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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
HNH HOC KHNG GIAN LP 12.
XC DINH TM V BN KNH MAT CAU
NGOAI TIEP HNH CHP, HNH LNG TRU.

Phuong php 1: p dung dinh nghia, tm dim cch du tt ca cc dinh cua hnh chp (hnh
lng tru).
Phuong php 2: Chung minh nhiu dim cng nhn mt doan thng duoi mt gc vung (cc
tam gic vung c chung canh huyn Phuong php 2 cung dua v phuong php 1).
Phuong php 3: Dung truc d cua da gic (truc cua duong trn ngoai tip da gic) v dung mt
phng trung truc (P) (truong hop dc bit dung duong trung truc cua doan thng). Giao dim I
cua d v (P) (hoc d v ) l tm mt cu ngoai tip cn tm (phuong php 3 l cu th ha cc buoc
tm loi giai cua phuong php 1).

Th du: Cho hnh tu din ABCD c AD(ABC); ABC vung tai B. Xc dinh tm v bn knh mt
cu ngoai tip tu din ABCD.

=
=
=
I
D
C
B
A

Huong dn PP1:
AD(ABC) ADAC ACD vung tai A.
Goi I l trung dim cua CD IA IC ID(1) = = (Trong tam gic
vung, duong trung tuyn ung voi canh huyn bng nua canh
huyn).
BC AB
BC AD(AD (ABC))

BC(ABD) BCBD
BCD vung tai B IB IC ID(2) = =
(1) v (2) Dim I cch du cc dinh A, B, C, D cua hnh tu din
ABCD I l tm mt cu ngoai tip tu din ABCD, bn knh
R CD/ 2 = .

D
C
B
A

Huong dn PP2:
AD(ABC) ADAC (1) (ACD vung tai A)
BC AB
BC AD(AD (ABC))

BC(ABD) BCBD (2)


(BCD vung tai B)
(1) v (2) Hai dim A v B cng nhn doan thng CD duoi mt
gc vung (hoc hai tam gic vung ACD, BCD c chung canh
huyn CD) Tu din ABCD ni tip mt cu duong knh CD, c
tm I l trung dim cua CD v bn knh R CD/ 2 = .

d
M
O
/ /
=
=
I
D
C
B
A

Huong dn PP3:
ABC vung tai B nn ni tip duong trn duong knh AC, tm O
l trung dim cua AC.
Dung truc d cua ABC; d di qua O v d (ABC) .
AD(ABC) d//AD (d nm trong (ACD)) .
Goi M l trung dim cua AD. Duong trung truc canh AD di qua M
v vung gc voi AD; ct d tai I
IA ID(1) = (I thuc duong trung truc canh AD)
IA IB IC(2) = = (I thuc truc d cua ABC)
(1) v (2) Dim I cch du cc dinh A, B, C, D cua hnh tu din
ABCD I l tm mt cu ngoai tip tu din ABCD, bn knh
R CD/ 2 = .

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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
/
/ /
/
//
\\
\\
//
//
//
O
//
//
D
C
B
A
S
x
x
/
/
H'


A
/
//
/
//
//
a
a
C'
B'
B
A'
H
C
I
B' A'
D'
D
C'
C
B
A
Bi tp 1. Cho hnh lp phuong ABCD.ABCD c canh bng a. Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu
(C) di qua 8 dinh cua hnh lp phuong ABCD.ABCD. Tnh din tch mt cu (C) v th tch
khi cu tuong ung.
Huong dn PP1:
Trong hnh lp phuong cc duong cho di bng nhau v cng di qua mt dim; gia su dim d l I.
IA IB IC ID IA' IB' IC' ID' = = = = = = =
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh lp phuong ABCD.ABCD,
bn knh
AC' a 3
R
2 2
= = .
Din tch mt cu:
2
2 2
a 3
S 4 R 4 3 a
2
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
.
Th tch khi cu:
3
3
3
4 4 a 3 a 3
V R
3 3 2 2
| |

= = =
|
|
\ .
.

Bi tp 2. Cho hnh chp tu gic du S.ABCD c tt ca cc canh bng a. Xc dinh tm, bn knh
mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD v tnh din tch mt cu (C).
Huong dn PP1:
S.ABCD l hnh chp tu gic du nn ABCD l hnh vung. Goi O l giao dim cua AC v BD.
a 2
OA OB OC OD (1)
2
= = = =
SAC vung tai cn tai S (v
2 2 2
AC SA SC = + )

AC a 2
OA OC OS (2)
2 2
= = = =
(1) v (2) Dim O cch du cc dinh S, A, B, C, D cua hnh chp
S.ABCD O l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD, bn
knh R a 2 / 2 = .
Din tch mt cu:
2
2 2
a 2
S 4 R 4 2 a
2
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
.

Bi tp 3. Cho hnh lng tru tam gic du ABC.ABC c tt ca cc canh bng a.
a) Tnh th tch khi lng tru ABC.ABC.
b) Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) di qua 6 dinh cua khi lng tru ABC.ABC v tnh th
tch khi cu (C).
Huong dn PP1 & PP3:
a) ABC.ABC l lng tru tam gic du nn ABC.ABC cung l lng
tru dung c chiu cao AA' a = v dy l tam gic du.
Goi H l trung dim cua BC
a 3
AH
2
=
3
ABC.A' B' C' ABC
1 a 3
V S .AA' BC.AH.AA'
2 4
= = = .
b) Goi O, O ln luot l tm duong trn ngoai tip ABC, ABC
OO//AA//HH
OH OH' 1
OA OA' 2
| |
= =
|
\ .
. AA(ABC) OO(ABC)
OO l truc cua ABC v ABC. Goi I l trung dim cua OO IA IA' = ( OIA OIA') =
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip lng tru ABC.ABC, bn knh
2 2
R OA OI = + .
Trong d:
2 a 3
OA AH
3 3
= = ;
AA' a
OI
2 2
= =
a 21
R
6
= ;
3
7a 21
V
54
= .
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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
30
0
60
0
a
A
S
C
B
60
0
30
0
C'
B'
a
A
S
C
B

Bi tp 4. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA (ABC) ; ABC vung tai B, AB = a,

0
ACB 30 = . Duong
thng SB tao voi mt dy mt gc 60
0
.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC.
b) Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC v tnh th tch khi cu
tuong ung.
Huong dn PP 2:
a) ABC vung tai B
0
BC AB.cot 30 a 3 = = AC 2a = .
Hnh chiu vung gc cua SB trn (ABC) l AC

0
SBA 60 =
SA (ABC) SA AB SAB vung tai A

0
SA AB. tan 60 a 3 = =

3
S.ABC ABC
1 1 1 a
V S .SA a.a 3.a 3
3 3 2 2
= = = .
b) SA AC (1) .
BC AB
BC SA

BC (SAB) BC SB(2)
(1) v (2) Hai dim A v B cng nhn doan thng SC duoi mt gc vung
Hnh chp S.ABC ni tip mt cu duong knh SC, c tm I l trung dim cua SC v bn knh
SC a 7
R
2 2
= = .


Bi tp 5. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA (ABC) ; ABC vung tai B, AB = a,

0
ACB 30 = . Duong
thng SC tao voi mt dy mt gc 60
0
. Hnh chiu vung gc cua A trn SB, SC ln luot l B, C.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp A.BCCB.
b) Tm tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp A.BCCB.
Huong dn PP 2:
a) ABC vung tai B
0
BC AB.cot 30 a 3 = = AC 2a = .
Hnh chiu vung gc cua SC trn (ABC) l AC

0
SCA 60 =
SA (ABC) SA AC SAC vung tai A

0
SA AC. tan 60 2a 3 = = SC 4a = .

3
S.ABC ABC
1 1 1
V S .SA a.a 3.2a 3 a
3 3 2
= = = .
A.BCC' B' S.ABC S.AB' C'
V V V =
SAB vung tai A
2
SA SB'.SB =
2
2
SB' SA 12
SB SB 17
= =
SAC vung tai A
2
SA SC'.SC =
2
2
SC' SA 3
SC SC 4
= =
S.AB' C'
S.ABC
V SB' SC' 9
V SB SC 17
= =
S.AB' C' S.ABC
9
V V
17
=
3
A.BCC' B' S.ABC S.AB' C' S.ABC
8 8a
V V V V
17 17
= = =
C th tnh
3
S.AB' C'
1 1 9a
V AB'.B' C' .SC'
3 2 17
| |
= =
|
\ .

b) Chung minh cc dim B, B, C cng nhn doan thng AC duoi mt gc vung
Hnh chp A.BCCB ni tip mt cu duong knh AC, c tm I l trung dim cua AC v bn
knh
AC
R a
2
= = .

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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
a
a 3
60
0
G
K
D C
B
A
S
H
a
2a
60
0
D
a
A
S
C
B

Bi tp 6. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh chu nht AB a 3 = , AD a = . SA(ABCD).
Mt phng (SBC) tao voi mt dy mt gc 60
0
.
c) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
d) Tm tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD.
e) Goi G, H, K ln luot l hnh chiu vung gc cua A trn SB, SC, SD. Chung mnh rng bay
dim A, B, C, D, G, H, K cng nm trn mt mt cu. Xc dinh tm v bn knh mt cu d.
Huong dn PP 2:
a) (SBC) (ABCD) BC = .
BC AB(1)
BC SA

BC (SAB) BC SB(2)
(1) v (2) Gc giua hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABCD)
l:

0
SBA 60 = .
SA (ABCD) SA AB SAB vung tai A

0
SA AB. tan 60 3a = =

3
S.ABCD ABCD
1 1
V S .SA a.a 3.3a a 3
3 3
= = = .
b) Chung minh cc dim A, B, D cng nhn doan thng
SC duoi mt gc vung.
Hnh chp S.ABCD ni tip mt cu duong knh SC, tm I l trung dim cua SC, bn knh
SC a 13
R
2 2
= = .
c) Chung minh cc dim B, D, H, G, K cng nhn doan thng AC duoi mt gc vung.
Bay dim A, B, C, D, G, H, K cng nm trn mt mt cu duong knh AC, tm I l trung dim
cua AC, bn knh
AC
R a
2
= = .


Bi tp 7. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thang vung tai A v D, AB 2a = ,
AD DC a = = . SA(ABCD). Duong thng SB tao voi mt dy mt gc 60
0
.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
b) Tm tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ACD.
c) Tm tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC.
Huong dn PP 2:
a) Hnh chiu vung gc cua SB trn (ABCD) l AB

0
SBA 60 =
SA (ABCD) SA AB SAB vung tai A

0
SA AB. tan 60 2a 3 = = .

3
S.ABC ABCD
1 1 1
V S .SA (a 2a).a.2a 3 a 3
3 3 2
= = + = .
b) Chung minh A v D cng nhn doan thng SC
duoi mt gc vung.
Hnh chp S.ACD ni tip mt cu duong knh SC,
tm I l trung dim cua SC, bn knh
SC a 14
R
2 2
= = .
c) Chung minh A v C cng nhn doan thng SB
duoi mt gc vung.
Hnh chp S.ABC ni tip mt cu duong knh SB, tm I l trung dim cua SB, bn knh
SC 4a
R 2a
2 2
= = = .

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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
//
8
8
24
18
_
_
//
//
d
N
M
I
A
S
C
B
//
//
60
0
_
_
O //
//
M
D
C
B
A
I
S
/
/
/
/
d
O
N
M
I
A
S
C
B

Bi tp 8. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC vung tai A, AB 18 cm = , AC 24 cm = . SA (ABC) ,
SA 16 cm = . Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC v tnh din tch mt
cu (C).
Huong dn PP 3:
ABC vung tai A nn ni tip duong trn duong knh BC,
c tm M l trung dim cua BC
BC
MA MB MC 15 cm
2
= = = = .
Dung truc d cua ABC ; d di qua M v d (ABC) .
SA (ABC) d // SA.
Goi N l trung dim cua SA. Duong trung truc canh SA di qua N,
vung gc voi SA; ct d tai I IS IA IB IC = = =
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC, bn knh R IA = .
Tu gic NAMI l hnh chu nht (

N A M 1v = = = )
SA
NA MI 8 cm
2
= = =
2 2
R IA MA MI 17 cm = = + =
2 2
S 4 R 1156 cm = = .


Bi tp 9. Cho hnh chp tu gic du S.ABCD c canh dy bng a; canh bn tao voi dy mt gc
60
0
. Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD. Tnh th tch khi cu (C).
Huong dn PP 3:
S.ABCD l hnh chp tu gic du nn ABCD l hnh vung.
Goi O l giao dim cua AC v BD SO (ABCD) .
SO l truc cua hnh vung ABCD.
Hnh chiu vung gc cua SA trn (ABCD) l OA

0
SAO 60 =
SAC l tam gic du c canh SA SC AC a 2 = = = .
Goi M l trung dim cua SA CM l duong trung truc cua canh
SA. Goi I l giao dim cua CM v SO
Dim I cch du cc dinh S, A, B, C, D cua hnh chp S.ABCD
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD, bn knh R IS = . I cung l trong tm SAC

( )
2 2 3 a 6
R IS SO a 2
3 3 2 3
= = = = . Th tch khi cu:
3
3
3
4 4 a 6 8 a 6
V R
3 3 3 27
| |

= = =
|
|
\ .
.


Bi tp 10. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC du canh bng a. SA (ABC) , SA 2a = . Xc dinh
tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC.
Huong dn PP 3:
Goi O l tm duong trn ngoai tip ABC.
ABC du nn O cung l trong tm. Goi M l trung dim cua BC

a 3
AM
2
=
2 a 3
AO AM
3 3
= = .
Dung truc d cua ABC; d di qua O v d (ABC) .
SA (ABC) d//SA (d nm trong (SAM)) .
Goi N l trung dim cua SA. Duong trung truc canh SA di qua N
v vung gc voi SA; ct d tai I IS IA IB IC = = =
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC, bn knh R IA = .
Tu gic NAOI l hnh chu nht (

N A O 1v = = = )
SA
NA OI a
2
= = =
2 2
2a 3
R IA OA OI
3
= = + = .
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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
a
2
a
=
=
/
/ /
/
O
N
M
I
A
S
C
B
a
a
2
a 3
30
0
O
//
//
M
D
C B
A
I
a
S
a 5
2
a 5
2
2a 3
O
//
//
M
D
C B
A
I
2a
S

Bi tp 11. Cho hnh chp tam gic du S.ABC c canh dy bng a v canh bn bng 2a.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC.
b) Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC.
Huong dn PP 3:
a) Goi O l tm duong trn ngoai tip ABC.
S.ABC l hnh chp du SO (ABC) .
Goi M l trung dim cua BC AM BC

a 3
AM
2
=
2 a 3
AO AM
3 3
= = .
SO (ABC) SO OA SOA vung tai O

a 33
SO
3
=
3
S.ABC
1 1 a 11
V BC.AM.SO
3 2 12
= =
b) SO l truc cua ABC.
Goi N l trung dim cua SA. Duong trung truc canh SA di qua N v vung gc voi SA; ct SO tai I
IS IA IB IC = = = I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC, bn knh R IS = .
SOA SMI
SO SA
SM SI
=
2a 33
R SI
11
= =


Bi tp 12. Cho hnh chp du S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh chu nht, AB a = , AD a 3 = . Canh bn
tao voi dy mt gc 30
0
. Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD.
Huong dn PP 3:
Goi O l giao dim cua AC v BD.
S.ABCD l hnh chp du nn SO (ABCD) .
SO l truc cua hnh chu nht ABCD.
Hnh chiu vung gc cua SA trn (ABCD) l OA

0
SAO 30 = . SAO vung
a 3
SO
3
=
Goi M l trung dim cua SA.
Duong trung truc canh SA di qua M v vung gc
voi SA; ct SO tai I Dim I cch du cc dinh S, A, B, C, D
cua hnh chp S.ABCD I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD, bn knh R IS = .
SAI l tam gic du
2a 3
R SI
3
= = .


Bi tp 13. Cho hnh chp du S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh chu nht, AB 2a = , AD 2a 3 = .
SA a 5 = . Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD.
Huong dn PP 3:
Goi O l giao dim cua AC v BD.
S.ABCD l hnh chp du nn SO (ABCD) .
SO l truc cua hnh chu nht ABCD.
SAO vung SO a = . Goi M l trung dim cua SA.
Duong trung truc canh SA di qua M v vung gc voi
SA; ct SO tai I Dim I cch du cc dinh S, A,
B, C, D cua hnh chp S.ABCD I l tm mt cu
ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABCD, bn knh R IS = .
SOA SMI
SO SA
SM SI
=
5a
R SI
2
= = .
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Gio vin: Bi Gia Phong
30
0
60
0
30
0
60
0
a 3
d
=
=
/
/
O
N
M
I
A
S
C
B
a 3
/
/
a
O
G
d
1
/
/
M
D
C
B
A
I
H
2a
=
=
S

Bi tp 14. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c ABC cn tai A, AB AC a 3 = = ;

0
BAC 120 = .
SA (ABC) . SB tao voi mt dy mt gc 30
0
.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC.
b) Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC v tnh th tch khi cu
tuong ung.
Huong dn PP 3:
a) Hnh chiu vung gc cua SB trn (ABC) l AB

0
SBA 30 =
SA (ABC) SA AB SAB vung tai A

0
SA AB. tan30 a = = .
2
0
ABC
1 3a 3
S AB.AC.sin120
2 4
= =

3
S.ABC ABC
1 a 3
V S .SA
3 4
= =
b) Goi O l tm duong trn ngoai tip ABC v M l
trung dim cua BC. ABC cn tai A nn O thuc duong
trung truc AM cua canh BC.
Dinh l sin trong ABC:
0 0
BC AB
2OA
sin120 sin30
= =
0
AB
OA a
2sin30
= = .
Goi N l trung dim cua SA. Duong trung truc canh SA di qua N, vung gc voi SA; ct d tai I
IS IA IB IC = = = I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC, bn knh R IA = .
Tu gic NAOI l hnh chu nht (

N A O 1v = = = )
2 2
a 5
R IA OA OI
2
= = + =
Th tch khi cu:
3
3
4 a 5 5
V R
3 6

= = .

Bi tp 15. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh chu nht, AB a = , AD 2a = . Bit rng SAB
l tam gic du v (SAB) (ABCD) . Xc dinh tm, bn knh mt cu (C) ngoai tip hnh chp
S.ABCD.
Huong dn PP 3:
a) Goi H l trung dim cua AB, SAB du SH AB
(SAB) (ABCD) SH (ABCD)
Goi O l giao dim cua AC v BD.
Dung truc d
1
cua hnh chu nht ABCD;
d
1
di qua O v
1
d (ABCD) d
1
//SH.
(d
1
v SH cng nm trong (SHM) voi
M l trung dim cua CD)
Goi G l tm duong trn ngoai tip SAB.
(SAB du nn G cung l trong tm)
Dung truc d
2
cua SAB; d
2
di qua G,
vung gc voi (SAB); ct d
1
tai I.
(GI//OH v cng vung gc voi (SAB); GI v OH cng nm trong (SHM))
Dim I cch du cc dinh S, A, B, C, D cua hnh chp S.ABCD
I l tm mt cu ngoai tip hnh chp S.ABC, bn knh R IS = .
Tu gic GHOI l hnh chu nht (

G H O 1v = = = ) GI OH a = =
SAB du
a 3
SH
2
=
2 a 3
SG SH
3 3
= =
SGI vung tai G
2 2
2a 3
R SI SG GI
3
= = + =

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