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3.4.1.Dng in p.......................................................................................40
3.4.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca s ..........................................................40
3.5.Khi ngun nui mch iu khin.............................................................40
(1.1)
- cc m:
(1.2)
- Ton b qu trnh xy ra trong c quy khi np in l:
PbSO 4 + 2e + 2 H + = Pb + H 2 SO4
(1.3)
Kt qu l to thnh mt in cc Pb v mt in cc PbO2.
S phng in ca acquy sy ra khi ni hai in cc Pb v PbO2 va thu c
vi ti, lc ny ha nng c d tr trong acquy s chuyn thnh in nng.
y cc in cc xy ra cc phn ng ngc ca (1.1) v (1.2), ngha l trong
2 PbSO 4 + 2 H 2O = Pb + PbO 2 + 2 H 2 SO4
Trn bn cc m:
(1.4)
(1.5)
Nh vy qu trnh np in, st hidroxit trn bn cc m b phn tch thnh st
nguyn t v anion OH . Cn bn cc dng, Ni (OH ) 2 c chuyn ha
thnh Ni (OH ) 3 . Cht in phn KOH c th xem nh n khng tham gia vo
phn ng ha hc m ch ng vai tr cht dn in, do sc in ng ca
6
acquy kim
np ln nht t c khi qu ti l
in np ln nht khi c th t
Inmax = 20%C10
_S dng nhng ni c yu cu
sut v qu ti va phi.
sut ln.
_Dng trong t, xe my v cc
ng c my n cng sut va v
nh.
(V)
(1.6)
Eo - sc in ng tnh ca acquy ( V )
- nng dung dch in phn 15 C ( g/cm3 )
(1.7)
(1.8)
10
2,11
1,95
Khong ngh
E
UP
1,75
V ng phng
in cho php
5
CP =I P.tP
0
t
8
10
nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng cho phn cc cht
tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i tun hon, nh s lm
tng thm dung lng phng in ca acquy.
Trong s dng thi gian np no cho acquy ko di t 2 3 h trong sut thi
gian hiu in th trn cc bn cc ca acquy v nng dung dch in
phn khng thay i . Nh vy dung lng thu c khi acquy phng in lun
nh hn dung lng cn thit np no acquy.
Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca acquy, nng dung dch
in phn gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca
acquy sau khi np.
Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca acquy.
Dng in np nh mc i vi c qui l In = 0,1C10 .
Trong C10 l dung lng ca acquy m vi ch np vi dng in nh
mc l In = 0,1C10 th sau 10 gi acquy s y.
V d vi acquy C = 180 Ah th nu ta np n dng vi dng in bng 10%
dung lng ( tc In = 18 A ) th sau 10 gi acquy s y.
1.7.Cac phng phap nap acquy t ng
1.7.1.Phng phap nap dong in
A
_
+
V Un
D
D
....
....
U n 2,0 N aq
In
(1.10)
Un
12
D
+
VR
_
_
....
.
....
.
....
.
13
14
G1
G2
G3
G1
t
U
0
Ud
I T1 t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
I T2
I T3
Id
1
2
U
0
(t )d (t ) =
5
+
6
3
2
2 .U 2 . sin(t )d (t )
3 2U 2
3 6
. 3. cos =
U 2 cos
2
2
Ud
Rd
Id
3
15
16
UG2
UG3
UG4
UG5
UG6
T1
T3
T5
T1
Ud
T2
T6
T4
T6
T2
Id
I T1,T4
I T1
I T4
I T1
I T3,T6
I T6
I T3
I T6
I T2,T5
I T5
IT2
I T5
Ung
I T2
t
Nhn xt:
Mch chnh lu iu khin i xng cu 3F thng c s dng rng ri trong
thc t, mch cho ra cht lng in p bng phng, dng in chy qua ti lin
tc trong sut qu trnh lm vic. Mch chnh lu ny thng c p dng vi
nhng mch c cng sut ln v dng in chy qua mi van ch ch chy trong
1/3 chu k.
2.1.3.Mach chinh lu c iu khin cu ba
pha khng i xng
-Mt s cng thc c bn:
-in p trn ti: U d =
3 6U 2
(1 + cos ) .
2
Nhn xt :
Tuy in p chnh lu cha nhiu sng hi
nhng chnh lu cu 3 pha khng i
xng c qu trnh iu chnh n gin ,
kch thc gn nh hn.
18
19
1
2 U 2 sin d =
U d max =
Do :
U2 =
2U 2
(1 + cos )
2 2U 2
U d max .64 ,8
=
= 72V
2 2
2 2
IT =
Id d = Id
2
2
Dng qua it:
ID =
1 +
+
Id d = Id
2
2
20
1 2
Id d = Id 1
Nhn xt:
S chnh lu iu khin 1 pha khng i xng c cu to n gin, gn nh ,
d iu khin , tit kim van . Thch hp cho cc my c cng sut nh v va.
2.2.Chn mch chnh lu ph hp
- C hai phng n dng s chnh lu i xng cu ba pha v chnh lu
khng i xng cu ba pha u c nhiu knh iu khin, nhiu Tiristor nn gi
thnh cao khng kinh t.
- Do yu cu ca u bi, v s knh iu khin t nn ta chn s chnh lu
iu khin cu 1 pha ng i xng. Chng c mt s u im:
Hiu sut s dng my bin p cao hn mt s s nh cu 1 pha i
xng.
n gin hn v s lng Tiristor gim xung ch cn 2 nn mch iu
khin c t knh iu khin hn, bo m kinh t hn.
Cng mt di iu chnh in p mt chiu th cu khng i xng iu
khin chnh xc hn.
2.3.Tinh toan cac thng s vi mach a chon
Qua phn tch trn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng
dng cho mch lc mch np c qui t ng . Phng n ny va p ng c
yu cu k thut va bo m cho vic thit k.
Nh phn tch trn: Ta chn phng n thit k cho mch np c qui l s
chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng. C s nguyn l mch lc nh sau :
U = 16.2V
I = 80A
T yu cu ca bi ta c:
-
in p th cp ca bin p:
T cng thc: U = .( 1 + cos )
in p U t max khi gc = 0.
U = = 18V
in p ngc t ln van l:
U = .U = .18 25.5V
Chn van
m bo cho cc van hot ng tt chng ta chn
tr v in p: k = 1,6 , h s d
van phi c h s d
Do vy:
- Chng ta chn van chu c in p ngc
U = 25,5.1,6 = 40,8V
- Dng in trung bnh chy qua van l:
I = 40.1,2 = 48A
Tn tht in p: U = 1,3V.
Tc tng in p: = 100V/ s
22
in p iu khin: U = 3V
- Chn Diot loi: B-50 Do Lin X (c) ch to: Sch in t cng sut ca
Nguyn Bnh, Bng 1.1, tr 8 c cc thng s nh sau:
+
Tn tht in p: U = 0,7V.
23
= 1,84mm
; 220gam/m
25
26
3.1.2.Nguyn tc iu khin
Ngi ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin thay i gc m ca cc
Tiristor l: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh v nguyn tc iu
khin thng ng arccos.
a.Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh.
Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p:
-in p ng b, k hiu l Ur c dng rng ca, ng b vi din p t yteen
anot-catot ca Tiristor.
-in p iu khin, k hiu l Uc , l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c
bin .
Uc = 0 ta c = 0
Uc < 0 ta c > 0
Gnd
29
30
D2
R2
Ung
D3
Hnh 3.7: S khi ng pha.
Tn hiu ng b c th ly t bin p lc cng c th ly t mt bin p khc.
Do trong mch iu khin c nhiu khu s dng ngun in p thp nn chng
ta dng mt bin p c qun nhiu cun dy th cp, mi cun c mt chc
nng ring bit, trong s dng cun c in p 0V-12V-24V dng cho khu
ng b. Mch to xung ng b c ly t in p li U = 220V, f=50Hz,
trng pha vi in p t nn cun s cp ca bin p ng lc. Hai it D2 v
D3 lm nhim v chnh lu to ra tn hiu U1 lm ngng so snh vi tn hiu
mt chiu.
Ta chn 2 it D1 v D2 l it IN4004.
3.3.2 Khi to xung ng b.
+E
1
U0
R3
_ OA2 R5 2
+
R4
D11
t
U2
31
0
Ta c R = R + R
4
3
4
1,48
12
=
R4
R3 + R4
1,48( R3 + R4 ) = 12 R4
1,48 R3 = 10,52 R4
R3
= 7,1
R4
0,005
3
r
Chn t C1 = 0,1 ( F) th in tr R6 = C = 0,1.10 6 = 50.10
1
Vy:
R3 = 50 k . R7=10 k.
3.3.4.Khi phn hi dng in.
3.3.5.Khi phn hi in p.
+ Dng in th cp BAX:
I2 = Ik = 0,9 A
+ Dng in s cp BAX:
I
0.9
I1 = 2 =
= 0.3
m
3
+ t thm ca li st t:
B
0,7
3
tb =
0 H = 10 6.50 = 14.10 F
+ V mch c khe h nn phi tnh t thm trung bnh. S b chn: chiu di
trung bnh ca ng sc l = 0,1mm, khe h lkh = 10-5m.
tb =
l
l kh +
0,1
10 5 +
0,1
14.10 3
= 5,8.10 3
Th tch li st t:
V=
tb . 0 .t x .S.U 1 .I 1
B 2
Trong :
- tb : t thm trung bnh ca li st
- 0 : t thm ca khng kh
- tx : chiu di xung truyn qua BAX c gi tr t 10 600 s, y chn tx =
100 s
- Sx : st bin xung ly Sx = 0,15
- U1 : in p s cp
- I1 : dng in s cp
Thay s vo ta c :
5,8.103.106.100.106 .0,15.9.0,3
V=
=0.479.106 m3
2
0, 7
- Chn mch t c th tnh V = 1,4 cm3 vi th tch ta c cc kch thc
mch t:
a = 4,5 mm
b = 6 mm
d = 12 mm
D = 21 mm
Q = 0,27 cm2 = 27 mm2
Chiu di trung bnh mch t : l = 5,2 cm
S vng qun dy s cp BAX:
- Theo lut cm ng in t :
U 1 .t x
w1 =
(vi k = 0,76 l h s cht y).
B.Q.k
9.100.106
W1 =
= 63
0, 7.27.106 .0, 76
- S vng dy th cp :
W 63
W2 = 2 =
= 21
3
3
- Tit din dy qun th cp
S1 =
I1
J1
0,3
= 0, 05mm 2
6
ng knh dy qun s cp :
d1 =
4S1
4.0, 05
=
= 0, 25 mm
Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS - Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S1
=0,04909(mm 2 ), ng knh d1 = 0,25(mm), trng lng 0,439gam/m, tr sut
0,366 ohm/m.
Tit din dy qun th cp:
S2 =
I 2 0, 9
=
= 0,18mm 2
J2
5
4 S2
4.0,18
= 0, 4787 mm
Chn dy dn c tit din trn ( Bng II.3 - TCS Nguyn Bnh). Tit din S2
= 0,1886 (mm 2 ), ng knh d2 =0,49(mm), trng lng 1,68gam/m, tr sut
0,0914 ohm/m.
- Kim tra h s lp y:
kld =
I C 3 50
=
= 1(mA )
50
0.3
3
C
Vy th: I B = = 50 = 6.10 ( A) = 6( mA)
Ta chn: R 32 = R 34 =
R31 = R33 =
+ E U1 12 9
=
= 10
I1
0.3
Uv
5
=
= 694.44
k .I B 1, 2.6.10 3
3.4.1.Dng in p
U
Uo
Urss
U2
t
U3
U
k
t
U1
2
t
U1
1
t
U1
0
t
U9
t
U1
4
t
U1
3
D1
D1
D1
D1
C1
C3
C2
C4
-12V
7912
Hnh 3.16: Khi ngun nui mch iu khin.
- Cc linh kin s dng trong mch:
+ Chnh lu cu 5A.
+ T lc ngun trc v sau n p C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 =220F/50V.
+ Vi mch n p 78L12, 79L12 l loi vi mch n p c cng sut nh.
Dng in ti khng vt qu 100mA. Chng c bao gi di 2
dng: v st l hiu bng ch H, v bng cht do k hiu bng ch Z.
78L
V CC R
79L
CC V
0
V
U
2
1
1
2
V
U
2
2
2
4
V
0
V
U
n
g
U
2
3
1
8
V
U
2
4
3
6
V
P
30
=
= 0,136 A
U 1 220
k
P
1,2
30
= 0,22cm 2
k
(vi
S
I 21 = I 22 =
I 23 = I 24
I 1 1,36
=
= 0,272mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
J
5
I
I
2,5
= 0,5mm 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
+ Cun 12V: S 21 = S 22 = 21 = 22 =
J
J
5
I
I
1,66
= 0,33m 2 (chn J = 5A/mm2)
+ Cun 18V: S 23 = S 24 = 23 = 24 =
J
J
5
+ Cun s cp: S1 =
- ng knh dy th cp l:
4.S1
4.0,272
=
= 0,59mm
4.S 21
4.S 22
4.0,5
=
=
= 0,8mm .
+ Cun 12V: d 21 = d 22 =
4.S 23
4.S 24
4.0,33
=
=
= 0,65mm .
+ Cun 18V: d 23 = d 24 =
+ Cun s cp: d1 =
C3 , C4 = 0,1F
C1 , C2 = 0,22F
in tr:
R1 , R2 = 50
R7 = 50k
R4 = 4,7k, R5 = 33k