Bao Cao Thuc Tap Dau Voca

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar
NHN XT
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Tp H Ch Minh, ngy thng 04 nm 2010
Xc nhn ca gio vin hng dn
GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh
Ch thch
AV BHA BHT IV PoV SV TBHQ
Ch s acid Butylat Hydroxy Anisol Butylat Hydroxy Toluen Ch s iod Ch s peroxyt ch s x phng ho Tert butyl hydro quinon
MC LC
Trang
Li cm n Nhn xt Ch thch PHN 1: TNG QUAN V CNG TY VOCARIMEX ........................................5 1. Gii thiu chung v cng ty .............................................................................6 2. Lch s hnh thnh t sau Gii Phng Min Nam .............................................7 3. S t chc ................................................................................................. 11 4. Xu hng pht trin ca doanh nghip ........................................................... 12 5. Thit b cng ngh v sn phm ..................................................................... 14 PHN 2: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU....................................................... 15 1. Tm quan trng ca du thc vt ................................................................... 16 2. Tng quan nguyn liu ht du....................................................................... 16 3. Bo qun nguyn liu cha du...................................................................... 24 PHN 3: CNG NGH SN XUT DU THC VT ...................................... 31 1. Quy trnh sn xut du th ............................................................................. 32 2. Quy trnh tinh luyn du................................................................................. 57 3. Quy trnh cng ngh ng chai du ................................................................ 64 4. Bng m t sn phm ..................................................................................... 65 PHN 4: KIM TRA CHT LNG DU THC VT................................... 66 1. Quy trnh kim tra cht lng trong s ch .................................................... 67 2. Quy trnh kim tra cht lng trong tinh luyn............................................... 69
3. Quy trnh kim tra cht lng trong thnh phm ............................................ 71 4. Cc quy nh kim tra cht lng ngnh tinh ch ........................................... 73 5. Cc phng php kim tra ............................................................................. 74 PHN 5: MI TRNG V X L NC THI............................................ 87 1. Cc cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut............................................................. 88 2. X l cc cht thi ......................................................................................... 88 3. Gim thiu nhim do hot ng ca cng du ............................................. 90 PHN 6: HNH NH ............................................................................................. 91 PHN 7: KT LUN V KIN NGH .............................................................. 110 Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................................. 112
1. Gii thiu chung v cng ty:

Tng Cng Ty Cng Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam ( VOCARIMEX ) hot 065ng theo m hnh Cng ty m - Cng ty con theo Quyt nh s 4799/Q-BTC ngy 28/09/2009 ca B Trng B Cng Thng . B sung nhim v Cng ty m theo giy KKD hoc theo iu l . Tr s chnh t ti s 58 Nguyn Bnh Khim , phng a Kao , Qun 1 , TP HCM . Chi nhnh ti H Ni : s 8 ph Ct Linh , Qun ng a , H Ni . Cng ty m c c phn chi phi trn 50% vn iu l ti Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Tng An , Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Tn Bnh , Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Th c . T thng 7-2005 phn vn Nh Nc Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Th c c bn ht . Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Tng An nim yt trn th trng chng khon ngy 26-12-2006 . Cng ty m c c phn khng chi phi di 50% vn iu l ti Cng ty C phn Bao B Du thc vt ( VMPACK.Co. ), nim yt trn th trng chng khon ngy 22-12-2006 . Phn vn gp vi cc i tc nc ngoi thnh lp cc lin doanh gm : Cng ty Du n Golden Hope Nh B , Cng ty TNHH Du thc vt Ci Ln ( Calofic ) , Cng ty TNHH M phm LGVina . VOCARIMEX trin khai thc hin chin lc pht trin ngnh Du thc vt Vit Nam 2010 n nm 2020 v xy dng cc c s ch bin gm : Nh my Du thc vt VOCAR ; Cng ty C phn Trch ly Du thc vt ( VOE JSC ) ; Cng ty C phn Thng mi Du Thc Vt ( VOT JSC ) Sn phm Du thc vt cc loi ca Cng ty m VOCARIMEX , Cng ty con-Cng ty lin kt p ng tt cho th trng trong nc v xut khu sang cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam , Trung Quc , Hng Cng , Nht Bn Chu Phi v Trung ng . VOCARIMEX a vo s dng khai thc Cng Du thc vt Nh B , mt Cng a nng ti khu vc phng Ph Thun , Qun 7 , TP HCM vi tng din tch khong 14ha . Hin Cng c trang b 2 cu tu c kh nng tip nhn tu 10.000DWT n 20.000DWT ; bi container , ng ni b 56.000m2 v h thng kho
, bn cha hng lng , h thng bc d hin i , Cng Nh B c kh nng tip nhn 0,5 1 triu tn hng cc loi /nm ( hng lng , hng tng hp bao kin , hng ng container ) .
2. Lch s hnh thnh t sau Gii Phng Min Nam:

Nm 1975 tip qun 4 nh my sn xut Du thc vt Min Nam do quc hu ha v ch t bn hin ti sn . tnh hnh sn xut lc by gi vi h thng thit b , my mc c k khng ng b v trong qu trnh xy dng d dang . Tng cng sut tinh luyn ca cc nh my ch t khong 18.000 tn /nm. Ngy 12-8-1976 Cng ty Du thc vt min Nam c thnh lp , Cng ty hot ng theo c ch qun l Nh nc tp trung bao cp , gm c 5 nh my ( NM ) quc doanh trc thuc : NM Du Nakydaco , sau i tn l NM Du Tn Bnh , nay l Cng
ty C phn Du thc vt Tn Bnh . NM Du Tuanco , sau i tn l NM Du Tng An , nay l Cng ty
C phn Du thc vt Tng An . NM Hp thic Standard , sau i tn l NM Hp thic bao b Cu
Tre, ri l X nghip C kh Bao b Cu Tre, hin l Cng ty C phn Bao b Hp thic Cu Tre . NM Du Navioil . sau i tn l Nh my Du Nh B, hin l Cng
ty Lin doanh Du n Golden Hope - Nh B . NM Du Vinadaco . sau i tn l Nh my du Th c , nay l
Cng ty C phn Du thc vt Th c . Thi k ny cc NM da vo ngun nguyn vt liu do Nh nc cung cp thc hin k hoch Nh nc giao. Vt t nguyn liu cung cp thng xuyn khng m bo v s lng, cht lng, chng loi v thi gian. Bn cnh , thit b my mc mt s c, mt s khng ng b v.v.. hot ng ca nh my ht sc b ng do khng nguyn vt liu dn n tnh trng sn lng sn xut hng nm thp khng p ng nhu cu tiu dng ca x hi . T ngy 18-6-1981 , do yu cu i mi , qun l cho ph hp vi tnh hnh th t, B Cng Nghip Thc Phm c quyt nh 642/CNTP-TCQL thay i t chc ngnh Du thc vt thnh X nghip Lin hp Du thc vt pha Nam . Ngoi 5 NM
GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh 7
quc doanh ang hot ng , X nghip Lin hp Du thc vt pha Nam cn tip nhn thm Trung tm Nghin cu Du v Cy c du t Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam . T 9-1983 , theo Ngh nh110/HBT ngy 2-9-1983 ca Hi ng B Trng i tn thnh Lin hip cc X nghip Du thc vt pha Nam thnh lp thm x nghip vt t nguyn liu v vin nghin cu Du v cy c du ( tin thn l trung tm nghin cu Du v cy c du ). Trong thi k ny, cng ty khi phc li sn xut ti nh my du Tng An, nh my du Nh B, nh my du Th c. thch nghi vi c ch qun l mi, cng ty mnh dn xa b c ch qun l hnh chnh quan liu bao cp, tp trung tho g nhng vng mc, rng buc trong sn xut theo hng khai thc c hiu qu ngun nguyn liu qua m rng quan h hp tc trong v ngoi nc cn i ngun nguyn liu, vt t cho sn xut v y mnh k hoch xut khu. Ngy 23-3-1986 x nghip lin hip du thc vt Pha Nam c i tn thnh Lin Hip cc X Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam ( theo ngh nh 28/HBT ca hi ng b trng ). Ngoi 5 nh my quc doanh v x nghip vt t nguyn liu, Lin Hip cc X Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam cn tip nhn thm 1 nh my v thnh mi 3 n v: Nh my du H Bc ( tnh H Bc ), chi nhnh lin hip ti H Ni, cng ty xut nhp khu du thc vt ( Vegoilimex ) v x nghip hng liu m phm. Nm 1989, Vin Nghin cu du v cy c du tch khi Lin Hip v thnh lp lin hip khoa hc sn xut tinh du hng liu v M phm (LIPACO). n giai on nm 1990-1991, Lin Hip cc X Nghip Du Thc Vt Vit Nam tip nhn thm 3 n v du thc vt ti a phng gm: X nghip du thc vt ng Thp, X nghip du thc vt Bnh nh v cng ty lin hip du thc vt ng Nai. Ngy 6-6-1992, VOCARIMEX chnh thc c thnh lp trn c s sp nhp lin hip khoa hc sn xut tinh du hng liu v m phm vo lin hip cc x nghip du thc vt Vit Nam ( quyt nh 452/CNN-TCL ). Cng ty c thnh lp trong giai on nn kinh t t nc ang chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng XHCN, cng ty VOCARIMEX hot ng theo lut doanh nghip Nh nc vi nguyn tc hoch ton tp trung c phn cp.
Cng ty c 4 n v trc thuc l NM Du Tn Bnh, NM Du Tng An, NM Du Th c v chi nhnh cng ty ti H Ni. Chm dt hot ng cc n v: Cng ty Lin hip du thc vt ng Nai v x nghip hng liu M phm. T nm 1992 n 1997 cng ty gp vn lin doanh vi 3 n v nc ngoi gm: lin doanh vi Golden Hope Overseas Sendirian Berhad thuc tp on Golden Hope Overseas Sendirian Berhad ( nay thuc tp on Sime Darby ) Malaysia thnh lp cng ty du n Golden Hope Nh B trn c s nh my du Nh B; lin doanh vi cng ty Siteki Investments Pte Ltd thuc tp on Kuok (nay thuc tp on Wilmar International Limited )- Singapore thnh lp cng ty du thc vt Ci Ln ( nay l cng ty TNHH du thc vt Ci Ln ), lin doanh vi LG Chemical Ltd ( nay l LG Household & Health Care Ltd ) thuc tp on LG-Hn Quc thnh lp cng ty lin doanh m phm LG VINA ( nay l cng ty TNHH M phm LG VINA ). Thng 9-2002, VOCARIMEX gp vn thnh lp cng ty c phn bao b du thc vt ti khu cng nghip Tn Thi Hip, phng Hip Thnh, qun 12 chuyn sn xut mua bn bao b cho ngnh thc phm; mua bn my mc thit b, vt t nguyn liu ngnh bao b; dch v thng mi, in bao b, mua bn thc phm. Ngy 1-1-2004, thc hin ch trng ca th tng chnh ph v b cng nghip v vic sp xip li doanh nghip nh nc, VOCARIMEX chuyn i nh my du Th c thnh cng ty c phn du thc vt Th c. n ngy 1-1-2004 chuyn i tip nh my du Tng An thnh cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An v ngy 1-1-2005 chuyn i nh my du Tn Bnh thnh cng ty c phn du thc vt Tn Bnh. Vi vic sp xip ny, VOCARIMEX chnh thc c chuyn i hot ng sang m hnh cng ty m-cng ty con. Thng 7-2007, cng ty m VOCARIMEX hon tt xy dng v a vo hot ng nh my du thc vt VOCA, ln u tin cng ty VOCARIMEX sn xut v cung cp th trng ni a v xut khu cc dng sn phm du thc vt vi nhiu dng bao b khc nhau nh: Du m VOCA, BEN3, SOBY, VOCA COOKING, SUNGOLD, VINA, GLOBAL. Nm 2008-2009 cc sn phm v thng hiu du VOCA c ngi tiu dng tn nhim.
Thng 11-2007, VOCARIMEX gp vn thnh lp cng ty c phn trch ly du thc vt ( VOE JSC ) chuyn sn xut mua bn du thc vt, kh du, glycerine, ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm, thy sn, m n lin, bnh ko Thng 3-2008, VOCARIMEX gp vn thnh lp cng ty c phn thng mi du thc vt ( VOE JSC ) chuyn sn xut, mua bn du thc vt, ht v qu c du, sn phm t ht v qu c du, sn xut mua bn bao b giy, bao b nha Theo quyt nh s 4799/Q-BCT ngy 28 thng 9 nm 2009 ca b trng b cng thng chuyn cng ty du thc vt hng liu m phm Vit Nam thnh tng cng ty cng nghip du thc vt Vit Nam.
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3. C cu t chc
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4. Xu hng pht trin ca doanh nghip

u t: Nm 1976 khi mi thnh lp, c s vt cht gm: thit b my mc, nh xng ca VOCARIMEX khng ng b, cng sut ch khong 18000 tn du/ nm. n nm 1992 ton T hp, tng bc tin hnh ci tin thit b, cng ngh, u t b sung tng cng sut cho cc nh my v gim tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu. Theo pht trin ca nn kinh t t nc, cc cng ty thnh vin tp trung cao cho u t i mi thit b v cng ngh, thnh lp mi cc nh my sn xut, a dng ha sn phm, m rng th trng p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu, cc d n u t qua tng giai on sau: Giai on chun b Vit Nam tham gia AFTA : t nm 1993 n 2002,
ton t hp u t vo cc d n: H thng dy chuyn thit b tinh luyn du thc vt cng sut 150 tn du/ngy ti nh my du Tng An ( nay l cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An ) v nh my du Tn Bnh ( nay l cng ty c phn du thc vt Tn Bnh ). Trong , cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An mua li nh my du thc vt Vinh ( tnh Ngh An ) v thc hin ci to, nng cp nh my ln cng sut 50 tn/ ngy. u t cc my li tm, thit b l hi, my thi chai PVC ti nh my du Tn Bnh; my thi chai PET ti nh my du Tng An; lp t h thng dy chuyn ng chai t ng, bn t ng ti nh my du Tng An v nh my du Tn Bnh Gp vn lin doanh u t mi: Nh my du thc vt Qung Ninh, cng sut 400 tn/ ngy; nh my sn xut m phm, ha m phm; thit b tinh luyn du cng sut 300 tn/ ngy ti cng ty du n Golden Hope Nh B. Giai on Vit Nam chun b gia nhp T Chc Thng Mi th gii
WTO: t nm 2003 n nay, ton ngnh du thc vt thc hin u t thnh lp mi cc nh my tinh luyn du, nh my sn xut bao b a dng ha ngnh ngh, tng nng lc sn xut, m rng sn phm vi tng vn u t khong 800 t ng. mt s d n c u t trong giai on ny nh sau: D n u t mi nh my du Ph M cng sut tinh luyn 600 tn/ngy. Di di nh my du Tng An n khu cng nghip Ph M 1, tnh B Ra
Vng Tu. n thng 11 2008, nh my chnh thc i vo hot ng vi cng sut thit k 600 tn du tinh luyn/ngy.
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D n u t mi dy chuyn tch phn on du c c cng sut 400 tn/
ngy ti nh my du Ph M ca cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An, thng 11 2008 a thit b i vo hot ng. Gp vn lin doanh u t mi nh my du Hip Phc cng sut 600 tn/
ngy ti Huyn Nh B TPHCM ca cng ty TNHH du thc vt Ci Ln. Thng 12 2006, nh my hon thnh v i vo hot ng. Lin kt gp vn u t nh my sn xut bao b thc vt ca cng ty CP bao
b DVT ti khu cng nghip Tn Thi Hip, qun 12 TPHCM v u t thm cc h thng dy chuyn ng chai t ng ti cng ty c phn du thc vt Tng An, cng ty c phn du thc vt Tn Bnh, cng ty m. Ngoi ra, cng ty m VOCARIMEX cn u t pht trin ngnh dch v, nng cp, m rng, u t mi cc vn phng lm vic nh: u t xy dng nh vn phng lm vic v cho thu vn phng ca chi
nhnh tng cng ty ti H Ni. tn/nm. u t gp vn thnh lp mi hai cng ty con gm: Cng ty c phn trch ly u t, nng cp m rng cng du thc vt c cng sut chuyn ti 500,000
du thc vt ( VOE JSC thng 11-2007 ), vi vn iu l 140 t ng, trong VOCARIMEX nm gi 51%, tng ng 71,4 t ng; cng ty c phn thng mi du thc vt ( VOT JSC thng 3 2008 ), vn iu l 30 t ng, trong VOCARIMEX nm gi 51%, tng ng 15,3 t ng. Nm 2007, u t v a vo hot ng s dng thit b tinh luyn du thc
vt cng sut 100tn/ngy; nm 2008 a dy chuyn ng du chai t ng; thng 9 2009 a vo lp t thit b dy chuyn tch phn on du c 300 tn/ngy, d kin thng 5/2010 a vo hot ng ti nh my du thc vt VOCAR Qun 7. Nhn chung, ch trng u t cc d n trn bc u u pht huy c tc dng v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, gp phn a t hp cng ty m - Cng ty con Cng ty lin kt ngy cng pht trin vng mnh.
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5. Thit b cng ngh, sn phm:

Ngnh ch bin du n: Trong tinh luyn du thc vt, VOCARIMEX s dng c 2 phng php cng ngh tin tin ca chu u l phng php tinh luyn vt l v tinh luyn ha hc gim tiu hao nguyn, nhin vt liu, gim hm lng acid bo, kh mu, kh mi du thc vt cc loi ( du c, du nnh, du m). T , cht lng du n sn xut ra lun t tiu chun quc t; sn phm ca t hp m con t danh hiu hng Vit Nam cht lng cao, Sao Vng t Vit . Hin cc n v, doanh nghip thnh vin trong h thng t hp m con VOCARIMEX u c cp giy chng nhn ISO 9001 : 2000. Ngnh m phm, ha m phm: u t my mc, thit b vi cng ngh tin tin hng u ti Vit Nam sn xut cc loi m phm, du gi, sn phm ty ra gioa dng mang nhn hiu Essance, Ezup, Lacvert, Double rich Ngnh bao b giy, nha: H thng my mc, thit b c u t ng b, vi cng ngh tin tin. Kt qu ca cng tc u t xy dng, gp vn lin doanh, lin kt trong nhng nm qua cho thy nng lc sn xut ca ton ngnh c nng ln gp nhiu ln so vi trc kia. iu ny c th hin qua s liu sau: Du thc vt: 828.000 tn/ nm Thng carton: 36 triu thng/ nm Chai nha PET: 33,6 triu chai/ nm Np nt chai nha: 60 triu b/ nm M phm, ha m phm: 2 triu sn phm/ nm Vi kt qu trn, VOCARIMEX tng bc khng nh l doanh nghip ln chuyn sn xut a ngnh trong lnh vc du n, hng liu, m phm. p ng cho nhu cu ngy cng a dng ca th trng trong v ngoi nc. Cc sn phm do VOCARIMEX sn xut c mu m, bao b p, cht lng cao, ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng v c kh nng cnh tranh vi sn phm trong khu vc v th gii. Vi trn 50 dng sn phm du n, ton t hp chim khong 95% th phn du n trong nc; hng trm sn phm m phm, ha m phm, chim 20% th phn v hng chc sn phm bao b phc v cc ngnh ch bin thc phm, nc gii khc.
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1. TM QUAN TRNG CA DU THC VT

Cng nghip sn xut du thc vt rt quan trng, sn lng v du thc vt ni ring v cht bo ni chung trn th gii khng ngng tng ln. Trong vng 30 nm (1960 n 1989) sn lng ny tng ln 2,7 ln v t khong 77 triu tn (1989). Trong s ny, c n 74 % c sn xut t nhng ht c du v nhng tri c du (u nnh, olive, lc...). Ty u v M l hai khu vc c sn lng du bo ln nht th gii. Cht bo l thnh phn rt quan trng trong c th ngi, v mt y hc, nu c th thiu cht bo th n s s dng cht bo c trong cc m d tr lm cho c th st cn, gy yu. Du thc vt l mt loi thc n cung cp nng lng ln gp hai ln so vi gluxit, n c th s dng dng nguyn cht hay ch bin. Ngoi ra, du thc vt cn c ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh cng nghip x phng, sn, vecni, sn xut glyxrin... Ngoi ra, kh, b du thi ra trong cng nghip sn xut du thc vt c th s dng lm nc chm, thc n gia sc, phn bn Nguyn liu c du mun tr thnh nguyn liu cho cng nghip sn xut du th phi trng trt theo quy m ln m t tiu tn sc lao ng. Hin nay, hu ht cc qu trnh, t lc gieo trng n khi thu hoch u c c kh ho hon ton. Vi nhng cy hoang di, mc du c cha hm lng du tng i cao nhng khng s dng trong cng nghip c v thu hoch qu v ht kh khn.
2. TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU HT DU

2.1 Qu trnh to thnh du thc vt.
Qu trnh to thnh du (lipid) trong ht c du xy ra khi ht chn. Cc hp cht hu c v v c thin nhin chuyn vo ht t cc phn xanh ca cy, l t t thng qua h r, t chuyn thnh cc cht d tr trong ht, lc u to ra cc cht glucid, in hnh l tinh bt, sau khi ht chn dn th ht tinh bt s chuyn thnh ht lipid. giai on u khi ht chn, du c nhiu acid bo t do. Sau lng acid bo t do gim xung v hm lng triglyceride dng hp cht lin kt t ba phn t acid bo v glycerin tng ln.. Lc u, t cc sn phm phn t thp to ra acid bo c mi su nguyn t cacbon (acid palmitic); sau mch acid bo s c ko di ra thm tng hai nguyn t cacbon mt.
Glycerin trong cc ht chn c to thnh t nhng phn t c ba nguyn t cacbon. Ngoi triglyceride, trong cc ht du chn cn cha protein d tr.
2.2 Thnh phn ho hc ca ht du

2.2.1 Lipit: l nhng cht ho tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc nh xng, hecxan, ete etylic, cacbon tetraclorua, ; khng ho tan trong nc. Lipid trong cc ht cha du ch yu l cc triglyceride. Hm lng lipid dao ng trong khong 25 75% khi lng ht. Trong cc ht cha du, lipit thng lin kt vi cc cht khc, vi protein, saccharide v cc dn xut ca chng. Triglyceride l thnh phn chim ch yu (95 98%) ca lipid qu v ht du. Phospholipide (gm): c hm lng dao ng t 0.25 2% so vi s lng du trong ht. Phospholipide d b oxi ho nn cn c coi l cht chng oxi ho ca du. Khi ch bin cng ngh ht du, phospholipide s kt hp vi glucid to sn phm sm mu melanophosphatide, d kt hp vi protein v cc thnh phn ho hc khc ca ht du. Sp: c trong hu ht cc loi qu v ht cha du: m, u nnh, hng dng,sp ph thnh lp mng trn cc m b ca ht v qu. Sp bo v cc m thc vt khi nhng tc ng c hc v cc tc ng khc. Sp cng b thu phn nhng xy ra iu kin mnh hn v b thu phn chm hn, kh hn so vi cht bo. Sp tr ho hc, khng b tch ra ngay c khi tinh luyn du bng kim. Nhng tinh th sp c kch thc rt nh, khng lng thnh cn m to thnh mng cc ht l lng, lm gim hnh thc du. 2.2.2 Hp cht khng bo khng x phng ho: Nhng cht khng bo khng x phng ho l nhm hp cht hu c c cu to ho hc c trng khc nhau, tan tt trong du v cc loi dung mi ca du. Khi tch du, nhng cht ny s theo du tch ra khi ht v lm cho du c mu sc, mi, v ring bit. Cc hp cht ny c trong du vi hm lng 0.4 2.9%, tu thuc c im tng ging ht, iu kin sinh trng v phng php tch du. Nhng tc ng cng
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ngh mnh khi tch du s lm cho lng cc cht khng bo khng x phng ho s chuyn vo du nhiu ln. Mu sc ca du l do s c mt ca cc sc t ho tan trong cht bo v nhng lipid mang mu. Trong cc du thc vt thng gp nhm cht carotenoide, mu t vng ti n sm. S c mt ca cc clorophil v cc sn phm chuyn ho ca n lm cho du c mu pht xanh nh du gai, du nnh, Tnh bn khng b oxi ho ca du thc vt l do s c mt ca hp cht tocopherol trong du v tocopherol c hot tnh chng oxi ho mnh. Tocopherol tan tt trong du v trong cc dung mi hu c khng phn cc, khng tan trong nc. Chng khng b phn hu khi tc dng vi acid hoc kim v c khi un nng du n 120o trong thi gian ngn. hm lng tocopherol trong du t 40 280 mg trong 100 g. Ngoi ra, trong du thc vt cn c mt lng nh lipid phn cc, l hp cht ca ru hai chc v acid bo. 2.2.3 Cc hp cht c nit (c c tnh protein v phi protein): Hp cht c nit trong ht du chim 20 25% khi lng ht, tr u nnh c protein chim n 33 50% khi lng ht. Protein n gin c trong ht du thc hin chc nng l cht d tr: - Albumin: protein ho tan trong nc. - Globulin: ho tan trong dung dch NaCl 10%. - Glutelin: ho tan trong dung dch. - Protein khng tan. Protein ca ht c tnh ho nc v trng n trong nc. Trong iu kin phi hp nhit v m nht nh, protein c kh nng bin mt tnh do, sau khi lm lnh to thnh vt th rn vn gi nguyn c hnh dng c. Tnh cht ny c ng dng rng ri trong qu trnh tch du ra khi ht. Nit phi protein ca ht du nm trong nhm cht c nit ca phospholipide, vitamin v coenzyme, glycoside v cc cht ankaloide. Khi protein b phn hu trong qu trnh ht h hng, lng nit phi protein s tng ln do chnh nit ca acid amin t do.
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2.2.4 Glucide v cc dn xut ca chng: Hm lng dao ng trong khong 6 27% (tu loi), ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose tp trung v qu, v ht. Ngoi ra cn c pectin, lignin, fitomelan. 2.2.5 Cht khong: Tp trung ch yu nhn ht vi hm lng 1.8 7.3% tu loi ht. Ch yu l oxit ca cc nguyn t P, K, Mg (trn 90% lng tro chung), ngoi ra cn c Ca, Fe, S, Mn, Cu, cng mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t phng x.
2.3 Ht cha du
c im quan trng ca ht du l m thp, ngn cn s bin i c hc v s ph hy ca cn trng. Da vo u im ny, du thng khng c tch chit sm ra khi ht du m s c bo qun trong ht nhm ngn cn cc bin i khng mong mun ca du th. Hu ht cc ht rau qu u cha du nhng ch nhng nguyn liu c hm lng du cao mi c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut du. Tuy nhin, mt s cc ht li c kh nng s dng cho trch ly du l thnh phn loi ra ca qu trnh sn xut mt sn phm khc (ht c chua trong ch bin nc c chua hay ht nho trong sn xut ru vang). Nhc im ca vic sn xut du t ht du l: Du trong ht du khng nm dng t do, bn ngoi m c nht trong cc khe vch bn trong t bo, qu trnh tch chit du khng th tin hnh trc tip m phi qua cc khu chun b phc tp. Mt s ht c hm lng du cao nhng qu trnh trch ly du c th km theo s gii phng mt s hp cht khng mong mun, kh phn tch khi du. Mt s ht du s dng ph bin trong qu trnh sn xut du:
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2.3.1 Da. L c sn ca mt s nc trong c Vit Nam. Qu da c ng knh khong 300mm, nng 1.5 2.0 kg. V dy, c cu to si. Trong lp v l s da, trong lp s da l lp cm da cha du. Cm da c tch ra ri phi hoc sy n m 7 8%, thu c cm da kh. Mt tri da thu c 230 250g cm da kh. Thnh phn ho hc ca cm da (tnh theo phn trm cht kh) Lipid Protein Cellulose Tro 60 70% 7.8 8.2% 5.8 6.1% 2.4 3.7%
Du da c p t cm da kh, c mu vng nht. nhit thp (nh hn 24oC) ng c nh m, c mi thm c trng ca da. Du da dng n, ch bin bnh ko, sn xut magarin v x phng. Thnh phn acid bo: Acid bo khng no (Oleic): Acid lauric: Acid myristic: 2.3.2 C du. Qu c nng 5.5 10.2 g. Qu tp trung trn cung hoa kiu hnh chu (bung c) c t 1300 2300 qu. Qu c du c bao bc bi mt lp v si, di lp ny l phn tht c du bn trong l ht c (nhn) cng cha du. Du c c p ra t qu c v nhn c, thnh phn ho hc ca du p ra t qu v nhn khc nhau. Du qu c mu vng n do c nhiu -caroten. <10% 45 51% 16 20%
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Thnh phn ho hc v cc ch s ca du qu v du nhn: Cc ch s ca du AV IV SV Thnh phn acid chnh: Acid laurie Acid palmitic Acid stearic Acid oleic 44.5 55 37.5 43.8 6 10.4 2.2 5.9 1 4 38.4 49.5 10 18.5 Du qu 1 - 5.5 44 59 196 210 Du nhn 2-9 10.3 20 242 - 245
C du pht trin vng nng m, giu nh sng, nhit trung bnh trn 22oC, lng ma 1500 3000mm v phn b u trong nm. Malaysia l nc dn u v chim 70% tng s du c xut khuu trn th gii. 2.3.3 u phng.
Ht u phng c nhiu protein, tiu ho tt c th ngi. Phn ln ht u phng dng lm thc n trc tip hay ch bin thnh nhng sn phm thc phm khc nhau trong ch bin bnh ko. Nhn chim khong 70% khi lng qu.
Thnh phn ho hc ca ht u phng tnh theo phn trm cht kh. Lipid Protein Cellulose Tro 40.2 50% 20 35% 1.2 4.9% 1.8 4.6%
Du phng c p t u phng c mu vng nht, mi thm c trng ca u phng.
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Cc ch s ca du: SV IV T trng 15oC KHc x 20oC 2.3.4 Ci du. Cy ci du thuc loi c, qu hnh tr di 5cm. Trong qu c 4 6 ht, hnh cu, ng knh 1.5 2.0mm. Thnh phn ho hc ci du tnh theo phn trm cht kh: Lipid: Protein: Cellulose: Tro: 32 - 45% 20 - 29% 8.2 - 11% 5.5 - 8.4% 186 196 86 105 0.910 0.929 1.463 1.472
Ci du c trng nhiu cc nc n i, mt s vng cao ca nc ta cng trng loi cy ny nhng sn lng khng ng k. Du ci ch yu c ly t ht, thnh phn ch yu ca du l: Acid Eruxic: Acid Oleic: Acid linolic: Acid linolenic: 53% 22 30% 14 19% 8 12%
Du ci thuc loi du rt tt v bn khi bo qun. Kh du ci c dng lm gia vi c th trng chu u rt a thch.
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2.3.5 M. M c trng ph bin nc ta v mt s nc khc trn th gii nht l n . Ht m cha khong 42 55% du. C nhiu loi m. Du p ra t ht c mu vng nht n vng (i vi m vng), c mi thm c trng ca m. Cc ch s ca du: SV: 187 194 IV: 103 116 T trng 20oC: 0.917 0.922 Thnh phn acid bo: Acid bo no (ch yu l palmitic): 12 15% Acid bo no (ch yu l oleic v linolic): 75 78%. 2.3.6 u nnh. L loi ht c m v c du. Protein ca u nnh c hot tnh sinh hc cao v c th h tr khi thiu protein ng vt. Hm lng du trong ht t 12 25%. cc nc pht trin u nnh c dng sn xut du thc phm v ch phm protein. Du nnh c mu vng nht n vng, c mi c trng ca u nnh. Cc ch s ca du: SV: 189 195 IV: 105 130 T trng 20oC: 0.918 0.924 Thnh phn acid bo: Acid bo no (ch yu l palmitic): 10 12% Acid bo no (ch yu l oleic v linolic): 80 85%. Ngoi ra du cn c thu t ht bng vi (kh gosipola) v cm go.
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3. BO QUN NGUYN LIU CHA DU

3.1. Nguyn nhn gy h hng ht du trong qu trnh bo qun
Mt trong nhng nguyn liu ch yu dng ch bin du l nhng loi ht c hm lng cht bo cao nh: u phng, u nnh, m, thu du, hng dng,...Tt c nhng loi ht ny u phi qua qu trnh s ch v bo qun mi n khu chun b Trong qu trnh bo qun, nguyn liu c th b h hng do cc nguyn nhn sau: - S h hp, - Hot ng ca vi sinh vt, enzyme, - Do phn ng ha hc, - Do su mt, chim, chut. S h hp ca ht H hp l biu hin hot ng sng ca ht cng nh bt k c th sng no khc. y chnh l qu trnh trao i cc cht d tr bn trong ht vi mi trng bn ngoi (ch yu l khng kh), nh s sng ca ht c duy tr. Sau thu hoch, qu trnh h hp ca ht vn tip din. Thng qua qu trnh trao i cht, cc cht d tr trong ht b t chy, tiu hao dn v gii phng ra nng lng do s oxy ha. Cht d b oxy ha trc tin l cc glucid, sau l protein, cht bo. Qu trnh oxy ha cc cht ny trong ht xy ra phc tp, qua nhiu giai on v sn phm trung gian. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh ny l kh CO2 , nc v km theo l mt lng nhit ln c phng thch. Oxy khng kh l tc nhn quan trng nht trong tt c cc phn ng ny. Mc d vy, s h hp ca ht c th xy ra trong c hai iu kin y oxy hoc thiu oxy. Khi ht c bo qun trong iu kin bnh thng (ng tiu chun), hot ng sng ca ht rt yu, s tiu hao cc cht khng ng k. Khi cc hot ng sng ca ht c kch thch, tng cng th qu trnh h hp ca ht c tng ln, cht dinh dng ca ht b mt i nhanh chng. theo di tnh trng ht trong qu trnh bo qun, hai ch s thng dng l cng h hp v h s h hp. - Cng h hp: c trng bng lng oxy ht hp th vo v lng CO2 do ht thi ra trong mt n v thi gian. - H s h hp: l t s th tch kh CO2 thi ra v th tch kh oxy ht hp thu vo trong mt n v thi gian.
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Hot ng sng ca ht, hay cng h hp ca ht ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng ch yu l m v nhit . Thc t cho thy, hot ng sng ca ht bin i rt nhy vi m. Khi ht c m chun th cng h hp khng ng k. Khi m ca ht tng ln th cng h hp bt u tng nhanh. nh hng ca nhit ti cng h hp ca ht c gii hn hn. Khi ht c m thch hp cho hot ng sng th trong khong nhit 50 - 700C, cng h hp tng dn.Trn 700C, cng h hp gim dn, n mt gii hn nhit nht nh th ht ngng h hp. Qu trnh h hp ca cc loi ht din ra theo qui lut chung, mc d vy mi loi ht, ty theo thnh phn cc cht (ch yu l du v cht ht nc) m cc qu trnh c th thay i cht t. S ph hy do hot ng ca vi sinh vt Sau khi thu hoch, trn b mt lp v ngoi ca ht thng tn ti cc vi sinh vt. S c mt ca chng l do t t, bi, rc, c,...ln vo theo ht trong qu trnh thu hoch, vn chuyn,... Hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt trong khi ht khng nhng gy nh hng xu m cn l mt nguy c thng xuyn d gy ra s h hng nng cho ht du. Trn ht thng c nhiu loi vi sinh vt hin din nh vi sinh vt hoi sinh, vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi v gia sc..., thng gp nht l cc enzyme, nm mc, vi khun...Vi sinh vt s ph hy ht t ngoi vo trong. Trong qu trnh hot ng v pht trin, chng s s dng cc cht kh ca ht vo qu trnh trao i cht. Du hiu u tin ca s h hng l lp v ca ht s b sm mu, cu trc v b ph hy... Khi lp v bo v b ph hng, cc vi sinh vt s xm nhp vo bn trong, nhanh chng lm h hng v mt cht dinh dng d tr trong ht. Ngoi s mt cht kh, chng cn tit ra cc cht lm gim cht lng sn phm (tit ra cc cht gy mi hi, ng, gy mu sm en cho ht). S hot ng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt cn c mi trng m cao. Khi m tng th hot ng sng ca ht mnh ln, ta nhit v ta m mnh. T thc y tr li hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Qu trnh tc dng thc y nhau gia hot ng ca khi ht v vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn thng gy cho c khi ht b bc nng, h hng.
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Trng thi nhit ca khi ht cng c nh hng ln n hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Nhit thch hp cho s pht trin ca tng loi khng ging nhau, c th chia lm 3 nhm ch yu: - Nhm a lnh: pht trin nhit gn 00C. - Nhm cc vi sinh vt a nhit: pht trin nhit gn 50 - 600C. - Nhm vi sinh pht trin mnh nht: nhit 20 - 400C (y l nhm ph bin ht). Ngoi m v nhit , mi trng khng kh cng nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Hm lng oxy tng s lm tng hot ng ca vi sinh vt. iu chng t cc vi sinh vt trong ht thuc loi a kh. Nng CO2 trong mi trng c tc dng km hm hot ng ca vi sinh vt. V vy, np CO2 vo mi trng bo qun l mt bin php nhm bo qun khi ht. ngn nga v hn ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt trn ht, cc bin php thng dng nh lm lnh, to chn khng, np kh CO2... cng t ra kh hu hiu, tuy nhin sy kh ht l bin php n gin, hiu qu v ph bin nht. S h hng ht do cc enzyme ph hy S ph hy ca mt s enzyme c trng thng gp v quan trng l enzyme lipase, phospholipase, lipoxidase...Trong , ph bin nht v thng gy h hng nhiu nht l enzyme lipase. - Lipase: c hu ht trong cc loi du. Chng thuc loi enzyme thy phn c nhm hot ng l canxi. Chiu hng v iu kin hot ng ca lipase ty thuc vo trng thi sinh l ca ht. Trong qu trnh chn ca ht trn cy, lipase c tc dng kch thch s tng hp t cc acid bo v glycerin thnh glycerid. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun ht (sau khi thu hoch), lipase li c tc dng ngc li. Chng xc tc qu trnh phn hy glycerid thnh glycerin v cc acid bo t do, lm cho hm lng acid bo t do trong du tng, ch s acid tng, gim cht lng du. V vy, s thy phn glycerid l tc dng ph hng ch yu ca lipase i vi ht du trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin. Lipase ca ht du chu c nhit kh cao. Khi ht 1200C trong 2 gi th lipase ch gim 50% hot tnh hoc 1000C trong 30 gi th ch mt 40% hot tnh ban u; nhng m cao kt hp vi nhit cao th lipase s nhanh chng b ph hy.Cng nh cc loi enzyme khc, enzyme lipase
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ch th hin hot tnh cc i mt tr s pH nht nh ca mi trng. V d: ht thu du, pH ti u l 4,5 5,0; ht u nnh pH = 5,0 ... - Phospholipase: enzyme thng c trong du, tc dng c hiu l thy phn, ph hy cc phospholipid. Trn thc t, phospholipase tn ti 4 dng A, B, C v D. Phospholipase A thy phn lecithin to thnh isolecithin v 1 phn t acid bo. Dng B thy phn isolecithin thnh 2 acid bo t do. Dng C phn ct lin kt ester gia acid phosphoric v glycerin. Dng D phn ct lin kt gia acid phosphoric v baz nit. Kt qu cc qu trnh tc dng ca phospholipase lm gim phm cht ca du, ch s acid tng, phospholipid b ph hy. - Lipoxidase: c tc dng xc tc, thc y phn ng oxy ha cc acid bo khng no bi oxy, to thnh hydroperoxit. Hydroperoxit l cc hp cht khng bn, d phn hy. Kt qu ca cc phn ng trn to ra trong du cc cht c, lm gim cht lng sn phm. Lipoxidase hot ng tt nht 20-400C, trn 800C b mt hot tnh. pH ti u t 6,5- 7,5. Kt qu ny cho thy, qu trnh t nng v gim pH trong ht l bin php loi tr, hn ch s ph hy ca lipoxidase. S ph hy do cc phn ng ha hc Trong ht c du, hu nh c cc nhm cht hu c cng nh v c, y l c cht cho cc phn ng bin i khc nhau c th xy ra. Trong , nhm phn ng ph bin nht l cc qu trnh ha hc nh cc phn ng oxy ha, thy phn, s bin tnh nhit ca protein v phn ng bin i mu Maillard. S h hao do su, mt, chim, chut Trong qu trnh bo qun ht c du, cc loi su, mt, chim, chut d gy ra nhng tn tht ng k. Chng s dng ht lm cht nui sng v tit thi ra trn ht cc cht bn, hi thi, thm ch c cht gy bnh. S sng v hot ng ca su mt, cn trng ph thuc vo hm lng m ca ht. Khi ht b m cao, chng s hot ng v pht trin mnh v khi ht kh th hot ng yu dn v cht. nhit cng nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca cn trng. Phn ln su mt cht 50-600C. nhit di 00C, chng cng tn ti nhng hot ng yu hn. Khi nhit thp hn na th chng s b cht dn do s kt tinh ca nguyn sinh
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cht. Nng oxy v CO2 trong mi trng bao quanh ht cng c nh hng ln n hot ng ph hy ca su mt.
3.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh bo qun

Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s h hng ht du trong qu trnh bo qun l do s h hp ca ht. Cng h hp trong qu trnh bo qun ht ph thuc vo 3 nhn t chnh: hm lng m, nhit v thnh phn khng kh quanh khi ht. Nhng nhn t ny khng nhng nh hng n hm lng du c trong ht m cn nh hng n c cc thnh phn sng khc ca khi ht nh vi khun sng k sinh trong ht hay cc tp cht km theo ht, cc loi su b... m ca ht m ca ht thay i ph thuc ch yu vo c im, thnh phn, cu to ca chng v chn ca ht. Cc ht du c cu trc xp hnh thnh do h mao qun i qua gia cc t bo. Trong t bo c cha cc cht dng keo, c i lc ha hc vi nc (c bit l cc cht protein), nh ht du c kh nng hp ph hi nc t ngoi vo hoc nh hi nc t trong ni bo ra bn ngoi lm thay i m ca chng. Qu trnh ht v nh m (hi nc) ca ht ph thuc vo bo ha hi nc trong khng kh. Khi p sut ring phn ca hi nc trn b mt ht th ht hp ph hi nc vo b mt v vo bn trong (cc mao qun), m ca ht tng ln. Ngc li, khi p sut hi nc trong khng kh thp hn trn b mt ht, ht nh hi nc ra bn ngoi, m ht gim xung. Khi p sut hi nc trong khng kh v trn b mt ht bng nhau th qu trnh ht hoc nh m ngng li, m ca ht khng thay i. Ht du trng thi ny c gi l ht cn bng m. m tng ng gi l m cn bng ca ht. Qu trnh ht m ca ht thng chia lm 2 giai on: - Giai on u (giai on ht m lin kt): hi nc hp ph vo gia cc b mt nhng phn t dng keo (ht nc) v c gi li trn cc b mt y bng cc ni lin kt hydro kh bn vng. dng m lin kt, nc t c kh nng tham gia hoc thc y cc qu trnh bin i khng c ch ca ht. - Giai on hai (ht m t do): Sau khi kt thc giai on mt, ht vn tip tc ht m vo gia cc phn t dng keo, nh vo cc lc ht tnh in. Khi dng m t
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do, nc l yu t quan trng thc y cc qu trnh gy h hng ht, n tham gia trc tip vo cc phn ng ha hc, lm tiu hao lipid trong ht. m ca ht thi im c nc t do xut hin (kt thc giai on ht m lin kt) gi l m ti hn hay m chun ca ht. ln ca m ti hn ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca ht. Nu ht c du cao, m ti hn ca ht s gim. Qu trnh bo qun ht du t hiu qu khi m bo qun nh hn m ti hn. Vi tt c cc loi ht du, m chun c th xc nh bng cng thc:
Ath 14,5 100 M 100
Ath : m ti hn ( m chun) ca ht (%) M : Hm lng du trong ht kh tuyt i (%) 14,5 : m dng lin kt ca cc cht ht nc cha trong ht. nhit ca ht Trong qu trnh bo qun cc ht c du, nhit tng s lm tng cng h hp ca khi ht. nhit thp s lm cc qu trnh sinh ha trong ht b chm li, nhit cao s thc y qu trnh t bc nng trong khi ht. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca nhit n cng h hp ca ht c gii hn hn. Khi ht c m thch hp cho hot ng sng ca n, t nhit thp tng dn ln khong 50 700C, cng h hp ca ht tng. Nhng khi tng trn 700C, cng h hp gim dn, nu tip tc tng n mt nhit nht nh, ht ngng h hp (b mt hot ng sng). Thnh phn kh ca khng kh gia khong trng ca ht iu kin khng c O2, hot ng ca vi sinh vt gim ng k. Li dng tnh cht ny, qu trnh bo qun ht t hiu qu, cn to iu kin khng c O2 trong khi ht. Qu trnh loi oxy khi khi ht c th tin hnh bng hai cch: - S dng cc cht kh: CO2, N2, khi... thay th vo cc khong trng ca khi ht. - Phng php ha hc: a ngay vo gia khong trng ca khi ht hi acid propionic hay cc cht kh bromua metyl, diclo etan... Qu trnh ny t hiu qu nhanh tuy nhin n c kh nng thay i phm cht ca lipid.
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3.3 Cc bin php bo qun:

thc hin nhim v c bn l bo tn cc cht c gi tr ca nguyn liu, c th p dng nhiu cng on khc nhau nhm phng nga s pht sinh hoc hn ch cc qu trnh ph hy nguyn liu. Mt trong nhng bin php bo qun hu hiu c th thc hin l: - Gim m ca nguyn liu, - Gim nhit ca nguyn liu, - Tiu dit v loi tr cc vi sinh vt, - phng s pht sinh cn trng v vi sinh vt. Nh vy cc cng on ny gm: a. Lm sch nguyn liu cha du: lm sch nhm mc ch loi b tp cht, v tp cht thng c m cao hn m ca nguyn liu v tp cht thng cha nhiu VSV v cn trng. lm sch nguyn liu, ngi ta thng dng phng php sng nn lm cho nhit ca khi nguyn liu gim do tip xc vi khng kh trn mt phm vi tng i ln. b. Sy nguyn liu cha du: Mc ch l lm gim m ca nguyn liu nguyn liu t n mt m thp hn m gii hn khong t 1 - 2,5. Ngoi ra sy cn lm nhim v tiu dit VSV, cn trng, hn ch s hot ng ca cc men, rt ngn qu trnh chn ti ca nguyn liu sau khi thu hoch. Sau khi sy cn lm ngui bng cch thng gi hoc o trn khi nguyn liu. Sau khi sy v lm ngui xong, nguyn liu c bo qun trong kho hoc trong xil, kho v xil cha phi m bo cch nhit, cch m tt v trnh c s xm nhp ca VSV v cn trng, c nhng ni ngi ta tin hnh phun ha cht (dicloetan, tetracloruacacbon, sunfuacacbon...) bo qun nguyn liu cha du, tuy nhin, nu bo qun c phun ha cht th sau 2 n 3 thng cn phi thng gi cho khi nguyn liu.
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1. QUY TRNH SN XUT DU TH 1.1 Quy trnh cng ngh:

M
L hi
Sng tp cht
Nghin cn
Hi bo ha
Chng sy
Phi
Du
Hm lng
Lc s b
Cn lng
Lng sp
Lc tch sp
Sp
Du th
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1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh:

1.2.1 Sng tp cht :
Tp cht l ni tp trung m, vi khun, nm, cn trng, gy c i vi c th con ngi . Ht di lm cho sn phm khng thun khit c v mt cm quan (mu, mi v) v gi tr dinh dng. Cn cc tp cht cng nh st, , .nu khng c loi ra khi nguyn liu th c th lm hng thit b khi tip xc. V vy trc khi nhp kho hay a vo ch bin cn c lm sch nhm : thc phm. Tng tui th, nng sut ca cc thit b sn xut. Lm gim 1 phn m ca nguyn liu. Gim s lng cn trng, vi sinh vt. Gip sn phm c phm cht thun khit v m bo v sinh an ton
Bin php lm sch : Qu trnh lm sch c da trn s khc nhau v trng lng, kch thc, nhn v t tnh. tch tp cht ta c th dng sng kt hp vi h thng qut ht hn hp khng kh v bi s c qut ht v theo ng dn vo ca cyclone theo phng tip tuyn vi vn tc 20 25 m/s, dng hn hp quay trn trong rnh gia ng tm v v tr, di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc ht rn vng ra thnh rt xung y v c thu vo bao cn kh sch theo ng tm ra ngoi. Mt sng s phn khi nguyn liu thnh cc nhm c kich thc khc nhau: rc ln, ht m, ct bi. Ngoi ra, sng cn c b tr thanh nam chm nhm tch cc tp cht st trnh h hi cc b mt tip xc ca my nghin. Sng c t nghing khong 200. Ton b hp sn ng trn 4 thanh n hi, chuyn ng lc qua lc li nh c cu lch tm tay bin. Bn trong hp sng c lp 2 lp li. Lp th nht t trn c kch thc cc l khong 4 5 mm v lp li th 2 t bn di c kch thc l khang 1mm. Khi nguyn liu t silo truyn xung sng, cc tp cht ln s c gi li lp li th nht, m c gi li trn lp li th 2, cc tp cht nh v nng (ht sn, vn, ...) s ri xung y sang, cn bi c qut ht i.
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Khi my hot ng cn theo di : - Dng in, in p trong qu trnh hot ng . - rung, lc, n ca my . - Kim tra nguyn liu ra, nng sut ca my . - Kim tra lng tp cht thu hi . - Kim tra lng m sau sng cn ln tp cht hay khng . - Kim tra v thu hi cc tp cht kim loi trn cc thanh nam chm .
Mt s s c - nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc

S c Motor np liu b nght, ngng hot ng My ang hot ng th ngng rung hay rung qu mnh ( rung khng n nh) Lng m qua sng qu t, m ln trong tp cht thu t sng trn nhiu. Nguyn liu b ln Lng nguyn liu xung sng qu t nhiu vt l nh g, rm,nn b kt ti motor np liu Ngng my, ly vt l ra khi u np liu L li sng b nght V sinh li sng Do ng c hoc i trng khng cn Kim tra ng c v hai i trng to rung Nguyn nhn Trong nguyn liu c ln nhiu vt l nh g, rm, Khc phc Dng my, tho ra, v sinh sch. Sau cho motor hot ng li.
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1.2.2 Cn :
Du ch yu tp trung nhn, phn b trong cc khe vch t bo. N li lin kt vi cc thnh phn k nc. V vy cn tin hnh nghin m nhm: - Ph hy lp v ca ht m, gii phng du trong nhn ht. Khi kch thc cc ht bt nghin cng nh cc t bo cha du cng c gii phng. - Lm gim thi gian khuch tn ca nc v thi gian truyn nhit vo khi bt m trong khi chng sy, lm tng b mt tip xc gia nguyn liu v hi trc tip, hi gin tip nn s lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh chng sy. - To cho nguyn liu c hnh dng v kch thc ng u, t bt nghin sau khi chng sy s c cht lng ng u, khi p du s d dng thot ra. Tuy nhin, nu kch thc cc ht bt nghin qu nh th khi chng sy bt s khng xp, d dn n hin tng vn cc lm qu trnh chng sy khng ng u hiu qu tch du d khng cao. Cn lu rng sau khi nghin th b mt t do ca nguyn liu tng ln rt nhiu, lm tng kh nng tip xc ca du trn b mt ht nghin v oxi trong khng kh, ngoi ra trn b mt ht nghin cn c s pht trin mnh m ca vi sinh vt, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh ch bin sau ny. Do , bt sau khi nghin cn phi a i chng sy ngay.
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Thit b nghin cn : my nghin i trc Cu to ca my gm trc lp trn trc c th di ng, trc b gi v tr c nh bi h thng l xo, v trc c lp trn trc c nh, hai trc quay tri chiu vi hai vn tc khc nhau nn ngoi lc nn, my cn c lc ct x nguyn liu. Nng sut my nghin trc ph thuc vo ng knh, chiu di truc, c ly gia cc cp trc, tc quay ca truc v trng lng ca nguyn liu. Khi my lm vic, s phn b m nguyn liu vo khe trc gy nh hng n hiu sut ca my. Do , b phn phn phi dng ht phi lin tc ri u, dc khe trc nguyn liu phi cun vo u. Mun vy chiu rng khe trc phi u, khng bt dnh (cn phi b tr dao hoc chi qut di mt trc). Khi my hot ng cn kim tra : - Thng xuyn kim tra mc nghin cn ca nguyn liu, phi t ti thiu 75%, thong thng mc nghin cn nm trong khong 85 98%. - n ca my, s va p ca 2 rulo . - Tc quay v ng m ca 2 rulo
Mt s s c - nguyn nhn v bn php khc phc

S c Nguyn nhn - Ln kim loi trong My ang chy c ting ku l nguyn liu - B bc n Khc phc - Ngng my, kim tra, ly vt l ra - Ngng my thay bc n Dy ai b trt Puly truyn ng b trt Dy ai b gin Puly b mn Cn chnh li dy ai Hiu chnh li puly Kim tra tm gt Nguyn liu sau khi nghin cn khng t Khe h gia 2 rulo ln nguyn liu v iu chnh khe h gia 2 rulo cn
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1.2.3 Chng sy :
Mc ch : - Lm cho bt nghin c tnh n hi, cc mi lin kt phn t gia phn k nc v phn ho nc b yu i gip du thot ra d dng hn. - Lm gim nht du. - Lm cho mt s thnh phn khng c li (mi, c t..) mt tc dng, t lm tng cht lng ca thnh phm. - Lm v hot h thng enzym tn ti trong bt nghin, c bit l lipase. - iu chnh m ca bt nghin cho ph hp vi giai on p. Cu to : Ni chng sy : c s dng nhm gia nhit v sy kh bt nghin t cc thng s v nhit v m theo yu cu ca cng ngh p trc khi a vo my p.
Thit b chng sy
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Thit b chng sy nhn t trn xung 1.ng c in 3 pha 18,5 Kw 2.qut ht m 3.ng c in 3 pha 1,5 Kw 4.hp gim tc 5.b khp ni 6.trc khuy 7.v bo n 8. cnh khuy 9.phao bo mc nguyn liu 10.khong trng gia 2 tng 11.ca t ng 12.ng chuyn nguyn liu chng sy xung b phn np liu 13.ca chui 14.ng gp ht m 15.cm van hi cung cp hi bo ha 16.ng hi gin tip 17.ng hi trc tip 18.nhit k in tr 19.van x
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1,2,3,4: cc tng ni 5: cnh khuy 6: ca tho bt chng sy
Cu to thit b chng sy
Ni chng sy c chia thnh 4 tng xp chng ln nhau . Lp v bo n gi nhit cho ton b ni chng sy dy 10cm, lm bng bng thy tinh v c bc nhm bn ngoi. y mi tng c cu to bi 2 lp thp tm cch nhau 5 cm to thnh khong trng cha hi bo ha gia nhit cho nguyn liu mt cch gin tip. Tm ni c lp trc khuy v trn mi tng c lp 2 cnh khuy, 2 cnh khuy tng th nht v 2 cnh cnh khuy tng th 3 c t vung gc vi 2 cnh khuy tng th 2 v 2 cnh khuy tng th 4. Cnh khuy c lp st y mi tng gt, trn nguyn liu ri gt nguyn liu xung di thng qua ca t ng. ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 18,5 Kw ko trc cnh khuy thng qua hp gim tc bnh rng vi vn tc khong 30 vng / pht. B khp ni c tc dng lin kt hp gim tc v trc cnh khuy, ngoi ra khi c s qu ti ca trc cnh khuy th cht an ton trn khp ni b t m bo an ton cho thit b. mi tng cn c phao bo mc nguyn liu ngi vn hnh my c th nhn bit lng nguyn liu trong ni m iu chnh lng nguyn liu vo ni chng sy cho thch hp. Mi tng u c ng ng bn hng gp vo ng gp ht m. Trn cc ng ng thot hi ny c b tr cc l chn iu chnh vn tc thot hi cc tng. ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 1,5 Kw v qut ht m s c s dng khi
nguyn liu qu m. Hi m mi tng theo ng gp ht m ln qut gt m ri ra ngoi trn thc t khng dng qut ht m v m ca m nguyn liu khng cao. Cm van hi s cp hi bo ha vo khong trng y mi tng truyn nhit cho nguyn liu trong ni thng qua van gin tip hoc to m cho nguyn liu bng cch phun hi trc tip thng qua van trc tip. Sau khi truyn nhit, hi ngng t thnh nc theo cm van x ra ngoi. Ngoi ra mi tng cn c ca ngi chui c khot bn hng sa cha v x l s c. Sau khi chng sy khong 50 pht, nguyn liu xung n ng chuyn liu, vo b phn np liu vo my p. Ti ca x cui cng ca ni chng sy c l chn iu chnh lng nguyn liu ra khi ni. B phn np liu a nguyn liu t ni chng sy xung my p cn c b phn np liu. B phn np liu ca cc my p ETP u c cu to ging nhau, ch yu gm cc chi tit:
1.ng c in 3 pha 2.khp ni lin kt ng c v hp gim tc 3.hp gim tc truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c n trc np liu 4.khp ni lien kt trc gim tc v truc np liu 5.ng chuyn nguyn liu t tng cui ca ni chng sy xung vis np liu
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6.cc vng bi trc np liu 7.gi cc vng bi 8.trc np liu 9, 10, 11.cc cnh vis np liu nguyn liu vo lng p 12.thanh chn nm gia khe h gia cc cnh vis np liu c tc dng gt nguyn liu khng cho quay trn theo cnh vis m chuyn ng tnh tin xung 13.cc dao cn xp vi nhau c khe h du thot ra ngoi v giai on ny cc cnh vis np liu to ra lc p s b lm nguyn liu tit ra 1 lng du nh Cc cnh vis 9, 10, 11 c ng knh cnh vis v bc vis thu nh dn t trn xung, do th tch nguyn liu cng xung cng nh li to ra lc p tng . Chng sy bt nghin c th dng hai ch : Ch chng sy t: Trong qu trnh chng sy tin hnh lm m n m thch hp (chng) cho s trng n phn ho nc ca bt ri sau sy nguyn liu c m thch hp cho vic p. giai on chng, bt nghin c lm m bng nc hoc hn hp ca nc vi hi nc trc tip, giai on sy, bt sau khi chng thng c sy kh bng hi nc gin tip. y l ch c p dng rng ri hin nay v to iu kin cho cc thnh phn ca bt bin i n mc tt nht. Ch tiu c trng cho ch chng sy l mc lm m bt, nhit chng v sy, thi gian chng sy v m bt sau khi chng sy. Ty thuc vo cu to, thnh phn ca nguyn liu, (ch yu l thnh phn ho nc v thnh phn du), m ban u ca nguyn liu m mi loi nguyn liu c ch chng sy khc nhau, khng c lm qu m hay qu nhit v bt s tr thnh mt khi chy do, du s khng thot ra khi p. Ch chng sy kh: Trong qu trnh chng sy khng gia m cho nguyn liu m ch n thun sy. Ch ny t c s dng v hiu sut tch du thp do bt khng c trng n.
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Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh chng sy: Nhn chung, khi a nhit v m vo bt nghin, phn ho nc (phi lipit) s trng n, t lm thay i tnh do ca bt v trng thi ca du ng thi xy ra nhng s bin i sinh ha, ha hc cc cht c trong khi bt. C hai qu trnh bin i ch yu nh sau: S bin i ca phn ho nc: - Trong khi chng sy, cc phn ho nc s ht nc v trng n. Ban u, s ht nc xy ra rt mnh, sau th gim dn, t lm cho bt tr nn do v n hi. Hn na, di tc dng ca nhit v m, protit b bin tnh lm cho bt cng do, lin kt gia phn ho nc v k nc yu i. - Trong khi chng sy, c s bin i v mt ha hc nh protit + gluxit to phn ng melanoidin lm du sau p c mu xm, gluxit + photphatit to thnh cc hp cht ha tan trong du. - V mt sinh ha, nhng bin i ch yu do hot ng ca cc enzym c trong nguyn liu, di tc dng ca nhit v m, cng hot ng ca cc enzym cng tng, c bit l lipaza (thy phn du) lm tng ch s axit ca du thnh phm v glucooxydaza (thy phn tinh bt), khi nhit ln cao, cng hot ng ca cc enzym gim dn. S bin i ca phn k nc (du): - Trong qu trnh chng sy, du t trng thi phn tn chuyn thnh dng tp trung trn b mt cc phn t bt. - Di tc dng ca nhit , nht ca du gim, du tr nn linh ng, y l bin i rt c li cho qu trnh sn xut. - Di tc dng ca nhit cao, du c th b oxy ha to ra peroxit oxit axit bo t do, t lm tng ch s axt ca du; nn i vi mt s nguyn liu c nhiu axit bo khng no trong thnh phn ca du th cn phi c ch chng sy nhit thp trnh lm tng ch s axit ca du. - Bt chng sy phi ng nht v m, do, n hi ph hp vi yu cu ca cng ngh (ph thuc vo c cu ca my p v nguyn liu). Khi bt chng sy khng t c ng nht, hiu qu thot du t cc phn t khc nhau s khc
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nhau, dn n hiu qu thot du khng cao. Mun t c ng nht ca bt chng sy cn c nhng bin php sau: - Lng bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi lin tc n nh lng bt chng sy ra khi ni. Mun m bo vn ny th nng sut my nghin phi ph hp vi nng sut ca ni chng sy v my p. Ngoi ra, cc ca thng ca cc tng ni chng sy phi lm vic bnh thng. - m ca bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi n nh. Nu m ca bt nghin thp hoc cao hn m cn thit, cn phi c bin php iu ha m (sy kh hoc lm m). - Vic lm m giai on chng phi ng u. - Lng nhit cung cp phi ln v n nh, do cc thng s ca hi nh p sut, nhit , lu lng phi n nh, lng nc ngng phi c ly ra mt cch trit .
1.2.4 p :
C ch ca qu trnh p: Khi p, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong khi bt xy ra s lin kt b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca cc phn t, ta c th chia ra lm hai qu trnh ch yu: Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn lng: y l qu trnh lm du thot ra khi cc khe vch gia cc b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca t bo. Khi bt u p, do lc nn cc phn t bt st li gn nhau, khi lc nn tng ln, cc phn t bt b bin dng. Cc khong trng cha du b thu hp li v n khi lp du c chiu dy nht nh, du bt u thot ra. Tc thot du ph thuc vo nht ca lp du v ph thuc vo p lc p, nht cng b, p lc cng ln th du thot ra cng nhanh. Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn rn: khi lc nn tng ln, s bin dng xy ra cng mnh cho n khi cc phn t lin kt cht ch vi nhau th s bin dng khng xy ra na. Nu nh trong cc khe vch khng b gi li mt t du v p lc cn c th tip tc tng ln th t cc phn t bt ring bit s to thnh mt khi chc dnh lin nhau. Trn thc t, p lc p cng ch t n mt gii hn nht nh, c mt lng nh du cn nm li nhng ch tip gip nhau, cho nn kh du vn cn c
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tnh xp. c bit khi ra khi my p, tnh xp ca kh du li tng ln khi khng cn tc dng ca lc nn na. Mt iu quan trng nh hng n hiu qu ly du l nu tc tng p lc qu nhanh th s lm bt kn cc ng thot du lm du khng thot ra c, iu ny thy rt r cc my p m trong nguyn liu khng c o trn (my p th cng). Ngoi ra, nu ch xt n thun v s chuyn dch ca du qua cc khe vch, cc h ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu, ta c th rt ra nhng iu kin m bo vic tch du t hiu qu sau y: p sut chuyn ng ca du trong cc khe vch v cc ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu cng ln, du chy ra cng nhanh, mun nh th th ngoi lc tc dng ln du phi ln. Ngoi lc tc ng ln nguyn liu (bt p) gm c hai phn: mt phn tc ng ln du v mt phn tc ng ln cc phn t rn lm cc phn t ny bin dng. Do , cho p lc tc ng ln du ln, ta cn phi thay i tnh cht c l ca cc phn t rn (qua cng on chng sy) lm gim phn p lc lm cho cc phn t bin dng, nh , p lc tc ng ln phn du s tng. Tuy nhin, vic tng ngoi lc cng thc hin n mt gii hn no , nu vt qu gii hn ny s dn n s co hp cc ng mao qun dn du hoc cc khe vch cha du mt cch nhanh chng lm hiu qu thot du gim. ng knh cc ng mao qun cha du cn phi ln trong sut qu trnh p trnh vic du thot ra qu chm hoc khng thot ra c. Trn thc t, hin tng ny thng xy ra v khc phc cn phi tng p lc p t t nhm m bo thi gian cho lng du ch yu kp chy ra. Nu p lc p tng t ngt, cc ng mao qun cha du nhanh chng b hp li hoc b bt kn, du s chy ra chm. Mt khc, nu p lc p tng mnh trong giai on u s lm ri lon s chuyn ng ca nguyn liu trong my p do du chy ra mnh lit ko theo nhiu cn du. Chiu di cc ng mao qun cha du phi ngn v s thot du khi p thng i theo mt phng chung v v pha c on ng ngn nht. Nu ng chy du cng di th thi gian chy qua on ng y cng ln. Ngoi ra, khi ng chy du ngn, s ng mao qun b tc trong qu trnh p cng t hn. V th, thc hin vic p du mt cch trit th lp nguyn liu trong my p phi mng.
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Thi gian p phi ln, nu thi gian p qu ngn, du chy ra cha ht, ngc li, nu thi gian p qu di s nh hng n nng sut my p. Vic ci tin c cu my p cng c th rt ngn c thi gian p. nht ca du phi b tr lc khi du chuyn ng b, t thi gian du thot ra khi nguyn liu s ngn. nht ca du b, bt p phi c nhit cao v trong qu trnh p nhit phi n nh. Khi bt p b ngui, nht ca du tng v tnh do ca bt gim nh hng n s thot du. Tuy nhin, khi nhit bt p qu cao, du s b oxy ha mnh, du s b sm mu v kh du s b chy kht. V th, vic dng nc hoc du ngui lm mt lng p l vic lm rt cn thit, trnh c hin tng pht nhit khi my p lm vic. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut p: c tnh c hc ca nguyn liu p nh hng rt ln n hiu sut p, c tnh ny do cc cng on chun b, c bit l khu chng sy quyt nh. Ngoi ra, mc nghin bt, nhit , m ca bt cng l nhng yu t c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut p. Cc iu kin hnh thnh trong qu trnh p nh p lc p, nhit p, c cu my p Thit b p: tin hnh p du, ngi ta c th dng my p vt hoc my p th cng (my p th cng khng gii thiu). My p vt gm ba loi: loi p lc thp, p lc trung bnh v p lc cao, my p vt lm vic lin tc, bn trn l cc tng ni chng sy, v th sau khi chng sy xong, c th tin hnh p ngay. p lc trong lng my p vt c to thnh l do s nn nguyn liu v sc phn khng ca nguyn liu, p lc ny ln hay b ty thuc vo cu to lng p v trc vt. Do tit din khe cn ti ca ra kh b hn bt c im no trong lng p, v th nn nguyn liu chuyn ng s b nn tr li tc l to cho my p c p lc. Mt khc, do trc vt c s thay i bc vt (ngn dn v pha ra kh du), ng knh ca lng p cng thay i, nh dn v pha ra kh du, cho nn mun cha c lng nguyn liu t on sau chuyn ti buc phi xy ra s nn, tc l to nn p lc.
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Trn thc t, nu ta cho vo my p mt lng bt qu nho, khi trc vt quay hu nh khng c mt p lc no. iu ny chng t rng c tnh ca bt p quyt nh s to thnh p lc trong my p. c tnh ca bt p li do cng on chng sy quyt nh, v vy c th ni rng p lc trong my p do khu chng sy bt quyt nh. Ni chng sy W180/4 i km vi my p ETP 20.3 . My p ETP gm 2 b phn chnh l hp gim tc v b phn p .
Ni chng sy W180/4 v my p ETP 20.3
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o Hp gim tc c tc dng truyn chuyn ng t motorco1 cng sut 55 Kw vo b phn p ng thi gim s vng quay, n trc p, chuyn ng quay ch cn khong 6 vng/pht . o B phn p gm 3 phn : Cm p gm 2 na vnh cm ging nhau t p vo nhau c lin kt cht vi nhau nh bulon cm. Trn ranh gii 2 na t dao gt, g t quay vo trong, khi my lm vic gi cho hng chuyn ng ca nguyn liu dc theo trc m khng quay trn ti ch. chiu di cm c chia thnh 6 on (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) v 1 s on ngn (1). Trn 5 on di bng nhau lp cc dao cn, gia cc dao cn c cc khe h nh khi p, du v lng b cn cha nhiu du (phi) theo khe h thot ra ngoi cn b th chuyn ng tnh tin t on (1) n on (V) ri thot ra ngoi qua cn. Khe h t on (1) n on (V) c gim dn: 1,3 0,7 0,45 0,35 0,25 mm chiu dy khe h gim dn v cng v cui lc p cng ln v lng du cng gim do khe h phi gim hn ch phi lt theo du ra ngoi . Khi lp hai vnh cm th cc thanh dao cn (4) s m cht cc thanh dao gt (5). Cc thanh dao gt c tc dng gt b trong lng p khin chng ch chuyn ng tnh tin m khng chuyn ng quay trn theo vis p.
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ng knh trong ca on (I) ln hn ng knh trong ca bn on sau; do , b di chuyn lin tc cn c on chuyn tip (1). Cm p t trong gi l nhng ai thp v thanh sut ging li vi nhau bng cc bu lng v ai c. Trc vis gm li trc lng vo trong mt s on vis theo th t t nh n ln, k t pha bt p vo. on vis u c gn vis kp dng lm on tip nhn. Bc vis ca on ny di nht so vi cc on pha sau. Nhng on tip theo c gn vis n, bc vis ngn dn, ngn nht l on vis cui. Gia cc on vis c m thm cc on bc, mt mt lm thay i ng knh trc, mt khc s lm cho nguyn liu chuyn ng ri lon. Nh vy, p lc s dn c tng ln dc theo trc v m s c o trn khi p.
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Trc vis nhn chuyn ng t hp gim tc thng qua khp ni. Cc vis p (15), (17), (19), (22), (24), (27), (29), cng cc bc ni (18), (20), (23), (25) v bc cn (16) c trc p truyn lc xon thng qua cc then chm (10), (14), (21), (26), (28), (30). Vng bc m (2) c tc dng ngn nguyn liu lt ra hng khp ni. Bc cn c nh (5) nm lt trong l trn thnh my v c ci cht bng na vng bc (4). Bc cn di ng (6) nh c cu vis iu chnh c th trt ra trt vo trn bc cn c nh (5) lm thay i chiu dy khe h gia bc cn c nh (5) v bc cn di ng (6) lm thay i chiu dy khe h gia bc cn di ng (6) v bc cn (7) cng chnh l chiu dy ca b p ra. Cc cnh p b p (11) gn trn bc cn c tc dng lm b v ra thnh tng ming. Bc lt (8) c nh v tr cc vis, bc vi gi cui trc p. ai c (9) c nh v tr ca vng bi trn gi cui trc p. Qu trnh p nng sinh nhit lm ton b trc p nng ln. bo v ngi ta khoan l t cui trc p n vis p (29) cho nc vo gii nhit trong sut qu trnh p. Trc vis t cn i vo cm p. Khi lm vic trc vis quay cn cm p c nh. Di tc ng ca cc gn vis trn trc, bt b nn v y lin tc v pha trc ri qua ca ra ngoi. Du thot qua khe cn lng p chy dn vo mng hng du. B phn iu chnh chiu dy kh du hay cn gi l ca ra kh. B phn ny c tc dng lm thay i chiu dy ca kh du trc khi ra khi my v cng lm thay i p lc p. Khi mun kh du c chiu dy mng, ngha l p lc cao p c kit du, th iu chnh b phn ny cho ca ra kh hp li. Ngc li, mun gim p lc tng nng sut my, th iu chnh cho ca ny rng ra, khi chiu dy kh s tng. Khi lm vic vi my p vt, cn ch mt s im sau: Khng cho my chy trong iu kin qu ti, khng cc tp cht nh kim loi, si, ri vo my p. Thng xuyn quan st v tr ca du chy ra t bn di my p, nu du chy ra nhiu nht gia lng p, chng t bt p t yu cu, cn nu du chy ra u hoc cui my p, chng t bt p qu t hoc qu kh. Lc cn phi ng ca cp bt p xung my p v iu chnh li ch chng sy cho thch hp.
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Thng xuyn quan st ng ra ca kh du, trong iu kin bnh thng, kh du ra thnh tng mng nh, chiu dy ng u, khng nt vn, mt mt hi g gh c nhiu vt rn, mt mt nhn bng. Mu ca kh du ti, khng c mi chy kht, khng c vt du loang l. My chy m, du khng theo khe cn thot ra ngoi. Khi vn hnh ni chng sy v my p cn thng xuyn theo di cc thng s k thut iu chnh cho ph hp. - Ampe p:50-60 A - Lng phi, mu sc, kch thc ca phi v mu sc bt du, v tr thot du. - Nhit chng sy:85-1100C, p lc hi :4-5kg/cm2. - Lng v nng ca nc lm ngui trc p. Hnh dng v mu sc ca b.
Mt s s c- nguyn nhn v cch khc phc khi ni chng sy v my p hot ng

S c Nguyn nhn Khc phc Kim tra p lc hi, chiu cao mc nguyn liu trong Do lm m qu nhiu hoc nhit sy thp ni. ng ca np liu xung my p. Np thm nguyn liu, cho qut ht m chy. Kha bt van hi tng sy B b nt, qu kh Do lm m qu t, nhit sy qu cao. cui cng (tng 4). Tng lng phun hi m trc tip. Nguyn liu qu m Ti my p qu nh Ca np liu vo my p m qu nh Gim lng phun m iu chnh li mc m ca
B qu m
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Tng cng phun m cho B qu kh Ti my p qu cao Np liu qu nhiu vo my p nguyn liu(m van hi trc tip) ng bt ca np liu vo my p. Do nguyn liu qu kh T l du trong b cao Nguyn liu nghin cn cha t yu cu Nguyn liu qu m Hm lng phi qu nhiu Do gt b gy Dao cn b mn lm khe h gia cc dao cn ln Hm lng du trong b >9% v m trong lng p >3% trong 3 ca lin tip. My ang chy pht ra ting ng l. C vt l lt vo lng my ng ca np liu, tt my, thng lng p, tm vt l. 1.ng ca np liu vo lng 1.Nu c my pht My ang chy b cp in 2.Nu qu 15 pht m khng c my pht in, b s b kh cng p. Khi ng my p v thng lng p bng ht m sng. 2.Kha van hi chnh, ng ca np liu.tho cm p, tho nguyn liu ra Ngng my kim tra. Tng cng phun m iu chnh my nghin cn M lng p, thay dao gt Hiu chnh li cc khe h gia cc dao cn, thay dao cn mi
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1.2.5 Hm lng :
Du sau khi p ra c cha trong hm lng lng bt tp cht sau c a i tch tp cht v tch sp. Phn cn lng c cho tr li vo ni chng sy v p ly li du cn trong cn.
1.2.6 Lc s b :
C ch : Du th c trn vi t hot tnh vi t l nht nh sau c bm vo thit b lc khung bn cng vi kh y, gia cc lp khung v bn c lt cc lp vi lc nhm tng kh nng lc ca thit b. p cht khung v bn nh c cu ai vt xon nh tay quay, l dn huyn ph nhp liu ca khung v bn c ni lin to thnh ng dn nh ra ghp vi h thng cp liu. Du lc chy ra t bn qua h thng ng ng v ly ra ngoi, b c gi li trn b mt vch ngn lc v c cha trong khung, khi b trong khung y th dng qu trnh lc tin hnh tho b. Du sau khi p c lc qua lp li lc (bn di trc vis) nhng vn cn ln nhiu tp cht, ch yu l cc mnh nguyn liu. bo qun du c lu hn cn phi tin hnh lng lc. Trc tin cho du chy trn vo b cha lng s b cc tp cht ln, sau bm ln my lc khung bn tch cn huyn ph. nht ca du nh hng rt ln n tc lc. Nh vy, tc lc ph thuc vo nhit ca du. Nhit cng cao, nht cng thp, lc cng nhanh nhng s cn ha tan vo du nhiu nn du khng c lc sch. Nhit du sau khi p lc thng khong 45-650C. Cn huyn ph s c a tr li ni chng sy thu hi du cn du sau lc s c bm ra cc bn cha ngui n nhit mi trng ri tin hnh tch sp. My lc khung bn: Cu to ca my gm mt loi bn lc xp thng ng trn khung my v c p cht vi nhau bi mt trc ci.
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Thit b lc khung bn
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Cc loi khung lc c cu to hnh vung, thng c lm bng gang, gia hai khung c p cht vi nhau bng mt lp vi lc, cht lng s i quan cc l thng vo cc khung, di nh hng ca sc nn s thm qua vi lc ri chy theo rnh trn khung bn ra vi tp trung vo cc b cha, cn cc tp cht s lu li trn vi lc v hnh thnh cc b, c ly ra theo tng thi gian quy nh. Trng hp cht lng c nhiu cn b thng dng loi my p lc c khung rng, trong ngi ta t mt khung rng gia hai khung lc, cht lng vo khung rng thm qua vi lc vo khung lc. Cc khung lc c p cht vi nhau nh trc nn, v vy d p lc khi lc ln cao, cht lng vn khng ngm qua cc khe gia cc thnh khung, khi lp my phi lp cc khung ngay ngn, vi lc cng u v phng m bo cho my kn, cht lng khng chy ra ngoi. Vi lc thng dng loi vi bt hoc vi cho bng c bit, kch thc c ct ng theo khung. Trc khi s dng phi ngm vi vo nc sau phi tht kh ri mi lp vo my trnh vi b co rt thay i hnh dng.Vi lc thng d b rch, thng di tc dng ca p lc, nhit , s c ra, m bo cho vi dng c lu, khi co b khng nn dng dao kim loi, c th dng dao g hoc nha; nhit yu cu khng cao qu 1000C. Lc u do lp b lc cha hnh thnh nn du lc ra hi b vn c. V c mt t cn cng thm qua vi lc, cn em du lc li. Trong khi lc cn thng xuyn theo di cc vi chy, pht hin nhng vi chy b c (do vi lc b rch hoc thng) kp thi kha li khung ngng hot ng. Sau mt thi gian, lp b dy ln n mc nht nh th cn ngng my co b. Trc khi ngng lc co, cn thi kh nn vo my lc thi sch du cn ng li trong my v p kit du trong b. Sau tho lng trc nn, lm ri cc khung v tin hnh co b. Cn c vo tp cht trong du m, ngi ta cn chia ra lc nng v lc ngui. Lc nng ch yu l loi tr cc tp cht c hc, lc ngui ch yu l loi tr cc tp cht c tnh keo phn tn trong du (qu trnh lc tch sp), cng nh phng php lng, iu kin cn thit ca qu trnh lc ngui l h nhit du ti nhit ngng kt ti hn.
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1.2.7 Lng sp :
Du sau khi lc s b c bm vo bn cha h nhit (khong 300C) nhm cho cc tinh th sp hnh thnh.
1.2.8 Tch sp :
Du sau khi h nhit th bt u tch sp bng thit b lc khung bn. C ch : tng t lc s b nhng t c thay bng than hot tnh nhm loi bt 1 s cht mu trong du. Vn hnh dy chuyn: 1. 2. Khi ng l hi. i p lc l hi ln khong 4-5kg/cm2 th m van x nc ngng khonh 2
pht nc ngng trong ng ng chy v b cha. Sau kha van x nc ngng li. 3. 4. M t t van gin tip (hi qu nhit) vo 4 tng ca ni chng sy 1 v 2. Khi nhit tng 1 ca ni chng sy t 60-700C th nhn cng tc khi
ng cnh khuy hai ni chng sy v tin hnh np liu vo ni chng sy. 5. 6. Khi ng qut ht bi cho my sng. Khi ng my sng v vis ti 1. Cp nguyn liu cho vis ti vis ti chuyn nguyn liu ln cho cyclon. Khi mc nguyn liu trong cyclon cao hn mc bo thp nht th m ca
np liu cho my sng. iu chnh lng nguyn liu xung my sng bng cch iu chnh tc
motor cp liu. 7. Khi ng my nghin cn 1 hoc 2, vis ti 2. 8. Khi ng gu ti 1 cp nguyn liu cho my nghin cn. Ch kim tra
ht m sau khi nghin cn xem t nh, mng, v ng u cha iu chnh khe h gia 2 rulo cho ph hp. 9. Khi ng gu ti 2 v vis ti 3 np liu cho ni chng sy. Ban u ch np liu cho ni chng sy 1. ng ca np liu cho tng 2, 3, 4 ca ni chng sy 1. ng ca np liu ca ni chng sy 2 v ca np liu cho tng 2, 3, 4 cu
ni chng sy.
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Khi tng 1 ca ni chng sy 1 y nguyn liu th ko ca np liu
nguyn liu i vo tng 1 ca ni chng sy 2. Khi nguyn liu y tng 1 ca ni chng sy 2 th ng ca np liu li
nguyn liu i vo ni 1. M ca np liu tng 2 ca ni chng sy 1 nguyn liu i xung tng 2.
Tng t np y tng 2 ca ni chng sy 1 qua tng 2 ca ni 2, tng 3 ca ni 1 qua tng 3 ca ni 2, tng 4 ca ni 1 qua tng 4 cu ni 2. Qu trnh np liu s kt thc khi c bn tng ca hai ni chng sy u y. 10. Khi ng ng c np liu v my p ETP 20.3. 11. M ca np liu cho nguyn liu i vo lng p. 12. Khi ng vis ti 4 [vis ti hi b (phi]. 13. Theo di np liu thng qua ampe k. 14. Khi khi ng khng c cho my p lm vic y ti. 15. Ban u b ra di dng bt, cha ng thnh bnh do p lc p cha cao. Lc nn cha . Phi iu chnh m v du trong b thng qua nhit chng sy v phun hi m. 16. B lc ny cha t nn phi em chng sy li. 17. n khi b t yu cu (chiu dy ca b khong 8-12mm) th mi vn hnh vis ti 5 v gu ti 3 chuyn b i. Lc ny bt u cho my p lm vic y ti. 18. M van nc lm ngui cho lng p. 19. Ch thng xuyn theo di ampe k v cc thng s k thut lin quan. 20. Du thu c sau khi p theo ng dn v hm lng 1, chy trn qua hm lng 2. Vn hnh bm ly tm hoc bm bnh rng bm du ln my p lc khung bn. M van cp du vo my p lc. Khi du bt u thot ra cc vi du th chnh van hi lu nng p lc cho my p hot ng n nh. p lc lm vic(theo di trn p k): Bm ly tm: 2-4kg/cm2 Bm bnh rng: 2-6 kg/cm2 Thng xuyn kim tra cc vi du, nu vi no b c th phi kha li.
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2. QUY TRNH TINH LUYN DU 2.1 Quy trnh cng ngh:
Du th dd H3PO4 Ty gum
NaOH
Trung ha (to = 85 - 90oC) Cn x phng
Ly tm tch cn t0 nc 980C
Ra du
Nc x phng
Sy kh nc t0 = 105 1100C
Than, t hot tnh
Ty mu
Lc Acid bo
Hi phun trc tip
Kh mi
Lc
Du tinh luyn
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2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

a. Ty gm: Nguyn tc tch: Da vo phn ng hydrat ha lm ta cc tp cht keo ha tan trong du v tch chng ra khi du bng phng php lng hoc ly tm. Dng mt lng nht nh nc nng hoc dung dch long cc cht in ly, cc aicd v c Trn ln vi du mt nhit thch hp lm kt ta cc tp cht. Hydrat ho cn c kh nng l gim ch s acid ha ca du, mt mt l do cc tp cht keo c tnh acid pht sinh gim, mt khc c mt s acid bo cng b ko theo kt ta, gim c mc tiu hao du trung tnh trong khu luyn bng kim. Tin hnh: Du th c un nng n nhit quy nh khong 500C, ri va khuy va cho dung dch ha cht long hoc H20 nhit 500C vi s lng khong 1-3% so vi tng du m a vo trong thi gian 20-30 pht. Khi gn kt thc, ly mu ln ming knh quan st, nu kt ta trng thi x tch hn khi du m th ngng khuy. Sau , tip tc lng cho n khi kt ta hon ton lng xung y th c. Sau thi gian lng khong 40-60 pht, cc tp cht gm cc tp cht c hc, nc trong du, cc thnh phn th rn c t trng ln hn du s lng xung. Ta s tho cn hoc c th dng my ly tm (my ly tm th lng hoc th rn) phn ly du v cn nh hoc nc ln trong du. b. Trung ha: Mc ch: Mc ch ch yu l loi tr cc acid bo t do (ha AV ca du xung <0,2). Ngoi ra, do x phng sinh ra c kh nng hp th nn chng ko theo cc tp cht nh: protid, cht nha, cht mu, tp cht c hc vo trong kt ta nn du sau trung ha khng nhng gim ti a ch s acid m cn loi tr c mt s tp cht khc lm cho du c mu sng hn.
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Nguyn tc: Phng php ch yu da vo phn ng trung ha acid bng bazo. Di tc dng ca dung dch kim cc acid bo t do v cc tp cht c tnh acid s to thnh mui kim, chng khng tan trong du m nhng c th tan trong nc nn c th phn ly ra khi du bng cch lng (trung ha gin on) hoc ra nhiu ln (dng my ly tm trung ha lin tc). Qu trnh hnh thnh x phng t acid bo t do theo phn ng: RCOOH + NaOH = RCOONa + H20 Cc yu t nh hng: Trong tinh luyn bng kim, iu kin k thut c tnh cht quyt nh ch yu l: - Lng kim cho vo: Nu lng kim cho vo t th hiu sut trung ha km, ngc li nu lng kim nhiu qu gy hao ht du trung tnh. - Nng kim: Nng cao, phn ng din ra nhanh lm cho hao ht du nhiu. - Nhit trung ha: Nhit thp lm cho kh nng tip xc gia NaOH v du hn ch, nhit qu cao s gy hin tng keo, dn n vic khi hn hp qua my ly tm kh tch. Khi lng kim cao, lng d nhiu, nhit cao qu, th xc tin nhanh qu trnh x phng ha du lm gim hiu sut thu hi du. Thc t cho thy rng nng u phi tng ng vi mt nhit thch hp v phm cht ca du.Thng thng nng kim cng cao th dng cho loi du c ch s acid cao v nhit phi thp. Ngoi ra, tc khuy cng nh hng khng nh. Khi cho NaOH vo phi khuy trn trnh hin tng kim cc b. Nu tc khuy cao-> ht x phng nh-> kh kt lng-> to nh tng. Nu tc khuy thp-> tc trung ha km. Tc khuy lc u 40 vng/ pht Lc sau 20 vng/ pht
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c. Ra du: Mc ch: Loi b ht x phng trong du (ngoi ra protein v cc tp cht khi gp nc nng s trng nh ra v chuyn thnh dng khng ha tan v tt c s c tch ra khi du). Tin hnh: loi tr ht x phng trong du, cn tin hnh ra du lin tc nhiu ln. Lng nc ra mi ln khong 3-5% so vi du. S ln ra khong 3 ln. Nhit nc ra 90-980C Dng my ly tm th lng phn ly nc ra khi du. Du sau khi ra phi nh tnh x phng. d. Sy: Mc ch: Tch m ra khi du sau khi ra. Tin hnh Nhit sy : 105- 110 0C Thi gian sy 45-60 pht e. Ty mu: Du c mu sc l do s tn ti ca mt s cht mu c tnh tan trong du. Cht tn ti ph bin nht l carotenoid. Carotenoid gm khong 60 n 70 cht khc nhau c mu vng sng n thm, trong nhm ny quan trng nht l carotin.Chng l nhng cht khng no v vy chng rt d b oxi ha bi oxi khng kh. Trong cng nghip thc phm, du cn c loi tr ht mu sc, m bo cc yu cu v mu sc cng nh loi tr mt s hp cht khng c li. Ty
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thuc vo cu to v tnh cht ca cht gy mu m ngi ta p dng cc bin php ty mu khc nhau. Mc ch chnh ca cng on ty mu l lm gim mu cho du theo ng yu cu cng ngh bng cch hp ph mu trn t v than hot tnh. Ty mu cn cho php loi tr lng x phng cn st li sau qu trnh trung ha, trc khi du i qua giai on kh mi. Ngoi ra, trong thc t sn xut, qu trnh ty mu cng lm gim i mt phn cc cht mi t nhin vn c ca du th (kh nng hp ph mi ca than hot tnh s dng ty mu). Mc mn ca cht hp ph cn c mt gii hn nht nh, v nu qu mn sau khi ty mu kh tch ra khi du m. Nguyn tc ca ty mu: Phng php ny da vo kh nng hp ph ca cc cht c tnh hp ph b mt. S hp ph ny c tnh chn lc i vi du m l hp ph cc cht mu. Sau khi hp ph xong tin hnh tch cc cht hp ph ra khi du. Yu cu cht hp ph: Cc cht hp ph thng c cu to xp dng bt, khi s dng cn m bo cc yu cu sau y: C kh nng hp ph ln nht, ngha l dng mt lng nho nht vn t hiu qu hp ph ln nht. C kh nng hp ph chn lc i vi cc cht mu v ch hp ph rt t du m Khi s dng khng gy ra nhng bin i ha hc v khng mang thm cc mi v khc vo du m. Sau khi hp ph d dng tch ra bng phng php lc. Ngun cung cp d tm, gi r. Trong cc nh my tinh luyn du m hin i thng s dng phi hp gia t v than hot tnh to thnh hn hp cht hp ph, vi tc dng hp ph chung ca chng hiu qu ty mu s tt hn so vi s dng ring tng loi.
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Phng php ty mu: Ty mu bng phng php ha hc: Dng tc nhn oxy ha lm mt mu hay mt cu trc mu, lm du c mu sng hn. Ty mu bng phng php vt l: Da trn tnh hp th ca t v than hot tnh. Phng php ny thng c cc nh my s dng v phn loi theo cng ngh: Cng ngh ty mu gin on v cng ngh ty mu lin tc Ti nh my du thc vt Vocar du c ty mu theo cng ngh ty mu lin tc bng dy chuyn ty mu Desmet Unibleach. Qu trnh ty mu c thc hin trong thp ty mu hon ton t ng ha vi cc thng s k thut c ci t sn v iu khin bng my vi tnh. Tin hnh: Du sau khi trung ha c ra nc, sy 100-1050C, sau c ht vo thit b ty mu. Du sau khi c gia nhit c cung cp cho bn trn than v t theo mt lng nh trc v c ht ln bn ty mu nh chn khng ca thit b. Ti y, hn hp du- t- than c cnh khuy trn u, lc ny nhit hn hp t 90-1000C, lng cht hp ph cho vo khong 0,1-4% so vi trng lng du. Thi gian ty mu 20-30 pht Ty mu xong cn lm ngui du ri dng my p lc phn ly b hp ph v du. Ngoi vic lc chn cc cht hp ph c hot tnh cao, mun qu trnh hp ph tt, du m trc khi ty mu cn loi tr ht tp cht, nht l nc, ng thi cht ty mu cng phi m bo kh Thc t cho rng, cht hp ph khi trong du m di trng thi phn tn cao , nu tip xc vi khng kh s lm cho du oxi ha mnh. V vy, iu kin cn thit trnh tip xc vi khng kh l phi ty mu trong chn khng.
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f. Lc: Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l loi b tp cht v cht hp ph. Du sau khi ty mu xong c lm ngui, ri dng my p lc khung bn phn ly b hp ph v du. Du sau khi ty mu d b oxi ha nn cn cha trong thng kn trnh tip xc vi Fe (Fe l cht xc tc cho qu trnh oxi ha) g. Kh mi: Loi b cc mi l v cc cht gy mi cho du m qu trnh ty mu khng loi b c: Mi t , than chng li hin tng i du, ngi ta thng s dng nhng cht chng oxi ha bo qun du: BHA, BHT, TBHQ Dng hi kh hoc hi qu nhit tip xc trc tip vi du trong iu kin chn khng v nhit cao. Cc cht gy mi trong du s c hi nc ko ra khi du. h. Du tinh luyn: Qu trnh tinh luyn s loi cc tp cht trn ra khi du th, m bo cc yu cu cht lng trong cc lnh vc s dng. Du m sau khi tinh luyn, cn t cc yu cu: V mu sc:mu vng nht, trong sut. V mi v: khng c mi v ban u ca du th, khng c mi l. V thnh phn: loi tr cc tp cht khng cn thit n mc thp nht, ng thi khng c li nhng tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh tinh luyn. m bo cc yu cu v sinh cng nghip thc phm
i ) Thnh phm: Ty theo n t hng ca khch hng m ta c th ng chai, phuy hay can c dn nhn. my c 2 ch ng chai: Th cng v bn t ng. Khu ny phi kim tra cht ch .
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3. QUY TRNH CNG NGH NG CHAI DU
Bn cha NL du tinh luyn
Bn phi ch
p lc
Bn cao v (trung gian)
Chit chai
B mng co Bng ti My sy mng co(hoc sy tay)

Kim tra:px kim tra Mng co trong ca du
Chai khng t yu cu cn x l li
Chai du t: xp vo thng c vch ngn Xp bao nylon vo thng Dn ming thng Dn phiu kim tra ng quy nh
KCS kim tra giy nhp kho
Nhp kho
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4. BNG M T SN PHM
L sn phm giu cht bo khng no, cc vitamin A, D,v E, d hp thu, khng to cholesterol, l ngun nng lng v dng cht dng nh v tn gip cho c th hot ng v pht trin. Vi cht lng t chun quc t, du n Voca c cung cp ti th trng ni a, c xut khu sang cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam , Hong Kong , Singapore , Nht Bn, cc nc Chu u.. v c ngi tiu dng nhng th trng ny tin tng. Voca lun xc nh tiu ch l phc v qu khch hng vi cht lng cao nht. gi c hp l nht. Thnh phn: Du olein, du nnh, du ht ci. Cht bo qun : (320), (321), (330) theo quyt nh ca B Y T. Ch tiu cht lng ch yu: FFA : 0,15% max Iodine (Wijs) : 56 min Cng dng: Dng chin xo, nu thc n, lm bnh v cc mn chay. Bo qun: ni thong mt v kh ro.
65
66
1. QUY TRNH KIM TRA CHT LNG TRONG S CH.
KS 1
L hi
Sng tp cht
Nghin cn
KS 2 KS 3
Hi bo ha
Chng sy
KS 4 KS 5
Phi
Du
Hm lng
Lc s b
Cn lng
Lng sp
Lc tch sp
Sp
KS 6
Du th
67
KS 1: Kim tra nguyn liu ht c du

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA m ht Tp cht Hm lng du
Chu k: mi l hng nhp v (hoc mua trong nc)
KS 2: Kim tra nguyn liu ht sau khi nghin cn

Cc ch tiu kim tra Phn trm ht b cn dt (90-95%)
Chu k: 2 ln/ mi ca sn xut
KS 3: Kim tra bt nghin sau khi chng sy

Cc ch tiu kim tra m bt chng sy
KS 4: Kim tra hm lng du cn li trong b

Cc ch tiu kim tra m Hm lng du
KS 5: Kim tra cht lng du sau khi p

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA Mu
KS 6: Kim tra cht lng ca du th

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA Mu

2. QUY TRNH KIM TRA CHT LNG TRONG TINH LUYN.
Du th
KS 1
Thy ha
Trung ha
KS 2
Tch cn x phng
Ra
Sy kh
Ty mu
KS 3
Kh mi
KS 4
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KS 1: Kim tra cht lng ca du th

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA Mu IV
Chu k: 1 ln/1 bn du nguyn liu
KS 2: Kim tra cht lng du sau khi trung ha

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA Hm lng x phng
Chu k: 2h/1 ln
KS 3: Kim tra cht lng du sau khi ty mu

Cc ch tiu kim tra Mu Hm lng x phng
Chu k: 2h/ 1 ln
KS 4: Kim tra cht lng ca du sau khi kh mi

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA Mu IV PV Cm quan m + tp cht
Chu k: 2h/ 1 ln
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3. QUY TRNH KIM TRA CHT LNG TRONG KHU THNH PHM.
Bn cha du tinh luyn
KS 1
Bn phi ch
KS 2
p lc
Bn cao v
Rt du vo chai
KS 3
V co
In date trn chai
KS 4
V thng
In date thng
Nhp kho
KS 5
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KS1: Kim tra cht lng du trong bn cha

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA PV Mu IV Tn sut kim tra:1 ln/ bn du trong 1 thng.
KS2: Kim tra cht lng du trong bn phi ch.

Cc ch tiu kim tra FFA PV Mu IV Tn sut kim tra:1 ln/ bn du phi ch.
KS3: Kim tra cht lng du rt vo chai

Cc ch tiu kim tra Kim tra cm quan ti cc vi rt. Tn sut kim tra:1 ln vo u ca sn xut hay khi thay i cc loi du.
KS4:
Cc ch tiu kim tra Kim tra cm quan v co, in date, xp chai v thng Tn sut kim tra:ti thiu 3 ln/ 1 ca sx
KS5:
Cc ch tiu kim tra Kim tra cm quan Tn sut kim tra: 1 ln/ 1 l hng
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4. CC QUY NH KIM TRA CHT LNG NGNH TINH CH.

Khu trung ha: AV sau trung ho, o mu du, nh tch x phng tng m. Ty mu: AV sau ty mu, o mu, cm quan sng. Kh mi: AV sau kh mi, o mu du. Cm quan sng, mi. MP v mu du c. X phng nh lng (khi c s c) Cn ho cht chng oxy ha, pha acid citric Lu mu KT i chng. Khu sn xut shortening: AV, PoV (3 ln/ca) o mu du, MP. Cn kch thc, khi lng tnh. Khu pha ch v lc: AV, PoV, o mu, cm quan. Cn ha cht cho tng m.
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5. CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA

PHNG PHP XC NH CH S AXIT V HM LNG AXIT BO T DO
Theo AOCS Ca 5a 40, TCVN 6127:2007 1. Phm vi ng dng: Cho tt c cc loi du thc vt v m ng vt th v tinh luyn. 2. nh ngha: Ch s axit l s mg KOH cn thit trung ho axit t do c trong mu c biu th theo axit lauric, axit palmitic, axit oleic tu theo bn cht ca du v m. 3. Nguyn tc: ho tan lng mu th trong etanol nng v chun bng dung dch kali hydroxit. 4. Thuc th: 4.1 KOH tinh th loi AR cn th, trng, khng b vng. 4.2 Etanol sch 95 % ( loi dng cho y t). 4.3 Etanol tinh khit 99.5 % 4.4 Phenolphtalein dung dch 1 % pha trong etol 95 %. 4.5 Dung dch chun HCl 0,1N / 0,25N / 0,4N / 1,0N c pha t ng chun 0,1N. 4.6 Nc ct loi 3 theo TCVN 4851 89. Ty theo ch s axit ca mu th nghim chun b dung dch KOH c nng theo bng 1. 4.7 Dung dch chun KOH 0,1N pha trong etanol 950 (c pha long t etanol 99,5%) v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCL 0,1N. Chun b dung dch KOH 0,1N Cn khong 7g KOH vo cc thy tinh, cho nc ct va ho tan. Chun b 970 ml dung dch etanol 960 t etanol 99,50 trong ng ong 1000 ml bng cch thm nc ct vo cho dung dch KOH c ha tan trn vo v khuy u. Thm etanol 99,50 vo n vch 1000 ml. yn hn hp trong vi ngy. Gn dch lc pha trn, em lc v s dng.
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Cch chun dung dch KOH 0,1N Dng pipet bu ly chnh xc 10ml dung dch HCl 0,1N cho vo bnh tam gic pha long dung dch vi 20ml nc ct, thm vo vi git phenophtalein chun bng dung dch KOH cho n khi xut hin mu hng nht bn trong 30 giy Cch tnh Nng ng lng ca dung dch KOH. NKOH = VHCl NHCl / VKOH 4.8 Dung dch chun KOH 0,25N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 0,25N. Tin hnh tng t (4.5) 4.9 Dung dch chun KOH 0,5N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 0,4N. Tin hnh tng t (4.5) 4.10 Dung dch chun KOH 1,0N pha trong etanol 950 v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun HCl 1,0N. Tin hnh tng t (4.5). 5. Thit b v dng c: 5.1 Bp in knh. 5.2 Cn k thut chnh xc n 0,01g 5.3 Buret 10 ml vch chia 0,02 ml 5.4 Bnh nh mc 250 ml / 1000 ml. 5.5 Pipet bu 10 ml. 5.6 Bnh tam gic dung tch 250 ml 5.7 ng ong 250ml / 1000 ml 6. Chun b mu: Lm tan chy mu nu mu cha dng lng ( nhit lm tan chy mu khng c qu im nng chy 10oC ). 7. Tin hnh: Cn v cho vo bnh tam gic lng mu tng ng vi ch s FFA d kin theo bng 1.
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FFA, % < 0,2 0,2 1 1 30 30 50 50 100 8. Tnh kt qu: AV = V F/m FFA = AV X Trong :
Mu, g 56,4 0,2 28,2 0,2 7,05 0,05 7,05 0,05 3,53 0,01
Etanol, ml 50 50 75 100 100
KOH, N 0,1 0,1 0,25 0,5 1,0
FFA l hm lng axit bo t do, tnh bng %. V l th tch dung dch chun KOH dng xc nh, tnh bng ml F l h s hiu chnh F = NKOH 56,11 m l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g. X l h s quy i tnh theo axit ca tng loi cht bo ( mu ). Loi cht bo Du da Du c Cc loi du khc 9. Bo co kt qu: Kt qu c lm trn n s l th hai i vi du th, s l th ba i vi d tinh luyn. Kt qu ca hai ln th lin tip khng chnh lch vt qu khi FFA 3,19 khi FFA > 3. Trong bo co kt qu phi ghi y cc chi tit cn thit lin quan n vic nhn bit mu. Nu qu trnh th nghim thc hin khng ng vi cc quy nh trong tiu chun th phi c ghi ch r trong bo co ca phng th nghim. Tnh theo Axit lauric Axit palmitic Axit Oleic X 0,356 0,456 0,503
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PHNG PHP XC NH CH S IOD

Theo AOCS Cd 1d-92, TCVN 6122:2007 1. Phm vi p dng: p dng cho tt c cc loi du v m khng cha ni i lin hp. 2. nh ngha: Ch s iod c dng o mc khng bo ho ca du v m, c tnh theo centigram iod c hp thu trn gam mu hoc gam iod c hp thu trn gam mu hoc gam iod c hp thu trn 100g mu (% iod c hp thu). 3. Nguyn tc: Ho tan mu th trong hn hp dung mi v cho them thuc th Wijs. Sau mt thi gian xc nh cho them dung dch kali iodua v H2O, chun lng iod c gii phng vi dung dch Natri Thiosunphat. 4. Thuc th : tt c cc thuc th phi l loi AR, nuc ct loi 3 theo TCVN 4851-89. 4.1 Dung dch KI 10%: ho tan 10g KI trong 100ml nc ct. KI phi kh ro, khng b vng. 4.2 Dung dch h tinh bt 1% c chun b bng cch cn chnh xc 1g h tinh bt v ho tan bng 3ml nc ct, cho them nc ct ang si vo dung dch ny n 100ml, un trong 3 pht, ngui trc khi dng. (Dung dch h tinh bt phi c bo qun nhit t 4 10oC). 4.3 Dung dch chun Natri thiosunphat 0,1N c pha t ng chun 0,1N vi nc ct v c xc nh li nng chnh xc bng dung dch chun Kali bicromat K2Cr2O7 0,1N. Phng trnh phn ng: KI + acid d + K2Cr2O7 I2 I2 + 2Na2S2O3 = 2NaI + Na2S4O6 Cch chun dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N - Pha cn thn dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,1N t ng chun.
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- Dng pipet ly chnh xc 25ml dd K2Cr2O7 0,1N cho vo bnh tam gic, dng ng ong thm vo 5ml dung dch acid sunfuric m c, 25ml dung dch KI 10%. y np v lc u, t trong bong ti 5 pht. - Choa vo bnh phn ng 100ml nc ct, chun bng dung dch bng dung dch Na2S2O3 n khi dung dch c mu xanh ve, thm 1- 2ml ch th h tinh bt 1% tip tc chun tht chm n khi mt mu xanh tm c trng ca ch th h tinh bt v c mu xanh dng. Cch tnh: - Nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3: NNa2S2O3 = VK2Cr2O7 x NK2Cr2O7 / VNa2S2O3 = 2,5 / VNa2S2O3 - H s hiu chnh: F = NNa2S2O3 / 0,1 4.4 Hn hp dung mi ho tan mu c chun b bng cch trn cc th tch bng nhau ca xyclohexan v acia acetic bng. 4.5 Thuc th Wijs, cha iod clorua n ICl trong acid acetic bng, chun b trong phng th nghim hoc c bn sn trn th trng. Chun b dung dch Wijs 4.5.1 Ho cht Iod thng hoa Iodine trichloride ( ICl3 ), AR Acid acetic bng, AR Tetrachlorua cacbon, AR ( cn thn v y l ho cht rt c) 4.5.2 Tin hnh Ho tan 100g ICl3 trong 2000ml dung mi gm 600ml CCl4 v 1400ml CH3COOH bng trong chai nu dung tch 2,5 lt. ch ti t nht 24 gi v thnh thong lc hn hp dung dch. Dng pipet ly 5ml dung dch vo bnh tam gic. Thm 20ml dung dich KI 10% v 100ml nc ct, chun ngay lp tc vi dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N chun. lc mnh trong sut qu trnh chun . Khi mu dung dch chuyn sang mu vng rt nht, thm 2ml dung dch h tinh bt 1% v thm dung dch Na2S2O3 tng git cho
78
n khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh thnh khng mu. Ghi th tch V1 ca dung dch Na2S2O3 dng. ( V1 phi nm trong khong 34 37ml ) Thm 1 lng W iod v gi dung dch trong 48h iod c ha tan hon ton. Cch khong 1 gi lc dung dch mt ln trong sut 48h. W = (N V1 / 1000 ) 126,9 2000 0,55/5 = 27,9 N V1 Trong : N l nng dung dch Na2S2O3 chun. Dng pipet ly 5 ml dung dch Wijs b sung iod v chun nh trn, ghi th tch V2 . Pha long dung dch thnh th tch tng cng V* bng hn hp dung mi CCl4 : CH3COOH (t l 3:7) V* = 2000 (25/5) ( V2/48) = 1000 * V2/48 5. Thit b v dng c : 5.1 T sy iu chnh nhit 5.2 cn phn tch chnh xc n 0,0001g 5.3 Buret 25ml vch chia 0,05ml 5.4 Bnh nh mc 1000ml 5.5 pipet bu 25ml 5.6 Bnh tam gic nt mi dung tch 500ml 5.7 Tha cn bng thy tinh 5.8 ng ht 2ml ( cng t gt ) 5.9 ng ong 50ml 5.10 ng ong 100ml 5.11 Giy lc Whatman no 1H
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6. Chun b mu: Lm tan chy mu nu mu cha dng lng ( to lm tan chy mu khng c vt qu im nng chy 10oC ). Ly 1 lng mu va ( khong 60 80ml un trn bp n khi t nhit 100oC, thi gian lc ko di khng qu 5 pht. Mu sau khi lc t nhit 68 71 1oC th tin hnh cn mu trong tha cn. ( i vi mu du nnh th, du m th phi thm cng on lc trc khi un nng). 7. Tin hnh: Khi lng mu th nghim tng ng vi ch s iod d kin theo bng sau. Ch s iod d kin <5 5 20 > 20 v 50 > 50 v 100 > 100 v 150 > 150 v 200 Khi lng mu cn g 0,001 3,000 1,000 0,400 0,200 0,130 0,100
t tha thy tinh cha mu th vo bnh tam gic, cho thm 15ml hn hp dung mi (4.4), dng pipet thm 25ml thuc th Wijs (4.5). y np v lc mnh, t bnh ch ti 25 5oC. Chun b tng t vi mu trng. i vi mu c ch s IV thp hn 150, bnh trong bng ti 1 gi. Nu IV > 150, thi gian l 2 gi. Lc bnh ti thiu 2 3 ln trong sut thi gian phn ng. n cui thi im phn ng, cho thm 20ml KI 10% v 150ml nc ct ( lc u bnh tam gic sau mi ln thm). Chun bng dung dch Na2S2O3 chun (4.3) cho n khi dung dch c mu vng rt nht, thm 2ml ch th h tinh bt v tip tc chun cho n khi mt mu ch th. Tin hnh ng thi php xc nh nh trn vi mu trng.
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8. Tnh kt qu: IV = ( Vo V ) 12,69 N/m hay IV = ( Vo V ) 12,69 F/m Trong : IV l ch s iod, tnh bng gI2/100g cht bo. Vo l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 chun dng cho mu trng, tnh bng ml. V l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 chun dng cho mu th, tnh bng ml. M l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g N l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3 (4.3) F l h s hiu chnh (4.3) 9. Bo co kt qu: Kt qu c lm trn n s l th 2. Trong bo co kt qu phi ghi y cc chi tit cn thit lin quan n vic nhn bit mu. Nu qu trnh th nghim thc hin khng ng vi cc quy nh trong tiu chun th phi c ghi ch r trong bo co ca phng th nghim.
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PP XC NH CH S PEOXIT
TCVN 6121:2007 1. Phm vi p dng p dng cho tt c cc loi du m thc vt v ng vt. 2. nh ngha Lng cht c trong mu th, tnh bng oxy hot tnh, lm oxy ho kali iodua, trn khi lng mu th, c tnh theo mili ng lng oxy hot tnh trn 1000g mu. 3. Nguyn tc X l phn mu trong mi trng acid axetic v cloroform bng dung dch kali iodua. Chun iodua t do bng dung dch chun nti thiosunphat. 4. Thuc th Tt c cc thuc th phi l AR. Nc ct theo TCVN 4851 89 4.1 dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0.1N 4.2 Dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0.002 N 4.3 Hn hp dung mi , chun b bng cch trn cc axit axetic bng v cloroform theo t l 3:2. 4.4 Dung dch h tinh bt 0,5% chun b ba82ngh cn chnh xc 0,5 g tinh bt
v ha tan bng 3 ml nc ct, cho thm nc ct ang si vo dung dch ny n 1000 ml un trong 3 pht ngi trc khi dng. Dung dch h tinh bt phi c bo qun nhit t 4-10oC 4.5 Dung dch KI bo ho va mi c chun bng ch pha KI vo nc ct
(KI phi kh ro, khng b vng) cho n khi tinh th KI khng th ha tan c na. 5. Thit b, dng c : 5.1 cn k thut chnh xc n 0.01 g 5.2 Buret 25ml vch cha 0.05ml
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5.3 Bnh ng mc 500ml 5.4 Pipet 1ml 5.5 Pipet bu 10ml 5.6 Bnh tam gic c nhm c np dung tch 250ml 5.7 ng ht 2ml(cng t qut) 5.8 ng ng 50ml 6. Chun b mu Lm tan chy mu nu mu cha dng lng (nhit tan chy mu khng vt qu nhit nng chy 100oC Phi m bo bao b ng du m phi kn khng b h hng. Khi kim tra nhiu ch tiu th u tin th ch tiu peroxyt trc 7. Cch tin hnh Cn khong 5g mu vo bnh tam gic thm 30 ml hn hp dung mi v y np. Lc bnh cho n khi mu tan hon ton Dng pipet cho tip 0.5 ml dung dch KI bo ha ( dung dch KI phi khng b vng) v dy np. cho dung dch phn ng trong 1 pht, trong thi gian ny lc mnh t nht 3 ln, sau thm 30 ml nc ct Chun b vi tc u vi dung dch Na2S2O3 0.002 N v lc mnh trong qu trnh chun cho n khi mu vng chnga iod gn nh bin mt hon ton. Thm khong 5 ml dung dch h yinh bt v tip tc chun vi vic lc lin tc t bit gn n im kt thc , gii phng ton b iod khi dung mi , thm tng git dung dch Na2S2O3 cho n khi mu xanh bin mt 8. Xc nh mu trng: Tin hnh xc nh mu trng song song vi mu th. Nu kt qu xc nh mu trng vt qu 0,1 ml ca dung dch Na2S2O3 0.1 N, thay cc thuc th khng tinh khit xc nh li mu th
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9. Tnh kt qu: PoV = (V-Vo ) N 1000/m Trong PoV: ch s peroxyt, tnh bng meq/kg. V: l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng xc nh ,tnh bng ml Vo l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng xc nh mu trng , tnh bng ml N: l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3 M: l khi lng mu th tnh bng g 10. Bo co kt qu: - Kt qu c lm trn n s l th 2 - Trong bo co kt qu phi ghi y cc chi tit cn thit lin quan n vic nhn bit mu. - Nu qu trnh th nghim thc hin khng ng vi cc quy nh trong tiu chun th phi c ghi ch nghin trong bo co ca phng th nghim.
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PHNG PHP XC NH MU
Theo AOCS Cc 13e 92 1. Phm vi p dng: p dng cho tt c cc loi du m thc vt v ng vt
nhng khng c hin tng m hay c ti thi im . 2. Nguyn tc: mu c xc nh da trn s truyn sng xuyn qua dy c trng ca mu v qua knh mu tiu chun. 3. Dng c: Dng c phng th nghim thong thng My so mu Lovibond vi cc thang mu chun: Red (R), yellow (Y), blue (B), neutral (N) Cuvet thch anh , , 1 4. Yu cu i vi ngi s dng my Phi t yu cu kim tra th lc kh nng nhn mu v kim tra li 5 ln / nm. Khng s dng knh eo mt c mu hoc nhy vi nh sng thu knh. 5. Chun b mu: Mu phi hon ton lng, sch v sng khi lm php xc nh. Nu mu khng dng lng ti nhit phng lm nng mu nhit ln hn im nng chy 10oC. 6. Tin hnh: Rt mu chun b vo cuvet c kch thc theo yu cu kim tra. Cuvet phi m bo kh v sch. t cuvet cha mu vo gia v ngc vi chiu nh sng trong bung chiu sng c v bng kim loi mu en c b gi cc thang mu ca my so mu. Lp tc xc nh mu ca mu, ban u bng cch s dng thang mu theo t l 10Y cho 1R. iu chnh cc thanh ko cc thang mu n khi mu ca mu th trng hao85c gn ging nht vi mu ca knh thang mu, khng nht thit theo t l 10Y chi 1R v s dng thanh mu B v N c gi tr thp nht t c mu ph hp. m bo gi tr ca knh v mu ging nhau , gi thang mu kht cht vi cc thanh thang mu.
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Do rt nhanh mi mt khi c nn ngi s dng my nn ngh mt sau mi 30 giy so mu. Vic kim tra nn c thc hin bi 2 ngi. Nu yu cu v lp li v khong chnh lch (bng 1) khng t, ngi th ba s tin hnh kim tra, klhi gi tr trung bnh ca 2 kt qu gn nh6t s c chn. Bng 1 Mu < 0,9 R 1 2,9 R 3,0 4,0 R 4,1 12 R 7. Bo co kt qu Ghi r kch thc cuvet s dng v gi tr R, Y, B hoc N c c. Trong bo co kt qu phi ghi y cc chi tit cn thit lin quan n vic nhn bit mu. Nu qu trnh th nghim thc hin khng ng vi cc quy nh trong tiu chun th phi c ghi ch r trong boc co ca phng th nghim. Chnh lch cho php 0,2 R 0,4 R 0,5 R 1,0 R
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87
1. CC CHT THI TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT

Kh thi: Kh thi thot ra t l hi cung cp nhit Khi bi thot ra t cc ng c khc. Nc thi: Nc thi sinh hot sinh ra t cc hot ng sinh hot ca cc cng nhn vin hng ngy nh: tm ra, v sinh. Nc thi sn xut t cc cng on p, tch sp, trung ho, ra, ty mu.m ch yu l t giai on trung ha. Cht thi rn: Cht thi rn sinh hot: cht thi pht sinh t hot ng vn phng ca cn b nhn vin v mt s b phn khc. Cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut: x phng, axit bo, t sau khi ty mu Cht thi rn nguy hi: ch yu l gi lau dnh du v cc thng can ng ha cht
2. X L CC CHT THI
Nc thi: Nc thi sinh hot sau khi i qua b t hoi 3 ngn c dn v trm x l nc thi tp trung ca Cng du thc vt Nh B Nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut ca cc phn xng c thu gom v x l ti trm x l nc thi tp trung ca Cng du thc vt Nh B. Nc thi qua x l phi t TCVN 5945:2005
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Nc thi sn xut
Nc v sinh nh xng
Nc thi sinh hot
H ga chn rc
B t hoi
B x l hiu kh
Bn hi lu
Ht bn
B lng bn
B cha bn d
B cha
My p bn
B n nh pH
Bn thi (chn lp hp v sinh)
B keo t - to bng
B tuyn ni
H ga
t TCVN 5945-2005 (ct B,Kq=1,1;Kf=1,1
Sng Nh B
S phng n vn hnh h thng XLNT 30 m3/ngy.
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Cht thi rn: Cht rn sinh hot: Cng ty phi hp vi Cng ty dch v cng ch Qun 7 thu
gom v x l. Cht thi rn trong sn xut: tt c cht rn sn xut t cng ty u c thu gom v phn loi ngay ti ngun v c thu mua lm nguyn liu sn xut phn bn, x phng, du nht Cht rn nguy hi: c thu gom v lu tr ring. Kh thi B tr h thng qut gi, qut ht v iu ha nhit thch hp. Kh thi t cc l hi cp nhit c thu gom v x l t tiu chun trc khi thi ra mi trng
3. GIM THIU NHIM DO HOT NG CA CNG DU

Gia c b k trnh st l. Nguyn liu c ng bao cn thn nhm trnh ri vi. Thng xuyn kim tra ng ng bm du, trnh s c r r ng ng Tin hnh bo dng nh k i vi phng tin bc d, xe ti vn chuyn gim thiu kh thi. Cc tu, x lan phi tun th v nhng quy nh v v sinh mi trng
90
91
HNH NH THIT B S DNG TRONG QU TRNH S CH
My sng tp cht
Cyclone cha m
My sng tp cht v cyclone
92
My cn
Vis ti nguyn liu sau khi cn
93
Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar Mt trc Mt sau
Thit b chng sy W180/4
My p ETP 20.2 (nhn t 2 bn)
94
My p ETP 20.2 (nhn t 2 bn)
My p ETP 20.2 (nhn t pha trc)
Phi c ly t my p
95
Thit b chng sy W180/4 v my p ETP 20.2
Thit b lc khung bn
96
Thit b lc khung bn
Hm lng
L hi
97
B sau khi p
Bn cha du khi ch tch sp
Kho cha m
98
HNH NH THIT B S DNG TRONG QU TRNH TINH LUYN
Thit b gia nhit
B trn dung dch NaOH vi du

Bn trung ha
My ly tm ra nc
HNH NH THIT B S DNG TRONG QU TRNH THNH PHM
Bn cha du thnh phm
B thit b lc
101
Bn khuy trn du
Kho cha chai ng du
102
Dy chuyn ng chai bn t ng:
Dy chuyn ng chai bn t ng
Sy mng co
Dn nhn
103
Rt du v ng np
Vo mng co
104
Dy chuyn ng du th cng:
Xng ng du th cng
Rt chai v ng np
105
Thit b rt chai v ng np
Thit b rt phuy, can
Thit b sy mng co v in date
106
Kho thnh phm
Nhn
107
Mt s sn phm
108
HNH NH X L NC THI
Hm x l vi sinh
Hm kh trng vi clorine
109
110
KT LUN
Vi sn lng 1 triu tn du n vo nm 2010 v 1,5 triu tn vo nm 2015 v hin chim 95% th phn du n trong nc, Cng ty Du thc vt v hng liu m phm pht trin thnh Tng cng ty Cng nghip Du thc vt Vit Nam. V th mi ny s a ngnh cng nghip du thc vt Vit Nam vn xa hn ra th gii. Th trng ton t hp chim 95% th phn du n trong nc, 20% th phn m phm trong nc. Hin nay ton t hp c cng sut thit b sn xut du n t 828.000 tn du n cc loi, 129 triu, 2 triu sn phm m phm. D kin n nm 2015 s t 1,5 triu tn du n cc loi, 350 triu bao b cc loi v 3,5 triu sn phm m phm. Tng cng ty tp trung hon thnh v a vo hot ng d n u t x l nc thi ti Nh my Du thc vt Vocar vi tng vn u t thc hin trn 6 t ng. Tnh n nm 2009 th ton b cc nh my ch bin du ca Tng cng ty v cc n v thnh vin u u t h thng x l nc thi v kh thi. Do c th, quy m v yu cu pht trin Cng ty Du thc vt Hng liu M phm Vit Nam pht trin thnh m hnh Tng cng ty Cng nghip Du thc vt Vit Nam. Tng cng ty s i din cho Vit Nam tham gia cc Hi, Hip hi, cc t chc ngnh hng trn th gii; i din cc li ch ca doanh nghip ngnh du n, ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t v to v th cho Vocarimex pht trin bn vng, thu ht u t. Vi tt c cc n lc cng ty nhn c hun chng lao ng hng nht (18/1/2008) v rt nhiu gi thng khc.
KIN NGH
Quy trnh k thut p du thc vt ca nh my Vocarimex tng i hin i, nng sut p du kh cao, hm lng du trong b cn kh t. Tuy nhin, ly kit du trong nguyn liu nh my c th u t xy dng thm quy trnh trch ly du. Ci tin k thut, quy trnh cng ngh cng nh b sung, thay i mt s thit b c hiu sut thu hi c tt hn. Nh my nn u t nng cao nn nh xng trnh hin tng thy triu dng ln.
111
TI LIU THAM KHO

www.vocarimex.com Ha hc i cng_Hong Kim Anh_NXBkhoa hc v k thut Ti liu n thi nng bc cng nhn cng ngh v KCS_cng ty du thc vt hng liu m phm Vit Nam 2009 V mt s ti liu khc
112

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Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

Xc nhn ca gio vin hng dn

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Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

AV BHA BHT IV PoV SV TBHQ

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

1. Gii thiu chung v cng ty:

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

2. Lch s hnh thnh t sau Gii Phng Min Nam:

ty C phn Du thc vt Tn Bnh . NM Du Tuanco , sau i tn l NM Du Tng An , nay l Cng ty

C phn Du thc vt Tng An . NM Hp thic Standard , sau i tn l NM Hp thic bao b Cu

ty Lin doanh Du n Golden Hope - Nh B . NM Du Vinadaco . sau i tn l Nh my du Th c , nay l

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

4. Xu hng pht trin ca doanh nghip

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

D n u t mi dy chuyn tch phn on du c c cng sut 400 tn/

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

5. Thit b cng ngh, sn phm:

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

1. TM QUAN TRNG CA DU THC VT

2. TNG QUAN NGUYN LIU HT DU

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

2.2 Thnh phn ho hc ca ht du

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

Du phng c p t u phng c mu vng nht, mi thm c trng ca u phng.

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

Du ci thuc loi du rt tt v bn khi bo qun. Kh du ci c dng lm gia vi c th trng chu u rt a thch.

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

GVHD: Th.S Trng Th M Linh

Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

3. BO QUN NGUYN LIU CHA DU

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Bo co thc tp nh my du thc vt Vocar

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