luyn k 9

Hi nghi tng kt.

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