De Cuong On HSG Hoa HC

GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON 097201199
CNG N THI HC SINH GII

CHUYN HA HC HU C
A L THUYT CN BN
PHN MT
HA HC HU C
PHN LOI HP CHT HU C
Hirocacbon Hp cht hu c c nhm chc
CxHy (y 2x + 2) (l dn xut cha hirocacbon)
+ Phn loi HCHC c nhm chc : -Thnh phn: Gc hyrocacbon + nhm chc.
-Cng thc tng qut: CxHy-kAk (iu kin k y).
n chc a chc Tp chc
1 nhm chc ( k=1) 2 nhm chc cng loi tr ln (k 2) 2 nhm chc khc loi tr ln (k 2)
Gc CxHy no (CnH2n+2-kAk) HCHC no.
Gc CxHy khng no (CnHy-kAk) HCHC khng no.
+ Bng cng thc tng qut mt s HCHC quan trng.
Hp cht hu c Cng thc tng qut iu kin
Hp cht cha C, H, O
Hp cht cha C, H, O, N
Hp cht cha C, H, O, X
(X l halogen)
CxHyOz
CxHyOzNt
CxHyOzXu
y 2x +2
y 2x +2 +t
y 2x +2 u
Ru , no
Ru n chc
Ru bc I, n chc
Ru n chc, no, bc I
R(OH)x hay CnH2n+2-x(OH)x
CxHy OH
CxHy CH2OH
CnH2n+1(OH) hay CnH2n+2O
CnH2n+1 CH2OH
x,n 1
x 1, y 2x+1
x 0, y 2x+1
n 1
n 0
Andehit
Andehit no
Andehit n chc
Andehit on chc, no
R(CHO)x
CnH2n+2-x(CHO)x
R CHO hay CxHyCHO
CnH2n+1CHO hay CmH2mO
x 1
x 1, n 0
x 0, y 2x+1
n 0, m 1
Axit n chc
i axit no
Axit n chc, no
R COOH hay CxHyCOOH
CnH2n(COOH)2
CnH2n+1COOH hay CmH2mO2
x 0, y 2x+1
n 0
n 0, m 1
Este n chc
Este n chc, no
R COO R
CnH2nO2
R H
n 2
Amin n chc
Amin n ch, no
Amin bc I, no, n chc
CnHyN
CnH2n+3N
CnH2n+1 NH2
y 2x+3
n 1
n 1
iu kin chung: x, y, z, t, u, n, m u N
(R ) l gc hidrocacbon no hay khng no
+ Bng cc dy ng ng thng gp ng vi cng thc tng qut.
CTTQ C th thuc dy cc ng ng iu kin
CnH2nO + Andehit no, n chc ( ankanal)
+ Xeton no, n chc.
+Ru n chc, khng no (c mt ni i phn gc
n 1
n 3
n 3
Trng THPT Nguyn Du 1
hidrocacbon)
+Ete ( c 1 ni i gc CxHy ) n 3
CnH2nO2
+Axit hu c no, n chc.
+Este no, n chc.
n 1
n 2
CnH2n+2O
+Ru no, n chc (ankanol)
+Ete no, n chc
n 1
n 2
CHNG I
ANCOL - PHENOL
1. Ancol ( Ru )
I. nh ngha, tn gi, bc ancol
1. nh ngha
- Ru l hp cht c nhm OH lin kt vi gc hyrocacbon. Bc ca ru bng bc ca C mang nhm OH
- Nu thay th H on mch nhnh ca hirocacbon thm bng nhm ( -OH) ta c ru thm.
- Khi thay th mt nguyn t H ca ankan bng mt nhm OH th ta c ng ng ca ancol etylic. (dy ng
ng ancol no n cht)
Cng thc: CnH2n+1OH (n 1)
2. Tn gi:
- Tn thng thng Ancol + gc ankyl + ic
- Tn quc t: Tn ankan + ol + s ch v tr nhm OH
V d: CH3 - CH2OH ancol mtylic
Butannol 2
( Ru benzylic) ( p-Crezol)
3. Bc ancol: l bc ca nguyn t C c nhm OH
Bc ca nguyn t C l s nguyn t C khc lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C .
V d: CH3 - CH2 - CH2OH (ancol bc 1)
(ancol bc 2)
II. Tnh cht l hc
- Cc ancol u l cht lng hoc rn iu kin thng.
- Nhit si tng dn khi khi lng phn t tng thng thp hn nhit si ca nc.
- Tan tt trong nc
- Nh hn nc
III. Tnh cht ha hc
1.Tc dng vi natri : +Ancol tc dng vi kim loa kim to ra ancolat v gii phng kh hiro.
2
( ) ( )
2
x y z x y z
z
C H OH zNa C H ONa H + +
CH3 CH2OH +Na C2H5ONa +
2
1
2
H
+Ancol hu nh khng phn ng c vi NaOH, m ngc li, natri ancolat ( RO Na) b thy phn hon ton:
RO Na +H OH RO H +NaOH
2. Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2: Ch phn ng vi ru a chc c t nht 2 nhm OH k nhau cho dd c mu xanh
lam.
2 2
2 2 2 2
CH HO
| |
2 ( ) 2
|
OH CH
CH CH CH Cu OH CH O Cu O CH H O

+ +
]
2 2
| | | |
OH OH OH CH HO OH CH
^
ng (II) glixerat, mu xanh lam
Phn ng ny dng nhn bit glixerol v cc poliancol m cc nhm OH nh vi nhng nguyn t C cnh
nhau, chng hn nh etylen glicol.
3.Tch nc to ete:
a. Tch nc to ete:
b. Tch nc to lin kt : Khi un
nng vi H2SO4 c 170
0
C, c mi phn t
ancol tch 1 phn t nc to thnh 1 phn t
Anken hoc ankadien nu cht phn ng co 1 lin kt :

CH3OH khng c phn ng tch nc to anken. Hng ca phn ng tch nc tun theo quy tc zai-xp:
Quy tc zai-xp (Zaitsev): Nhm OH u tin tch ra cng vi H nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh to
thnh lin kt i C=C. V d:
4. Este ha:
Axit + Ru Este +H2O
5. Oxi ha:
+Ru bc (I) b oxi ha cho andehit : RCH2OH +CuO RCHO +Cu +H2O
+Ru bc (II) b oxi ha cho xeton. :
'
|
OH
R CH R
+CuO
2
'
||
O
R C R Cu H O + +
6. Cch chuyn ru bc (I) sang bc (II):
R CH2 CH2 OH R CH =CH2 +H2O
R CH =CH2 +H2O
3
|
OH
R CH CH
IV. iu ch
1. Ln men tinh bt:
3CH
3
OH +3C
2
H
5
OH
(C6H10O5)n +nH2O nC6H12O6
C6H12O6
men
ru
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2. Hirat ha anken xc tc axit
CnH2n +H2O CnH2n+1OH
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
3. T andehit v xeton.
R CHO +H2 R CH2OH ( ru bc I )
R CO R R CHOH R ( Ru bc II)
4. Thy phn dn xut halogen trong mi trng kim:
R Cl +NaOH R OH +NaCl
C2H5Cl + NaOH C2H5 OH +NaCl
2 2 2 2
3 3
| | | | | |
Cl Cl OH OH OH
CH CH CH NaOH CH CH CH NaCl
Cl
+ +
5. Thy phn este ( x phng ha):
R COO R + NaOH R COONa + ROH
6 . Metanol ( CH3OH )c th sn xut t 2 cch sau:
+CH4 +H2O CO + 3H2
CO +2H2 CH3OH
+ 2CH4 +O2 2CH3 OH
Gii thiu ancol a chc quan trng
GLIXEROL
I. Cng thc cu to v l tnh
Glixerol l ancol a chc C3H8O3 hoc C3H5(OH)3
Cng thc cu to
II. Tnh cht ha hc ( Mang y tnh cht ha hc ca ancol a chc c nhm OH lin k)
1. Phn ng vi Natri
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
enzim
H
+
H
2
SO
4
, 300
0
C
Ni
Ni,t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
,xt
t
o
,xt,p
t
o
,xt,p
4
2. Phn ng vi axit (phn ng este ha)
3. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2
Cho cht lng mu xanh lam c trng nn c dng nhn bit glixerin
III. iu ch
1. Thy phn cht bo
2. i t propylen
+ 2CH4 +O2 2CH3 OH
2. PHENOL
I. nh ngha - Cng thc cu to
Phenol l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm OH gn trc tip vi nguyn t C ca vng benzen.
V d: - CH3
Khc vi Phenol, ancol thm l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm OH khng gn trc tip vo nhn benzen.
V d: - CH2 OH l ancol thm, ch khng phi phenol
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
t
o
,xt,p
5
OH OH
Phenol c lc axit mnh hn ancol ( khng nhng tc dng c vi kim loi kim m cn phn ng c vi
NaOH), tuy nhin n vn ch l mt axit rt yu (b axit cacbonic y khi phenolat). Dung dch phenol khng lm i
mu qu tm.
II. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Phn ng vi kim loi kim
2. Phn ng vi dung dch kim

- Phn ng ny chng t phenol c tnh axit, nhng rt yu
+H2O +CO2 +NaHCO3
- Phn ng ny chng t C6 H5OH yu hn c H2CO3
3. Phn ng th vi nc brm
2, 4, 6 tribrm phenol
- Phn ng ny dng nhn bit phenol
4. Tc dng vi HNO3 c:
III. iu ch
1. Chng ct nha than
2. T C6H6:
C6H6 C6H5CH(CH3)2 C6H5OH + CH3COCH3
C6H6 +Cl2 C6H5Cl +HCl
C6H5Cl + NaOH C6H5OH +NaCl
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
CH
2
=CHCH
3
, H
+
1)O
2
(kk); 2)H
2
SO
4
Fe
t
o
, p
6
3. T natri phenolat:
C6H5ONa +HCl C6H5OH + NaCl
C6H5ONa + CO2 +H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3
4. Oxi ha iso propyl benzen:
CHNG II
ANEHIT XETON_ AXIT CACBOXYLIC
1. Andehit
I. nh ngha
-Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m trong phn t c nhm (CH=O) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon hoc
hiro. Nhm CH=O c gi l nhm chc ca andehit, n c gi l nhm cacbanehit.
Vd: HCH=O ( fomandehit); CH3CH=O( axetandehit),
Cng thc phn t: CnH2n +2 -2k x ( CH=O ) x trong k= lin kt , x = s chc.
No n chc l CnH2nO
Cng thc cu to :
II. ng phn danh php:
Cc cht trong nhm andehit gi theo IUPAC: tn ankan cng bc cacbon cng thm ui -al, v d metan
CH
4
sang H-CHO metanal.
Bc cacbon Tn IUPAC Tn thng im si C Cng thc
1 Metanal Fomandehit -19,5 H-CHO
2 Etanal Acetandehit 21 CH
3
-CHO
3 Propanal Propylandehit 48 C
2
H
5
-CHO
4 Butanal Butyrandehit 75 C
3
H
7
-CHO
5 Pentanal Amylaldehyd 103 C
4
H
9
-CHO
6 Hexanal Hexandehit 131 C
5
H
11
-CHO
7 Heptanal Heptylandehit 153 C
6
H
13
-CHO
8 Octanal Octylandehit 171 C
7
H
15
-CHO
9 Nonanal Nonylandehit 193 C
8
H
17
-CHO
Mt s andehit c tn thng thng c theo quy tc:
"Andehit" + Tn axit tng ng hoc Tn axit tng ng b "ic" + "andehit"
HCHO : formandehit hay andehit formic; CH
3
CHO : axetandehit hay andehit axetic;
C
2
H
5
CHO : propionandehit hay andehit propionic;
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CHO : andehit butiric;
(CH
3
)
2
CH-CHO : andehit isobutiric;
CH
2
=CH-CHO : andehit acrylic hay acrylandehit;
OHC-CHO : andehit oxalic hay oxalandehit.
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Phn ng cng H2( phn ng kh): Khi c xc tc Ni un nng, andehit cng vi hiro to ra ancol bc I:
RCHO +H2 RCH2OH
CH3CH=O + H2 CH3CH2 OH
2. Phn ng brom v kali pemanganat:
Andehit rt d b oxi ha, n lm mt mu nc Brom, dung dch kali pemanganat v b oxi ha thnh axit
cacboxylic.
RCH=O +Br2+H2O RCOOH + 2HBr
3. Tham gia phn ng trng gng (Phn ng trng bc).
RCHO +2 AgNO3+3NH3+H2O RCOONH4+2NH4NO3+2Ag.
V d:OHC CHO + 4 AgNO3+6NH3+2H2O NH4OOCCOONH4 +4NH4NO3+4Ag
Ch : HCHO khi tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 s to t l mol l 1:4 trong khi cc andehit n chc khc
ch to bc theo t l mol 1:2
HCHO + 4 AgNO3+6NH3+2H2O (NH4)2CO3+4NH4NO3+4Ag
4. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim:
RCHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH RCOONa+Cu2O +3H2O
V d: CH3CHO + 2 Cu(OH)2+NaOH CH3COONa+Cu2O+3H2O
5. Phn ng trng ngng vi phenol:
III. iu ch :
1. Oxi ha ru bc (I):
R CH2 OH +CuO R CHO +Cu +H2O
CH3OH +CuO HCHO +Cu +H2O
Fomandehit cn c iu ch bng cch oxi ha metanol nh oxi khng kh 600-700
0
C vi xc tc l Cu hoc
Ag.
2CH3 OH + O2 2HCHO + 2H2O
2. Oxy ho ankan iu kin thch hp.
CH4 + O2

HCHO + H2O
3. Thy phn dn xut 1,1 ihalogen.
3
Cl
|
2
|
Cl
CH CH NaOH + CH3CHO +2NaCl +H2O
4. Oxi ha cumen ri ch ha vi axit sunfuric thu c axeton vi phenol:
(CH3)2CH C6H5 tiu phn trung gian CH3 CO CH3 +C6H5 OH
*2CH
CH +O2 2CH3CH=O
*C2H2 +H2O CH3CHO
*RCOOH=CH2 +NaOH RCOONa + CH3CHO
2. Xeton
-Xeton l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t cacbon
V d: H3C CO CH3 n l ng phn khc chc ca andehyte
Tn thay th :S ch v tr nhnh + Tn nhnh + Tn mch chnh + S ch v tr nhm cacbonyl + "on"
V d : CH
3
-CO-CH
3
c tn thay th l propan-2-on hay propanon.
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
t
o
,
t
o
,
t
o
,xt
t
o
,
1)O
2
2)H
2
SO
4
, 20%
PdCl
2
, CuCl
2
HgSO
4
,t
o
9
I. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Xeton tham gia phn ng cng hiro khi c mt Ni xc tc, un nng to thnh ancol bc (II):
3 3 2
||
O
CH C CH H +
3 3
|
OH
CH CH CH
2 .Phn ng cng nc, cng hiro xianua:
3 3 3 3
C N
|
||
CH C CH H CN CH C CH
+
|
O OH
(xianohidrin)
3 .Phn ng gc hirocacbon
Nguyn t hiro bn cnh nhm cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng.
V d:
Phn ng xy ra khi dng brom khan v c xc tc axit axetic un nng.
II. iu ch :
1.Oxi ha ru bc (II):
'
|
OH
R CH R +CuO
2
'
||
O
R C R Cu H O + +
2.T Canxi axetat v CH3COONa:
(CH3COO)2Ca CH3 CO CH3 +CaCO3

2CH3COONa CH3 CO CH3 +Na2CO3
3.Oxi ha cumen:
Benzen --+propen---> Cumen --[O]---> Phenol + Axeton
3 . Axit hu c (axit cacboxylic)
I. nh ngha Axt cacboxylic: L mt loi axit hu c cha nhm chc cacboxyl, c cng thc tng qut l
R-C(=O)-OH, i khi c vit thnh R-COOH hoc R-CO
2
H trong R- l gc hydrocarbon no hoc
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
t
o
,
t
o
,
10
khng no.Loi axt cacboxylic n gin nht l no, n chc, k hiu R-COOH trong R- l gc
hydrocarbon thm ch ch l 1 nguyn t hydro.
ng ng v danh php
1 . ng ng
Axit cacboxylic no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t gm mt nhm - COOH lin kt vi gc
alkyl.
Cng thc tng qut CnH2n+1COOH (n 0) Hay CmH2mO2 (m 1)
Cng thc tng qut ca it mch h l : CnH2n +2 2k x (COOH) x
2. Tn gi
S nguyn t Carbon Tn thng dng Danh php IUPAC Cng thc cu to Thng c trong
1 Axt formic Axt metanoic HCOOH Nc ca cn trng
2 Axt axetic Axt etanoic CH
3
COOH Gim n
3 Axt propionic Axt propanoic CH
3
CH
2
COOH
4 Axt butyric Axt butanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
2
COOH B i
5 Axt valeric Axt pentanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
COOH
6 Axt caproic Axt hexanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
COOH
7 Axt enantoic Axt heptanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
COOH
8 Axt caprylic Axt octanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
COOH
9 Axt pelargonic Axt nonanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
COOH
10 Axt capric Axt decanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
COOH
12 Axt lauric Axt dodecanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
COOH C nhiu trong du da
18 Axt stearic Axt octadecanoic CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH
Tn thay th = tn ankan +oic
Nu axit khng no: CH2 = CH - COOH (axit acrylic)
CH2 = C - COOH (axit metacrylic)
CH3 - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - COOH
(axit oleic)
II. Tnh cht vt l
- Cc axit tan trong H2O v to lin kt hiro vi H2O
- Cc axit c nhit soi cao hn hn so vi ancol c cng s nguyn t C do gia hai phn t axit to
c 2 lin ht hiro.
-Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl ( -COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn
t cacbon hoc nguyn t hiro.
III. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Tnh axit:
- Axit cacboxylic in li khng hon ton trong nc theo cn bng:
R COOH +H2O H3O
+
+ R COO
-
;
3
[ ][ ]
[ ]
a
H O RCOO
K
RCOOH
+
(Ka l mc o lc axit, Ka cng ln th axit cng mnh v ngc li)

- Axit cacboxylic l mt axit yu. Tuy vy, chng c tnh cht ca 1 axit: lm qu tm ha , tc dng c
vi kim loi gii phng hiro, vi oxit kim loi, vi baz, vi mui v ru.
HCOOH +Na HCOONa +1/2 H2
2CH3COOH +MgO (CH3COO)2Mg +H2O
2CH2=CH COOH +Na2CO3 2CH2CH COONa +CO2+H2O
CH
3
HOOC COOH +Ca(OH)2
2
2
\ /
Ca
OOC COO H O +
- Trong cc axit no n chc, axit fomic (HCOOH) mnh hn c. Cc nhm ankyl y electron v pha nhm
cacboxyl nn lm gim lc axit. Cc nguyn t c m in ln gc R ht electron ca nhm cacboxyl .
2 Phn ng vi ancol ( phn ng este ha )
3. Phn ng tch nc lin phn t:
Khi cho tc dng vi P2O5. hai phn t axit tch i mt phn t nc to thnh phn t anhirit axit:
4. Phn ng th gc no.
Khi dng photpho xc tc, Cl ch th cho H cacbon bn cnh nhm cacboxyl
CH3CH2 CH2COOH +Cl2
3 2
|
Cl
CH CH CHCOOH HCl +
5. Phn ng th Cacbon
CH3 - CH2 - COOH + Cl2
as
CH3 - CH - COOH + HCl

6. Phn ng th gc thm.
Nhm cacboxyl vng benzen nh hng cho phn ng th tip theo vo v tr meta lm cho phn ng kh khn
hn so vi th vo benzen.

7. Phn ng c bit ca gc R:
+ Nu HOOH c kh nng tham gia trng bc:
HOOH +2AgNO3 + 4NH3 ( NH4 )2CO3 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
+R c ni i , th c phn ng tham gia trng hp, cng, oxi ha
Axit cha no cn cho phn ng cng, trng hp.
CH2=CH COOH +H2O HO CH2 CH2 COOH
nCH2=CH COOH
( )
2
|
COOH
n
CH CH
+Ngoi ra axit c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng:
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
P
xt, t
0
, P
12
Cl
IV. iu ch
1. Oxi ha anhit tng ng Oxi ha hirocacbon, ancol, andehyt tng ng:
C6H5 CH3 C6H5COOK C6H5 COOH
+Oxi ha ru bc I tng ng:
5CH2 CH2OH + 4KMnO4 + 6H2SO4 5CH3COOH + 2K2SO4+4MnSO4+11H2O
+Oxi ha hirocacbon cha no:
5CH3 CH = CH CH3 +8KMnO4+12H2SO4 10CH3COOH + 4K2SO4+8MnSO4 +12H2O
+Oxi ha ankan thch hp:
R CH3 RCOOH +H2O
CH3 - CH2 - CHO +
1
2
O2
xt
CH3 - CH2 - COOH

2. Ring CH3COOH cn thm cc phng php iu ch khc nh sau:
a. Ln men gim
C2H5OH + O2
Mengiam
CH3COOH + H2O
b. Tng hp t C2H2
C2H2 + H2O
4
0
80
HgSO
C
CH3CHO
CH3CHO +
1
2
O2
2
Mg
+
CH3COOH
CH2OH +CO CH3COOH
3 . R -CN + 2H2O RCOOH + NH3
CHNG III
ESTE LIPIT
1. ESTE
I. nh ngha Este l dn xut ca axit cacboxylic. Khi thay th nhm hiroxyl (OH) nhm cacboxyl (
COOH) ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este. Este n gin c cng thc cu to: RCOOR vi
R, R l gc hirocacbon no, khng no hoc thm

II. Cng thc cu to v danh php
Vi este to t axit n chc no phn ng vi ancol n chc no, ta c cng thc CnH2n+1COOCmH2n+1 hay
CkH2kO2 (k 2)
Cng thc este tng qut: CnH2n +2 -2k x Ox ( x = 2z) ; Rx(COO)xyRy
Tn este = tn gc hyrocacbon + tn gc axit
V d: CH3 - COO - C2H5 (tylaxetat)
C2H5 - COO - CH3 (mtylproponat)
Trng THPT Nguyn Du
KMnO
4
H
2
O,t
0
H
3
O
+
[O], xt. t
0
t
o
, xt
13
III. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Tnh cht chung
a. Phn ng thy phn
Este + nc
0
, H t
+
axit + ancol
H - COOC2H5 + H2O
0
, H t
+
HCOOH + C2H5OH
b. Phn ng x phng ha
Este + NaOH
0
t
Mui natri + ancol

CH3 - COO - C2H5 + NaOH
0
t
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
2. Tnh cht c bit
- Phn ng trng gng xy ra cc este fomiat khi phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3
H - C - O C2H5 + Ag2O
3
0
NH
t
2Ag + CO2 + C2H5OH
- Phn ng to hai mui: xy ra cc este phenyl khi phn ng vi dung dch NaOH.
CH3 - COOC6H5 + 2NaOH
0
t
CH3COONa + C6H5ONa + H2O

- Phn ng to axit v anehit: xy ra cc este vinyl khi thy phn
CH3 - COO - CH = CH2 + H2O
0
, H t
+
CH3COOH + CH3CHO
- Phn ng trng hp, cng lm mt mu nc brom... xy ra cc este cha no.
CH2 = CH - OOC - CH3 + Br2 CH2Br - CHBr - OOC - CH3
4. iu ch
- Cho axit tng ng phn ng vi ancol tng ng
- Tuy nhin c cc este c iu ch theo phng php ring nh sau:
* Axit + Axetylen Estevinyl
CH3COOH + CH = CH
xt
CH2 = CH = OOCCH3
* Phenol + anhiritaxit Estephenyl
C6H5OH + O(CH3CO)2 C6H5 - OOC - CH3 + CH3COOH
2 LIPIT
I PHN LOI, KHI NIM V TRNG THI T NHIN
1. Phn loi lipit
- Lipit c chia lm hai loi: lipit n gin v lipit phc tp.
+ Lipit n gin: sp, triglixerit ( cn gi l cht bo) v steroit
+ Lipit phc tp: photpholipit
Sp: - Este ca monoancol phn t khi ln vi axit bo phn t khi ln
- L cht rn iu kin thng (sp ong)
Steroit: - Este ca axit bo c phn t khi ln vi monoancol a vng c phn t khi ln (gi chung l
sterol)
O
- L cht rn khng mu, khng tan trong nc
Photpholipit : - Este hn tp ca glixerol vi axit bo c phn t khi cao v axit photphoric
- V d: lexithin (trong lng trng g)
2. Khi nim cht bo
- Cht bo l trieste ca glyxerol vi cc axit bo ( axit bo l axit thng t 12C n 24C khng phn
nhnh, gi chung l triglixerit.
- Khi thy phn cht bo th thu c glyxerol v axit bo (hoc mui)
- Cht bo c cng thc chung l:
- Axit bo no thng gp l: C
15
H
31
COOH (axit panmitic, t
nc
= 63
o
C); C
17
H
35
COOH (axit stearic, t
nc
= 70
o
C)
- Axit bo khng no thng gp l: C
17
H
33
COOH (axit oleic hay axit cis-octaeca-9-enoic, t
nc
= 13
o
C);
C
17
H
31
COOH (axit linoleic hay axit cis,cis-octaeca-9,12-ienoic, t
nc
= 5
o
C)
- Tristearin (glixeryl tristearat) c t
nc
= 71,5
o
C; tripanmitin (glixeryl panmitat) c t
nc
= 65,5
o
C; triolein (glixeryl
trioleat) c t
nc
= - 5,5
o
C
II TNH CHT CA CHT BO
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Cc cht bo khng tan trong nc do gc hirocacbon ln ca cc axit bo lm tng tnh k nc ca cc
phn t cht bo - Du thc vt thng c hm lng axit bo cha no (u dng cis) cao hn m ng vt
lm cho nhit nng chy ca du thc vt thp hn so vi m ng vt. Thc t, m ng vt hu nh tn
ti trng thi rn cn du thc vt tn ti trng thi lng
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a) Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit:
Triglixerit Glixerol Axit bo
b) Phn ng x phng ha:
Triglixerit Glixerol X phng
- Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim th to ra glixerol v hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. Mui natri
(hoc kali) ca axit bo chnh l x phng
- Phn ng x phng ha xy ra nhanh hn phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v khng thun nghch
- xc nh cht lng ca cht bo ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch s sau:
+ Ch s axit: l s miligam KOH trung ha hon ton cc axit t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
+ Ch s x phng ha: l tng s miligam KOH x phng ha cht bo v axit t do c trong 1 gam cht
bo
+ Ch s este: l hiu ca ch s x phng ha v ch s axit
+ Ch s iot: l s gam iot c th cng vo lin kt bi trong mch cacbon ca 100 gam cht bo
c) Phn ng hiro ha:
Triolein (lng) Tristearin (rn)
Phn ng hiro ha cht bo lm tng nhit nng chy ca cht bo
d) Phn ng oxi ha:
Ni i C=C gc axit khng no ca cht bo b ox ha chm bi oxi khng kh to thnh peoxit, cht ny b
phn hy thnh anehit c mi kh chu. l nguyn nhn ca hin tng du m b i thiu
II VAI TR CA CHT BO (SGK ha hc nng cao lp 12 trang 11)
1. S chuyn ha ca cht bo trong c th
2. ng dng trong cng nghip
C. CHT GIT RA
I KHI NIM V TNH CHT CA CHT GIT RA
1. Khi nim cht git ra
- L nhng cht khi dng cng vi nc th c tc dng lm sch cc cht bn bm trn cc vt rn m khng
gy ra phn ng ha hc vi cc cht
- Cc cht git ra ly trc tip t thin nhin nh b kt, b hn,v cc cht git ra tng hp
2. Tnh cht git ra
a) Mt s khi nim lin quan:
- Cht ty mu lm sch cc vt bn nh nhng phn ng ha hc nh nc Gia-ven, nc clo
- Cht u nc l cht tan tt trong nc nh etanol, axit axetic,
- Cht k nc l nhng cht hu nh khng tan trong nc nh hirocacbon, dn xut halogen. Cht k nc
th a du m, tc tan tt vo du m. Cht u nc th thng k du m
b) c im cu trc phn t mui natri ca axit bo:
(Cng thc cu to gn nht ca phn t mui natri stearat)
- Gm u a nc l nhm COO
Na
+
ni vi mt ui k nc, a du m l nhm C
x
H
y
(thng x 15)
- Cu trc ha hc gm mt u a nc gn vi mt ui di a du m l hnh mu chung cho phn t cht
git ra
c) C ch hot ng ca cht git ra:
Ly trng hp natri stearat lm v d, ui a du m CH
3
[CH
2
]
16
thm nhp vo vt bn, cn nhm COO
Na+ a nc li c xu hng ko ra pha cc phn t nc. Kt qu l vt bn b chia thnh nhng ht rt nh
c gi cht bi cc phn t natri stearat, khng bm vo vt rn na m phn tn vo nc ri b ra tri i.
II X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

X phng

Cht git ra tng hp
Ging
nhau

Cng kiu cu trc, ui di khng phn cc a du m kt hp vi u
phn cc a nc

ui di khng phn cc a du
m
u phn cc a nc
C
17
H
35
COO

Na
+
Natri stearat C
17
H
35
COONa (trong x phng)
C
12
H
25
OSO
3

Na
+
Natri lauryl sunfat C
12
H
25
OSO
3
Na (trong cht git ra)
Khc
nhau
- ui l gc hirocacbon ca axit
bo, u l anion cacboxylat
- Khi gp Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc
cng th natri stearat cho kt ta
lm gim cht lng x phng
- ui l bt k gc hirocacbon di no,
u c th l anion cacboxylat, sunfat
- Natri lauryl sunfat khng c hin tng
nn c u im l dng c vi nc
cng

Phng
php sn
xut
- un du thc vt hoc m ng
vt vi xt hoc KOH nhit
v p xut cao
- Oxi ha parafin ca du m nh
oxi khng kh, c xc tc, ri
trung ha axit sinh ra bng NaOH:
Oxi ha parafin c axit cacboxylic,
hiro ha axit thu c ancol, cho ancol
phn ng vi H
2
SO
4
ri trung ha th c
cht git ra loi ankyl sunfat
Thnh
phn
chnh
- Cc mui natri (hoc kali) ca
axit bo, thng l natri stearat
(C
17
H
35
COONa), natri panmitat
(C
15
H
31
COONa), natri oleat
(C
17
H
33
COONa)
- Cc ph gia thng l cht mu,
cht thm

-Ngoi cht git ra tng hp, cht thm,
cht mu, cn c th c cht ty trng nh
natri
hipocloritNatri hipoclorit c hi cho da
khi git bng tay
CHNG IV
GLUXIT
1. GLUCOZ
1. Cu trc - L tnh
a. Glycoz l hp cht tp chc, c cu to ca ancol a chc v anhit n chc.
HOCH2 - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CH = O
Hoc HOCH2 - (CHOH)4 - CH = O
b. Glucoz l cht rn, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc v c v ngt, nng chy 146
0
C.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh cht ca ancol a chc
- Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2
0
t
phong
dung dch xanh lam
- To ra este cha 5 gc axit trong phn t
V d:
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + 5CH3COOH
2 4
H SO
CH2OCOCH3 - (CHO - COCH3)4 - CHO + 5H2O

b. Tnh cht ca anehit
- Phn ng trng gng CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + AgO
3
0
NH
t
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - COOH + 2Ag
- Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 ung nng
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + 2Cu(OH)2
0
t
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - COOH + Cu2O+ 2H2O

- Phn ng cng
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CH = O + H2
Ni
CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CH2OH

c. Phn ng ln men ancol
C6H12O6
men ru
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
3. iu ch
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
0
, H t
+
nC6H12O6
Tinh bt
4. ng phn
Glucoz c ng phn l fructoz. Fructoz c cu to sau:
Dng mch h
Dng vng - Fructoz
Fructoz cng c tnh cht ca anc ol a chc, v ch tuy khng cha nhm - CHO trong phn t nhng
Fructoz cho c phn ng trng gng v to kt ta vi Cu(OH)2 khi un nng, do trong mi trng baz,
Fructoz chuyn ha thnh glycoz.
2. SACCAROZ C
12
H
22
O
11
1. Trng thi t nhin
Saccaroz l loi ng ph bin, c trong nhiu loi thc vt, nh ma, ca ci ng.
Cng thc phn t : C
12
H
22
O
11
Cng thc cu to:
2. Tnh cht l hc
Cht rn, khng mu, khng mi, c v ngt, tan trong nc
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng thy phn
C12H22O11 + H2O
0
, H t
+
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
glucozfructoz
b. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. Cho dung dch xanh lam
4. ng phn
Saccaroz c ng phn l mantoz (ng mch nha)
Mantoz c cu to sau:
Gc - glucoz Gc - glucoz
Khc vi saccaroz, mantoz cho c phn ng ca mt anhit.
3. TINH BT (C6H
10
O
5
)
n
1. Trng thi t nhin
Tinh bt cnhiu trong cc loi ht thc vt: go, m, k, ng... Trong cc loi c nh: khoai ty, khoai lang,
sn...
2. Tnh cht vt l
Tinh bt l cht bt v nh hnh, mu trng, khng tan trong nc
Khi un si mt phn tinh bt tan trong nc, cn phn ch yu to thnh dung dch keo l h tinh bt.
3. Cu to
Gm 2 dng
a. Amiloz: mch thng, gm 600 - 1200 gc - glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt - 1,4 - glucozit.
b. Amilopectin: mch phn nhnh, gm 6000 - 36000 gc - glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt - 1,4 -
glucozit v - 1,6 - glucozit.
4. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng thy phn
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
0
, H t
+
nC6H12O6
Glucoz
b. Phn ng mu vi it
Tinh bt + nc it mu xanh
* Ch : tinh bt khng cho cc phn ng ca mt anhit
4. XENLULOZ (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
1. Trng thi t nhin
Xenluloz l thnh phn chnh to nn lp mng t bo thc vt.
Xenluloz c nhiu trong: bng, si ay, gai, tre, na v.v... trong g khong 40 - 50% xenluloz.
2. Tnh cht l hc
Xenluloz l cht rn, c dng si, mu trng, khng mi, khng tan trong nc, ete, ancol, benzen... tan trong
nc Svayde (dung dch NH3 cha Cu(OH)2)
3. Cu to
Xenluloz ch c cu to mch thng, hnh thnh dng si ca xenluloz, gm t 6000 n 42000 gc -
glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt - 1,4 - glucozit.
Do mi gc glucoz C6H10O5 c ba nhm OH nn cng thc ca xenluloz c th vit [C6H7O2(OH)3]n
4. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng thy phn
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
0
, H t
+
nC6H12O6
Glucoz
b. Phn ng este ha : Tc dng vi HNO3 c (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc, un nng)
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHOON2
2 4
0
H SO
t
[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3n H2O
CHNG V
AMIN - AMINOAXIT V PRTIN
1. AMIN
I KHI NIM, PHN LOI, DANH PHP V NG PHN
1. Khi nim
Amin l hp cht hu c c to ra khi th mt hoc nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac bng mt hoc nhiu gc
hirocacbon. V d:
2. Phn loi Amin c phn loi theo hai cch thng dng nht:
a) Theo c im cu to ca gc hirocacbon: amin thm, amin bo, amin d vng. V d:
b) Theo bc ca amin: Bc amin: l s nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon. Theo , cc amin c
phn loi thnh: amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3. V d:
3. Danh php
a) Cch gi tn theo danh php gc chc : ank + yl + amin
b) Cch gi tn theo danh php thay th : ankan + v tr + amin
c) Tn thng thng ch p dng vi mt s amin
Hp cht Tn gc chc Tn thay th Tn thng
CH3NH2 metylamin metanamin
CH3CH(NH2)CH3 isopropylamin propan-2-amin
CH3NHC2H5 etylmetylamin N-metyletanamin
CH3CH(CH3)CH2NH2 isobutylamin 2-metylpropan-1-amin
CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3 sec-butylamin butan-2-amin
(CH3)3CNH2 tert-butylamin 2-metylpropan-2-amin
CH3NHCH2CH2CH3 metylpropylamin N-metylpropan-1-amin
CH3NHCH(CH3)2 isopropylmetylamin N-metylpropan-2-amin
C2H5NHC2H5 ietylamin N-etyletanamin
(CH3)2NC2H5 etylimetylamin N,N-imetyletanamin
C6H5NH2 phenylamin benzenamin anilin
Ch :
- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo th t ch ci a, b, c
- Vi cc amin bc 2 v 3, chn mch di nht cha N lm mch chnh, N c ch s v tr nh nht. t mt nguyn t N trc mi
nhm th ca amin - Khi nhm NH2 ng vai tr nhm th th gi l nhm amino. V d: CH3CH(NH2)COOH (axit 2-
aminopropanoic)
4. ng phn Amin c cc loi ng phn:
- ng phn v mch cacbon:
- ng phn v tr nhm chc
- ng phn v bc ca amin
II TNH CHT VT L
- Metyl, imetyl, trimetyl v etylamin l nhng cht kh c mi khai kh chu, c, d tan trong nc, cc amin ng ng cao
hn l cht lng hoc rn
- Anilin l cht lng, nhit si l 184
o
C, khng mu, rt c, t tan trong nc, tan trong ancol v benzen
III CU TO PHN T V SO SNH LC BAZ
1. Cu trc phn t ca amoniac v cc amin
2. Cu to phn t ca amoniac v cc amin
Trn nguyn t nit u c cp electron t do nn amoniac v cc amin u d dng nhn proton. V vy amoniac v cc amin u
c tnh baz.
3. c im cu to ca phn t anilin
- Do gc phenyl (C6H5) ht cp electron t do ca nit v pha mnh, s chuyn dch electron theo hiu ng lin hp p p (chiu
nh mi tn cong) lm cho mt electron trn nguyn t nit gim i, kh nng nhn proton gim i. Kt qu l lm cho tnh baz
ca anilin rt yu (khng lm xanh c qu tm, khng lm hng c phenolphtalein).
- Nhm amino (NH2) lm tng kh nng th Br vo gc phenyl (do nh hng ca hiu ng +C). Phn ng th xy ra cc v tr
ortho v para do nhm NH2 y electron vo lm mt electron cc v tr ny tng ln
4. So snh lc baz
a) Cc yu t nh hng n lc baz ca amin:
- Mt electron trn nguyn t N: mt cng cao, lc baz cng mnh v ngc li
- Hiu ng khng gian: gc R cng cng knh v cng nhiu gc R th lm cho tnh baz gim i, ph thuc vo gc hirocacbon.
V d tnh baz ca (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N ; (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2
b) Phng php
Gc y electron lm tng tnh baz, gc ht electron lm gim tnh baz. V d: p-NO2-C6H4NH2 < C6H5NH2 < NH3 < CH3NH2 <
C2H5NH2 < C3H7NH2
IV TNH CHT HA HC
1. Tnh cht ca chc amin
a) Tnh baz: tc dng ln giy qu tm m hoc phenolphtalein v tc dng vi axit
- Dung dch metylamin v nhiu ng ng ca n c kh nng lm xanh giy qu tm hoc lm hng phenolphtalein do kt hp vi
proton mnh hn amoniac
- Anilin v cc amin thm rt t tan trong nc. Dung dch ca chng khng lm i mu qu tm v phenolphtalein
b) Phn ng vi axit nitr:
- Amin no bc 1 + HNO2 ROH + N2 + H2O. V d: C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O
- Amin thm bc 1 tc dng vi HNO2 nhit thp to thnh mui iazoni.
V d: C6H5NH2 + HONO + HCl C6H5N2
+
Cl
-
+ 2H2O
benzeniazoni clorua
c) Phn ng ankyl ha: amin bc 1 hoc bc 2 tc dng vi ankyl halogenua (CH3I, .)
Phn ng ny dng iu ch amin bc cao t amin bc thp hn.
V d: C2H5NH2 + CH3I C2H5NHCH3 + HI
d) Phn ng ca amin tan trong nc vi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi c hiroxit kt ta
3CH3NH2 + FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3NH3Cl
2. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilin
V . IU CH
1. iu ch
a) Thay th nguyn t H ca phn t amoniac
Ankylamin c iu ch t amoniac v ankyl halogenua. V d:
b) Kh hp cht nitro
Anilin v cc amin thm thng c iu ch bng cch kh nitrobenzen (hoc dn xut nitro tng ng) bi hiro mi sinh nh
tc dng ca kim loi (nh Fe, Zn) vi axit HCl. V d:
Hoc vit gn l:
2. AMINOAXIT
1. nh ngha, cng thc cu to v danh php
a. nh ngha : Aminoaxit l hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha ng thi nhm chc
amino (-CH2) v nhm chc cacboxyl (-COOH).
Cht n gin nht: H2N - CH2 - COOH axit amino axtic
b. Danh php : Cc amino axit c gi tn theo trnh t sau
Axit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng
V d:
+ NH2 - CH2 - COOH axit amino axtic
+ CH3 - CH - COOH axit amino propionic
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh baz
Amino + axit mui
H2N - CH2 - COOH + HCl H3N
+
- CH2 - COOHCl
-
b. Tnh axit
Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz mui + nc
Tc dng vi ancol este
H2N - CH2 - COOH + NaOH H2N - CH2 - COONa + H2O
H2N - CH2 - COOH + C2H5OH HCl
H2N - CH2 - COOC2H5 + H2O

c. Phn ng trng ngng
Phn ng to ra polipeptit
2. PROTIT
1. nh ngha
Protit l nhng chui polipeptit di m cc mt xch l cc gc - aminoaxit.
2. Cu to ca protit
Thnh phn nguyn t: gm C, H, O, N. Ngoi ra c protit cn cha S, P, I v.v...
* Cu to
Prtit
thuy phan
hn hp trn 20 aminoaxit khc nhau.
V vy c th coi phn t protit gm cc mch di polipeptit hp thnh.
3. Phn ng thy phn
a. Phn ng thy phn
b. S ng t
Mt s prtit tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo, khi un nng to kt ta.
c. Phn ng mu
axit HNO3 c + lng trng trng (abumin) hp cht c mu
CHNG VI
HP CHT CAO PHN T
V VT LIU POLIME
1. KHI NIM CHUNG POLIME
1. nh ngha
Nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln, do nhiu mt xch lin kt vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn
t hay polime.
2. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht l hc
- Cc polime khng bay hi, do khi lng phn t ln v lc lin kt gia cc phn t ln.
- Nhit nng chy khng xc nh
- Kh ha tan
b. Tnh cht ha hc
- Nhiu polime bn vi axit, baz, cht oxi ha.
- Mt s km bn vng vi axit, baz
V d: len, t tm, t nilon...
3. iu ch
a. Trng hp
(CH2 = CH2)
0
.200
100
xt C
at
(-CH2 - CH2 -)n
b. Trng ngng
n H2N - CH2 - COOH
0
t
(-HN - CH2 - C -)n + n H2O

2. CHT DO
1. nh ngha
Cht do l nhng vt dng c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin
dng khi thi tc dng.
2. Thnh phn cht do : Cht do l hn hp ca nhiu cht : Polime (thin nhin hoc tng hp), cht ha do. cht
n, cht ph
3. Mt s polime dng lm cht do
a. PE : Cng thc (-CH2 - CH2-)n
- Sn phm trng hp ca CH2 = CH2
b. PS : Cng thc (-CH - CH2-)n
O
C
6
H
5
- Sn phm trng hp ca C6H5 - CH = CH2
c. PVC : Cng thc (-CH2 - CH-)n
- Sn phm trng hp ca CH2 = CH - Cl
d. P.P : Cng thc (-CH2 - CH-)n
Sn phm trng hp ca CH2 = CH - CH3
e. Nha phenolfmandehit
Cng thc
Sn phm trng ngng ca C6H5OH v CH2O
3. T HA HC
Gm t nhn to v t tng hp
1. T nhn to
L loi t c sn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.
T visco, t axetat... thuc nhm t nhn to.
2. T tng hp
L loi t c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp
T polieste, t nilon... thuc nhm t tng hp
4.CAO SU
Cl
CH
3
PH LC
*Cch vit ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t:
-Bc 1: Xc nh bt bo ha () v nhm chc c th c.
bt bo ha (): cho bit s lin kt (ni i, ni ba) hoc dng mch vng, hoc c hai m HCHC c th c.
Cch tnh gi tr (): Vi HCHC dng CxHyOzNtXu (X l halogen) ta c:
2 2 ( )
2
x y u t + +

Bng gi tr v loi HCHC tng ng ( c th c )
CxHy CxHyO CxHyOz CxHyNt
0 Ankan
Ru no, n chc,
Ete no, n chc
Ru no, 2 chc este
+ ru
Amin no
1 Anken xicloanken
Andehit, xeton, ru,
ete cha no
Axit. Este,
Andehit+Ru,
andehit+este
Amin khng no
2
Ankin, ankadien,
xicloanken
Andehit, xeton c
cha ( C=C)
Axit, este cha no,
andehit 2 chc
4
Benzen dn xut ca
halogen
Amin thm
5
Benzen c 1 lin kt
(C=C) ngoi vng.
Xc nh nhm chc (c th c) :
-Da vo cng thc phn t, gi tr c th suy ra cc nhm chc c th c.
V d: Vi hp cht CxHyOzNt nu >0 th:
= tng s lin kt v dng mch vng m HCHC c th c.
Cc lin kt c th thuc ( C=C); (-C
C-); (C=O); (C=N-); (-N=O), t suy ra c nhm nh chc v s ni a

trong HCHC.
-Bc 2: Vit mch cacbon c th c, t mch di nht ( mch thng) n mch chnh ngn nht, bng cch bt dn s
nguyn t cacbon mch chnh to nhnh ( gc ankyl).
-Bc 3: Thm ni a(i, ba), nhm chc, nhm th vo cc v tr thch hp trn tng mch cacbon.
-Bc 4: Bo ha gi tr cacbon bng s nguyn t Hidro sao cho .
* Mt s gc hidrocacbon v gi tn cn ch :
Gc
Cu to Gi tn
No
CH3CH2CH2- n-propyl
CH3-CH-
|
CH3
Iso-propyl (iso: nhm CH3 gn vo v
tr C th 2 t ngoi mch m vo)
CH3CH2CH-
|
CH3
Sec-butyl (Sec: -CH3 gn vo v tr C
th 3 t ngoi mch m vo )
CH3
|
CH3 C
|
CH3
Tert- Butyl
CH3
|
CH3 C CH2
|
CH3
Neo-pentyl
Khng no CH2=CH- Vinyl
CH3-CH=CH- Propenyl
CH2=C Iso- propenyl
|
CH3
Thm
C6H5- Phenyl
C6H5 CH2 Benzyl
CH3 C6H4 p-Tolyl
B H THNG MT S KIN THC TNG QUT V HP CHT HU C
I/- Cc khi nim c bn
1. ng ng l nhng hp cht hu c c cu to ha hc tng t nhau, tnh cht ha
hc ging nhau nhng thnh phn cu to ca phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm
metylen ( CH
2
).
V d: CH
4
; C
2
H
6
; ...
HCOOH ; CH
3
COOH ; C
2
H
5
COOH ; ...
2. ng phn l nhng cht hp cht hu c c cng CTPT nhng CTCT khc nhau nn
tnh cht ha hc khc nhau.
V d: CH
3
CH
2
OH v CH
3
O CH
3
ng phn hnh hc:
ng phn cis: Nu 2 nhm hoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt vo 2
nguyn t C ca lin kt i nm cng mt pha vi lin kt i.
ng phn trans: Nu hai nhm hoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt
vo 2 nguyn t C ca lin kt i nm v 2 pha i vi lin kt i.
V d:
3. Nhm chc l nhm nguyn t gy ra nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho hp
cht hu c.
* Hp cht n chc l nhng hp cht ch c mt nhm chc trong phn t. V d:
C
2
H
5
OH ; CH
3
COOH ; ...
* Hp cht tp chc l nhng hp cht c hai hay nhiu nhm chc khc nhau. V d:
NH
2
CH
2
COOH; HOCH
2
(CHOH)
4
CHO (glucoz).
* Hp cht a chc l nhng hp cht c 2 hay nhiu nhm chc ging nhau. V d:
C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
; C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
; ...
II/- nh ngha mt s hp cht hu c
1. Parafin (ankan) l nhng hirocacbon mch h, ch c lin kt n trong phn
t, c CTTQ C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1).
2. Olefin (anken) l nhng hirocacbon khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, c CTTQ
C
2
H
2n
(n 2).
3. iolefin (ankaien) l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c 2 lin kt i, c
CTTQ C
n
H
2n - 2
(n 3).
a c
C = C
b b
vi
a b
c d
H H
C = C
CH
3
CH
3
cis buten - 2
H CH
3
C = C
CH
3
H
trans buten - 2
4. Ankin l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c mt lin kt 3, c CTTQ C
n
H
2n -2
(n
2).
5. Aren l nhng hidrocacbon khng no, mch vng , c 4 lin kt c CTTQ C
n
H
2n -6
(n 6).
6. Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxyl lin
kt vi gc hirocacbon.
- Ancol no n chc: C
n
H
2n + 1
OH hay : C
n
H
2n + 2
O k: (n 1)
- Ancol khng no n chc c 1 ni i : C
n
H
2n - 1
OH hay : C
n
H
2n
O k: (n 3)
- Ancol thm n chc: C
n
H
2n 7
OH hay : C
n
H
2n - 6
O k: (n 7)
- Ancol no a chc: C
n
H
2n + 2 - a
(OH)
a
hay : C
n
H
2n + 2
O
a
k: (n 2; a 2; n a )
7. Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t ca chng c nhm hiroxyl lin kt
trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng benzen.
V d:
C
6
H
5
OH
8. Anehit no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm chc
anehit
H
C
O
_

,
lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no.
9. Axit cacboxylic no n chc l hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm
cacboxyl (COOH) lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no.
Axit cacboxylic khng no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt
nhm cacboxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon khng no (c lin kt i hoc lin kt ba).
V d: CH
2
= CH COOH : axit acrylic
: axit metacrylic
CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH = CH (CH
2
)
7
COOH : axit oleic
10. Amin l nhng hp cht hu c sinh ra do nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac
c thay bng gc hirocacbon. Ty theo s nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c
thay th ta c amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3.
V d:
CH
3
NH
2
: metylamin (bc 1) :
trimetylamin (bc 3)
C
6
H
5
NH
2
: phenylamin hay anilin (bc 1)
CH
3
NH CH
3
: imetylamin (bc 2)
11. Lipit (cht bo) l nhng este ca glixerin vi cc axit bo.
V d:
2
2
CH OCOR
|
CH OCOR'
|
CH OCOR"
Axit bo: C
15
H
31
COOH: axit panmitic (no)
C
17
H
35
COOH: axit stearic (no)
C
17
H
33
COOH: axit oleic (khng no).
OH
CH
3
o - crezol
OH
CH
3
m- crezol
OH
CH
3
p- crezol
CH
3
N CH
3
|
CH
3
CH
2
= C COOH
|
CH
3
12. Gluxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, c cha nhiu nhm hiroxyl (OH) v c
nhm cacbonyl
\
C O
/
_

,
trong phn t. C nhiu loi gluxit:
6 12 6
glucoz
monosaccarit
C H O fructoz

12 22 11
saccaroz
isaccarit
C H O mantoz

( )
6 10 5
n
tinhbt
poli saccarit
C H O xenluloz
13. Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha
ng thi nhm chc amino (NH
2
) v nhm chc cacboxyl ( COOH).
Tn gi cc aminoaxit = axit + ( , , ...) amino + tn axit tng ng.
V d:
2
2
CH COOH
|
NH
3
2
CH CH COOH
|
NH

axit aminoxetic axit - aminopropionic.
14. Protit: Phn t gm cc chui polipeptit hp thnh. Thnh phn ca protit gm c
C , H , O , N ; ngoi ra cn c S , P , Fe , I
2
, ...
15. Hp cht cao phn t (hay polime) l nhng hp cht hu c c khi lng phn
t rt ln (thng t hng ngn ti hnh triu vc) c cu to t nhng mt xch lin kt
vi nhau.
V d:
[ ]
2 2
n
CH CH : PE
2
3
n
CH CH
|
COOCH
1
1
1
]
: PVA
2
n
CH CH
|
Cl
1
1
1
]
: PVC [ ]
2 2
n
CH CH CH CH : cao su buna.
16. Cht do l nhng vt liu c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit
, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng khi thi tc dng.
Thnh phn ca cht do gm polime, cht ha do, cht n, cht ph to mu, cht
chng oxi ha, cht dit trng, ...V d: PE , PS , PVC, PP, ...
o
3 3
xt,t
2 2
3 3
n
CH CH
| |
nCH C CH C
| |
COOCH COOCH
_

,
(polimetylmetacrylat - thy tinh hu c (plexiglat))
17. T l nhng polime thin nhin hoc tng hp c th ko thnh si di v mnh.
- T thin nhin c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm, len, bng, ...
- T ha hc l t c ch bin bng phng php ha hc, bao gm t nhn to v
t tng hp.
T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin (t xenluloz) iu ch t
visco, t axetat, ...
T tng hp c sn xut t polime tng hp (t poliamit, t polieste).
- iu ch t nilon: n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2
+ n HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH
o
t
[NH (CH
2
)
6
NH CO (CH
2
)
4
CO ]
n
+ 2n H
2
O
nilon - 6,6
- iu ch t capron:
[ ]
o
t ,p
2 5 2 5
n
NH
n(CH ) | CO (CH ) NH
CO
caprolactam capron

- iu ch t enang:
n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
COOH [ ]
o
t ,p
2 6
xt
n
NH (CH ) CO + n H
2
O
- iu ch t axetat:
[C
6
H
7
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2n CH
3
COOH
x t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)(OCOCH
3
)
2
]
n
+ 2n H
2
O
xenluloz iaxetat
[C
6
H
7
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3n CH
3
COOH
x t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OCOCH
3
)
3
]
n
+ 3n H
2
O
xenluloz triaxetat
18. Cao su l cht c tnh n hi cao, d bin dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc, khi
ngng tc dng th tr li dng ban u. Cao su c tnh khng thm nc, thm kh.
C 2 loi cao su: - Cao su t nhin - Cao su tng hp.
- Cao su t nhin c trch t m (nha) cy Hva, ging nh sn phm trng hp ca isopen.
Cng thc:
2 2
3
n
CH C CH CH
|
CH
1
1
1
]
.
- Cao su tng hp: cao su buna v cao su isopen.
n CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
[ ]
o
t ,p
2 2
Na
n
CH CH CH CH
o
2 2 2 2
t ,p
xt
3 3
n
nCH C CH CH CH C CH CH
| |
CH CH
1
1
1
]
.
- S lu ha cao su: Qu trnh a lu hunh vo
mch polime ca cao su nhit nht nh. Kt
qu l cc nguyn t S tr thnh cc cu ni isunfua
S S ni cc i phn t polime li vi nhau to dng
cu to mng li trong khng gian bn cht
III/- Cc phn ng ha hc
1. Phn ng trng hp: Qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh (monome) to
thnh phn t ln (polime) c gi l phn ng trng hp.
iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng hp l phi c lin kt bi (lin kt i, ba).
V d: CH
2
= CH
2
; C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
; CH
2
= CHCl ; CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
Phn ng ng trng hp l phn ng kt hp nhiu monome ca nhiu loi
monome khc nhau to polime.
V d:
S
S
S
S
S
S
n CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
+ n [CH
2
CH = CH CH
2
CH CH
2
]
n
Butadien 1, 3 Styren Cao su buna - S
CH = CH
2
2. Phn ng trng ngng: Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau
thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng phn t H
2
O c gi l phn ng trng ng-
ng.
V d: n H
2
N CH
2
COOH
o 2
t
n
HN CH C
||
O
1
1
1
]
+ n H
2
O.
iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc tr ln:
H
2
N CH
2
COOH ; H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2

HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH ; NH
2
(CH
2
)
5
COOH ; ...
V d: n H
2
N CH
2
COOH [ ]
o
t ,p
2
xt
n
NH CH CO + n H
2
O.
n HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH
p xt
o
t , ,

[ ]
n 2 2
O CH CH
+ n H
2
O
Phn ng ng trng ngng l phn ng kt hp nhiu monome ca 2 loi monome
khc nhau to ra polime v gii phng H
2
O.
V d: n HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH + n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2

[ ]
2 4 2 6
n
CO (CH ) CO NH (CH ) NH + 2n H
2
O
nilon 6,6
3. Phn ng th l phn ng trong c mt nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t)
ny c thay th bi mt nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t) khc m cu to ca mch
cacbon khng thay i.
V d: CH
4
+ Cl
2

as
CH
3
Cl + HCl
C
6
H
6
+ HONO
2

2 4
H SO
C
6
H
5
NO
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
5
OH + Na
C
2
H
5
ONa +
1
2
H
2
4. Phn ng hp nc (hirat ha) l phn ng cng nc vo hp cht c lin kt (C =
C) to ra mt sn phm.
V d: CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
O
2 4
H SO l
C
2
H
5
OH
5. Phn ng este ha l phn ng kt hp gia axit hu c hoc axit v c v ru.
Trong phn ng ny, axit gp nhm OH, ru gp H linh ng tch ra phn t H
2
O.
Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch.
V d: CH
3
COOH + H OC
2
H
5

2 4
H SO
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O.
Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng xy ra ng thi theo hai chiu ngc nhau
trong cng mt iu kin.
6. Phn ng thy phn l phn ng dng nc phn tch mt cht thnh nhiu
cht khc trong mi trng axit hoc baz. Phn ng ny xy ra chm v l phn ng
thun nghch.
V d: CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
2 4
H SO l
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng thy phn l: dn xut halogen, este, saccaroz, mantoz,
tinh bt, xenluloz, cht bo (lipit), protit.
V d: C
2
H
5
Cl + H
2
O

OH
C
2
H
5
OH + HCl
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O

+
H
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O

+
H
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
Saccaroz Glucoz fructoz
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O

+
H
2C
6
H
12
O
6
Mantoz Glucoz
(C
6
H
10
O
5
) + n H
2
O

+
H
n C
6
H
12
O
6
Tinh bt hoc xenlucoz Glucoz
2 1
2
2 3
CH COOR
|
CH COOR
|
CH COOR
+ 3 H
2
O

+
H

2
2
CH OH
|
CH OH
|
CH OH
+
2
2
CH COOH
|
CH COOH
|
CH COOH
Lipit
[ NH (CH
2
)
5
CO ]
n
+ n H
2
O n NH
2
(CH
2
)
5
COOH
Protit
7. Qui tc th vng nhn benzen:
Khi vng nhn benzen c sn nhm th ankyl hoc OH, NH
2
, Cl, Br (nhm th
y e) phn ng th xy ra d hn v u tin th vo v tr ortho, para.
Khi vng nhn benzen c sn nhm th SO
3
H, NO
2
, CHO, COOH (nhm th ht
e) phn ng th xy ra kh hn v u tin th vo v tr meta.
V d: * benzen o - bromonitrobenzen
* benzen m - bromonitrobenzen
8. iu ch cc hp cht hu c
a) Nguyn liu:
- Than (C), vi (CaO).
- Tinh bt, xenluloz, v bo, mn ca (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
.
- Du m (C
4
H
10
).
+ Br
2
+ HBr
Br
+ HO NO
2
+ H
2
O
Br Br
NO
2
+ HO NO
2
+ H
2
O
NO
2
+ Br
2
+ HBr
NO
2
NO
2
Br
- Kh thin nhin (CH
4
).
b) Cc hp cht hu c cn iu ch
- Nha: PE, PVC, PP, PS, PVA, phenol fomanehit.
- Cao su buna, cao su isopren.
- Este : Polimetyl metacrylat (thy tinh hu c plexiglat)
3
2
3
n
CH
|
CH CH
|
COOCH
1
1
1
1
1
]
.
- Polimetyl acrylat
2
3
n
CH CH
|
COOCH
1
1
1
]
.
- Glixerin.
- Axit: axit axetic, axit acrylic, axit metacrylic.
- Phenol (axit phenic), anilin, axit picric, TNT, 666, (o) bromnitrobenzen, (m)
bromnitrobenzen.
- T: t nilon 6,6, t capron, t enang, t axetat.
IV Danh php
Ch : Mun gi tn ng ca este, aminoaxit th phi nh tn gi ca cc axit tng ng
Cc tn ca axit tng ng cn nh sau: tn hidrocacbon tng ng + oic
Cng thc cu to Tn thng thng Tn thay th
HCOOH Axit Fomic Axit Metanoic
CH
3
COOH Axit Axetic Axit Etanoic
CH
3
CH
2
COOH Axit Propionic Axit Propanoic
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH Axit Butiric Axit Butanoic
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
COOH Axit Valeric Axit Pentanoic
CH
2
= CH COOH Axit Acrylic Axit Propenoic
CH C COOH Axit Propiolic Axit Propinoic
CH
2
= CH CH
2
COOH Axit Vinylaxetic Axit But 3 enoic
CH
3
CH = CH COOH Axit Crotonic Axit But 2 enoic
CH
2
= C - COOH
CH
3
Axit Metacrylic Axit 2 - Metylpropenoic
HOOC COOH Axit Oxalic Axit Etanioic
HOOC CH
2
COOH Axit Malonic Axit Propanioic
HOOC (CH
2
)
2
COOH Axit Sucxinic Axit Butanioic
- COOH
Axit Benzoic Axit Benzenmetanoic
- CH
2
- COOH
Axit Phenylaxetic Axit Benzenetanoic
- CH = CH - COOH
Axit Xiamic Axit 3 Phenylprop 2 enoic
COOH
Axit
Naphtoic Axit Naphtalencacboxylic

CH = CH
HOOC COOH
Axit Maleic Axit Cis Butenioc
CH = CH
HOOC
COOH
Axit Fumaric Axit Trans Butenioc
Tn gi ca cc aminoaxic nh sau
Cng thc Tn thay th Tn bn h thng
Tn
thng
K
hiu
CH
2
- COOH
NH
2
Axit Aminoetanic Axit Aminoaxetic Glyxin Gly
CH
3
- CH - COOH
NH
2
Axit 2 Aminopropanoic Axit
- Aminopropanoic Alanin Ala

CH
3
- CH - CH - COOH
NH
2
CH
3
Axit 2-amino-3-metylbutanoic Axit
- aminoisovaleric Valin Val

- CH
2
- CH - COOH
NH
2
HO -
Axit 2-amino-3(4-
hidroxylphenyl)propanoic
Axit
-amino-
-3(p-
hidroxylphenyl)propionoic
Tyrosin Tyr
2
2 2
I
NH
HOOC[CH ] CHCOOH
Axit 2 Aminopentanioic Axit
- Aminoglutamic
Axit
Glutamic
Glu
2
2 2 4
I
NH
H N[CH ] CHCOOH
Axit 2,6-iaminohexanoic Axit
,
- iaminocaproic Lysin Lys
H
2
N [CH
2
]
5
- COOH 6 Aminohexanoic Axit
- Aminocaproic
Trng ngng cho
t caproic
H
2
N [CH
2
]
6
- COOH 7 Aminoheptanoic Axit
- Aminoenantoic
Tngng cho t
enang
i vi tn gi ca cc amin
- Trc ht nn vit cc ng phn ca aminla ln lt l: amin bc I, amin bc II v amin bc
V d:
CTPT CTCT
Tn gi (chn mch chnh l mch C di, nhiu nhnh nht, ri gi
tn t pha gn nhnh nht theo th t l:
Tn amin = s ch v tr tn tin t (i, tri, tetera) tn nhnh tn
mch chnh s ch v tr nhm amino - amin
C
3
H
9
N
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
Propinamin
CH
3
NHCH
2
CH
3
Etylmetyamin
3
3 2
I
CH
CH CH NH Isopropylamin
3
3 3
I
CH
CH N CH Trimetyamin
C
4
H
11
N
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
Butylamin
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NHCH
3
Metylpropylamin
CH
3
CH
2
NHCH
2
CH
3
ietylamin
3
3 2 2
I
CH
CH CHCH NH Iso butylamin
2
3 2 3
I
NH
CH CHCH CH Butan 2 amin
3
3 3
I
CH
CH CHNHCH Iso propylmetylamin
3
3 2 3
I
CH
CH N CH CH Etylimetylamin
C
6
H
5
NH
2
C
6
H
5
NH
2
Phenylamin (Anilin)
C
7
H
8
NH
2
H
3
C C
6
H
4
NH
2
p Aminotoluen (p Toluiin)
C BI TP NH TNH (Chuyn 1)
I Xc nh tn v cng thc cu to ca cc hp cht hu c
Bi 1. Hy vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn axit mch h c cng cng thc phn t C
4
H
6
O
2
. Trong cc
ng phn ny, ng phn no c dng iu ch thy tinhn hu c, vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu
ch thy tinh, ng phn no c ng phn cis trans vit ng phn cis, trans
Bi 2.
Cho hidrocacbon X tc dng vi dung dch brom d c dn xut tetrabrom cha 75,8% brom (theo khi
lng). Khi cng brom (1:1) thu c cp ng phn cis-trans.
1) Xc nh cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to v gi tn ca X.
2) Vit phng trnh ca X vi:
a) Dung dch KMnO
4
(trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
)
b) Dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
c) H
2
O (xc tc Hg
2+
/H
+
)
d) HBr theo t l 1:2
Bi 3.
A, B, D l cc ng phn c cng cng thc phn t C
6
H
9
O
4
Cl, tha mn cc iu kin sau :
36,1g A + NaOH d 9,2g etanol + 0,4 mol mui A1 + NaCl.
B + NaOH d mui B
1
+ hai ru (cng s nguyn t C) + NaCl
D + NaOH d mui D
1
+ axeton + NaCl + H
2
O.
Hy lp lun xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, D v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Bit rng D
lm qu tm.
Bi 4.
Hp cht A (cha vng benzen) c cng thc phn t C
9
H
11
NO
2
phn ng c vi axit v
baz. Bit:
. A + HNO
2
B(C
9
H
10
O
3
)
. un B vi H
2
SO
4
c C(C
9
H
8
O
2
)
. C phn ng vi dd KMnO
4
trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
long un nng to ra hp cht
D(C
8
H
6
O
4
) v D c tnh i xng cao. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D v
vit cc phng trnh phn ng
Bi 5.
Cht A c cng thc phn t C
5
H
6
O
4
l este hai chc, cht B c cng thc phn t
C
4
H
6
O
2
l este n chc. Cho A v B ln lt tc dng vi dd NaOH d, sau c cn cc
dung dch ri ly cht rn thu c tng ng nung vi NaOH (c mt ca CaO) th
trong mi trng hp ch thu c mt kh duy nht l CH
4
. Tm cng thc cu to ca
A, B, vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Bi 6.
1. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit 3 cht ring bit: glixerin, dung dch glucoz v dung dch
fuctoz.
2. Vit cng thc cu to khng gian ca mt on mch polime cao su thin nhin. Bit rng cc ni i
trong mch u dng cis-. Khi cho cao su tc dng vi HCl sinh ra cao su hidro-clo cha 20,8% clo trong
phn t. Vit phng trnh phn ng v cho bit cao su hidro-clo cn c dng cis- na hay khng ? Ti sao.
3. Cng thc nguyn ca cht A : (C
3
H
4
O
3
)
n
v ca cht B l (C
2
H
2
O
3
)
m
hy bin lun tm cng thc
phn t ca A v B. Bit A l axt no a chc. cn B l mt axt no, cha ng thi nhm chc OH . A v
B u mch h . Vit cng thc cu to ca B .
II Vit phng trnh phn ng, iu ch, nhn bit cc cht
Bi 1. Ba hp cht A, B, C c mch h v c cng cng thc phn t C
3
H
4
O
2.
Hy vit cng thc cu to ca
A, B, C bit rng : A phn ng vi dung dch NaOH nhit thng; B phn ng vi dung dch NaOH un
nng; C cho phn ng vi H
2
xc tc Ni un nng thu c ru a chc khng phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
.
Bi 2.
1) Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din cc phn ng (nu c) v nu hin tng xy ra trong cc qu trnh
sau:
a) Cho dung dch brom vi dung mi nc c mu vng vo cht lng hexan.
b) Cho dung dch brom t t n d vo dung dch phenol (u dung mi nc).
c) Sc kh C
2
H
2
vo dung dch KMnO
4
sau thm CaCl
2
vo.
d) un nng anlyl iotua vi nc, sau thm dung dch brom va vo.
2) A, B, C, D c cng cng thc phn t C
4
H
6
O
4
u phn ng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1:2. Trong :
- A, B u to mt mui v mt ancol.
- C, D u to mt mui, mt ancol v nc.
Bit rng khi t chy mui do A, C to ra th trong sn phm chy khng c nc. Xc nh A, B, C,
D v vit phng trnh ho hc biu din phn ng xy ra vi NaOH.
3) C th tn ti mi lin kt hiro khc nhau no trong ancol etylic c ho tan phenol. Vit cng thc biu
din cc mi lin quan ny v cho bit trong s lin kt vit th lin kt no bn nht, lin kt no km bn
nht? Gii thch.
Bi 3.
1. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c c cng CTPT l C
2
H
7
NO
2
. X tc dng vi dung
dch NaOH d c dung dch Y v hn hp kh Z u c kh nng lm xanh giy
qu. Xc nh thnh phn ca X, Y v Z.
2. Bng phng php ha hc, hy nhn bit dung dch cc cht ng trong cc
l mt nhn sau: glucoz, glixerol, etanol, axit axetic.
Bi 4
1/ Sp xp ( c gii thch ) trnh t
Tng dn tnh Axit ca cc hp cht sau :
CH
3
COOH , C
6
H
5
OH , C
2
H
5
OH , HCOOH
Tng dn tnh Baz ca cc hp cht sau :
CH
3
NH
2
, ( CH
3
)
2
NH , C
6
H
5
NH
2
, NH
3
.
2/ T BenZen . Vit s iu ch :
O - Amino phenol
m - Amino phenol
Axit phenyl etanoic
3/ 3 - metyl buten - 1 tc dng vi Axit Clohydric to ra cc sn phm
trong c A l 2 - Clo - 3 - metyl butan v B l 2 - Clo - 2 - metyl butan .
Gii thch s to thnh hai sn phm A v B
Bi 5
1/ a) T BenZen v axit axetic vi cc tc nhn v c cn thit khc . Hy vit s iu ch ra hp
cht axit - 2 - Clo - 5 - nitro Benzoic
b) T etylen v propylen c xc tc axit , platin v iu kin cn thit .Vit s tng hp isopren .
2/ Gi tn cc ng phn i quang theo danh php( R,S) nhn c khi mono Clo ho metylXiClohexan
di tc dng ca nh sng , gi thit rng vng XiClohexan phng .
Bi 6
1- Vit cc ng phn ru bc hai c cng thc phn t l C
5
H
12
O. Gi tn
cc hp cht .

2- Bit cng thc thc nghim ca mt anehit no (A) l (C
2
H
3
O)
n
.
a/ Hy bin lun xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
b/ Trong cc ng phn ca A c ng phn X mch cacbon khng
phn nhnh. Vit cng thc cu to ca X, gi tn X v vit cc phng trnh
phn ng iu ch cao su Buna t X. (Cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn
thit khc coi nh c ).
3- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng (ghi r iu kin, nu c):
a/ T benzen iu ch axit picric (2,4,6- trinitrophenol), o clo - p-
nitrophenol.
b/ p- crezol tc dng vi NaOH.
c/ Ru benzylic tc dng ln lt vi: Na, CuO nung nng (to ra anehit),
CH
3
COOH.
d/ So snh linh ng ca nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca phn t cc hp cht sau:
H
2
O, C
2
H
5
OH, C
6
H
5
OH, CH
3
COOH. Gii thch?
Bi 7
1- a/ T tinh bt c th iu ch c ru etylic. Ru etylic l nguyn liu
iu ch axit axetic, ietyl ete, etyl axetat, cao su tng hp Buna. Vit cc ph-
ng trnh phn ng xy ra v ghi r cc iu kin phn ng (nu c).
b/ Mt hc sinh lm th nghim iu ch etyl axetat bng cch un nng r-
u etylic vi gim n c axit sunfuric lm xc tc. Liu th nghim c thnh
cng hay khng? V sao?
2- Cho s phn ng sau:
Bit E l axit a chc . Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E v vit cc phng
trnh phn ng di dng cng thc cu to.
3- a/ Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn cc cht c cng thc phn t
C
2
H
7
O
2
N. Bit mi cht u d dng tc dng vi dung dch HCl v vi dung
dch NaOH.
b/ Vit phng trnh phn ng trc tip to ra tng cht (a).
c/ Cho bit phng php ho hc phn bit cc cht (a) vi nhau.
Bi 8. T nhm cacbua v cc cht v c cn thit hy iu ch:
a/ b/
Bi 9. 1) So snh tnh cht ho hc ca axit acrylic v aminoaxit- axetic.
2) C cc cht sau : Ru etylic , ru iso propylic , glyxerin v gluco.
a. T gluco v cc cht v c khng cha cacbon . Vit phng trnh iu ch bn
cht trn.
b. Lm th no phn bit c bn cht trn.
Bi 10. Cho s chuyn ho sau:
CH
3
+Ag
2
O; NH
3
+M ; H
+
xt , t
o
|
A B C CH
2
C
+H
2
; |
COOCH
3
n
Ni, t
o

+ N; H
+
, t
o
xt , t
o
D E CH
2
CH
|
COOC
4
H
9
n

Hy vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht A, B, C, D, E, M, N v cc phng trnh phn
ng xy ra.
1) Hp cht X c cng thc phn t C
2
H
8
O
2
N
2
. un nng X vi dd NaOH c NH
3
thot ra
v thu c mui natri ca mt amin axit . Hy vit cng thc cu to ca X v phng
trnh phn ng xy ra.
C
3
H
6
+Br
2

(t l mol
1:1)
A
+dd NaOH
B
+CuO, t
o

C
+Cu(OH)
2

D
+dd H
2
SO
4

E
NaOH, t
o

O
O
OC
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
2) Ch yu bng phng php ho hc , hy tch ly tng cht ring bit t hn hp gm
benzen , phenol, anilin, axetat etyl.
Bi 11.
1/ Vit cng thc tng qut ca cc este A v B bit :
a) A + NaOH 1 Mui + 1 Ru + H
2
O
b) B + NaOH 2 Mui + H
2
O.
2/ Cht A c cng thc l C
8
H
12
O
5 .
Thu phn A trong dd kim thu c 2 mui v
glixerin. Hy lp lun x nh cng thc cu to ca A .
3/ Xc nh cng thc C
6
H
12
bit rng khi cng hp cht ch thu c 1 sn phm duy
nht . Vit phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 12. Cho cc dd: NaOH, HCl, CH
3
COONa, H
2
NCH
2
COOH, CH
3
NH
2
, NH
4
Cl. Hy vit cc
phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht tc dng vi nhau tng i mt
Bi 13. Vit tt c cc ng phn ca C
3
H
5
Br
3
. Cho cc ng phn ln lt tc dng
vi dd NaOH un nng. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 14. Cho cc hp cht sau: NH
3
, C
6
H
5
NH
2
, CH
3
NH
2
, C
6
H
5
OH, (CH
3
)
2
NH. Hy sp xp tnh
baz theo th t tng dn. Gii thch ngn gn.
Bi 15. T nguyn liu ban u l than, vi, nc, ta iu ch c kh A. T A c s
chuyn ha sau:
A B D E F G H
I
Bit cht E khng cha oxi, khi t chy hon ton E cn 3,808 dm
3
O
2
(ktc), sn
phm sinh ra c 0,73 g HCl, cn CO
2
v hi nc to ra theo t l th tch
2 2
CO H O
V : V
=
6:5 (o cng iu kin nhit , p sut).
Bi 16. 1. Vit nm loi phn ng khc nhau trc tip to ra axeton
2. Cho hai s iu ch p nitrophenol sau y:

Cl ONa OH OH
NO
2
NaOH c, t ,p
0 + CO
2
d
HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
,
,
4
SO
2
H
3
HNO
0
NaOH c, t ,p
2
NO
OH Cl
( 1: 1)
NO
2
NO
2
Cl ONa
HCl
a.
b.

Hy cho bit s no tt hn? Gii thch?
3. Thc hin cc phn ng theo s sau:
a. 6A
x t t ,
0
B A + O
2

x t
D
600
0
c
Than
-HCl
+dd Cl
2
+NaOH
H
2
SO
4
c
170
0
c
E + H
2
O
x t
G D + E
x t
X
X + H
2
O
+
H
D + G
Bit cc cht A, B, D, E, G, X trn u phn ng c vi Ag
2
O / NH
3
( hay [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
OH ), trong E l hyrcacbon
b. X + H
2
A
X + O
2
B
A + B Este C
4
H
4
O
4
+ H
2
O
4. Hyrcacbon A khi tc dng vi HCl to ra sn phm chnh l 1- clo -1-
metylxiclohexan. Da theo phng trnh ha hc biu din phn ng ca propylen vi
clo 500
0
C; vi clo trong nc. Vit phng trnh ha hc biu din phn ng ca A vi
clo v clo trong nc cc iu kin tng t.
Bi 17. Hoan thanh cac phng trnh phan ng theo cac s o sau:
a) n-Hecxan A
1
A
2
Phenol

+
0
2
t / Ni / H
A
3

+
0
t / CuO
A
4

+
+
H / KMnO
4
A
5
Tnilon 6,6
b) Glixerin

o
4 4 2
t , FeSO , SO H
B
1

O H , Br
2 2
B
2

o
t / NaOH
B
3

+ HCl 2
B
4

c) Propan

) 1 : 1 /( as / Cl
2
C
1

ruou / KOH
C
2

2
B r
C
3

ruou / KOH
C
4

+ HBr 2
C
5
Biet s o (c) chat C
4
tao ket tua trong dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
.
Bi 18.a) Hay giai thch tai sao khac vi ru metylic va tng t
metylclorua, anehit fomic la chat kh. Song tng t ru metylic va khac
metylclorua, anehit fomic tan rat tot trong nc.
b) Phan ng gia foman ehit va glixerin tao ra hai san pham vong 5
canh la ong phan. Viet cong thc cau tao cua san pham va s
o chuyen hoa minh hoa.
c) Khi tien hanh ieu che axit lactic t anehit axetic va axit xianhiric
HCN, ngoai san pham mong muon ta con thu c hp chat hu c X
C
6
H
8
O
4
. Viet cong thc cau tao cua X va cac phng trnh phan ng
xay ra.
Bi 19. A va B la hai hp chat hu c ong phan cua nhau co M < 250
va ch cha hai nguyen to. A trong dung AgNO
3
/NH
3
tao ra C va A trong
dung dch HgSO
4
/ t
0
tao ra D.
un nong D vi dung dch KMnO
4
sinh ra san pham hu c duy nhat E
co cong thc

ot chay hoan toan m gam B ta thu c m gam nc. B khong tac
dung vi Br
2
/Fe/t
0
. un nong hi B vi Br
2
chieu sang ta thu c dan
xuat mono brom duy nhat G.
a) Xac nh cong thc cau tao cua A,B.
b) ung nong B vi dung dch KMnO
4
d ta thu c dung dch X. em X
tac dung vi dung dch HCl tao ra Y. un nong Y thu c san
pham Z ( gom 2 nguyen to )
Viet s o cac phan ng va xac nh cong thc cau tao cua X,Y
Z.
(CH
3
)
3
C-CH
2
-CH-CH-COCH
3
HOOC CH
2
COOH
Bi 20. Su hirocacbon A; B; C; D; E; F u c cng thc phn t l C
4
H
8
. Cho tng
cht vo dung dch brom (trong CCl
4
v khng chiu sng) thy A, B, C v D tc dng
rt nhanh. E tc dng chm hn, cn F hu nh khng phn ng. B v C l nhng cht
ng phn lp th ca nhau, B c nhit si cao hn C. Khi cho tc dng vi hiro
nhit cao (c Ni lm xc tc) th A, B, C u cho cng sn phm G.
a) Xc nh cng thc cu to v gi tn ca 6 hirocacbon trn.
b) A tc dng vi nc brom c hon tan mt lng nh NaCl sinh ra 5 sn phm. Vit
cng thc cu to v gii thch s hnh thnh 5 sn phm .
Bi 21. Sp xp (c gii thch) theo trnh t tng dn tnh axit ca cc cht trong tng dy sau:
a) Axit: benzoic, phenyletanoic, 3-phenylpropanoic, xiclohexyletanoic,
1-metylxiclohexan-cacboxylic.
(D)
(A) (B)
(C)
;
N
COOH
;
COOH
;
CH
2
COOH
N COOH
2./ Sp xp s tng dn tnh baz (c gii thch) ca cc cht trong tng dy sau:
(a) CH
3
-CH(NH
2
)-COOH, CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-NH
2
, CH
3-
CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2
,
CH C-CH
2
-NH
2
.
(b) -NH-CH
3
, -CH
2
-NH
2
, C
6
H
5
-CH
2
-NH
2
, p-O
2
N-C
6
H
4
-NH
2
.
Bi 22.
1. So snh (c gii thch) tnh baz ca cc cht sau: ( 1,25 )
p-metylanilin(A) ; m- nitroanilin (B) ; m-cloanilin (C) ; anilin
2. Hy xp cc cht sau y theo th t tng dn v nhit si v gii thch:
(CH
3
)
2
CH-CH
2
-CH
3
; (CH
3
)
4
C ; CH
3
-(CH
2
)
3
-CH
3
; CH
3
-(CH
2
)
2
-CH
3
v (CH
3
)
2
CH-OH
Bi 23.
1/-Thc hin cc chuyn ho sau bng phng trnh phn ng:
CH
3
-CH
2
OH
0
, CuO t
(B)
B
OH
(C)
2
H O
(D)
2
O +
(E)
2
H +
(F)
3
PBr
(G)
(I)
IBr +

2
Br
as
(H)
Bit (F) l CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
2/-( 1 im ). T But-1-en vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch 3-metylheptan-3-ol
Bi 24.
Sau khi x l hn hp li ng hoc v tru c cha pentozan (C
5
H
8
O
4
)
n
vi dung dch axit clohiric 12% ri tin hnh
chng ct, nhn c cht lng A (C
5
H
4
O
2
) mu vng c mi thm. Cho A phn ng vi KOH ri axit ha th nhn
c B (C
5
H
4
O
3
) v C (C
5
H
6
O
2
).
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng thu phn pentozan to thnh A v cng thc ca A, B, C.
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng ca B tc dng vi C khi c xc tc axit.
c. Hy trnh by iu kin nitro ho A nhn c D (C
5
H
3
NO
4
).
Bi 25.
Vit cng thc theo cu trc ca s phn ng sau:
b)

S cis buta dien
axit propiolic
135
0
C
A
CH
3
OH HCOOOH
H
2
O
(CH
3
CO)
2
O
NBS
CH
3
COOAg
B
C D
E F
G
H
+
piridin
CCl
4
H
2
O
H
+
xiclohexanon
13
,

d
III Thc hin s phn ng ( chuyn 2)

De Cuong On HSG Hoa HC

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Copyright:

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De Cuong On HSG Hoa HC

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GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON 097201199

CNG N THI HC SINH GII

(Ka l mc o lc axit, Ka cng ln th axit cng mnh v ngc li)

CH3 - CH - COOH + HCl

CH3 - CH2 - COOH

Mui natri + ancol

CH3COONa + C6H5ONa + H2O

CH2OCOCH3 - (CHO - COCH3)4 - CHO + 5H2O

CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - COOH + Cu2O+ 2H2O

CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CH2OH

H2N - CH2 - COOC2H5 + H2O

(-HN - CH2 - C -)n + n H2O

C-); (C=O); (C=N-); (-N=O), t suy ra c nhm nh chc v s ni a

Naphtoic Axit Naphtalencacboxylic

- Aminopropanoic Alanin Ala

- aminoisovaleric Valin Val

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