INDIVIDUAL PORTFOLIO 4 Name: Ronny Anak Tanjong

Lecture 2 (Part 2): Human Memory Matrix ID: 19752

In this lecture, we learn about Human Memory for Cognition and Learning (Part 2). It
is more to the knowledge representation and how it implies on learning. Knowledge
representation is very important in further processing of memory. It is help to resolution of
problems and learning. There are different types of knowledge representation. The first one is
declarative knowledge. It is the knowledge of facts or events. For example, “Kuala Lumpur is
the capital city of Malaysia”. Another one is declarative knowledge. It is about how to do
things. For example, how to draw a bicycle? Domain knowledge is also one of the types of
knowledge representation. It is the knowledge about specific fields of study. There are also
many type of knowledge representation, such as general knowledge, images, schema, and
situation models.

Knowledge need to be stored in memory. Declarative knowledge is stored as

propositional networks. Propositional network is the interconnected concepts and
relationships in which long-term knowledge is held. The concepts in the network are
represented by nodes and properties that relate them to other concepts nodes and the
associations between them are represented by lines or links. The propositional network works
by using spreading activation. Spreading activation states that when the name of concept is
mentioned, the node representing that concept is activated. According to Anderson (1995),
speed and probability of accessing a memory is determined by its level of activation, which in
turn is determined by how frequently and how recently we have used the memory.

There is a way to improve our memory. One of the techniques is chunking, which is
proposed by George Miller. Visual or images also can help us to have better memory. Some
say “picture speaks a thousand words”. Besides, we can use mnemonics. It works by makes
the information easier to elaborate, chunk or retrieve it from memory. For example, to
remember the 7 primary colours, pick the first letter on every word and create a sentence that
easy to remember. In Malay, 7 primary colours are “Merah Jingga Kuning Hijau Biru Indigo
Ungu”. To easy to remember, we can write “Mat Jenin Ke Hutan Bawa Ikan Yu”. Another
way is by using rhythm and rhyme. We also needed to be motivated to improve our memory.
We have to motivate ourselves that we are interest in subjects and give a full attention on it.