I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Trn Vn Hng

TM HIU V XY DNG H THNG THNG TIN A L - WEBGIS

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: Cng ngh thng tin

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Trn Vn Hng

TM HIU V XY DNG H THNG THNG TIN A L - WEBGIS

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: Cng ngh thng tin

Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS Hong Xun Hun

LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin, Trng i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H Ni to iu kin thun li cho em hc tp v thc hin ti tt nghip ny. Em xin by t lng bit n su sc n thy Hong Xun Hun tn tnh hng dn v ch bo em trong qu trn thc hin ti Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong khoa cng ngh thng tin tn tnh ging dy, trang b cho em nhng kin thc qu bu trong nhng nm hc va qua Sau ht, xin gi li cm n n gia nh bn b, ngi thn ng h ng vin tinh thn lun vn c hon thnh. Mc d c gng hon thin lun vn vi tt c s n lc ca bn thn, nhng chc chn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Knh mong qu Thy C tn tnh ch bo. Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n v lun mong nhn c s ng gp qu bu ca tt c mi ngi. Xin chn thnh cm n tt c !

H Ni, thng 5/2010 Ngi thc hin Trn Vn Hng

TM TT KHA LUN
Trong kha lun ny ti xin nhng tm hiu v h thng thng tin a l v c th l h thng thng tin a l trn nn Web WebGIS. Trong phn u ca kha lun trnh by nhng tm hiu v h thng thng tin a l ni chung bao gm: cc khi nim v h thng tin a l, ngun gc ra i, cc thnh phn cu thnh h thng thng tin a l v mt s lnh vc ng dng ca h thng thng tin a l. Trong phn tip theo s l phn tm hiu v ng dng thng tin a l trn web t c im, kin trc trin khai h thng v cch t chc lu tr d liu a l. Trong phn ba ca kha lun trnh by tm hiu v cc chun trao i d liu a l trn web v mt s cng ngh m ngun m gip xy dng h thng thng tin a l trn Web. Trong phn cui ca kha lun trnh by v h thng thng tin a l do ti t xy dng da trn cng ngh m ngun m.

MC LC
Trn Vn Hng............................................................................................................1 H NI - 2010..........................................................................................................1 Trn Vn Hng............................................................................................................2 H NI - 2010..........................................................................................................2 M U.......................................................................................................................6 KT LUN.................................................................................................................64

M U
H thng thng tin a l (GIS) ra i v c pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y. Cng vi s bng n v cng ngh ng dng Internet, cc pht trin cng ngh GIS cho php chia s thng tin thng qua mng ton cu bng cch kt hp GIS v Web hay cn gi l WebGIS. Bn cnh , xu hng chia se d liu, pht trin phn mm trn cng ngh m ngun m cng ang c quan tm cc nc ang pht trin v nhiu li ch m n mang li. V th, vic nghin cu ng dng WebGIS trn c s m ngun m s mang li kh nng chia se thng tin a l rng ri cho cc ngnh. Hn mt thp k trc y, cc thng tin khng gian - bn Vit Nam ch yu c thnh lp v pht hnh trn giy. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc quy trnh thnh lp bn , lu tr v pht hnh dn dn chuyn i sang cng ngh s. Cc bn giy trc kia c s ho v ang nm trong cc cng my tnh ti cc c quan, trng hc, c nhn,... Theo xu th chung, cc thng tin khng gian ny c chuyn sang lu tr trong cc h thng c s d liu thng tin khng gian c s dng bi cc n v khc nhau. Vic chuyn i t cng ngh s sang cng ngh bn giy l mt bc tin vt bc ca ngnh trc a. Tuy nhin, cc h c s d liu khng gian c lu tr v s dng trong mt h thng ring bit hn ch rt nhiu tim nng khai thc thng tin khng gian ca cc h thng ny. Cng ngh Web-GIS cho php pht hnh, tip cn, truy vn thng tin khng gian trong mt mi trng m nh Internet cho php pht huy cc tim nng cha c nh thc ca cc h thng thng tin a l, khng gian v a cng tc trc a bn ln mt tm cao mi. Ngay khi va ra i t cui nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, cng ngh Web-GIS c n nhn rt h hi v c nhiu bc pht trin song cn nhiu hn ch cha theo kp vi cc nc trn th gii. Vi s pht trin v ph cp ca Internet ti Vit Nam nh ngy nay, cng ngh Web-GIS ang c ch trng pht trin bi c c quan nh nc v cng ng doanh nghip v c k vng s em n mt hng pht trin mi y tim nng. Ni dung chnh ca ti l tm hiu v WebGIS, kh nng xy dng ng dng WebGIS trn c s m ngun m, trn c s ng dng xy dng WebGIS phc v phn tch s liu bn .

Kha lun ny trnh by cc tm hiu l thuyt v WebGIS bao gm phn loi cc chin lc pht trin WebGIS, tm hiu phn mm xy dng WebGIS trn c s m ngun m l Mapbuilder v GeoServer v gii thiu ng dng WebGIS phc v phn tch s liu bn do ti xy dng th nghim. Ngoi phn kt lun kha lun c chia thnh 4 phn ln nh sau: Chng 1: H thng thng tin a l. Trong chng ny s cung cp khi nim c bn nht v h thng thng tin a l, ngun gc ra i, cc thnh phn chnh cu thnh m h thng thng tin a l. Phn cui chng s trnh by v cc lnh vc ng dng h thng thng tin a l. Chng 2: H thng thng tin a l trn Web (WebGIS). Chng ny s i su tm hiu v h thng thng tin a l trn nn Web. Phn u ca chng s gii thiu c im ring ca h thng thng tin a l trn nn web. Phn tip theo ca chng s trnh by v kin trc h thng thng tin a l trn web v u nhc im ca ci kin trc khi trin khai trn thc t. Phn cui ca chng s trnh by cc phng php m hnh ha d liu bn thnh d liu s v u nhc im ca cc phng php ny. Chng 3: Mt s ng dng WebGIS m ngun m. Chng ny s trnh by v cch thc truyn thng ca cc ng dng GIS trn nn Web v mt s cng ngh m ngun m phc v cho vic xy dng h thng thng tin a l trn web. Chng 4: Xy dng ng dng WebGiS. Da vo kin thc tm hiu cc phn trn trong chng ny s gii thiu h thng thng tin a l trn Web do ti t xy dng.

Chng 1. H thng thng tin a l

1.1. H thng thng tin a l l g
Thng tin a l c th hin ch yu di dng bn ra i t xa xa.Cc bn trc tin c phc tho m t v tr, cnh quan, a hnhBn ch yu gm nhng im v ng. Tuy nhin bn dng ny thch hp cho qun i v cc cuc thm him hn l c s dng nh mt cng c khai thc tim nng ca a l. Bn vn tip tc c in trn giy ngay c khi my tnh ra i mt thi gian di trc . Bn in trn giy bc l nhng hn ch nh: thi gian xy dng, o c, to lp rt lu v tn km. Lng thng tin mang trn bn giy l hn ch v nu mang ht cc thng tin ln bn s gy kh c. Bn cnh bn giy khng th cp nht theo thi gian c vv tng m hnh ha khng gian lu tr vo my tnh, to nn bn my tnh. l bn n gin c th m ha, lu tr trong my tnh, sa cha khi cn thit, c th hin th trn mn hnh v in ra giy. Tuy nhin cc nh nghin cu nhn thy nhiu vn a l cn phi thu thp mt lng ln thng tin khng phi l bn . Lc ny khi nim H thng thng tin a l (Geographic Information System GIS) ra i thay th cho thut ng bn my tnh. GIS c hnh thnh t cc ngnh khoa hc: a l, Bn , Tin hc v Ton hc. Ch n nhng nm 80 th GIS mi c th pht huy ht kh nng ca mnh do s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh phn cng. Bt u t thp nin 80, GIS tr nn ph bin trong cc lnh vc thng mi, khoa hc v qun l. Chng ta c th gp nhiu cch nh ngha v GIS - L mt tp hp ca cc phn cng, phn mm my tnh cng vi cc thng tin a l m t khng gian. Tp hp ny c thit k c th thu thp, lu tr, cp nht, thao tc, phn tch, th hin tt c cc hnh thc thng tin mang tnh khng gian. - GIS l mt h thng my tnh c kh nng lu tr v s dng d liu m t cc v tr trn b mt tri t

- Mt h thng c gi l GIS nu n c cc cng c h tr cho vic thao tc vi d liu khng gian - C s d liu GIS l s tng hp c cu trc cc d liu s ha khng gian v phi khng gian v cc i tng bn , mi lin h gia cc i tng khng gian v cc tnh cht ca mt vng ca i tng Tm li, h thng thng tin a l l mt h thng phn mm my tnh c s dng trong vic v bn , phn tch cc vt th, hin tng tn ti trn tri t. Cng ngh GIS tng hp cc chc nng chung v qun l d liu nh hi p v phn tch thng k vi s th hin trc quan v phn tch cc vt th hin tng khng gian trong bn . S khc bit gia GIS v cc h thng thng tin thng thng l tnh ng dng ca n rt rng trong vic gii thch hin tng, d bo v qui hoch chin lc.

1.2. Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin a l

GIS c kt hp bi nm thnh phn chnh: phn cng, phn mm, d liu, con ngi v chnh sch c m t trong hnh 1.1

Hnh 1.1 M hnh cc thnh phn GIS

a. Phn cng

Phn cng l h thng my tnh trn mt h GIS hot ng. Ngy nay, phn mm GIS c kh nng chy trn rt nhiu dng phn cng, t my ch trung tm n cc my trm hot ng c lp hoc lin kt mng.

b. Con ngi
Cng ngh GIS s b hn ch nu khng c con ngi tham gia qun l h thng v pht trin nhng ng dng GIS trong thc t. Ngi s dng GIS c th l nhng chuyn gia k thut, ngi thit k v duy tr h thng, hoc nhng ngi dng GIS gii quyt cc vn trong cng vic.

c. Phn mm
L tp hp cc cu lnh, ch th nhm iu khin phn cng ca my tnh thc hin mt nhim v xc nh, phn mm h thng thng tin a l c th l mt hoc t hp cc phn mm my tnh. Phn mm c s dng trong k thut GIS phi bao gm cc tnh nng c bn sau: - Nhp v kim tra d liu: Bao gm tt c cc kha cnh v bin i d liu dng bn , trong lnh vc quan st vo mt dng s tng thch. y l giai on rt quan trng cho vic xy dng c s d liu a l. - Lu tr v qun l c s d liu: Lu tr v qun l c s d liu cp n phng php kt ni thng tin v tr v thng tin thuc tnh ca cc i tng a l (im, ng i din cho cc i tng trn b mt tri t). Hai thng tin ny c t chc v lin h qua cc thao tc trn my tnh v sao cho chng c th lnh hi c bi ngi s dng h thng. - Xut d liu: D liu a ra l cc bo co kt qu qu trnh phn tch ti ngi s dng, c th bao gm cc dng: bn , bng biu, biu , lu c th hin trn my tnh, my in, my v... - Bin i d liu: Bin i d liu gm hai lp iu hnh nhm mc ch khc phc li t d liu v cp nht chng. Bin i d liu c th c thc hin trn d liu khng gian v thng tin thuc tnh mt cch tch bit hoc tng hp c hai. - Tng tc vi ngi dng: Giao tip vi ngi dng l yu t quan trng nht ca bt k h thng thng tin no. Cc giao din ngi dng mt h thng tin c thit k ph thuc vo mc ch ca ng dng .

Cc phn mm tiu chun v s dng ph bin hin nay trong khu vc Chu l ARC/INFO, MAPINFO, ILWIS, WINGIS, SPANS, IDRISIW,... Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm my tnh chuyn bit cho GIS, bao gm cc phn mm nh sau: - Phn mm dng cho lu tr, x l s liu thng tin a l: ACR/INFO, SPAN,ERDAS-Imagine, ILWIS, MGE/MICROSTATION, IDRISIW, IDRISI, WINGIS, - Phn mm dng cho lu tr, x l v qun l cc thng tin a l: ERMAPPER, ATLASGIS, ARCVIEW, MAPINFO,.. Tu theo yu cu v kh nng ng dng trong cng vic cng nh kh nng kinh ph ca n v, vic lu chn mt phn mm my tnh s khc nhau.

d. D liu
C th coi thnh phn quan trng nht trong mt h GIS l d liu. Cc d liu a l v d liu thuc tnh lin quan c th c ngi s dng t tp hp hoc c mua t nh cung cp d liu thng mi. H GIS s kt hp d liu khng gian vi cc ngun d liu khc, thm ch c th s dng DBMS t chc lu gi v qun l d liu. S liu c s dng trong GIS khng ch l s liu a l ring l m cn phi c thit k trong mt c s d liu. Nhng thng tin a l c ngha l s bao gm cc d kin v (1) v tr a l, (2) thuc tnh ca thng tin, (3) mi lin h khng gian ca cc thng tin, v (4) thi gian. C 2 dng s liu c s dng trong k thut GIS l: - C s d liu bn : l nhng m t hnh nh bn c s ho theo mt khun dng nht nh m my tnh hiu c. H thng thng tin a l dng c s d liu ny xut ra cc bn trn mn hnh hoc ra cc thit b ngoi vi khc nh my in, my v. - S liu thuc tnh: c trnh by di dng cc k t hoc s, hoc k hiu m t cc thuc tnh ca cc thng tin thuc v a l. Trong cc dng s liu trn, s liu Vector l dng thng s dng nht. Tuy nhin, s liu Raster rt hu ch m t cc dy s liu c tnh lin tc nh: nhit , cao ...v thc hin cc phn tch khng gian ca s liu. Cn s liu thuc tnh c dng m t c s d liu.

C nhiu cch nhp s liu, nhng cch thng thng nht hin nay l s ho bng bn s ho, hoc thng qua vic s dng my qut nh

e. Chnh sch
y l hp phn rt quan trng m bo kh nng hot ng ca h thng, l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca vic pht trin cng ngh GIS. H thng GIS cn c iu hnh bi mt b phn qun l, b phn ny phi c b nhim t chc hot ng h thng GIS mt cch c hiu qu phc v ngi s dng thng tin. hot ng thnh cng, h thng GIS phi c t trong 1 khung t chc ph hp v c nhng hng dn cn thit qun l, thu thp, lu tr v phn tch s liu, ng thi c kh nng pht trin c h thng GIS theo nhu cu. Trong qu trnh hot ng, mc ch ch c th t c v tnh hiu qu ca k thut GIS ch c minh chng khi cng c ny c th h tr nhng ngi s dng thng tin gip h thc hin c nhng mc tiu cng vic. Ngoi ra vic phi hp gia cc c quan chc nng c lin quan cng phi c t ra, nhm gia tng hiu qu s dng ca GIS cng nh cc ngun s liu hin c. Nh vy, trong 5 hp phn ca GIS, hp phn chnh sch v qun l ng vai tr rt quan trng m bo kh nng hot ng ca h thng, y l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca vic pht trin cng ngh GIS. Trong phi hp v vn hnh cc hp phn ca h thng GIS nhm a vo hot ng c hiu qu k thut GIS, 2 yu t hun luyn v chnh sch - qun l l c s ca thnh cng. Vic hun luyn cc phng php s dng h thng GIS s cho php kt hp cc hp phn: (1) Thit b (2) Phn mm (3) con ngi v (4) S liu vi nhau a vo vn hnh. Tuy nhin, yu t chnh sch v qun l s c tc ng n ton b cc hp phn ni trn, ng thi quyt nh n s thnh cng ca hot ng GIS

1.3. Mt s ng dng ca h thng thng tin a l

Nh nhng kh nng phn tch v x l a dng, k thut GIS hin nay c ng dng ph bin trong nhiu lnh vc, c xem l cng c h tr quyt nh (decision making support tool). Sau y l mt s lnh vc in hnh c ng dng k thut GIS Nghin cu qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng * Qun tr rng (theo di s thay i, phn loi...), 5

* Qun tr ng di c v i sng ng vt hoang d, * Qun l v quy hoch ng bng ngp l, lu vc sng, * Bo tn t t, * Phn tch cc bin ng kh hu, thu vn. * Phn tch cc tc ng mi trng (EIA), * Nghin cu tnh trng xi mn t, * Qun tr s hu rung t, * Qun l cht lng nc, * Qun l, nh gi v theo di dch bnh, * Xy dng bn v thng k cht lng th nhng. * Quy hoch v nh gi s dng t ai. Nghin cu iu kin kinh t - x hi * Qun l dn s, * Qun tr mng li giao thng (thu - b), * Qun l mng li y t, gio dc, * iu tra v qun l h thng c s h tng. Nghin cu h tr cc chng trnh quy hoch pht trin * nh gi kh nng thch nghi cy trng, vt nui v ng vt hoang d, * nh hng v xc nh cc vng pht trin ti u trong sn xut nng nghip, * H tr quy hoch v qun l cc vng bo tn thin nhin, * nh gi kh nng v nh hng quy hoch cc vng th, cng nghip ln, * H tr b tr mng li y t, gio dc. Trong nghin cu sn xut nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, cc lnh vc ng dng ca k thut GIS rt rng ri. Do vy, GIS tr thnh cng c c dng cho vic qun l v t chc sn xut nng nghip - nng thn trn cc vng lnh th.

Cc lnh vc ng dng ca GIS trong sn xut nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Th nhng * Xy dng cc bn t v n tnh t. * c trng ho cc lp ph th nhng Trng trt * Kh nng thch nghi cc loi cy trng * S thay i ca vic s dng t * Xy dng cc xut v s dng t * Kh nng bn vng ca sn xut nng nghip Nng - Lm kt hp * Theo di mng li khuyn nng * Kho st nghin cu dch - bnh cy trng (cn trng v c di) * Suy on hay ni suy cc ng dng k thut Quy hoch thu vn v ti tiu * Xc nh h thng ti tiu * Lp thi biu ti nc * Tnh ton s xi mn/ bi lng trong h cha nc * Nghin cu nh gi ngp l Kinh t nng nghip * iu tra dn s / nng h * Thng k * Kho st k thut canh tc * Xu th th trng ca cy trng * Ngun nng sn hng ho Phn tch kh hu * Hn hn * Cc yu t thi tit

* Thng k M hnh ho nng nghip * c lng / tin on nng sut cy trng Chn nui gia sc / gia cm * Thng k * Phn b

Chng 2. H thng thng tin a l trn Web

GIS c ng dng t vi thp nin trc y, nhng dng nh GIS vn cha n c vi mi ngi. L do l, trc nay cc ng dng GIS hu ht chy trn my tnh n.Vi nhng my tnh ny cn thit phi ci t cc module x l GIS (di dng cc dll, hay cc Active X)iu ny cn tr kh nng ng dng GIS rng ri. V d: Khi mt ngi cn bit tuyn xe but di chuyn th ngoi tr khi anh ta trang b mt my tnh b tui ci ng dng Tm ng xe but cn khng anh phi tr v nh hay n c quan tm n ng my tnh c ci ng dng ny tm kim thng tin. T v d ny cho thy vi cc ng dng GIS mang tnh cng ng hoc khi cn c th s dng bt k ni u, th m hnh ng dng chy trn my n l khng p ng c. Nh bit Internet ra i v thu ngn khong cch gia mi ngi, v cho php tm kim thng tin mi lc mi ni. M hnh ng dng GIS chy trn nn Internet cho php mi ngi dng bt k cng c no c th truy cp Internet tm kim c thng tin mnh cn.

2.1. H thng thng tin a l trn Web v cc thch thc

H thng thng tin a l trn web (WebGIS) l h thng thng tin a l phn tn trn mt mng cc my tnh tch hp, trao i cc thng tin a l trn World Wide Web. Trong cch thc hin nhim v phn tch GIS, dch v ny gn ging nh l kin trc client-Server ca Web. X l thng tin a l c chia ra thnh cc nhim v pha server v pha client. iu ny cho php ngi dng c th truy xut, thao tc v nhn kt qu t vic khai thc d liu GIS t trnh duyt web ca h m khng phi tr tin cho phn mm GIS. Mt trnh khch tiu biu l trnh duyt web v my ch bao gm mt Web server c cung cp mt chng trnh phn mm WebGIS. Client thng yu cu mt nh bn hay vi x l thng tin a l qua Web n my ch xa. My ch chuyn i yu cu thnh m ni b v gi nhng chc nng v GIS bng cch chuyn tip yu cu ti phn mm WebGIS. Phn mm ny tr v kt qu, sau kt qu ny c nh dng li cho vic trnh by bi trnh duyt hay nhng hm t cc plug-in 9

hoc Java applet. Server sau tr v kt qu cho client hin th, hoc gi d liu v cc cng c phn tch n client dng pha client. Phn ln s ch gn y l tp trung vo vic pht trin cc chc nng GIS trn Internet. WebGIS c tim nng ln trong vic lm cho thng tin a l tr nn hu dng v sn sng ti s lng ln ngi dng trn ton th gii. Thch thc ln ca WebGIS l vic to ra mt h thng phn mm khng ph thuc vo nn tng phn cng v chy trn chun giao thc mng TCP/IP, c ngha l kh nng WebGIS c chy trn bt k trnh duyt web ca bt k my tnh no ni mng Internet. i vi vn ny, cc phn mm GIS hi c thit k li tr thnh ng dng WebGIS theo cc k thut mng Internet.

2.2. Kin trc h thng thng tin a l trn Web

2.2.1. Kin trc chung
Dch v web thng tin a l hay cn c gi l WebGIS c xy dng cung cp cc dch v v thng tin a l theo cng ngh web service. Chnh v th nn bt c WebGIS no cng phi tha mn kin trc ba tng thng dng ca mt ng dng web. Sau ty thuc vo tng loi cng ngh v cc cch thc pht trin, m rng khc nhau m WebGIS s tr thnh n tng khc nhau. Kin chung 3 tng ca WebGIS c m t hnh di bao gm tng trnh by, tng giao dch v tng d liu c trnh by trong hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1 M hnh 3 lp trong kin trc WebGIS Tng trnh by: Thng thng ch l cc trnh duyt Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox ... m cc trang web theo URL c nh sn. Cc ng dng client c th l mt website, Applet, Flash, c vit bng cc cng ngh theo chun ca W3C. Cc Client i khi cng l mt ng dng desktop tng t nh phn mm MapInfo, ArcMap, Tng giao dch: thng c tch hp trong mt webserver no , v d nh Tomcat, Apache, Internet Information Server. l mt ng dng pha server nhim 10

v chnh ca n thng l tip nhn cc yu cu t client , ly d liu t c s d liu theo yu cu client , trnh by d liu theo cu hnh nh sn hoc theo yu cu ca client v tr kt qu v theo yu cu. Ty theo yu cu ca client m kt qu v khc nhau : c th l mt hnh nh dng bimap (jpeg, gif, png) hay dng vector c m ha nh SVG, KML, GML,Mt khi dng vector c tr v th vic trnh by hnh nh bn c m nhim bi Client, thm tr client c th x l mt s bi tan v khng gian. Thng thng cc response v request u theo chun HTTP POST hoc GET. Tng d liu: l ni lu tr cc d liu a l bao gm c cc d liu khng gian v phi khng gian. Cc d liu ny c qun tr bi cc h qun tr c s d liu nh ORACLE, MS SQL SERVER, ESRI SDE, POSGRESQL, hoc l cc file d liu dng flat nh shapefile, tab, XML, Cc d liu ny c thit k, ci t v xy dng theo tng quy trnh, tng quy m bi ton ... m la chn h qun tr c s d liu ph hp. C s d liu khng gian s c dng qun l v truy xut d liu khng gian, c t trn data server. Nh kho hay ni lu tr c dng lu tr v duy tr nhng siu d liu v d liu khng gian ti nhng data server khc nhau. Da trn nhng thnh phn qun l d liu, ng dng server v m hnh server c dng cho ng dng h thng tnh ton thng tin khng gian thng qua cc hm c th. Tt c kt qu tnh ton ca ng dng server s c gi n web server thm vo cc gi HTML, gi cho pha client v hin th ni trnh duyt web. Xem hnh minh ha di y. Lu l tt c cc thnh phn u c kt ni nhau thng qua mng Internet.

11

Hnh 2.2: Cc bc x l thng tin ca WebGIS Cc bc x l 1) Client gi yu cu ca ngi s dng thng qua giao thc HTTP n webserver. 2) Web server nhn yu cu ca ngi dng gi n t pha client, x l v chuyn tip yu cu n ng dng trn server c lin quan. 3) Application server (chnh l cc ng dng GIS) nhn cc yu cu c th i vi ng dng v gi cc hm c lin quan tnh ton x l. Nu c yu cu d liu n s gi yu cu d liu n data exchange server(server trao i d liu).. 4) Data exchange server nhn yu cu d liu v tm kim v tr ca nhng d liu ny sau gi yu cu d liu n server cha d liu (data server ) tng ng cn tm. 5) Data server d liu tin hnh truy vn ly ra d liu cn thit v tr d liu ny v cho data exchange server

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6) Data exchange server nhn d liu t nhiu ngun data server khc nhau nm ri rc trn mng. Sp xp d liu li theo logic ca yu cu d liu,sau gi tr d liu v cho application server. 7) Application server nhn d liu tr v t cc data exchange server v a chng n cc hm cn s dng, x l chng ti y v kt qu c tr v cho web server. 8) Web server nhn v kt qu x l, thm vo cc ng cnh web (HTML, PHP..) c th hin th c trn trnh duyt v cui cng gi tr kt qu v cho trnh duyt di dng cc trang web.

Hnh 2.3: Qu trnh x l thng tin ca WebGIS

2.2.2.

Cc hnh thc trin khai

Trong m hnh hot ng ca WebGIS c chia ra 2 phn : cc hot ng pha my khch (client side) v cc hot ng x l pha my ch ( server side). Client side

13

Client side c dng hin th kt qu n cho ngi dng, nhn cc iu khin trc tip t ngi dng v tng tc vi web server thng qua trnh duyt web. Cc trnh duyt web s dng ch yu HTML nh dng trang web. Thm vo mt vi plug-in, ActiveX v cc m Applet c nhng vo trnh duyt tng tnh tng tc vi ngi dng. Server side

Gm c: Web server,Application server, Data server v Clearinghouse.. Server side c nhim v lu tr d liu khng gian, x l tnh ton v tr v kt qu (di dng hin th c) cho client side. Web server: Web server c dng phc v cho cc ng dng web, web server s dng nghi thc HTTP giao tip vi trnh duyt web pha client. Tt c cc yu cu t pha client i vi ng dng web u c web server nhn v thng dch v sau gi cc chc nng ca ng dng thng qua cc giao tip mng nh MAPI, Winsock, namped pipe Application server: y l phn chng trnh gi cc hm x l GIS, gi yu cu ly d liu n clearinghouse Data server: Data server l phn c bn ca hu ht cc h thng thng tin vi nhim v qun l v iu khin truy cp d liu. Ban u, a s GIS s dng File System qun l d liu khng gian v DBMS (Database Management System) qun l d liu thuc tnh. Ngy nay c nhiu sn phm v gii php phn mm thay th qun l d liu khng gian v thuc tnh mt cch chung nht

V d: SDE ca ESRI (1998), SpatialWare ca MapInfo (1998) Nhn chung cc c s d liu s dng u l cc c s d liu quan h, v trong tng lai s thay th bng c s d liu hng i tng nh Clearinghouse. Clearinghouse c s dng cha d liu v d liu khng gian c qun l bi cc data server. Clearinghouse ng vai tr nh mt cun catalog, clearinghouse tm kim trong catalog ny tm d liu cn. C 2 chin thut la chn, tng ng vi 2 kiu trin khai, kiu th nht tp trung cng vic ch yu cho pha server, kiu kia ngc li tp trung cng vic cho pha client.

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2.2.2.1.

Kin trc hng phc v

Nhng chin thut ny tp trung vo vic cung cp d liu GIS v phn tch theo yu cu bi mt server mnh, server ny s truy cp d liu v phn mm cn thit x l d liu. Chin thut server- side c th so snh vi m hnh s dng my mainframe chy GIS trong mt mng cc b. Trong , my client cu hnh khng i hi cao,ch cn chy chng trnh gi cc yu cu v hin th c cc tr li t server. Cc bc x l:

Hnh 2.4: Kin trc hng phc v Trong WebGIS i khi thut ng map server c dng ch ra rng chin thut p dng l server- side. M trong khi ngi dng gi yu cu cn map hin th, th s c phc v bi server. Chin thut server-side da trn kh nng trnh duyt web ca ngi dng c th gi cc yu cu n cc phn mm GIS trn server thng qua Internet Cc chng trnh c dng nhn v x l yu cu ngi dng c th c vit bng cc ngn ng nh : Perl, Visual Basic, C++Cc chng trnh ny cng c th mua t cc nh sn xut to kh nng kt ni tt hn n cc h x l GIS tn ti. c th giao tip vi cc ng dng WebGIS t trn server, web server c th s dng cc chun giao tip ph bin nh CGI (Common Gateway Interface), Java, ISAPI (Internet Server Application Programming Interface), and NSAPI (Netscape Server Application Programming Interface) Cc thun li v kh khn ca kin trc ny o Thun li Vi server c cu hnh mnh c s dng, ngi dng c th truy xut trn tp d liu ln hn v phc tp ln. Thay v phi x l trn my

15

client, hu ht khng c cu hnh mnh v vic truyn d liu ln qua mng Internet s gy nhiu kh khn. Cng vi server mnh, vic phn tch, x l cc chc nng GIS s c tin hnh nhanh v khng i hi qu nhiu ngi dng s am hiu. Kim sot c cc thao tc ca ngi dng (ch yu l n gin) trn d liu v lun m bo ngi dng nhn kt qu ng t d liu (do pha client khng phi x l nhiu). Kh khn Vi chin thut ny th d yu cu l nh (client hon ton x l c) hay ln, tt c u gi v pha server, v server x l xong li gi tr v cho client thng qua ng truyn trn mng. Hiu nng ca h thng WebGIS s b nh hng bi bng thng v ng truyn mng Internet gia server v client. Nht l khi m kt qu tr v phi mang chuyn nhng file ln. H thng WebGIS s dng chin thut ny khng tn dng c kh nng x l trn my client. Ch yu client ch x l gi yu cu v hin th kt qu p ng.

Nhn chung, chin thut ny p dng tt nht cho cc ng dng WebGIS thng mi hay cng ng vi s lng ln ngi dng m khng quan tm n kh nng x l GIS trn cc my ngi dng.

2.2.2.2.

Kin trc hng ngi dng

Thay v server lm qu nhiu vic, mt s chc nng x l GIS s c a v pha my ngi dng, v ti y s c mt phn d liu c x l.

Hnh 2.5: Kin trc hng ngi dng C 2 dng trin khai chin thut client side nh sau: a. GIS Applet c phn phi n Client khi c yu cu

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Trong cch trin khai chin thut ny cc x l GIS s c server cung cp cho pha client di dng cc chng trnh thc thi nh hoc l cc applet c th chy c pha client. Nhng applet nh vy c phn phi n client khi client cn n x l. - Ngi dng to ra mt yu cu t trnh duyt - Yu cu c chuyn qua Internet n server (1). - Server x l cc yu cu - Kt qu phn hi tr v bao gm d liu v cc applet cn thit ngi dng c th lm vic trn d liu ny. Cc applet c th c vit bng Java, JavaScript hoc dng cc ActiveX.Nh vy trnh duyt cn c tch hp cc compiler x l cc applet ny. b. GIS Applet v Plug-in c nh Client Cc trin khai trn cn thm cc chc nng x l GIS vo trnh duyt. Tuy nhin vic chuyn d liu v cc applet cn thit qua mng Internet mt nhiu thi gian nht l khi m ng dng t c dng n. Gii php cho vn ny l cch trin khai sau y: - Chuyn cc GIS applet n my tnh client mt cch c nh, v khng phi chuyn n mi khi cn na - Download v ci t c dnh cc plug-in vo trnh duyt web ca client - Xy dng mt trnh duyt web c tch hp sn phn mm x l GIS chy trn client. - Tch hp cc link n ngun ti nguyn d liu khc trn mng trong mi gi d liu ti v. - Server ch c gi khi client khi cn d liu mi,hoc d liu cho mt ng dng mi - Ngi dng c ton quyn thao tc trn d liu h dng v phn tch chng. Cc thun li v kh khn ca chin thut ny o Thun li Tn dng sc mnh x l trn my ngi dng

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o -

Ngi dng c quyn iu khin trong qu trnh phn tch d liu Khi server gi d liu cn thit v, ngi dng c th lm vic vi d liu ny m khng phi gi i hay nhn v ci g khc t mng. Kh khn Cc hi p t server c th bao gm lng ln d liu cng nh cc applet (cho ln u tin khi trnh duyt ti my s dng chy ng dng WebGIS) c th dn n s tr hon. D liu GIS thng ln v phc tp dn n s kh x l nu client khng c cu hnh mnh. Ngi dng c th cha c hun luyn y thc hin cc chc nng phn tch d liu mt cch ng n Khng dnh cho ngi dng bnh thng.

2.2.2.3.

Kin trc kt hp

p dng thun ty 2 chin dch trn u c nhng hn ch nht nh. i vi chin thut Server-side cht lng ng truyn s nh hng n tc v thi gian truyn gia yu cu v hi p. Trong khi vi client-side li ph thuc vo cu hnh my client. Mt vi thao tc c th chm do i hi b x l mnh khng c p ng. Kt hp 2 chin thut cho ta mt gii php lai, tn dng c u im ca 2 chin thut trn. Nhng cng vic i hi d liu ln, tnh ton phc tp giao cho server x l. Nhng cng vic i hi ngi dng c quyn iu khin cao (thao tc bn , v.v..) c giao cho client. Nh vy i hi thng tin v cu hnh ca server v client cn c chia s cho nhau. Gii php ny t ra hiu qu khi m client thnh thong mi cn lin lc vi server ly d liu.

2.3. Dng d liu ca h thng thng tin a l

D liu ca webgis cng ging nh h thng thng tin a l, c th chia ra lm 2 loi s liu c bn: s liu khng gian, phi khng gian hay cn l d liu thuc tnh v d liu thi gian. Mi loi c nhng c im ring v chng khc nhau v yu cu lu gi s liu, hiu qu, x l v hin th.

18

S liu khng gian l nhng m t s ca hnh nh bn , chng bao gm to , quy lut v cc k hiu dng xc nh mt hnh nh bn c th trn tng bn . H thng thng tin a l dng cc s liu khng gian to ra mt bn hay hnh nh bn trn mn hnh hoc trn giy thng qua thit b ngoi vi, S liu phi khng gian l nhng din t c tnh, s lng, mi quan h ca cc hnh nh bn vi v tr a l ca chng. Cc s liu phi khng gian c gi l d liu thuc tnh, chng lin quan n v tr a l hoc cc i tng khng gian v lin kt cht ch vi chng trong h thng thng tin a l thng qua mt c ch thng nht chung. D liu thi gian l thng tin khng gian (c v tr ta ) v thng tin thuc tnh c th bin i khng ph thuc vo nhau tng i theo thi gian.

2.3.1.

D liu khng gian

D liu l trung tm ca h thng GIS, h thng GIS cha cng nhiu th chng cng c ngha. D liu ca h GIS c lu tr trong CSDL v chng c thu thp thng qua cc m hnh th gii thc. D liu trong h GIS cn c gi l thng tin khng gian. c trng thng tin khng gian l c kh nng m t vt th u nh v tr tham chiu, n v o v quan h khng gian. Chng cn kh nng m t hnh dng hin tng thng qua m t cht lng, s lng ca hnh dng v cu trc. Cui cng, c trng thng tin khng gian m t quan h v tng tc gia cc hin tng t nhin. M hnh khng gian c bit quan trng v cch thc thng tin s nh hng n kh nng thc hin phn tch d liu v kh nng hin th ho ca h thng. D liu ha ny m t th gii thc v c chia lm 2 loi : d liu raster v d liu vect.

2.3.1.1. 2.3.1.1.1.

D liu vector Cc kiu i tng trong d liu vector a. i tng im

im c xc nh bi cp gi tr im. Cc i tng n, thng tin v a l ch gm c s v tr s c phn nh l i tng im. Cc i tng kiu im c c im:
-

L to n (x,y)

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Khng cn th hin chiu di v din tch

Hnh 2.6: S liu vector c biu th di dng im (Point). T l trn bn t l ln, i tng th hin di dng vng. Tuy nhin trn bn t l nh, i tng ny c th th hin di dng mt im. V vy, cc i tng im v vng c th c dng phn nh ln nhau.

b. i tng ng
ng c xc nh nh mt tp hp dy ca cc im. M t cc i tng a l dng tuyn, c cc c im sau:
-

L mt dy cc cp to Mt arc bt u v kt thc bi node Cc cung ni vi nhau v ct nhau ti im Hnh dng ca cung c nh ngha bi cc im im di chnh xc bng cc cp to

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Hnh 2.7: S liu vector c biu th di dng Arc

c. i tng vng
Vng c xc nh bi ranh gii cc ng thng. Cc i tng a l c din tch v ng kn bi mt ng c gi l i tng vng polygons, c cc c im sau:
-

Polygons c m t bng tp cc ng v im nhn Mt hoc nhiu arc nh ngha ng bao ca vng Mt im nhn nm trong vng m t, xc nh cho mi mt vng.

Hnh 2.8 S liu vector c biu th di dng vng (Polygon)

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Hnh 2.9: Mt s khi nim trong cu trc c s d liu bn .

2.3.1.1.2.

Khi nim d liu Vector

Cc i tng khng gian khi biu din cu trc d liu vector c t chc di dng im, ng v vng, v c biu din trn mt h thng ta no . i vi cc i tng biu din trn mt phng, mi i tng im c biu din bi mt cp ta (x, y); i tng ng c xc nh bi mt chui lin tip cc im, on thng c ni gia cc im hay cn gi l cnh, im bt u v im kt thc ca mt ng gi l cc nt; i tng vng c xc nh bi cc ng khp kn.

Hnh 2.10: Minh ha i tng ng gm c cc nt, im, cnh

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2.3.1.1.3.

Cc loi cu trc trong d liu vector

Hai loi cu trc c bit n trong cu trc d liu vector l cu trc Spaghetti v cu trc Topology. Cu trc Spaghetti ra i trc v c s dng cho n ngy nay mt s cc phn mm GIS nh: phn mm Arcview GIS, ArcGIS, MapInfo, Cu trc Topology ra i trn nn tng ca m hnh d liu cung nt (Arc - Node).

a. Cu trc Spaghetti
Trong cu trc d liu Spaghetti, n v c s l cc cp ta trn mt khng gian a l xc nh. Do , mi i tng im c xc nh bng mt cp ta (x, y); mi i tng ng c biu din bng mt chui nhng cp ta (x i, yi); mi i tng vng c biu din bng mt chui nhng cp to (x j, yj) vi im u v im cui trng nhau. Th d:

Hnh 2.11: Minh ha d liu Spaghetti Bng 2.1: Bng m t c trng ca cu trc Spaghetti c trng im A im B Cung AB Vng a Vng b V tr (xA, yA) (xB, yB) (xA, yA), (xB, yB) (xA, yA), (xa1, ya1), , (xa5, ya5) , (xB, yB), (xA, yA) (xA, yA), (xb1, yb1), (xb2, yb2), (xb3, yb3) , (xB, yB), (xA, yA)

c im: Cu trc Spaghetti khng ghi nhn c trng k nhau ca hai vng k nhau, ngha l ti hai vng k nhau s c hai cnh chung k nhau, cnh chung ca hai vng k nhau l hai cnh c lp nhau. th d trn vng a v vng b c chung cnh AB.

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b. Cu trc Topology
Cu trc Topology cn c gi l cu trc cung nt (arc - node). Cu trc ny c xy dng trn m hnh cung nt, trong cung l phn t c s. Vic xc nh cc phn t khng gian da trn cc nh ngha sau: Mi cung c xc nh bi 2 nt, cc phn t gia 2 nt l cc im iu khin, cc im ny xc nh hnh dng ca cung. Cc cung giao nhau ti cc nt, kt thc mt cung l nt. Vng l tp hp cc cung khp kn, trong trng hp vng trong vng th phi c s phn bit gia cung bn trong v cung bn ngoi.

Trong cu trc Topology, cc i tng khng gian c m t trong bn bng d liu: bng ta cung, bng topology cung, bng topology nt v bng topology vng. Gia cc bng ny c quan h vi nhau thng qua cung. T y, ta c th phn tch cc quan h ca cc i tng khng gian trn cng mt h ta . Th d:

Hnh 2.12: Minh ha d liu Topology Bng 2.2: Bng topology vng Topology Vng Vng A B Cung AB, AaB AB, AbB

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Vng ngoi vng a Vng ngoi v b Bng 2.3: Bng topology cung Topology Cung Cung Nt u AB AaB AbB A A A Nt cui B B B Vng tri a Vng ngoi b Vng phi b a Vng ngoi

Bng 2.4: Bng topology nt Topology nt Nt A B Cung AB, AaB AB, AbB

Bng 2.5: Bng d liu ta cung D liu ta cung Cung AB AaB AbB Nt u (x,y) A A A nh (x,y) vertex Nt cui (x,y) B a1, a2, a3, a4, B a5 b1, b2, b3 B

2.3.1.1.4.

u nhc im ca cu trc Vector a. u im

Vic lu tr c i hi t hn h thng c s d liu raster Bn gc c th c hin din s phn gii gc ca n. c tnh phng php nh l cc kiu tng, ng s, sng sui, t ai c th c khi phc li v tin trin 1 cch c bit. 25

iu ny d hn kt hp trng thi khc nhau ca phng php m t d liu vi mt c tnh phng php n. H s ho cc bn khng cn c khi phc li t hnh thc raster.

b. Nhc im

V tr ca im nh cn c lu tr 1 cch r rng Mi quan h ca nhng im ny phi c nh dng trong 1 cu trc thuc v a hnh hc, m n c l kh hiu v iu khin. Thut ton cho vic hon thnh chc nng th hon ton tng ng trong h thng c s d liu raster l qu phc tp v vic hon thnh c l l khng xc thc.

S thay i mt cch lin tip d liu thuc v khng gian khng th c hin din nh raster. Mt s khi phc raster c yu cu tin hnh d liu kiu ny.

2.3.1.2. 2.3.1.2.1.

D liu raster Khi nim d liu raster

M hnh raster biu din khng gian nh l mt ma trn s nguyn, mi gi tr s nguyn i din cho mt thuc tnh, v tr ca s nguyn chnh l v tr ca i tng Th d:

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Hnh 2. 13: M hnh d liu raster v vector

Hnh 2.14: M hnh d liu raster v vector

Lin h vi th gii thc: mi pixel s tng ng vi mt no trong th gii thc. Trong cu trc raster: - ng c biu din bng nhng pixel c cng gi tr f(x,y) lin tip nhau.

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- Vng c xc nh thnh mt mng gm nhiu pixel c cng gi tr thuc tnh f(x,y).

Hnh 2.15: Cu trc d liu raster

2.3.1.2.2.

c im

M hnh d liu dng raster phn nh ton b vng nghin cu di dng mt li cc vung hay im nh (pixcel). M hnh raster c cc c im: - Cc im c xp lin tip t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. - Mi mt im nh (pixcel) cha mt gi tr. - Mt tp cc ma trn im v cc gi tr tng ng to thnh mt lp (layer). - Trong c s d liu c th c nhiu lp. M hnh d liu raster l m hnh d liu GIS c dng tng i ph bin trong cc bi ton v mi trng, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin. M hnh d liu raster ch yu dng phn nh cc i tng dng vng l ng dng cho cc bi ton tin hnh trn cc loi i tng dng vng: phn loi; chng xp. Cc ngun d liu xy dng nn d liu raster c th bao gm: - Qut nh - nh my bay, nh vin thm - Chuyn t d liu vector sang - Lu tr d liu dng raster. - Nn theo hng (Run lengh coding). - Nn theo chia nh thnh tng phn (Quadtree). - Nn theo ng cnh (Fractal). 28

Trong mt h thng d liu c bn raster c lu tr trong cc (thng hnh vung) c sp xp trong mt mng hoc cc dy hng v ct. Nu c th, cc hng v ct nn c cn c vo h thng li bn thch hp. Vic s dng cu trc d liu raster tt nhin a n mt s chi tit b mt. Vi l do ny, h thng raster-based khng c s dng trong cc trng hp ni c cc chi tit c cht lng cao c i hi.

Hnh 2.16: S biu th kt qu bn di dng Raster

2.3.1.2.3.

Cc loi cu trc Raster

C hai cu trc lu tr raster c bn: - Cu trc lu m chi tit (exhaustive enumeration) - Cu trc lu m chy di (run-length encoding). i vi cu trc lu m chi tit, mi mt im li c gn vi gi tr duy nht, v vy d liu khng c nn gn.

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Hnh 2.17: Minh ha cu trc m chi tit Cu trc lu m chy di c ngha nh l mt k thut nn d liu nu raster cha cc nhm im li c cng mt gi tr. Khi thay v phi lu tr ring cho tng im li, cu trc ny lu tr theo tng thnh phn c mt gi tr duy nht v s lng im li cha ng gi tr .

Hnh 2.18: Minh ha cu trc m run length

2.3.1.2.4. a. u im

u nhc im ca cu trc raster

- V tr a l ca mi c xc nh bi v tr ca n trong biu tng, hnh nh c th c lu tr trong mt mng tng xng trong my vi tnh cung cp d liu bt k lc no. V vy mi c th nhanh chng v d dng c nh a ch trong my theo v tr a l ca n. - Nhng v tr k cn c hin din bi cc k cn, v vy mi lin h gia cc c th c phn tch mt cch thun tin

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- Qu trnh tnh ton n gin hn v d dng hn c s h thng d liu vector. - n v bn ranh gii tha c trnh by mt cch t nhin bi gi tr khc nhau, khi gi tr thay i, vic ch nh ranh gii thay i.

b. Nhc im
- Kh nng lu tr i hi ln hn nhiu so vi h thng c s d liu vector. - Kch thc nh r s quyt nh phng php i din phng php i din. iu ny c bit kh d cn xng vi s hin din c tnh thuc v ng thng. Thng hu nh hnh nh gn th ni tip nhau, iu ny c ngha l n phi tin hnh mt bn hon chnh chnh xc thay i 1 n. Qu trnh tin hnh ca d liu v kt hp th chong nhiu ch hn vi 1 h thng c s vector. D liu c a vo hu nh c s ho trong hnh thc vector, v th n phi chnh xc 1 vector n s thay i hot ng raster i d liu h s ho vo trong hnh thc lu tr thch hp. iu ny th kh hn vic xy dng vo trong bn t d liu raster.

2.3.1.3.

Chuyn i qua li gia d liu vector v d liu rastor

Vic chn ca cu trc d liu di dng vector hoc raster tu thuc vo yu cu ca ngi s dng, i vi h thng vector, th d liu c lu tr s chim din tch nh hn rt nhiu so vi h thng raster, ng thi cc ng contour s chnh xc hn h thng raster. Ngoi ra cng tu vo phn mm my tnh ang s dng m n cho php nn lu tr d liu di dng vector hay raster. Tuy nhin i vi vic s dng nh v tinh trong GIS th nht thit phi s dng di dng raster. Mt s cng c phn tch ca GIS ph thuc cht ch vo m hnh d liu raster, do vy n i hi qu trnh bin i m hnh d liu vector sang d liu raster, hay cn gi l raster ho. Bin i t raster sang m hnh vector, hay cn gi l vector ho, c bit cn thit khi t ng qut nh. Raster ho l tin trnh chia ng hay vng thnh cc vung (pixcel). Ngc li, vector ho l tp hp cc pixcel to thnh ng hay vng. Nt d liu raster khng c cu trc tt, th d nh v tinh th vic nhn dng i tng s rt phc tp. Nhim v bin i vector sang raster l tm tp hp cc pixel trong khng gian raster trng khp vi v tr ca im, ng, ng cong hay a gic trong biu din 31

vector. Tng qut, tin trnh bin i l tin trnh xp x v vi vng khng gian cho trc th m hnh raster s ch c kh nng a ch ho cc v tr to nguyn. Trong m hnh vector, chnh xc ca im cui vector c gii hn bi mt h thng to bn cn v tr khc ca on thng c xc nh bi hm ton hc.

Hnh 2.19: S chuyn i d liu gia raster v vector

2.3.1.4.
STT 1 2 3 4

So snh d liu vector v d liu rastor

RASTER Cu trc d liu n gin Cc thao tc chp bn thc hin d dng v n gin Bi ton m hnh thc hin d dng D liu cng knh VECTOR Cu trc d liu phc tp hn raster Cc php chp bn kh thc hin c Bi ton m hnh kh thc hin D liu gn (chim t b nh) hn m hnh raster

Cho php m ha topo hiu qu hn Mi quan h topo kh c th th v v vy cho php thc hin cc hin c. Bi ton mng kh php lin quan n cc thng tin thc hin topo (nh trong phn tch mng) Thch hp vi vic s dng d Thch hp vi d liu o c trc

32

liu vin thm

tip

2.3.2.

D liu phi khng gian

S liu phi khng gian hay cn gi l thuc tnh l nhng m t v c tnh, c im v cc hin tng xy ra ti cc v tr a l xc nh. Mt trong cc chc nng c bit ca cng ngh GIS l kh nng ca n trong vic lin kt v x l ng thi gia d liu bn v d liu thuc tnh. Thng thng h thng thng tin a l c 4 loi s liu thuc tnh: - c tnh ca i tng: lin kt cht ch vi cc thng tin khng gian c th thc hin SQL (Structure Query Language) v phn tch - S liu hin tng, tham kho a l: miu t nhng thng tin, cc hot ng thuc v tr xc nh. - Ch s a l: tn, a ch, khi, phng hng nh v, lin quan n cc i tng a l. - Quan h gia cc i tng trong khng gian, c th n gin hoc phc tp (s lin kt, khong tng thch, mi quan h hnh gia cc i tng). - m t mt cch y cc i tng a l, trong bn s ch dng thm cc loi i tng khc: im iu khin, to gii hn v cc thng tin mang tnh cht m t (annotation). Annotation: Cc thng tin m t c cc c im: C th nm ti mt v tr xc nh trn bn C th chy dc theo cung C th c cc kch thc, mu sc, cc kiu ch khc nhau Nhiu mc ca thng tin m t c th c to ra vi ng dng khc nhau. C th to thng tin c s d liu lu tr thuc tnh C th to c lp vi cc i tng a l c trong bn Khng c lin kt vi cc i tng im, ng, vng v d liu thuc tnh ca chng

Bn cht mt s thng tin d liu thuc tnh nh sau: S liu tham kho a l: m t cc s kin hoc hin tng xy ra ti mt v tr xc nh. Khng ging cc thng tin thuc tnh khc, chng khng m t v bn thn 33

cc hnh nh bn . Thay vo chng m t cc danh mc hoc cc hot ng nh cho php xy dng, bo co tai nn, nghin cu y t, lin quan n cc v tr a l xc nh. Cc thng tin tham kho a l c trng c lu tr v qun l trong cc file c lp v h thng khng th trc tip tng hp chng vi cc hnh nh bn trong c s d liu ca h thng. Tuy nhin cc bn ghi ny cha cc yu t xc nh v tr ca s kin hay hin tng. Ch s a l: c lu trong h thng thng tin a l chn, lin kt v tra cu s liu trn c s v tr a l m chng c m t bng cc ch s a l xc nh. Mt ch s c th bao gm nhiu b xc nh cho cc thc th a l s dng t cc c quan khc nhau nh l lp danh sch cc m a l m chng xc nh mi quan h khng gian gia cc v tr hoc gia cc hnh nh hay thc th a l. V d: ch s a l v ng ph v a ch a l lin quan n ph . Mi quan h khng gian: ca cc thc th ti v tr a l c th rt quan trng cho cc chc nng x l ca h thng thng tin a l. Cc mi quan h khng gian c th l mi quan h n gin hay lgic, v d tip theo s nh 101 phi l s nh 103 nu l s nh bn l hoc nu l bn chn th c hai u phi l cc s chn k nhau. Quan h Topology cng l mt quan h khng gian. Cc quan h khng gian c th c m ho nh cc thng tin thuc tnh hoc ng dng thng qua gi tr to ca cc thc th. Mi quan h gia d liu khng gian v phi khng gian: th hin phng php chung lin kt hai loi d liu thng qua b xc nh, lu tr ng thi trong cc thnh phn khng gian v phi khng gian. Cc b xc nh c th n gin l mt s duy nht lin tc, ngu nhin hoc cc ch bo a l hay s liu xc nh v tr lu tr chung. B xc nh cho mt thc th c th cha to phn b ca n, s hiu mnh bn , m t khu vc hoc con tr n v tr lu tr ca s liu lin quan. B xc nh c lu tr cng vi cc bn ghi to hoc m t s khc ca cc hnh nh khng gian v cng vi cc bn ghi s liu thuc tnh lin quan. S lin kt gia hai loi thng tin c bn trong c s d liu GIS th hin theo s sau: Bng 2.6: Mi quan h gia thng tin bn v thng tin thuc tnh ID (m) Tnh cht 1 Tnh cht 2 Tnh cht 3 1 x x x

34

2 3

x x

x x

x x

35

Chng 3. Mt s cng ngh WebGIS ngun m

3.1. Chun trao i d liu a l trn Web theo OGC
Chun m ca OpenGIS l mt Web Map Server, tn gi ca n th hin n l mt ng dng server cung cp bn trn Web. Sau y l hnh minh ha:

Hnh 3.1: M hnh webGIS theo chun OpenGIS

3.1.1.

C ch hot ng

a. Web Map Server

V c bn mt Web Map Server c th lm 3 vic: To ra mt bn (di dng nh, di dng ho, hay c ng gi bng mt tp d liu a l). Tr li cc truy vn c bn v ni dung bn .

36

Cung cp cho cc chng trnh khc m Server c th to ra c.

b. Web Map Client

Mt Web Map Client (v d mt trnh duyt Web hoc mt chng trnh ng dng) c th yu cu mt Web Map Server bng cc chuyn cc yu cu (request) trong nh dng URL. Ni dung ca mi URL ph thuc vo mt trong ba loi dch v m Web Map Server cung cp. C th: Yu cu to ra mt bn , cc tham s URL phi ch ra phm vi a l (khng gian) cn to bn , h to c s dng, cc kiu thng tin c th hin, nh dng lu tr bn v kch thc kt qu. Yu cu truy vn ni dung bn , cc tham s URL phi ch ra lp thng tin (layer) bn cn truy vn, v tr cn truy vn. Yu cu cung cp cc thng tin v kh nng phc v ca Web Map Server.

c. C ch hot ng
T cc thng tin v Web Map Client v Web Map Server ta c th hiu c c ch hot ng chung ca WebGIS gm: C ch truyn thng (communication) gia cc my tnh: tng di cng ca m hnh truyn thng, thng tin c truyn nhn bi cc tn hiu in tng ng vi c ch m ho nh phn (0/1). tng tip theo l TCP/IP, tng ng dng l giao thc HTTP, tng ny thng tin c m ho bi ngn ng HTTP. Cc yu cu (requests): mt trnh duyt hi mt trang web bng vic s dng mt GET request. Yu cu ny c nh dng bng mt URL; p ng (response) : web server s kim tra s tn ti ca trang web c yu cu, nu tn ti v ngi dng c quyn truy cp n s tr v trang web cho ngi dng, nu khng n s tr b mt thng ip li. Cc trang web c m ho bng HTML, ngn ng ny bao gm cc th m t cc thnh phn ca mt trang. Hin th (display): trnh duyt hin th trang. Mt khi trnh duyt chuyn i c HTML thnh cc i tng ho n c th v trn mn hnh v ch i ngi dng tng tc ln trang.

37

3.2. Web Map Service v Web Feature Service

C Web Map Service (WMS) v Web Feature Client (WFS) u nm trn Web Map Server, chng chnh l hai chun cng ngh chnh hnh thnh nn Web Map Server.

3.2.1.

Web Map Service (WMS)

Mt Web Map Service cung cp d liu cc i tng a l cho client theo dng hnh nh hoc mt on m GML (khng bao gm ta khng gian). Web Map Service cung cp cc chun nhn request nh sau: - GetMap (bt buc): Yu cu GetMap tr v mt bn di dng nh (nh bn ) trong mt phm vi a l v theo cc tham s c nh ngha c th. GetMap c triu gi bi mt client nhn v mt tp hp cc pixels. Cc pixels ny cha mt nh ca mt bn trong mt vng a l (khng gian) hoc mt tp cc i tng ho nm trong vng a l c th. Yu cu GetMap cho php cc Web Map Client ch ra mt lp thng tin c th, h quy chiu khng gian (SRS), khu vc a l, v cc tham s khc quy nh nh dng d liu tr v. Trn c s cc yu cu GetMap t Web Map Client m mt Web Map Server s tr v cc kt qu hoc nm mt bit l (exception) theo cc ch dn bit l trong yu cu GetMap - GetCapabilities (bt buc): Yu cu GetCapabilities tr v cc siu d liu m t Web Map Server. Cc m t bao gm ni dung thng tin m WMS server c th phc v, cc tham s m Web Map Server c th nhn. - GetFeatureInfo (tu chn): Yu cu GetFeatureInfo tr v thng tin v i tng a l c th c hin th trn bn . Nu mt Web Map Server h tr dch v ny th bn m n tr v c gi l bn c kh nng truy vn thng tin v mt Web map Client c th yu cu thng tin v i tng trn mt bn bng cch thm vo URL cc tham s ch ra mt v tr (X,Y) v s i tng c th tr v thng tin.

3.2.1.1. a. Yu cu

Phng thc GetMap

Mt trnh duyt web to ra mt yu cu GET hi mt server v mt trang web. Phn ln cc yu cu ny c tr li bng HTML cu thnh ln mt trang web. Tuy nhin, mt kt qu c th l mt nh, v d l mt on HTML sau 38

<img src=http://webmapping.mgis.psu.edu/images/header.gif> on HTML trn n l l yu cu mt nh c lu tr trn web server. Mt yu cu web map ging nh URL ny im cng yu cu mt nh ca bn , cho d trng n c v phc tp hn. V d: http://webmapping.mgis.psu.edu/geoserver/wms? version=1.1.1&request=getmap&layers=topp:states&styles=population &SRS=EPSG:4326&bbox=-125,24,-67,50 &width=400&height=200&format=image/png Kt qu nh sau trn trnh duyt:

Hnh 3.2: Kt qu tr v ca phng thc GetMap - WMS

b. Phn hi
Nu qu trnh x l yu cu t Client khng gp li bn kt qu s c tr v theo nh dng m Client yu cu. Nhng nu c mt li xy ra, Server s gi tr v mt thng ip li c m ho bi XML v Client. V d, trong yu cu di y, yu cu b sai trong tham s format (thiu ch g) mt li sau s c tr v:
<ServiceExceptionReport version="1.1.1"> <ServiceException code="InvalidFormat"> There is no support for creating maps in image/pn format </ServiceException> </ServiceExceptionReport>

3.2.1.2.

Phng thc GetCapbilities

39

Yu cu ny c gi khi client mun bit cc thng tin v server nh cc lp thng tin m server phc v, cc nh dng d liu m server h tr. Di y l mt v d v mt request GetCapabilities:
http://webmapping.mgis.psu.edu/geoserver/wms? %20version=1.1.1&request=getcapabilities

Kt qu ca yu cu GetCapabilities server s tr v mt XML cha cc thng tin sau: Cc dch v c h tr Cc nh dng c h tr Cc h tham chiu khng gian Danh sch cc lp thng tin bn SLD/Styles M nh cung cp dch v

3.2.1.3.

Phng thc GetFeatureInfo

Mt client c th s dng yu cu ny tm mt i tng bn ti mt im trn bn ang c hin th. Yu cu ny ging nh yu cu GetMap nhng c thm v tr X, Y theo to pixel tnh t pha trn bn tri ca nh bn v mt tn lp thng tin cn truy vn. Di y l mt v d v yu cu GetFeatureInfo
http://webmapping.mgis.psu.edu/geoserver/wms?version=1.1.1&request= getfeatureinfo&layers=topp:states&styles=population&SRS=EPSG:4326&bbox=-125,24,67,50&width=400&height=200&format=text/html&X=100&y=100&query_layers=topp:state s

Yu cu trn ging mt yu cu GetMap, im khc bit phn format ch ra nh dng kt qu tr v hoc l text/html. Kt qu tr v ca yu cu trn s l:
Results for FeatureType 'states': -------------------------------------------the_geom = [GEOMETRY (MultiPolygon) with 153 points] STATE_NAME = Arizona STATE_FIPS = 04

40

SUB_REGION = Mtn STATE_ABBR = AZ LAND_KM = 294333.462 WATER_KM = 942.772 PERSONS = 3665228.0 FAMILIES = 940106.0 HOUSHOLD = 1368843.0 MALE = 1810691.0 FEMALE = 1854537.0 WORKERS = 1358263.0 DRVALONE = 1178320.0 CARPOOL = 239083.0 PUBTRANS = 32856.0 EMPLOYED = 1603896.0 UNEMPLOY = 123902.0 SERVICE = 455896.0 MANUAL = 185109.0 P_MALE = 0.494 P_FEMALE = 0.506 SAMP_POP = 468178.0 --------------------------------------------

3.2.2.

Web Feature Service (WFS)

Mt Web Feature Server (WFS) cung cp cc i tng a l cho client. N cng c th cho php cc client thay i v thm cc i tng vo c s d liu. Khi WMS cung cp mt hnh nh ca d liu th WFS cung cp d liu thc c m trong GML. Mt WFS c th: Ly thng tin hoc truy vn n mt lp thng tin da theo v tr khng gian ca mt i tng c chn. Update 1 i tng Cho php ngi dng thay i mt s thuc tnh trn mt i tng la chn.

41

Xa 1 i tng - nu thng tin gi tr i tng khng qu di hoc khng c yu cu s dng th c th c xa khi b d liu. To mi mt i tng Cho php ngi dng thm mi mt i tng ln bn . Mt WFS cung cp 3 request: GetCapabilities (bt buc) y l request c bn cho php client nhn ra cc dch v v kiu d liu do WFS h tr. DescribeFetuareType (bt buc) Cho php m t kiu i tng. Khi bn mun thm mt i tng mi th n phi bit cu trc ca i tng . GetFeartue (bt buc) y l d liu tht c tr v client sau request c nhn.

3.2.2.1. a. Yu cu

Phng thc GetCapbilities

Format: y l tham s khng bt buc, l tham s h tr cho yu cu GetCapabilities trn WMS server. Mi server h tr nh dng mc nh text/xml. Nu request m t nh dng khng h tr bi server, server s tr v nh dng mc nh text/xml. cp. Service: Tham s ny bt buc, n ch ra cc kiu dch v cho php khi yu cu n server Request: Tham s phi c, dng triu gi thao tc GetCapabilities. Gi tr GetCapabilities s s dng. UpdateSequence: Tham s khng bt buc. Version: l tham s khng bt buc, ch ra phin bn WMS cung

b. Phn hi
42

Khi triu gi Web map service, tr v yu cu ca GetCapabilities l mt ti liu XML cha dch v metadata nh dng m ho theo lc XML. Lc ny c t nhng ni dung thit yu hay khng cn thit ca dch v metadata v m t nh dng ca n. Ti liu ny c cha mt Root element vi tn l WMS_Capabilities trong khng gian.

3.2.2.2. a. Yu cu

Phng thc DescribeFeatureType

Hm ca DescribeFeatureType thao tc n mt lc m t cc kiu dch v feature c WFS cung cp. V d mt request:

<DescribeFeatureType version="1.0.0" service="WFS" xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/wfs" xmlns:topp="http://www.openplans.org/topp" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wfs http://schemas.opengis.net/wfs/1.0.0/WFS-basic.xsd"> <TypeName>topp:bc_roads</TypeName> </DescribeFeatureType>

Request c xy dng theo quy cch v nh l mt ti liu XML v c gi n server bng HTTP POST request. Mi nhn qua th ta thy rt phc tp nhng thc ra ch c on in m mi l key line. y ch r kiu i tng m ta a vo l: topp:bc_roads.

b. Phn hi
Kt qu tr v t v d trn l:
<xs:schema targetNamespace="http://www.openplans.org/topp" elementFormDefault="qualified" attributeFormDefault= "unqualified" version="1.0"> <xs:import namespace="http://www.opengis.net/gml" schemaLocation="http://localhost:8080/geoserver/data/

43

capabilities/ gml/2.1.2/feature.xsd"/> <xs:complexType name="bc_roads_Type"> <xs:complexContent> <xs:extension base="gml:AbstractFeatureType"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="the_geom" minOccurs="0" nillable="true" type="gml:MultiLineStringPropertyType"/> <xs:element name="LENGTH" minOccurs="0" nillable="true" type="xZs:double"/> <xs:element name="BTRN_BC_ID" minOccurs="0" nillable="true" type="xs:int"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:extension> </xs:complexContent> </xs:complexType> <xs:element name="bc_roads" type="topp:bc_roads_Type" substitutionGroup="gml:_Feature"/> </xs:schema>

3.2.2.3. a. Yu cu

Phng thc GetFeature

Cng ging nh WMS getMap, nhng getFeature ca WFS m t v d liu thc. i vi WMS th d liu sau khi c tr v l mt nh dng nh hoc text nhng c th convert mt cch n gin tr thnh nh cn i vi WFS th d liu c tr v l d liu thc v c c m t nh 1 ti liu XML. Mt s tham bin ng ch : version (required) ty theo phin bn l 1.0.0 hay l 1.1.0 service (required and always WFS) -

44

outputformat (optional) l nh dng d liu c tr v trong capabilities, mc nh l GML maxfeatures (optional) s lng ln nht cc feature c tr v, mc nh l unlimited. typename (required) kiu feature mun c tr v

featureVersion (optional) cung cp h tr cho vic lu tr feature, mc nh l newest propertyName (optional) c tnh ca tng feature mun ly v ty theo tng feature filter (optional) lc la chn cc feature tr v. C th lc theo khng gian hoc c s no y hoc theo gi tr thuc tnh. Sau y l v d:
<wfs:GetFeature service="WFS" version="1.0.0" outputFormat="GML2" ="" we="" would="" like="" gml2="" as="" the="" return="" format="" xmlns:topp="http://www.openplans.org/topp" xmlns:wfs="http://www.opengis.net/wfs" xmlns:ogc="http://www.opengis.net/ogc" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/wfs http://schemas.opengis.net/wfs/1.0.0/WFS-basic.xsd"> <wfs:Query typeName="topp:bc_roads"> <ogc:Filter> <ogc:FeatureId fid="bc_roads.1"/> </ogc:Filter> </wfs:Query> </wfs:GetFeature>

b. Phn hi
Phn hi tr v t server l mt GML m ha tp hp feature
<wfs:FeatureCollection xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openplans.org/topp http://localhost:8080/geoserver/wfs/DescribeFeatureType

45

?typeName=topp:bc_roads http://www.opengis.net/wfs http://localhost:8080/geoserver/data/capabilities/wfs/1 .0.0/WFS-basic.xsd"> <gml:boundedBy> <gml:Box srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/eps g.xml#27354"> <gml:coordinates decimal="." cs="," ts=" "> 494982.7

494475.71056415,5433016.8189323 0115662,5435041.95096618 </gml:coordinates> </gml:Box> </gml:boundedBy> <gml:featureMember> <topp:bc_roads fid="bc_roads.1">

<topp:the_geom> <gml:MultiLineString ="" a="" multistring=""

srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/epsg.xml#27354"> <gml:lineStringMember> <gml:LineString> <gml:coordinates decimal="." cs="," ts=" ">

494475.71056415,5433016.8189323 494982.70115662,5435041.95096618 </gml:coordinates> </gml:LineString> </gml:lineStringMember> </gml:MultiLineString> </topp:the_geom> <topp:LENGTH>2163.48</topp:LENGTH> <topp:BTRN_BC_ID>13166</topp:BTRN_BC_ID> </topp:bc_roads> </gml:featureMember> </wfs:FeatureCollection>

46

3.3. Mt s cng ngh m ngun m

3.3.1. Mapbuider
Mapbuilder l ng dng m ngun m s dng trin khai Web Map Client. Mapbuilder sng dng chun Open GIS kt ni vi server v s dng javascript v XLS hin th d liu bn trn trnh duyt web Mapbuilder bao gm thnh phn sau: - MapBuilder Lib: l mt th vin ngun m ca cc widgets bn trn trnh duyt (browser based mapping widgets) - OpenLayer: cung cp mt giao din chung n mt s cc lp thng tin bn khc nhau (nh Google, Yahoo, MSN, WMS, vv). N c s dng bi mt s map rendering widgets. - Sarissa: l mt th vin ECMAScript library ng gi (wrapper ) cc hm XML APIs nguyn thu. Th vin ny bao gm cc lp ng gi XML document, ti ti liu XML t URL hoc mt xu, chuyn i bng XSLT, truy vn d trn Xpath - Overlib: L mt th vin JavaScript cung cp cc popup nh ging nh tooltips. - Walter Zorns JS Graphics: Th vin JavaScript VectorGraphics cung cp kh nng ha cho JavaScript. - Scalebar: Cng c cung cp thanh t l (calebar tool) - Single file compression: Cc hm nn ton b th vin thnh mt file MapbuilderCompressed.js tng tc ti m JavaScipts v trnh duyt v tng tc bin dch JavaScipts ca trnh duyt.

a. Mc tiu ca Mapbuilder
Client l trnh duyt web Gim ti cho server D dng tch hp Gim bng thng S dng Javascript, XML v XLS Thit k theo m hnh mobule 47

M ngun m Thu ht cng ng pht trin

b. M hnh Mapbuilder
Mapbuider c thit k theo m hnh Model-View-Control (MVC). Khng ging nh cc h qun tr ni dung khc, Mapbuilder lu tr tt c cc model ca n trnh duyt web bi vy s tng tc vi server c gim bt

Hnh 3.3: M hnh MapBuilder Model c hnh dung nh l thng tin ca ng dng, in hnh l mt ti liu XML c nhn v t server trong mt file c form khng thay i t 1 URL. Cc Model cung cp phng php get hoc set cho vic update thng tin v trng thi ca model. View l phn hin th thng tin trong mi model. View c th t bn thn n ng k vi mt model vi dng mt thng bo. y chnh l in hnh s dng listener lm phng php triu gi cc kiu s kin. View c th cung cp cho ngi s dng c th gi cc yu cu n ngi qun tr, cn trong MapBuilder th view gi n cc widgets. Controller tin hnh bin dch cc yu cu ca view trong cc action bi model. Controller c th sa i v trng thi ca mt model. Trong MapBuilder Controller gi n cc tool.

48

Cch thc ngn cch ca model v view cho php cc multile view c s dng cng mt model. y l c ch lm vic cho vic m rng ng dng c d rng hn. MapBuilder c th gi ra v lu tr mt vi model khc nhau trong cng mt ng dng web. Trong th t cung cp ca mt vi cu trc c cc model khc nhau s thc hin cc cng vic khc nhau, mt model c th cha mt mng ca cc model khc trong cc nt con. Trong MapBuilder th thit k, cc model, cc widget v cc tool u thao tc vi cc i tng trong JavaScript. Danh sch ca i tng c th c to ra v lin h gia chng trn l thuyt l s c m t trong file cu hnh.

3.3.2.

GeoServer

GeoServer l mt my ch m ngun m vi mc ch kt ni nhng thng tin a l c sn ti cc Geoweb (trang Web a l) s dng chun m. c bt u bi mt t chc phi li nhun c tn The Open Planning Project (TOPP), nhm mc ch h tr vic x l thng tin khng gian a l vi cht lng cao, n gin trong s dng, l phn mm m ngun m nhm cung cp v chia s d liu. c k vng s tr thnh mt phng thc n gin kt ni nhng ngun thng tin c sn t Google Earth, NASA World Wind nhm to ra cc dch v Webmap nh Google Maps, Windows Live Local v Yahoo Maps. GeoServer c vit bng ngn ng Java, cho php ngi s dng chia s v chnh s d liu khng gian a l (geospatial data). L mt d n mang tnh cng ng, GeoServer c pht trin, kim th v h tr bi nhiu nhm i tng v t chc khc nhau trn ton th gii. GeoServer l s phi hp cc chun hot ng ca Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Dch v bn (WMS-Web Map Service), Web Feature Service (WFS). GeoServer l thnh phn nn tng ca Geospatial Web.

49

Hnh 3.4: Giao din GeoServer

3.3.2.1.

Lch s pht trin

D n GeoServer c bt u vo nm 2001 bi The Open Planning Project (TOPP). Vo thi im , mi Website bn ch tp trung vo chc nng khi to bn , v khng th chia s nhng d liu c thc hin trn bn . TOPP nhn ra rng nhng d liu ny tng ng vi 'm ngun' ca bn , v n v cng quan trng trong vic to ra cu trc d liu khng gian m, ngi dng c th phn tch v m hnh ha, vic khng th i vi d liu nh. Ngay sau khi nhng c tnh k thut ca Web Feature Server (WFS) c a ra trong bn phc tho ca Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), k tha giao thc chun c pht trin bi TOPP trong vic to ra nhng kin trc khng gian thng tin m, GeoServer tr thnh phn mm m ngun m sm nht cung cp cc c im k thut trong vic to v chnh sa d liu khng gian. Vo nm 2003, GeoServer c b xung WFS 1.0, v b xung WFS 1.1 vo nm 2006. Cng ng pht trin GeoServer a thm WMS 1.1.1 v WCS 1.0. l nhng thnh phn a GeoServer tr thnh chun ca my ch khng gian a l ngun m. Nhng ng gp khc bao gm Giao din qun tr Web v h tr nhiu nh dng d liu xut ra.Nh mt GeoWeb m rng, GeoServer lun khng ngng pht 50

trin, tng bc h tr: Google Earth, NASA World Wind, Google Maps, Windows Live Local v Yahoo Maps trong cc dch v desktop truyn thng v trong nn tng GIS.

3.3.2.2.
-

c im

GeoServer cho php xut d liu linh hot da vo vic h tr cc chun KML, GML, Shapefile, GeoRSS, Portable Document Format, GeoJSON, JPEG, GIF, SVG, PNG ... GeoServer c th c c nhiu nh dng d liu, bao gm PostGIS, Oracle Spatial, ArcSDE, DB2, MySQL, Shapefiles, GeoTIFF, GTOPO30 v nhiu loi khc. Bn cnh , GeoServer cn c th chnh sa d liu nh nhng thnh phn x l ca Chun Web Feature Server.
-

GeoServer c xy dng trong b GeoTools, c vit bi ngn ng Java.

MapServer cng c coi l mt sn phm m ngun m, c nhiu chc nng tng t. S khc bit gia hai sn phm l Mapserver c pht trin trong mi trng c, c vit bi ngn ng C v hot ng nh CGI, cn GeoServer c vit bng ngn ng Java. GeoServer phn bit vi MapServer bi n c giao din ha, gip n gin hn trong vic cu hnh, v thc thi chc nng sa i da vo Web Feature Server, cho php chnh sa thng tin khng gian c trn Web cng nh trn my trm Desktop. u im ln nht ca MapServer l tc thc thi nhanh hn GeoServer, nhng t phin bn 1.6 tr i ca GeoServer th tc ca hai sn phm tng ng. GeoServer h tr vic chia s d liu khng gian a l ln Google Earth thng qua c tnh 'network link' s dng KML.
-

51

Chng 4. Xy dng ng dng WebGIS

4.1. M t bi ton
Trong kha lun ny do khng tm c ngun d liu a l ph hp vi bi ton c th v vy ti s dng mt tp d liu nh xy dng m phng cc tnh nng ca mt h thng WebGIS

a. D liu a l s dng
D liu a l s dng l d liu t l 1/2000 c phm vi a l nm trong 3 x v mt th trn ca huyn Hng Sn H Tnh: x Sn Ty, Sn Kim 1 v Sn Kim 2; th trn Ty Sn. Vi tng din tch t nhin khong trn 50000 ha V tr a l nm trong khong: T 18o1500 n 18o 3345 v Bc. T 105o0537.5 n 105o2422.5 kinh ng.

D liu a l c cung cp bi phng o c bn thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. D liu gm 28 lp cc lp thng tin sau: 1) Ao h 2) Bn ph 3) Bn li 4) Bnh ci 5) Bnh c bn 6) B cp 7) Cu 8) Cng giao thng 9) p 10) a danh 11) a gii huyn 12) a gii tnh 52

13) a gii x 14) a vt dng im 15) a vt dng ng 16) a vt dng vng 17) ng dy in 18) ng a gii 19) Hng dng chy 20) Mc gii 21) Nh dng im 22) Nh dng vng 23) Ranh gii quy hoch khu kinh t 24) Ranh gii s dng t 25) Ph b mt 26) Thuc thy h 27) Tim ng b 28) Tim dng chy

b. Cc cng ngh s dng

Mapbuilder GeoServer PostgreSQL Apache Tomcat

4.2. Yu cu h thng
Xy dng h thng thng tin a l trn web p ng cc yu cu sau:

a. Chc nng hin th

Hin th ton b tt c cc lp bn . Hin th cc lp bn theo ty chn.

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 Thay i t l hin th bn (phng to, thu nh). Di chuyn khu vc hin th. Hin th thng tin v i tng c th. o khong cch bn

b. Chc nng phn tch

Thc hin vic tm kim cc d liu ph hp vi yu cu. Chnh sa i tng sn c thng tin v mu sc thng qua 1 chun bn . To bn chuyn .

4.3. Thit k h thng

4.3.1. Kin trc h thng
H thng thit k vi 3 tng khc nhau nh sau: Tng trnh by : c xy dng bng Javascirpt, HTML v DHTML, thc hin nhim v x l cc thao tc, lu tr thng tin ng vi tng ngi s dng, m nhn vai tr trung gian, truyn nhn d liu, gia ngi s dng vi web server. Tng ng dng : chia lm 2 thnh phn : Mapbuilder v GeoServer. C 2 u c pht trin da trn cng ngh Java o Mapbuilder : m nhn trch nhim pht sinh giao din v cc on script tng tc vi client, ng vai tr trung gian gia client v GeoServer, n s gi yu cu ca client ti GeoServer v nhn d liu tr v gi ngc cho client. o GeoServer : x l cc thao tc v pht sinh bn , phng to, thu nh,dch chuyn, tra cu thng tin trn bn . N l thnh phn trung gian gia Mapbuilder v tng c s d liu, tip nhn yu cu t Mapbuilder ri gi xung tng c s d liu rt trch thng tin sau tin hnh x l ri tr kt qu v cho Mapbuilder. d liu. Tng c s d liu : ng vai tr trung gian gia tng ng dng vi c s

54

Client layer

My tnh c nhn Webbrowser (Javascript & HTML)

Application layer

Web server Mapbuilder & GEOServer

Data layer

Database PostgresSQL

Hnh 4.1 Kin trc h thng trin khai

4.3.2.
4.3.2.1.

Xy dng m hnh Use-case

Xc nh Actor v use case

Actor User: Tra cu thng tin, duyt bn Use case Duyt bn o Phng to, thu nh bn o Di chuyn bn 55

o Chn lp thng tin hin th Tra cu thng tin o Tm kim thng tin cc a danh, a vt trn bn o khong cch o Tnh khong cch gia hai im trn bn

4.3.2.2.

c t use case

a. M hnh use case

Phng to, thu nh bn

Tnh khong cch

Truy vn thng tin bn

Ty chn lp thng hin th Di chuyn bn Hnh 4.2: M hnh use case

b. c t use case i. Di chuyn bn

Tm tt

56

Use-case ny m t cch thc ngi dng di chuyn bn xem vng khng gian khc trn bn Lung cc s kin o Lung s kin chnh Use-case ny bt u khi ngi dng mun dch chuyn bn xem vng khng gian khc trn bn 1. Ngi dng kch chut ln nt 2. H thng ghi nhn tnh trng kch chut,thay i trng thi nt sang trng thi m . Chuyn trng thi cc nt no ang trng thi m v c kch chut trc v trng thi bnh thng 3. Ngi dng kch chut ln bn 4. H thng xc nh v tr kch chut trn bn , dch chuyn bn theo chiu ngc li (kch chut cng mp ngoi bn chng no th dch chuyn cng xa v ngc li ) o Cc lung s kin khc Khng c Cc yu cu t bit Khng c iu kin tin quyt Khng c Post-conditions Nu use case thc hin thnh cng, h thng s hin th vng khng gian bn mi ra cho ngi dng ngc li trng thi bn khng thay i im m rng Khng c

ii. Phng to, thu nh bn

Tm tt

57

Use-case ny m t cch thc ngi dng phng to hay thu nh bn hin th. Lung cc s kin o Lung s kin chnh Use case ny bt u khi c ngi dng mun phng to hay thu nh bn hin th 1. Ngi dng kch chut ln nt ZoomIn hay nt ZoomOut

2. H thng xc nh loi nt ang chn, t m nt ny ngi dng bit nt c chn (ZoomIn 3. Ngi dng kch chut ln trn bn 4. H thng xc nh v tr kch chut, sau tu theo nt c chn l ZoomIn hay ZoomOut m h thng s phng to hay thu nh bn ti v tr c kch chut 5. Ngi dng tip tc kch chut ln bn tip tc phng to hay thu nh bn . o Cc lung s kin khc Khng c Cc yu cu t bit Khng c iu kin tin quyt Khng c Post-conditions Nu use case thc hin thnh cng h thng s hin th vng khung gian bn c phng to hay thu nh ra cho ngi dng, ngc li trng thi bn khng thay i. im m rng Khng c , ZoomOut ).

iii. Tnh khong cch

58

 Tm tt Use case ny m t cch ngi dng mun tnh khong cch trn bn Lung cc s kin o Lung s kin chnh Use case ny bt u khi ngi dng mun tnh khong cch trn bn 1. Ngi dng kch chut ln nt bm 2. H thng xc nh loi nt ang chn, t m nt ny ngi dng bit nt c chn 3. Ngi dng kch chut ln bn 4. H thng xc nh v tr kch chut nh du cc im u cui tnh khong cch trn bn . Kt qu c hin ra trn gc trn bn phi bn 5. Ngi dng tip tc kch chut, chiu di cc on thng mi s c cng thm vo kt qu o Cc lung s kin khc Khng c Cc yu cu t bit Khng c iu kin tin quyt Khng c Post-conditions Nu nh use case thc hin thnh cng kt qu s c hin th im m rng Khng c

iv. Ty chn lp thng tin hin th

Tm tt 59

Use case ny m t cch ngi dng chn lp thng tin hin th trong bn Lung cc s kin o Lung s kin chnh Use case bt u khi ngi s dng thay i cc lp thng tin hin th trn bn 1. Ngi dng chn chn lp thng tin cn hin th trong danh sch lp thng tin h thng cung cp 2. H thng hin xung danh sch lp thng tin ngi s dng theo th t t sau ti trc 3. Ngi dng kch chut vo nt Hin th bn 4. H thng s sinh li bn theo danh sch ngi dng chn. Ti y ngi dng c th tip tc thc hin cc thao tc khc nh phng to, thu nh o Cc lung s kin khc Khng c Cc yu cu t bit Khng c iu kin tin quyt Khng c Post-conditions Nu use case thc hin thnh cng h thng s hin th bn mi, ngc li trng thi bn khng thay i. im m rng Khng c

v. Truy vn thng tin bn

Tm tt Use case ny m t cch ngi dng tm kim thng tin trn bn Lung cc s kin 60

o Lung s kin chnh 1. Ngi dng nhp tn thuc tnh cn tm kim vo tm kim 2. Chn lp thng tin cha ni dung tm kim 3. Chn thuc tnh tm kim. Ty vo lp thng tin chn trn m thuc tnh cng khc nhau 4. Ngi dng kch vo nt Tm kim 5. H thng s tm v tr li kt qu khung bn di nt tm kim nu tm thy hoc khng tr li g nu khng tm thy kt qu no 6. Nu kt qu tm thy, ngi dng kch chut vo kt qu 7. Kt qu tm kim hin ln bn o Cc lung s kin khc Khng c Cc yu cu t bit Khng c iu kin tin quyt Khng c im m rng Khng c

4.3.3.

Thit k mt s mn hnh

61

PTy chn lp thng tin hin th

CCc phm chc nng

CBn

Hnh 4.1 Mn hnh chnh chng trnh

62

Vng tm kim

Kt qu tm kim

Hnh 4.2: Mn hnh tm kim

63

KT LUN
Trn y ti trnh by cc tm hiu ca ti v WebGIS v ng dng xy dng m phng mt h thng thng tin a l trn Web Nhng cng vic lm c + Tm hiu c m hnh h thng thng tin a l, cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin a l v mt s lnh vc ng dng rt thnh cng h thng thng tin a l mang li nhiu gi tr cho con ngi + Tm hiu c c im ca h thng thng tin a l trn Web, cc kin trc trin khai mt h thng thng tin a l trn web v u nhc im ca n vi tng bi ton p dng. + Tm hiu c hai hnh thc m t d liu bn l Vector v Raster. u im v nhc im ca hai cch thc, cch chuyn i gia hai hnh thc ny. + Xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin a l trn Web cho php hin th cc lp thng tin bn da trn hai cng ngh m ngun m l Mapbuilder v GeoServer. Hng pht trin ca ti Do thi gian c hn nn kha lun cha i su tm hiu cc vn a ra. Nu c pht trin tip ti s nghin cu thm v cc h thng thng tin a l trn nn Web v cc cng ngh mi nhm nng cao hiu nng h thng cung cp tin ch hn na cho ngi s dng. V c bit l xy dng c h thng thng tin a l c ngha thit thc hn na.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] AA. Alesheikh, H. Helali, HA. Behroz. Web GIS: Technologies and Its Applications. ISPRS, 2004 [2] Aleksandar Milosavljevi, Leonid Stoimenov, Slobodanka Djordjevi-Kajan. An architecture for open and scalable WebGIS. CG&GIS Lab, Department of Computer Science. AGILE Conference 8th, 2005 [3] David J. Maguire, Michael F Goodchild, and David W Rhind (eds). Geographic information systems : Principles and application. Volume 1 : Principle. Longman sciencetific & technical.. John Wiley & Sons, 1991 [4] D.R. Green, D. Rix, and J. Cadoux Hudson (eds). Geographic Information. The source book for GIS. Association for geographic information AGI. Taylor & Francis, 1994 [5] ng vn c. H thng thng tin a l. NXB Khoa hc v K Thut, 2001 [6] F. Rinaudo, E. Agosto, P. Ardissone. Gis and web-gis, commercial and open source platforms: general rules for cultural heritage documentation.CIPA, 2007 [7] Merri P. Skrdla. Introduction to GIS. MicroImages, 2005 [8] M. A Brovelli, D. Magni. An archaeological web gis application based on mapserver and postgis. ISPRS, 2005 [9] Scott Davis. GIS for Web Developers: Adding Where to Your Web Applications. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2007 [10] William Lalonde. Styled Layer Descriptor Implementation Specification. Open Geospatial Consortium, 2009

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