Li ni u

Ngnh Bu chnh Vin thng nc ta v ang pht trin theo nhp chung vi Vin thng quc t. Vic s ho mng Vin thng Vit Nam v ni mng Internet quc t chng minh r rng iu . Trong thi k hin nay ngnh thc hin chin lc tng tc thnh cng v ang thc hin chin lc hi nhp v pht trin. V vy vic nng cao trnh , cp nht kin thc khoa hc mi nht l v nhng thit b vin thng, ng thi coi trng kh nng vn hnh, khai thc, sa cha v bo dng thit b cho cn b, cng nhn k thut v o to lp trung hc mi l cng tc thng xuyn ca ngnh. gp phn vo lnh vc k thut thng tin vi ba, vic bin son ti liu K thut thng tin vi ba nhm phc v cho vic o to trung hc k thut truyn dn quang v vi ba vi thi gian 24 thng ng thi nhng cn b, cng nhn k thut ang vn hnh nhng thit b trn mng vin thng hin nay tip tc bi dng c th vn hnh, khai thc thit b c tt hn. Ti liu ny gm 2 phn Chng 1: Truyn sng v tuyn v an ten. Chng 2: Mch in v cu kin siu cao tn Chng 3: Nguyn l thng tin vi ba. Chng 4. : Thit b vi ba s. Trong iu kin thi gian c hn, ti liu cha c th p ng c y yu cu ca cc bn v ti liu cng khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Knh mong c s gip qu bu ca cc ng nghip v bn c ti liu phc v c tt hn. Xin chn thnh cm n s gp kin ca cc bn.

MC LC 1- Gii thiu chung v thit b.................................................................97 a- c im:................................................................................................97 2- thit b RMD 1504.............................................................................102 1- gii thiu chung v thit b....................................................................134

\TI LIU THAM KHO. C s k thut vi ba sTc gi: Mai thi Sim. K thut vi ba s Tc gi : Mai thi Sim. C s k thut siu cao tn.Tc gi : Kiu khc Lu. Thit b vi ba s AWA ...Tc gi: Ca tng CTBCVT Gio trnh c s truyn dn vi ba sTc gi: Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. C s truyn dn vi ba s tp I,IIBin son: Bi thin Minh. Thit b vi ba s DM2G-1000.................Trung tm ng dng CN VT CTIN. Gio trnh C s truyn dn vi ba Tc gi: Mai thi Sim. Khai thc bo dng thit b vi ba s ..Ca tng CTBCVT Nguyn l sa cha, bo dng thit b vi ba s bng hp .Phm Khc Ch.

CHNG I. TRUYN SNG V TUYN V AN TEN. I- TNG QUAN V TRUYN SNG V TUYN IN. 1- Khi nim chung. a. Khi nim Khi thc hin truyn dn tn hiu thoi, tn hiu hnh T ni ny n ni khc m khng cn s dng ng dy (ng truyn )bng cp kim loi hoc cp si quang, ch s dng mi trng truyn dn l khng gian th thng tin nh vy c gi l thng tin v tuyn hay cn gi thng tin khng dy. thc hin vic thng tin v tuyn th pha pht cc tn hiu thoi, tn hiu hnh .. phi c x l sau c a vo my pht iu ch vi sng mang siu cao tn ri a ra anten bc x sng in t ti my thu. My thu thc hin gii iu ch, a ra b x l ly ra tn hiu thoi hoc tn hiu hnh. b. S khi tng qut. *. S khi.
X l M y pht M y thu X l

Cc loi t/h

Cc loi t/h

Hnh 1-1:S khi tng qut thng tin v tuyn. *. Nguyn l lhng tin. 3

* Pha pht: Cc tn hiu thoi(tn hiu m tn) t cc thu bao c a vo khi tp trung thu bao. Ti khi thu bao tn hiu m tn c lc, khuch i, sau a sang my pht thc hin iu ch vi sng mang siu cao tn, ri c khuch i bin sng mang ln v cng sut tip tc c a ra anten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. * Pha thu: Tn hiu sng in t t pha pht ti anten thu c cm ng trn anten. Sau tn hiu siu cao tn thng qua fi a vo my thu. My thu s khuch i tn hiu ln ln, thc hin gii iu ch loi b sng mang siu cao tn gi li tn hiu m tn a sang khi thu bao, ti y cc tn hiu thoi c tch ra tng knh tr v cho tng thu bao. 2- Nguyn l truyn sng. a- Khi nim. * nh ngha: Qua thc nghim a n kt lun: Sng in t l mt hnh thc c bit ca chuyn ng vt cht, ng thi khi chuyn ng trong khng gian sng in t c tnh cht nh sng (sng nc). * L thuyt v trng in t ca Macxoen phn nh ng thc t khch quan v l s khi qut nhng qui lut c bn v in t . Qua thc nghim ngi ta rt ra kt lun: in trng xoay chiu sinh ra t trng xoay chiu v nu ch n quy lut ca cm ng in t c tnh cht thun nghch th in trng xoay chiu v t trng xoay chiu lun ng thi tn ti v lin h vi nhau theo mt quan h v lng nht nh . in trng xoay chiu to nn t trng xoay chiu v t trng xoay chiu to nn in trng xoay chiu. Bc x sng in t c th pht sinh ra do cc in t t do chuyn ng c gia tc, cng tiu th trong khi gia tc mt phn bin thnh nng lng sng in t. Thc t khng th lm cho in t chuyn ng c gia tc lu theo mt hng c, v vy phi thay i gia tc theo mt hng bng cch lm chm li ngha l gia tc theo mt hng ngc li. chu k nh vy lp i lp li nhiu ln. c chu k nh vy, ta ni hai dy dn vo ngun in p xoay chiu, di tc dng ca ngun in p xoay chiu ny in t t do bt u chuyn ng i v v nhanh trong mt giy s to nn bc x sng in t ra khng gian. Da vo l thuyt ca Macxoen ngi ta xc nh c tc ca sng in t trong bt k mi trng no theo biu thc: 4

V =

Trong :

- C: vn tc ca nh sng. - : Hng s in mi ca mi trng. - : H s t thm ca mi trng.

Vi khng kh = =1 nn tc ca sng in t bng tc ca nh sng trong mi trng chn khng, V= C = 3.108 m/s. * S truyn lan sng in t trong khng gian. Khi dy dn c dng in chy qua th xung quanh dy dn s sinh ra t trng (theo l thuyt). ng thi s chnh lch in th gia hai dy dn cng to ra in trng, ng sc ca in trng vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng. Nu xt ti mt im th vc t cng in trng E v vc t cng t trng Hvung gc vi nhau. Vy dng in chy trong dy dn sinh ra ng thi in trng v t trng gi chung l in t trng. - Khi dng in trong dy dn i chiu th vc t cng in trng
E

v vc t cng t trng
E

cng i chiu.
H

- Khi dng in trong dy dn tng hoc gim th vc t cng in trng v vc t cng t trng cng tng hoc gim theo.

- Nu dng in c tn s cao th in trng truyn lan to ra xung quanh to nn sng in t .

to

Hnh 1-1: Biu dng sng trng ca sng in t.

=
C f

C: Vn tc nh sng. f: Tn s.
: Bc sng

b - c tnh truyn lan ca sng in t. Sng in t truyn lan trong khng gian c tnh cht ging sng nh sng n truyn theo hng thng, khi gp chng ngi vt hay mi trng mi n phn x, khc x, hay nhim x. - Phn x: Khi sng in t truyn lan gp mt t hay vt dn c kch thc tng i ln so vi di ca bc sng in t th n s phn x. - Khc x: Khi sng in t truyn lan t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc c hin tng khc x. - Nhim x: Sng in t trong qu trnh truyn lan gp vt cn c kch thc nh hn di ca bc sng th c hin tng nhim x. - C th xc nh c chiu ca vc t p nh hnh v sau: 6

E P H

Hnh 1-2: Xc nh chiu ca vc t P c- ng dng. Bng ng dng cc loi sng. T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sng cc di Sng di Sng trung Sng ngn Sng cc ngn Cc tia hng ngoi 3- Phn chia sng theo bc sng. Tu theo tnh cht ca sng in t m ngi ta chia sng in t thnh cc loi khc nhau. - Sng di c bc sng t (104 - 103 ) m - Sng trung c bc sng t (103 102 ) m - Sng ngn c bc sng t (102 - 10 ) m - Sng cc ngn c bc sng t (10 10 -3 ) m Sng cc ngn c chia thnh cc bc sng: 7 Thng tin di ng hng hi Thng tin di ng hng hi,n hiu, hng khng Thng tin qung b, thng tin giao thng Thng tin qung b cc loi, thng tin v tuyn di ng V tuyn nghip d, thng tin qung b, thng tin v tuyn di ng, c nh ... Thng tin quang. Tn sng Phm vi ng dng

- Sng mt c bc sng t (10 -1)m - Sng xi mt c bc sng t (1 -0,1)m - Sng xng ti mt c bc sng t (0,1 0,01)m - Sng mi ly mt c bc sng t (0,01 0,001)m Cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng (10-3- 7,5.10-7) m. Cc tia cc tm c bc sng (4.10-7- 10-8) m. Khi bit bc sng, c th tnh c tn s ca sng in t bng cch p dng cng thc sau:
f = C

Trong : - C: vn tc nh sng. - : Bc sng cng tc. - f : Tn s 4- Cc phng thc truyn lan sng in t. a. Khi nim. Bt k mt h thng v tuyn no cng bao gm: My pht, my thu v mi trng truyn sng, V vy m bo thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc th ngoi my pht, my thu c cht lng tt ra cn phi cn la chn tn s, phng thc truyn lan thch hp, trong c mi trng truyn sng. Mi trng truyn song gm c : mi trng truyn sng t nhin, mi trng truyn sng nhn to. Mi trng truyn sng t nhin: L kh quyn quanh tri t, dc theo mt t v khng gian t do. Mi trng truyn sng nhn to: L to nn cho truyn dn bng dy dn nh cp ng trc, ng dn sng. Cc dng ng truyn. - ng truyn trc tip: Truyn trc tip t an ten pht n an ten thu tm nhn thng,khng b che khut. - ng truyn th cp: Tn hiu c phn x qua vt th t nhin hoc nhn to. - ng truyn tip sc: Thng qua tng trm nh truyn dn vi ba. b. Cc phng thc truyn sng. 8

*. Sng tri. Sng tri l loi sng truyn lan t an ten pht n an ten thu theo phng phn x tng in ly tr v mt t. Phng thc truyn lan ny c s dng cho sng di, sng trung.

An ten pht

An ten thu

M t t

M t t

Hnh 1-3: Phng thc sng tri. *. Sng t. Sng t l loi sng truyn t an ten pht n an ten thu khng b thng ging bi tng in ly. Sng t c chia thnh sng b mt v sng khng gian. * Sng b mt: L loi sng truyn t an ten pht n an ten thu b dc theo mt t, do ch c s dng bng sng cc di v sng di. * Sng khng gian: L loi sng truyn trc tip t an ten pht n an ten thu theo tm nhn thng., do vy khong cch gia hai an ten khng c c chng ngi vt(vt cn).
An ten An ten

Mt t

Hnh 1-4: Phng thc sng t v khng gian. 9

5. nh hng ca mt t v kh quyn n s truyn lan sng Khi sng in t truyn lan dc theo mt t, trn mt t c mt lp in tch cm ng di chuyn theo sng in t truyn lan. Nn xut hin dng in cm ng trn lp mng ca mt t. Sng in t c tn s cng cao lp in tch cm ng cng mng. Mt t lc ny ging nh mt dy dn c tit din nh, dn in km , v ngc li sng in t c tn s cng thp lp in tch cm ng cng dy, mt t lc ny ging nh mt dy dn c tit din ln , dn in tt. 6- Pha inh v suy hao. a. Pha inh. Khi sng in t truyn lan trong kh quyn v khng gian, n chu s tc ng ca kh quyn hoc tng in ly. Hin tng in t trng ti im thu b thay i theo thi gian, tn hiu thu lc c, lc khng hoc lc to, lc nh, hn na c lc mt tn hiu. Hin tng c gi l pha inh. Nguyn nhn l do tn hiu sng in t t i pht truyn ti i thu bng nhiu ng khc nhau, cc tn hiu ny ti i thu cng mt lc. Cc tn hiu ny c th ng pha hoc ngc pha nhau gy ra lc c tn hiu, lc mt tn hiu. Hin tng pha inh thng xy ra do s thay i ch s khc x ca kh quyn hoc nh hng ca tng in ly. b. S thay i ch s khc x ca kh quyn. Khi cao ca kh quyn tng ln th mt kh quyn gim xung, ch s khc x cng thay i dn n ng truyn lan ca sng in t di hn so vi qung ng trong tm nhn thng v c dng hi cong. Thng thng ng truyn lan sng in t trong thc t b cong theo mt t. c. nh hng ca tng in ly. Tng in ly c nhng c im lm cho sng in t truyn lan khng n nh, s phn x sng in t tng in ly b thay i mt cch tht thng dn n c hin tng pha inh, c th mt tn hiu. nh hng ca tng in ly thng xy ra khi s dng truyn thng tin sng ngn dng phng thc sng tri. d, Suy hao. Trong qu trnh truyn lan sng in t trong khng gian b suy hao bi nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn. C mt s loi suy hao sau: *. Suy hao trong phn t. 10

Trong khi sng in t truyn lan khng gian gp phn t kh cc phn t kh ly mt phn nng lng ca sng in t . S suy hao trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo cht kh. *. Suy hao trong sng m. S suy hao trong sng m ch yu vi sng mm v gii sng quang, s suy hao trong sng m ph thuc vo tn s, cng ca sng m, cng ca sng m cng ln th s suy hao cng ln. *. Suy hao trong cc git nc. Khi truyn lan sng in t trong khng gian gp git nc n hnh thnh mt dng in dch, lm cho git nc nng ln c ngha git nc tiu hao nng lng sng in t . Qu trnh ly nng lng sng in t ca cc git nc cng ph thuc vo tn s, khi tn s tng th dng in dch tng. Mt khc git nc l mi trng khuch tn sng, cho nn khi truyn lan sng in t qua git nc s b khuch tn theo mi phng, do lm gim nng lng sng in t theo phng truyn lan chnh. Qua thc nghim cho thy sng in t truyn lan trong ma b tn hao nng lng nhiu nht so vi cc nguyn nhn khc. S suy hao ca sng in t cng ln khi sng in t c tn s cao hn 10GHZ. 7. Tng in ly. a. Khi nim. *. Tng in ly l tng trn cng ca kh quyn tri t c cao t (60500)Km. *. c im tng in ly. - C rt nhiu ion m v ion dng to thnh lp kh quyn dn in(gi l tng in ly), nh m sng in t phn x quay v mt t. - Khi nhit gim th lp ion gim v sau s tng tr li. *. Nguyn nhn gy ra ion ho: - Qu trnh ion ho l qu trnh tch cc in t lp v ngoi ca nguyn t, do nguyn t mt cn bng tr thnh ion. - Nguyn nhn do bc x quang, bc x ht. + Bc x quang: Mt tri lun bc x sng in ttong gii tn rng tuy nhin ch c mt s tia c kh nng gy ra ion ho.

11

+ Bc x nhit:Mt tri lun bc x ra cc dng ht gm cc in t v ion dng. b- Cu to v phn b in tch. Qua thc nghim cho bit tng in ly gm 4 lp(lp D, lp E, lp F1, lp F2). Lp D v lp F1 ch tn ti vo ban ngy, cn lp E v lp F2 tn ti c ban ngy m. - Lp D: C cao t (60 90)Km, mt in tch = 102 -103 in tch/cm3. - Lp E: C cao t (95 120) Km, mt in tch ban ngy = 10 5 n 4.105 in tch/cm3. - Lp F: C cao t (200- 400) Km. Trong lp F c chia thnh hai lp F 1v F2 . - Lp F1: C cao t (200- 300) Km, mt in tch 2.105 -1,5.105 in tch/cm3. - Lp F2: C cao t (300- 400) Km, mt in tch tu theo thi gian ban ngy v ban m, theo ma : Ban ngy ma ng c mt in tch 2.106 in tch/cm3. Ban m ma ng c mt in tch 3.105 in tch/cm3. Ban ngy ma h c mt in tch 2.105 in tch/cm3.
T gnly n i F1 F2 E D 40 0 Km

M t t

12

Hnh 1-5: Cu trc tng in ly Mt in tch ny cn ph thuc vo gi trong ngy, nh sng ca mt tri. Do vy sng in t truyn lan khng n nh. -Tn s sng in t cng cao, c kh nng xuyn qua tng in ly m khng b tng in ly hp th sng in t. -Tn s sng in t cng thp, khng c kh nng xuyn qua tng in ly v b tng in ly hp th sng in t.
T n ly ng i f1 f2 E D

Mt t

Hnh 1-6: S phn x ca tng in ly II- c im khi truyn cc bng sng 1- Sng cc di v sng di. - Sng di c bc sng t (103 105 )m, tn s thp nn khng truyn theo phng thc sng tri c v sng tn hao nhiu trn ng truyn, do vy sng di ch s dng truyn theo phng thc sng b mt, v tn hao do tri t gy ra t nn dng phng thc sng t v c th t c ly 3000Km. u im: Tnh n nh cng trng cao - Tn hiu t bin i theo thi gian Nhc im: Gii tn hp, an ten cng knh. 2- Sng trung. Bc sng t (100- 1000)m, tn s f = (3 - 30)MHz . Sng trung c bc sng nh hn sng di v ln hn sng ngn. Nu truyn theo phng thc sng b mt s b phn x, v nhim x sng, do vy n gy

13

nh hng n vic truyn sng. Nn ch s dng truyn sng theo phng thc sng tri. Sng tri.truyn t an ten pht n an ten thu theo ng thng hoc theo ng phn x t mt t hoc phn x t tng in ly, c gi truyn lan bng sng khng gian. Nh vy sng khng gian c chia ra 2 loi: sng trc tip, sng phn x t mt t, sng phn x t tng in ly v s dng trong thng tin vi ba. - Sng truyn bng phng thc phn x mt t L loi sng truyn t an ten my pht n an ten my thu sau vi ln phn x t mt t hoc vt th xung quanh. S phn x khng nhng ch xut hin trn mt thng ng m c th xut hin trn mt phng ngang. Nh vy sng b phn x t mt vt cn s lch pha so vi hng chnh, sng phn x ny s c bin v pha khc v bin v pha ca sng trc tip, nu khong cch truyn m ln hn mt s l ln bc sng th anten thu b phn x lch pha so vi sng trc tip mt gc 1800, kt qu tn hiu ti im thu b trit tiu. - Sng phn x t tng i lu(tng in ly). L Sng in t truyn t an ten my pht n an ten my thu thng qua tng i lu phn x v truyn bng phng thc ny vi c ly thng tin xa m khng th lp t trm trung gian c.

An ten pht

An ten thu

M t t

M t t

Hnh 1-6: Cc hng i ca sng in t. 3. Sng ngn. 14

Bc sng khong (10 -100)m, tn s f = (30- 300)MHz. Sng ngn c bc sng nh nht v tn s rt cao do nu truyn sng theo phng thc sng tri, phng thc sng b mt th sng ngn s b phn x, v nhim x gy tn hao rt ln, khng truyn c i xa, do vy sng ngn ch s dng truyn sng theo phng thc sng truyn trc tip t an ten my pht n an ten my thu . L loi sng truyn t an ten my pht n an ten my thu, thng qua mi trng khng kh. iu kin truyn sng an ten pht v an ten thu phi nhn thy nhau trong khng gian. III- Truyn sng trong mi trng cp v ng dn sng. 1- Truyn sng trong feeder i xng v cp ng trc. a- Truyn sng trong feede cp i xng. Phi i xng l ng dy song hnh c in tr ti mc u cuing dy nh hnh sau:
I

Trong ng dy h s phn x bng khng. Trng hp tr khng u cui ng dy ln hn tr khng sng ca ng dy th dng in chy trong IGm<Ifxm, hai dng in ngc pha nhau v vy u cui xut hin nt dng in b- Truyn sng trong feede cp ng trc. 2-Truyn lan sng trong ng dn sng. Nu ng dn sng c chiu di L = n tng ng nh mt khung dao ng LC ni song song v c tn s cng hng ring f = . Nu c hai ng dn sng tng t ni li vi nhau n tng ng nh khung cng hng ghp L C. Nu ni nhiu on ng dn sng c chiu di L li vi nhau th c ng dn sng. Vy truyn sng trong ng dn sng bng phng thc cng hng sng t u vo n u ra ca ng dn sng. 15

Khi thng tin tn s cao ln hn 2 GHz , nu dng phi cp ng trc truyn ti nng lng siu cao tn c tn hao ln. Do cn phi dng phi ng dn sng. Phi ng dn sng l ng kim loi rng, nhng c dn in v nhn mt trong ca ng rt cao. Nguyn l: Nu kch thch vo ng dn sng mt nng lng siu cao tn th sng in t s truyn lan trong ng dn sng bng cch phn x nhiu ln thnh ng v a nng lng siu cao tn ra anten. Mt rhg t ng dn sng c th truyn c nhiu loi sng khc nhau gi l Mode. cc loi sng truyn trong ng dn sng ph thuc vo tn s cng tc v kch thc ca ng dn sng. ng dn sng c kch thc khc nhau c bc sng cng tc ti hn th . Do cu to ca ng dn sng nn bc sng cng tc ti hn l bc sng bng kch thc chiu rng ca ng dn sng chia i. Bc sng ti hn c tnh:
2

th = m 2 n +
a b

Trong : a,b: kch thc thnh rng v thnh ng ca ng dn sng hnh ch nht. m, n: cc ch s ca cc loi sng truyn trong ng dn m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3... IV- My pht thu v tuyn. 1- Khi nim chung. a- S khi.
X l M y ph t M y thu X l

Cc loi t/h vo

Cc loi t/h ra

Hnh 1-9:S khi tng qut thng tin v tuyn. b- Chc nng cc khi.

16

*- X l: tp hp cc tn hiu thoi, tn hiu hnh v cc tn hiu khc sau to thnh mt ng truyn c tc cao a sang my pht iu ch khi pht. Bn my thu tch cc tn hiu ra thnh cc ng khc nhau tr v nh bn pht. *- My pht: To dao ng sng mang siu cao tn, thc hin iu ch tn hiu t bn khi x l a sang vi sng mang siu cao tn, khuch i bin sng mang siu cao tn ln v cng sut a n anten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. *- My thu: Nhn tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t anten a ti thc hin khuch i bin sng mang siu cao tn, gii iu ch loi b tn hiu siu cao tn ri a tp hp cc tn hiu thoi, tn hiu hnh v cc tn hiu khc sang khi x l. c- Nguyn l lm vic. *- Pha pht: Cc tn hiu thoi(tn hiu m tn) t cc thu bao c a vo khi tp trung thu bao. Ti khi thu bao tn hiu m tn c lc, khuch i, sau a sang my pht thc hin iu ch vi sng mang siu cao tn, ri c khuch i bin sng mang ln v cng sut tip tc c a ra anioten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. *- Pha thu: Tn hiu sng in t t pha pht ti anten thu c cm ng trn anten. Sau tn hiu siu cao tn thng qua fi a vo my thu. My thu s khuch i tn hiu ln ln, thc hin gii iu ch loi b sng mang siu cao tn gi li tn hiu m tn a sang khi thu bao, ti y cc tn hiu thoi c tch ra tng knh tr v cho tng thu bao. 2. My pht a. Ch tiu k thut c bn.. * Cng sut pht: Pr = Ir2 Zoe - Cng sut pht l cng sut ln nht o c ti u ra ca tng khuch i cng sut my pht, hoc ti im u ni fi hoc ti u o tn hiu siu cao tn(MONITOR) - Tu thuc vo thit b, yu cu s dng, c ly thng tin m my pht c cng sut ln hay nh. V d :+ My pht thanh, my pht hnh thng c cng sut ln. + My pht s dng trong vin thng c cng sut nh 17

- Cng sut ca my pht ph thuc vo tng khuch i cng sut cui cng ca my pht. - Cng sut pht c k hiu(Pr) v c tnh: Pr =Ir Ur = I2r . Zr.n Trong : Ir: dng ra anten, Ur: in p tn hiu cao tn t vo anten, Zr: tr khng ra cao tn (Zr = * Hiu sut my pht: =
Pr Po
Rr 2 + X 2

; X =XL+XC = J L +

1 j C

).

100%.

Trong : Pr- Cng sut ra ca my pht ti u vo fi. Po- cng sut ngun cung cp cho my pht. Hiu sut my pht c o bng t s gia cng sut ra anten my pht vi cng sut ngun cung cp cho ton my pht v c nhn 100%. - Hiu sut my pht biu hin cho tnh kinh t ca my pht, hiu sut my pht cng cao th tnh kinh t cng tt , gi thnh thit b cng r. - Hiu sut my pht ph thuc vo tng loi thit b, nhu cu s dng, loi hnh s dng. - My pht thanh, my pht hnh s dng n in t nn hiu sut thp hn - My pht dng trong k thut vin thng c hiu sut cao hn my pht dng trong k thut pht thanh, truyn hnh - Hiu sut my pht c k hiu.
= Pr 100%.
Po

* Gii tn s cng tc. - Gii tn s cng tc ca my pht l gi di tn s ca tn hiu cao tn my pht lm vic t tn s thp nht n tn s cao nht m h s khuch i ca my pht khng gim qu 0,707ln(mc cng sut ra cho php). - Gii tn s cng tc ca my pht tu thuc vo tng thit b, vo yu cu s dng my pht, mc ch s dng thng tin trong mng no v phng thc truyn dn thng tin. 18

- Gii tn s cng tc ca my pht c quy nh v c qun l cht ch ca cc qun l tn s. * c tuyn tn s: K : h s khuch i ca mch. K0 : h s khuch i theo tnh ton. f1 , f2:gii tn s cng tc ca my
K/KO

0,707

f1

f2

Hnh 1-10: c tuyn tn s. * n nh tn s. - n nh tn s l s n nh tn s ca my pht trong qu trnh lm vic m tn s ca my pht khng b bin i(sai lch, hoc c sai lch cho php). - n nh tn s c biu th bng biu thc. lch tn s = Trong :

f f f: lch tn s

f: Tn s cng tc - n nh tn s l ch tiu quan trng ca my pht, n quyt nh n tin cy ng thng tin, n c ly thng tin (cht lng dch v). - n nh tn s cng cao th cht lng dch v cng m bo. - n nh tn s do tng to dao ng cao tn quyt nh. - m bo n nh tn s ca my pht th b to dao ng s dng tinh th thch anh hoc robi lm phn t to dao ng. V cc tinh th trn ch dao ng mt tn s. n nh tn s khong 10-5 n 10-6 .

19

 n nh tn s cho my pht ngi ta s dng b tng hp tn s PLL. * B lc sng hi. Sng hi l cc thnh phn bc cao ca sng c bn. My pht thng c cng sut ra ln a ra anten.do vy ngoi thnh phn c bn cn cc thnh phn khc c gi l hi cng c bc x. Cc thnh phn hi s nh hng n cc i khc. gim bt cc thnh trn th mch ra anten phi c mch lc sng hi. Ngoi cc ch tiu trn cn c mt s ch tiu khc: - Mo tn hiu (trong c mo tn s, mo khng ng thng), cc loi mo ny phi nh. - Tnh an ton v bn chc phi cao. - Trng lng phi nh, th tch phi gn gng. b- S khi ca my pht. * S khi my pht v tuyn.
Ch sng m Bi tn K th ch ch K / cng sut M ch ra

N gun

iu ch

T hu bao

Hnh 1-11: S khi my pht. * Chc nng cc khi. - Ch sng: To ra sng mang siu cao tn(To ra tn s pht). - m: Ngn cch s nh hng gia cc tng trc n tng ch sng, tng ch sng lm vic n nh. - Bi tn: nng tn s ch sng ln n ln bng tn s cng tc ca thit b. - Khuch i cao tn: Khuch i in p ln kch thch cho tng khuch i cng sut lm vic. - Khuch i cng sut: Khuch i cng sut ln v cng sut theo yu cu.

20

- Mch ra: Phi hp tr khng vi anten, lc b cc thnh phn hi bc cao gim nh bp hng ph. - Khi iu ch : iu ch tin tc vo sng mang cao tn. - Ngun cung cp: Cp ngun cho cc transistor, IChot ng. - Khuch i tn thp: Khuch i tn hiu m tn ln a vo iu ch. - Thu bao: Tp chung cc thu bao thnh mt ng tn hiu chung a sang khi khuch i m tn.

3. My thu. a. Ch tiu k thut c bn.. * nhy. - nhy l kh nng thu c tn hiu nh nht ca my thu m sau khi a qua my thu n u ra my thu tn hiu m tn s dng vn m bo cht lng bnh thng. Ngha l tn hiu cao tn cm ng trn anten thu nh nht c a vo my thu u ra my thu a sang cc thu bao s dng m bo cht lng tn hiu. - nhy my thu c tnh v hoc mv. - nhy ph thuc vo kh nng khuch i ca my thu(ch yu cc tng khuch i trung tn trong my thu). * Tnh chn lc. - Tnh chn lc l kh nng tch tn hiu khc ra khi tn hiu cn thu(cc tn hiu nhiu), cng cm ng trn anten thu . - Tnh chn lc ph thuc vo cc khung cng hng, cc b lc trong my thu. - Tnh chn lc tt th u ra my thu khng c tp m v cc thnh phn nhiu ca cc i khc. * Mo trong my thu. - C hai loi mo trong my thu. - Mo khng ng thng: Do cc linh kin phi tuyn gy nn nh: Diode, IC, transistor. V cc linh kin ny c c tuyn khng ng thng. Do vy khi chn im lm vic cho 21

mch khuch i phi chn im lm vic ca cc linh kin trn on thng ca c tuyn. - Mo tn s: Do cc linh kin nh: C, R, bin p, r le gy nn, v cc linh kin ny c in khng ph thuc vo tn s. Nn tn s cao khc vi tn s thp. Do vy khi chn cc linh kin trn phi lu . * n nh tn s. - n nh tn s ca my thu ph thuc vo tn s dao ng ni. ng thi tn s phi c n nh cao. c n nh tn s cao trong my thu c s dng b to dao ng bng thch anh. * Tp m. Tp m c hai loi : - Tp m ni b: Do cc linh kin trong my gy ra. - Tp m ngoi: Do cc nhiu bn ngoi - Trong my thu thng thng phi m bo t s tn hiu /tp m S/N Ngoi ra my thu cn mt s ch tiu khc: - Tnh an ton v bn chc phi cao. - Trng lng phi nh, th tch phi gn gng. b- S khi ca my thu. * S khi my thu v tuyn
K / m tn Tch sng K / Trung tn tn i M/V K cao tn

m tn ra

Ngun

D/ Ni

Hnh 1-12: S khi my thu. * Chc nng cc khi. - Mch vo: Chn lc tn s thu loi b cc tn s nhiu. - Khi khuch i cao tn: 22

Khuch i tn hiu cao tn b p mt phn nng lng mt i trn ng truyn t my pht a ti. - Khi i tn (khi h tn): H thp tn s t cao tn xung trung tn v c nh. - Khi khuch i trung tn: Khuch i bin in p tn hiu trung tn ln nng cao nhy my thu. - Khi gii iu ch: Tch tn hiu cao tn ra khi m tn loi b tn hiu cao tn, a m tn sang khi khuch i m tn. - Khi khuch i m tn: Khuch i tn hiu m tn ln ln a ra thit b u cui. V. TNG QUAN V AN TEN 1. V tr v nhim v. An ten ca my pht nm cui cng ca my, an ten my thu nm v tr u tin. An ten l mt thnh phn cn thit ca thit b v tuyn ni chung v thng tin vi ba ni ring. An ten c nhim v thu sng in t v bc x sng in t. An ten c rt nhiu loi dng trong cc loi sng khc nhau, tu theo loi sng m s dng loi an ten khc nhau. Xong y ch xt n loi an ten dng trong thng tin vi ba. 2. Nguyn l bc x sng ca an ten. Nguyn l bc x ca an ten da trn nguyn l bc x mt. Bc x mt l bc x ca tp hp cc nguyn t Huy Ghen. Nguyn t Huy Ghen l mt phn t c in tch rt nh so vi bc sng cng tc, trn c cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng vung gc vi nhau, phn b bin v pha ng u. chnh l in tch rt nh ca mt sng, nguyn t Huy Ghen c biu th nh hnh v sau.
d A r E H

23

Hnh 1-13: Nguyn l bc x ca nguyn t Huy Ghen Trong ds l din tch rt nh so vi 2 , Et , Ht l cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng c bin v pha phn b ng iu trn din tch d. c c tnh phng hng cao th cc nguyn t Huy Ghen phi c tp hp trn mt mt phng l din tch cng ln th bc x cng mnhv tnh hng cng cao. Nh vy nguyn t Huy Ghen c bc x n hng v hng bc x cc i l hng vung gc vi mt phng ca nguyn t Huy Ghen v pha trc. Nu to ra c mt an ten c nhiu nguyn t Huy Ghen tp hp li th ta c c mt an ten c tnh hng cc i theo mt hng y l nguyn l bc x ca an ten. 3. Cc tham s ca an ten. a. H s khuch i ca an ten. L i lng c xc nh bng t s bnh phng ca cng trng ti im thu to ra do an ten v bnh phng cng trng cng ti im thu bng an ten chun.
E 2 (, ) G= 2 E0
, ) G =20lgE( 20lgE0(dB i)

Trong : - G: H s khuch i ca an ten,

, ): - E( Cng trng ca an ten kho st khi cng sut cung cp cho n bng chnh cng sut cung cp cho an ten chun Pa to ra cng ti im (thng an ten chun v hng)

- Eo: Cng trng ca an ten chun Pa to khi c cng sut cung cp cho anten l Pa gy ra ti im thu. b. Hiu sut bc x ca anten: L t s gia cng sut bc x t an ten ra vi cng sut t vo an ten.

=
Trong :

P PA

R zv R + R th

24

- P Cng sut bc x,. - PA Cng sut t vo an ten. (Pth+ P c. Tr khng vo. An ten c th ni trc tip vi my pht, my thu, hoc ni gin tip thng qua fi . Mi trng hp nh vy c th xc nh c u vo ca an ten chnh l u ra ca my pht. Vy tr khng vo(Zv) ca an ten l t s ca in p vo (U0)v dng in u vo(I0) ca an ten (u ni an ten vi my pht). Zv = I = 0 ZA= Zv d . H s nh hng. t trng cho h s nh hng cho an ten ngi ta s dng h s D. H s nh hng nh gi hiu qu, tnh phng hng ca an ten v c xc nh
U0
R 2 V +X 2
V

);

Pth cng sut tn hao

y cng chnh l im anten c cp in do :

E2M D= E2Mo
Trong : EM Cng trng ca an ten c hng. EM0 Cng trng ca an ten chun. e. H s khuch i. H s khuch i anten c xc nh bng tch s gia hiu sut v h s nh hng ca anten G = x D.Ba tham s , D, G c phn bit v bn cht l hc.

G=

P th P 0 th

v D =

P M P th

nn G = D =

P M P 0 th

4. c tnh c bn ca an ten. Thng tin vi ba l phng thc thng tin im ni im, phng php tryn lan sng in t bng sng khng gian, an ten pht v an ten thu phi c t cao nht nh v hng vo nhau, khng b che khut tm nhn 25

thng. Do vy tuyn tryn dn thng tin vi ba s b nh hng nhiu ca a hnh t ni pht n ni thu v iu kin truyn sng ca mi trng kh quyn gia hai an ten. Khi truyn sng thng xy ra hin tng nh pha inh, phn x, suy haovv. V vy an ten c s dng trong thng tin vi ba c yu cu sau: *- H s khuch i cao. *- Gii tn s cng tc phi rng. *- Bp hng ph ca sng in t pht ra phi nh. *- H s phng v an ten cao. 5. Cc loi anten dng trong thng tin vi ba. a. An ten n gin. * Chn t i xng. Chn t i xngc th coi l mt ng dy song hnh u cui h mch, hai dy lm thnh gc 1800, nh vy nhng im i xng ca hai na chn t chiu ca dng in cng chiu. Dng in trong dy dn c tr s cc i nn bc x ln nht. Ngi ta p dng hin tng cng hng ngha l lm cho tn s dng in trong chn t bng tn s dao ng ring ca chn t. * An ten dn x(YAGY) - Cu to: Thng s dng cho v tuyn truyn hnh, v tuyn dn ng. Gm : - Mt chn t ch ng(chn t ngun): L chn t na bc sng bng ng kim loi mn, nh(nhm, ura) trn hoc vung. - Mt n ba chn t phn x. - Mt s chn t dn x(hng x). Cc chn t c gn trc tip vi thanh kim loi . Vic gn cc chn t vi thanh kim loi khng nh hng g n s phn b dng in v in p, ng thi thanh kim loi c t vung gc vi cc chn t. Thng thng mi an ten ch nn dng t 1-2 chn t phn x v nu s dng nhiu chn t phn x khng tng kch thch nn khng pht huy c tc dng. mun tng cng s phn x hn na trong mt s trng hp c th s dng mt phn x di dng tm kim loi hoc tp hp vi chn t phn x t khong cch ging nhau i vi chn t ch ng.

26

Khong cch chn t ch ng v chn t phn x bng (0,15- 0,25) bc sng. Khong cch chn t ch ng v chn t dn x = (0,1- 0,35) bc sng. * Nguyn l: Nu chon ngun kch thch v khong cch gia cc chn t thch hp th dng in trn cc chn t chm pha dnv pha cc chn t dn x.Do ton b an ten s bc x v phia cc chn t dn x.
H ng bc x cc i

Chn t dn x

Chn t phn x

Chn t ch ng

Hnh 1 14: An ten YAGY b. An ten dng trong thng tin vi ba. * An gng paraba. * Cu to: (Hnh 1-15)

Cu to hp chiu x. - Hp chiu x t gia trung tm mt gng(ti tiu im ca gng), c ni vi dy phi - Gng cu l mt chn t c b mt nhnc tc dng phn x sng in t(chn t lm bng li hoc bng thanh chn t), thng c lm bng ura v c trng lp bc mng.

27

MigPa b l n ra o 1 2 L 0 F 3 4 a f z

Hnh 1-16: Cu to an ten gng parabol Trong : - L: khu ca gng. - a: su ca gng. - F: Tiu im. - f: Tiu c. - O Z: Trc quay. Cc tia sng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 l cc tia phn x t mt gng do cc tia sng t ngun bc x t ti tiu im bc x ti mt gng to nn. Lc mt gng parabol tr thnh mt gng phngv bc x mnh v pha trc. Do h s khuch i ca gng pa rabol tng i cao. H s khuch i c tnh theo biu thc sau: G = 10lg Trong : - A : Hiu sut ca an ten. - d: ng knh ca gng. - : Bc sng cng tc. Da vo cng thc trn th d cng ln h s khuch i cng cao. Nguyn l: Nu ta t tiu im ca gng parabol mt ngun in p cao tn th cc tia bc x t ngun in p cao tn s p vo mt gng v phn x thnh cc tia song song vi trc oz ca gng( chnh l hng pht x ca an ten).
a d dBm

28

Ngun bc x thng l mt chn t na bc sng v c cp ngun bng cp ng trc v mt b bin i i xng bng mt phn t bc sng,b bin i lm cho nhnh ca chn t cch in vi v ngoi dy cp. nh hnh v trn. * th hng ca an ten parabol nh sau:
B ph n chn g h

Cc b ph n g p h

Hnh 1-17: Bp hng ca an ten. Cc bp hng ph xut hin do gng parabol khng hng cc tia sng in t ca b chiu x pht ra t ti tiu im F Nn c cc tia sng b trn ra ngoi. Hoc do mt gng khng nhn lm cho sng khng phn x ton phn m b khuch tn. Hin tng ny c m t nh sau: Mt gng parabol c ch to bng kim loi c h s phn x cao, trng lng nh, mt nhn c th dng li hoc dng thanh. An ten parabol thng thng c s dng trong thng tin vi ba, an ten parabol c hnh dng
S g tr n n Hp ch u i x S g b n kh ch tn u s

S g tr n n

Hnh 1-18: Hin tng b trn.

29

H ng pht x

Hnh 1-19: Hnh dng an ten Parabol. *. An ten tim vng. * Cu to. Gm: Mt an ten parabol c t di mt t. An ten ny c cu to ging nh an ten parabol bnh thng. Mt mt gng phng c t phi trn cao khong 100m tr ln c gc 450 nh hnh v sau(hnh 1-17) H s khuch i: G = 4
St A V0

Mg ph t ng ng H ng pht x ln 2

Hp chi x u Mg prabol t ng

Hnh 1-20: An ten tim vng 30

Trong : St Din tch phn phn x ca gng phng..

A
0

Bc sng cng tc ca an ten. Hiu sut phn x ca gng parabol

Hiu sut b chiu x, thng thng = 0,8- 0,9. Vt H s s dng din tch ca gng phng.

Gng tim vng c ng dng khi cn a nng lng siu cao tn ln cao hng trm mt m khng s dng cp phi , ng nu dng th nng lng siu cao tn b tn hao ln. An ten tim vng c hiu sut cao, da tn s cng tc rng. Nhc im l phi s dng hai gng.

31

CHNG II: CC MCH IN V.CU KIN SIU CAO TN. I- B to dao ng. 1-Nguyn l to dao ng. a- Mch tng qut. c sng mang cao tn trong my pht v tuyn, phi c b to dao ng to ra ch khng ly thit b khc. Vic to sng mang cao tn do mch to sng khi c in p mt chiu cung cp cho mch cn c gi b to dao ng t kch OSC(Oscilator). Tn s cng tc ca my pht c quyt nh bi b to dao ng sng mang cao tn. my thu th b to dao ng ni thc hin i tn s v y cng l mch quyt nh tn s my thu. Mch to dao ng cao tn ca thit b v tuyn khc vi mch to dao ng m tn l phi c khung cng hng, gm ba thnh phn: phn t tch cc, khung cng hng, ngun cung cp. Sng mang c to ra t b dao ng VCO thng c dng hnh sin, vi cc tham s t trng khng bin i v c biu thc sau: U(t) = Um sin ( t +0 ). 0 Vi: U(t) in p tc thi ca sng mang. Um bin sng mang.
tn s gc ca sng mang = 2 f0 0 0

f0 tn s sng mang.
gc pha ban u ca sng mang. 0
t + = pha ca sng mang. 0 0 0

Mch ch v tng ng cc thnh phn xoay chiu. mch in gm ba tr khng ZCB, Z CE, ZBE y l khung cng hng ca b to dao ng. in p hi tip cng l in p vo trn ZBE ca mch, in p ly ra trn Z CE . Nu lp t s gia in p hi tip v in p ra : Kht = U = UV: l h s hi tip. Khi b qua thnh phn tn hao th
R

U ht

cc tr khng trn mang tnh in khng gm XCE, XCB, XBE. Mch to dao ng c phi m bo hai iu kin sau:

32

ZCB
T

ZCE Z BE

Ur

Uht

Hnh 2- 1: Mch tng qut b to sng mang. - iu kin v pha: in p hi tip v ng pha vi in p vo(Uht ng pha UV). qua phn tch, m bo iu kin pha th XCB phi cng tnh cht vi XBE. Nh vy: Nu XCE mang tnh dung khng th XBE cng mang tnh cht dung khng, do ta c mch to dao ng ba im in dung. Nu XCE mang tnh cht cm khng th XBE cng mang tnh cht cm khng, do ta c mch to dao ng ba im in cm.

L T C2 C1

Hnh 2- 2: Mch tng ng ba im in dung.

33

C T L2 L1

Hnh 2- 3: Mch tng ng ba im in cm. - iu kin v bin . m bo iu kin bin th: in p hi tip v phi bng hoc ln hn in p vo, Uht UV., hay ni cch khc K.Kht 1. Sng mang c to ra t b to dao ng thng c dng hnh sin vi cc tham s t trng khng thay i v c biu thc sau: Ut = Um sin ( t +0 ). 0 Trong : - Utin p tc thi ca sng mang. - Um bin sng mang. - tn s gc 0 0
= 2f 0 .

- f0 tn s sng mang. - gc pha ban u ca sng mang. 0 - ( t +0 ) = . 0 0 Cc tham s ny c gi tr nht nh v c th thay i c . b, Mch in nguyn l. Ta xt mch to dao ng kiu ghp bin p sau:

34

R1 L1 T C3 L3 R2 R3 C2 L2 EC

C1

Hnh 2-4: Mch in nguyn l b to dao ng ghp bin p. * Tc dng linh kin. - R1, R2 cp in tr nh thin phn p. - C1, C2 kn mch cao tn. - L1 Cun cm ghp. - L2 cun cm ly in p ra. - L3, C3 khung cng hng. * Nguyn l lm vic. Khi cp ngun cho mch lm vic lc transistor c dng in chy qua dng in ny l dng t bin (dng xung), trong xung dng qua phn tch chui n l t hp tn s trong c tn s trng vi tn s cng hng ring ca khung L3, C3, nn in p trn khung ln nht, in p ny thng qua C 2 a vo, sau transistor khuch i, in p ra xt trn L1 ln, in p trn khung cng hng tng ,in p hi tip ly trn L3 tng v c nh vy n gi tr n nh ca transistor mch dao ng dc n nh v c duy tr. Tn s dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo tn s ca khung cng hng L3, C3. v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
f = 1 2 L3C3

Trong my pht vic n nh tn s l rt quan trng, n quyt nh n nh tuyn truyn dn m bo n cht lng ca thng tin, m tn s pht do b to dao ng quyt nh. Do n nh tn s ca b to dao ng ngi ta s 35

dng tinh th thch anh. Nhng nu thch nh cng tc tn s siu cao tn th vic ch to thch anh rt kh, do vy ngi ta dng k thut vng kho pha PLL(k thut in t). 2 -Cc bin php n nh tn s pha. a- Khi nim chung. Trong k thut truyn dn vi ba, tu iu kin p dng m cc thit b vi ba c ch tiu cht lng c th, xong quan trng nht l n nh tn s v pha ca b to dao ng, n nh tn s lm tng tin cy ca tuyn truyn dn, gim cng sut my pht, tit kim c bng tn cng tc, tng kh nng bo mt do dng m phc tp, tng kh nng c ng... Cc mch to dao ng vi linh kin LC c n nh tn s km. Do ngi ta s dng thm vo mch dao ng tinh th thch anh tng cng n nh tn s. Tuy nhin mch to dao ng ch to c mt tn s. c th thay i tn s cng tc khi cn trong thit b vi ba ngi ta s dng kt hp b to dao ng chun thch anh vi b to dao ng VCO(LC). iu ny c thc hin da trn nguyn l vng kho pha PLL(Phase Lock Loop). b- S khi. n nh tn s tuyt i f = fra fdd fra: tn s ra thc t. fdd: tn s danh nh gn vi my. n nh tn s tng i c xc nh bng t s gia sai s tuyt i vi tn s danh nh ca thit b, tnh bng %.
B to d/ ng VCO fVCO

Chia ng

fra =nf 0

B to d/ chun

f0

B so snh tn s-pha

fn

Chia N ln
Thay i tn s lm vi c

B t h p tn s ng

Hnh 2-5: S khi vng tng hp tn s.

f =
f .100 % f dd

36

Vi b to dao ng dng kt hp mch dao ng chun thch anh v mch to dao ng VCO tn s cng tc ra l: fra = fo fn fo tn s ca b dao ng chun thch anh. fn tn s ca b dao ng VCO. fradd = fodd fndd. Xt n nh:
fra = fra fradd fn = fn fndd fo = fo fodd

Thay vo cc cng thc trn ta c:

f ra f f = n. n f ra f n f ra

T cng thc ta thy nu tn s ca b to dao ng fra ln hn tn s b to dao ng VCO fn bao nhiu ln th sai s tng i ca fra nh i by nhiu ln. ng thi s n nh tn s cng cao , ngha l sai s cng nh. Thc t nhu cu truyn dn v tuyn v iu kin truyn sng mun tn s fra cao rt kh, cn gii quyt mu thun ny. gii quyt mu thun ngi ta s dng phng php k thut tng hp tn s bng k thut vng kho pha. Nh vy b to dao ng VCO lm vic tn s cao, thng qua b chia ly mu tn s thp so snh tn s v pha vi b to dao ng chun thch anh. Khi tn s hoc pha ca chng khc nhau th b so snh s to ra in p mt chiu quay v iu khin b to dao ng VCO, l nguyn l vng kho pha PLL. Mun thay i tn s cng tc ch cn thay i h s ca b chia. Ngi ta cn s dng b chia c kh nng lp trnh thay i tn s khi cn thit.

3- B tng hp tn s. Tng hp tn s l qu trnh to ra tn s sng mang siu cao tn t mt tn s chun c s n nh ca thch anh. 37

a- Vng gi pha. * Khi nim. Vng gi pha hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin tn s bng mt in p mt chiu bin i, n khc vi vng iu khin thng thng dng k thut in t. Vng gi pha c vit tt PLL(Phase Locked Loop). * S khi.
U r = K d Uv U r

f ra

v r v + r

Ut

v
T/h s snh Ur ,

B T/S p ha t/hsai s Ur,

Lc thp K/

VCO

Ut

Chia t n

r =

r N

Hnh 2-6: S khi vng gi pha. * chc nng cc khi. * B tch sng pha. B tch sng pha c nhim v a ra mt tn hiu ph thuc vo hiu s pha(hiu tn s)ca hai tn hiu vo, cc tn hiu vo l nhng tn hiu hnh sin, hoc l nhng xung ch nht. C hai loi tch sng pha: Tch sng pha tuyn tnh v tch sng pha s. - Tch sng pha tuyn tnh. Tch sng pha tuyn tnh thng c thc hin bi cc mch nhn tng t. Tn hiu ra t l vi bin ca cc tn hiu vo. - Tch sng pha s. Tch sng pha s c thc hin bi cc mch s nh mch AND, OR, NOT... tn hiu vo l cc dy xung ch nht, tina hiu ra khng ph thuc vo bin ca cc tn hiu vo. 38

* B lc thng thp. B lc thng thp c chc nng: - Cho i qua tn hiu tn s thp, nn cc thnh phn cao tn. - Bo m cho vng PLL bt nhanh v bm nhanh c tn hiu khi tn s thay i, ngha l phi c tc p ng cao. V gii bt ca vng kho pha PLL ph thuc vo gii thng ca b lc phi ln. * B to dao ng c tn s iu khin c(VCO). Yu cu chung vi cc b to dao ng c tn s iu khin l quan h gia in p a v iu khin vi tn s dy xung ra phi bin i tuyn tnh, ng thi mch phi c n nh cao, gii bin i ca tn s theo in p vo rng, n gin, d iu chnh, thun li cho vic t hp thnh vi mch. V nguyn tc c th dng c vo nhng mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng bin i trong phm vi cho php( 10% n 50%)xung quanh tn s dao ng 0. b. Nguyn l lm vic. Vng gi pha PLL hot ng trn nguyn tc vng iu khin. Khc vi cc vng iu khin l thng dng trong k thut in t, in p v dng in l cc i lng vo, i lng ra, nhng vng gi pha PLL th i lng vo v i lng ra l tn s chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng gi pha PLL pht hin v iu chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra.
, Vng gi pha PLL lm cho tn s r ca tn hiu so snh bm theo tn , s ca tn hiu vo. Tn s ca tn hiu so snh bng tn s tn hiu ra( r = V

), hoc t l vi tn s tn ra theo h s t l no ( , r = V

r ). N

Nguyn l hot ng ca vng gi pha PLL: Gi thit tn hiu vo v tn hiu so snh u l tn hiu hnh sin, vng gi pha PLL thuc loi tuyn tnh dng mch nhn tng t tch sng pha. Nh vy khi khng c tn hiu vo th tn hiu hiu chnh Ud = 0, v tn hiu ra ca b tch sng pha bng tch UV x Ur , mch VCO to dao ng ti tn s dao ng ring . Khi c tn hiu vo 0 b tch sng pha s so snh pha ca tn tn hiu vo vi pha ca tn s tn hiu cn so snh, u ra ca b so snh pha xut hin in p tn hiu Ud m tr s tc thi t l vi hiu s pha ca hai tn hiu vo UV v Ur . V Ud = Kd UV . Ur nn , trong tn hiu ra ca b tch sng pha c cc thnh phn tn s - r v V 39

 + , r . V

Thnh phn tn s
,

+ , r b lc b nh b lc thng thp, V

thnh phn tn s - r c khuch i v a i lm tn hiu iu chnh V tn s ca b to dao ng VCO. Tn s ca b to dao ng VCO c iu chnh n khi - r tin V ti bng 0, nghi l f r = fV, hoc f r = N fV(vi N l h s chia ca b chia tn).
,

c- ng dng ca vng gi pha PLL. Vng gi pha PLL c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut v tuyn ni chung, trong k thut vi ba ni ring, trong k thut truyn s liu, k thut o lng. cc ng dng ca PLL u nhm bin i tn s, nh dng trong tch sng tn hiu iu tn, iu ch, gii iu ch s. * B tng hp tn s. B tng hp tn s c chc nng c bn thc hin cc php nhn, php chia tn s. - Php nhn tn s vi h s nhn N nguyn. Mch nhn tn s vi h s nhn N nguyn c thc hin bng s khi hnh 2 ch ng b tn s chun fC = f0 hoc f0 =fr = NfC.
f chun
Tch sng pha B lc thp & K/
B chia tn N:1 P LL

T o D/ VCO

fra

F ra =Nf vo

Hnh 2-7 : S khi mch nhn tn vi N nguyn. * Tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi bi ca tn s chun. Tn s chun fC trc khi a vo b tch sng pha c a qua mch chia tn mt, u ra mch chia tn c tn s chia N l
fc , tn s qua mch M

f0 f f N . Khi ng b th c = 0 , do f0 = fr = f C. M N N M

S khi ca b mch nhn tn khng phiNtn s chun.

40

N f = fv M

B chia t 1 n M:1

TSF

Lc thp & K/ PLL

VCO

f ra

fC

B chia t 2 n M:2

Hnh 2-8: Mch tng hp tn s. * ng b tn s. phm vi tn s cao, tn s ca b to dao ng VCO kh n nh. Do c th s dng tn s chun thp nhng c tnh n nh cao n nh tn s cho b to dao ng VCO nh vng PLL.

TSF

f chun

Lc thp & K/ PLL

VCO

f ra

Hnh 2-9: S ng b tn s. II. MT S MCH IN SIU CAO TN. 1- B khuch i cao tn tp m nh. Mch khuch i tp m nh c s dng cc tng u vo ca my thu, nhim v ca b khuch i tp m nh khuch i tn hiu hu ch v gy ra tp m nh nht.Nn c gi tt l b khuch i LNA(Low Noise Amplifier). V b khuch i tp m nh l tng u tin ca my thu, nn h s tp m ca n trc tip nh hng n h s tp m ca my thu. m bo c t s tn hiu vi tp m theo quy nh(S/N), b khuch i tp m nh cn c cc yu cu sau: - H s khuch i ln c th b mt phn suy hao trn ng truyn. - Phi hp tr khng vi an ten(Zr ca anten vi Zv ca my thu). 41

- Chn lc cao i vi tn hiu nhiu (m bo c h s phm cht Q ca khung cng hng). B khuch i tp m nh c th dng transistor lng cc hoc transistor trng. Sau y l mt s mch khuch i tp m nh.

+Vcc

VCC

R1

C1

UR T2

Uv

T1

R2

Hnh 2-10: S nguyn l mch khuch i tp m nh. 2- B khuch i cng sut cao tn. a. Khi nim v phn loi * .Thng thng cc b khuch i cng sut l cc khi tiu th nhiu in nng my pht, v khi khuch i cng sut m bo c ly thng tin v cht lng ng truyn.. B khuch i cng sut c cc ch cng tc sau: Ch A, ch B, ch C b. Cc b khuch i cng sut ch A,B. Cc b khuch i cng sut ch A lm vic tuyn tnh vi mi tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra. Cc transistor s dng cc mch khuch i cng sut u khuch i dng v c mc theo cc loi s chung(gp chung, gc chung, pht chung). Ngi ta thng s dng loi transistor trng trong cc tng khuch i cng sut siu cao tn v loi transistor trng cng tc tn s siu cao c 42

h s khuch i ln v vic phi hp tr khng d rng hn. ch A th cng sut v hiu sut thp ch t khong 50%. ch B cng sut c ln hn nhng mo ln, thng thng khi chn ch B, mch ra s dng khung cng hng vi thnh phn hi c bn ca tn hiu cao tn. tng c hiu sut ca mch, b khuch i cng sut thng thng cng tc ch C, ch C gc ct < 900. * c im cua b khuch i cng sut siu cao tn l: - Phn t khuch i lm vic tn s cao nn phi c h s khuch i ln v rng p ng nhu cu thit b. - Mch ra ca b khuch i phi l khung cng hng sng c bn trn khung ln nht cn cc sng khc l rt nh. - Phi phi hp tr khng gia b khuch i cng sut vi mch vo ca an ten. - Phi lc c sng hi gim nh pht x ph. Ngoi ra cn m bo c yu cu ca tng loi thit b vi ba ca cc nh sn xut c, Mt s mch khuch i cng sut.
+Vcc

Mch p h p hi tr khng

Uv

43

+Vcc

Mch p h p hi tr khng

Uv

Hnh 2-11: mch khuch i cng sut dng transistor.

+Vcc

L1 C1 Uv L2

C2

C3

50

Hnh 2-12: Mch in b khuch i cng sut. d- i tn s. Trong my thu ni chung nng cao nhy ca my th my thu phi c h s khuch i ln, h s khuch i ph thuc vo tng khi trong my thu nh khuch i cao tn,khuch i trung tn... 3- Mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i(AGC). a- Khi nim. AGC vit tt ca t Automatic Gian Control: Mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i. Mc ch c a mch AGC cng sut ra ca my pht c n nh, hoc in p trung tn my thu trc khi vo b gii iu ch c n nh v khi phc sng mang tt hn phi c mch in iu chnh h s khuch i ca my pht hoc my thu. c c in p a v iu chnh h s K ca cc tng khuch i, ngi ta ly mt phn in p ra sau tng khuch i cui cng, sau nn

44

thnh in p mt chiu a vo cc gc ca cc transistor khuch i iu chnh dng Ib. b - Nguyn l iu chnh. * S khi.
U RF vao Loc U RF ra

Hnh 2-13: S khi mch AGC. * Nguyn l lm vic. in p cao tn sau khi c khuch i a ra, c trch mt phn a v b chnh lu(nn) thnh in p mt chiu, thng qua b lc mi a i iu khin dng Ib ca cc transistor iu chnh h s khuch i. Khi in p tn hiu vo ln lm in p tn hiu cao tn ra ln, in p a v b nn ln, in p mt chiu sau khi lc ln lm cho Ib gim nhiu nn h s khuch i gim nhiu, in p tn hiu cao tn ra khng tng c v ngc li. Qua phn tch ta thy in p ra khng thay i khi c mch AGC. c- ng dng. Khi khuch i trung tntong thit b RMD-1504.
IF Bng t c n s
Log arit

AGC

Hnh 2-14: Mch AGC thit b RMD-1504.

RFin RF out

AGC

AGC

Hnh 2-15: Mch AGC thit b RMD-1504.

45

III- ng dn sng v hp cng hng. Khi thng tin tn s cao ln hn 2 GHz , nu dng phi cp ng trc truyn ti nng lng siu cao tn c tn hao ln. Do cn phi dng phi ng dn sng. Phi ng dn sng l ng kim loi rng, nhng c dn in v nhn mt trong ca ng rt cao. 1- Cc dng ng dn sng. ng dn sng ch nht cng nh ng dn sng trn c dng truyn trong di sng Centimet. ng dn sng ch nht cng nh ng dn sng trn bn trong rng c tit din hnh ch nht hoc hnh trn v c cu to nh sau. a- Cu to . ng dn sng c cc loi: hnh ch nht, hnh tr trn, hnh elp... v hnh dng nh sau:

h c nh

h b nh h a nh

Hnh 2-16: Cc loi ng dn sng. a: ng dn sng hnh tr trn. c: ng dn sng hnh elp Phi ng dn sng tng t nh mt ng dy song hnh, trn gn cc on dy ngn mch u cui c chiu di bng /4. Khi t cc on dy ny st vo nhau s c ng dn sng. * Nguyn l: Nu kch thch vo ng dn sng mt nng lng siu cao tn th sng in t s truyn lan trong ng dn sng bng cch phn x nhiu ln thnh ng v a nng lng siu cao tn ra anten. b: ng dn sng hnh ch nht.

46

Mt ng dn sng c th truyn c nhiu loi sng khc nhau gi l Mode. cc loi sng truyn trong ng dn sng ph thuc vo tn s cng tc v kch thc ca ng dn sng. ng dn sng c kch thc khc nhau c bc sng cng tc ti hn th . Do cu to ca ng dn sng nn bc sng cng tc ti hn l bc sng bng kch thc chiu rng ca ng dn sng chia i. 2-Bc sng ti hn. Bc sng ti hn c tnh:
2

th = m n +
2

Trong : a,b: kch thc thnh rng v thnh ng ca ng dn sng hnh ch nht. m, n: cc ch s ca cc loi sng truyn trong ng dn m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3... Sng c bn trong ng dn sng hnh ch nht l: Loi sng m n
th

H10 1 0 2a

H20 2 0 A

H01 0 1 2b

H11 E11 1 1
2ab a2 + b2

H30 3 0
2a 3

Theo bng trn ta thy bc sng ti hn ca sng H10 l ln nht, do vy ng dn sng ch nht sng H10 l sng c bn. Theo iu kin truyn lan ca sng ( < ) th trn gii ph bc sng th ti hn c th chia thnh 3 vng nh sau:

H30

H11 E11

H01
3

H20
2

H10
1

th

2a 3

2ab a 2 +b 2

2b

2a

47

- Vng 1 ng vi > 2a l vng sng ti ch khng truyn lan c. - Vng 2 l vng c bc sng a < < 2a l vng truyn sng c bn. - Vng 3 l vng c < a l vng sng bc cao. T suy ra iu kin truyn lan ch sng c bn trong ng dn sng ch nht l: a < < 2a 2b < a Thng thng ngi ta ly a = 0,7 , b < 0,5a 3. Hp cng hng. a.Khi nim. di sng v tuyn in thng thng nh sng di, sng trung, sng ngn cc mch dao ng cng hng thng c xy dng t cc phn t tp trung nh in dung C, in cm L. Mch dao ng ny cho tn s cng hng ring l: f = 2
1 LC

Nhng di tn s siu cao th mch dao ng LC t cc tham s tp trung khng lm vic c. V cc nguyn nhn sau: - c tn s cng hng cng cao bt buc phi gim nh gi tr L v C ti mc ti thiu. nhng vic gim nh cng c gii hn do kt cu ca cun cm v t in. Nn khng t c tn s cng hng di tn siu cao. - di tn siu cao kch thc ca cc in cm, t in trong mch dao ng nh mt phn t bc x sng in t, nn n tiu hao nng lng nn mch khng duy tr dao ng c . - Tn s cng cao th tiu hao do hiu ng b mt cng ln v lm cho mch dao ng mt i tnh chn lc, h s phm cht Q b gim r rt. V vy di tn s siu cao ngi ta s dng mch dao ng c tham s phn b m thng gi l hp cng hng. Hp cng hng l vng khng gian hu hn m trong n sau khong thi gian ln hn nhiu chu k dao ng siu cao tn c s tch lu nng lng in t. Hp cng hng l mt bung kn, c th coi nh mt mch cng hng trong k thut ng dn sng. Hc cng hng c s dng rng ri trong thng 48

tin vi ba. Ngoi vic lm ch yu l khung cng hng, hp cng hng cn c s dng lm c cu n gin truyn a, ghp, lc v trn sng cao tn. b. Cu to Mt hp cng hng c coi nh l mt on ng dn sng, hp cng hng chnh l mt on ng dn sng c ct ngang thnh mt hp kn v on ct ngang cc im in p cc tiu, sau c hn kn hai u bng hai phin .

Y Y X

L b a

r L nng l ng ra y X
Ngun nng l ng v o Que d

Hnh 2-17: S phn b dng v in p theo b rng. Hnh trn ta thy dng in v in p trong hp cng hng. Hp cng hng nh l mt tp hp song song ca cc na vng dy, cc on song song ny lm ra mt cu trc cng hng. Trong hp cng hng ngi ta dng mt cch k hiu cc mt nh trong ng dn sng ch khc l ch s th ba dng ch s hnh trng ca trng ngang, dc theo trc ca hp. V d hp trn l mt dng ng dn sng trn vi trc l tm ca ng v trng ngang l t trng k hiu TM. Theo ng chu vi v song song vi ng ny c mt t trng khng i H. Khi sng mang siu cao tn c tn s ng ca hp th hp s a tn hiu qu khng c tn hao nng lng. Hp cng hng cng c th dng phi hp tr khng, c th dng lm cc b lc. Thc cht hp cng hng c cc chiu a, b, L. 6 mt ca hp cng hng u lm bng kim loi tng t nh ng dn sng ch nht. Cc im cng hng tai im c chiu di L =

, ti nng lng sng cao tn ln nht. 49

 ghp nng lng sng cao tn vo ra hp cng hng ngi ta dng que d(que d l mt que lng cc in v cho dng in i qua), khi ly nng lng ra phi a que d vo. Da vo cm ng ca sng in t. Ngoi ra cn loi que d t do vy khi a qued ghp nng lng vo ra phi a vo im c t trng mnh. Chiu di L= p V K0 = 2

(p = 1,2,3,.)
0 = 2 f0

H s phm chtca hp cng hng Q Q = 2 w Trong : w nng lng tch lu trong hp cng hng.
t

Wt Nng lng tiu hao trong 1 chu k dao ng.

IV- CC PHN T TH NG. 1. Nhim v, yu cu k thut ca phi . Phi dng u ni gia my pht hoc my thu vi anten, nn nhim v ca phi l truyn ti nng lng siu cao tn t my pht ra anten v truyn nng lng siu cao tn t anten vo my thu. Do phi c yu cu k thut sau: - Khng c bc x v thu sng in t , tc l phi khng c c hiu ng anten m ch dn nng lng sng in t t u ra my pht ra anten. - Khi truyn ti nng lng sng in t th tn hao nh(suy hao nh), ni cch khc hiu sut ca phi phi cao. - Chu c dng in v in p cao tn khi truyn qua. - Phi phi hp tr khng vi anten, tr khng ra ca my pht, tr khng vo my thu. - C bn c hc cao, chc chn, khng b bin i trong cc iu kin thi tit ca mi trng. - Cc thng s ca phi phi n nh. 2-Van Fe rt. Phn t siu cao tn s dng tnh cht c bit ca fe rt l t ho bi t trng khng i. Phn t siu cao tn m nhn nhiu chc nng quan trng khc trong tuyn truyn dn siu cao tn. - Tnh cht ca fe rt b t ho. 50

Fe rt va c tnh cht in mi, va l cht st t. v ho hc fe rt l hn hp ca o xt st(Fe2O3) vi mt s kim loi khc nh: Mg, Mn, Ni..., n c ch to t vic nn fe rt trong p sut v nhit thch hp to nn hnh dng cn thit. Fe rt c hng s in mi tng i = 5 16 v tg = 10-2 10-3. t thm tng i , ca Fe rt tn s m tn kh ln, cn khi tn s siu cao tn n gim xung cn mt n v (

= 1).

Fe rt khi khng c t trng khng i t ho, i vi sng in t biu hin nh mt mi trng ng hng bnh thng, nhng n mang tnh cht c bit ca mi trng khng ng hng khi b t ho bi t trng khng i khi truyn sng in t tn s cao tn. Tm li tnh cht ca Fe rt l: - Khi truyn sng in t c vc t cng t trng quay phi, mt phng ca vc t t trng
H0
H

phn cc trn

vung gc vi vec t t trng

B

khng i , v fe rt b t ho th vc t t cm ca sng in t cng phn cc trn quay phi, lc fe rt coi nh mt mi trng ng hng vi sng phn cc trn quay phi, vi hng s t thm l

+ = x + a.
H

- Nu truyn sng in t c vc t cng t trng quay tri, mt phng ca vc t t trng khng i

B

phn cc trn

vung gc vi vec t t trng

H0

(t trng khng i), khi i vo fe rt b t ho th vc t t cm

ca sng in t cng phn cc trn quay tri, tc l fe rt b t ho bi t trng khng i c tc dng nh mi trng ng hng i vi vic truyn sng in t phn cc trn quay tri v h s t thm l

- = x- a.

ng dng ca fe rt: Lm li ca cc bin p cao tn, li cc cun dy cao tn, lm van mt chiu, van cng hng, b quay pha.v v v... 3- Circulator. Da trn nguyn l chc ba i xng hnh ch Y kiu H. Trn c s ng dn sng hnh ch nht, ti tm ca chc ba c mt thanh fe rt hnh tr c gn vi v bng cht in mi hnh tr v c t vung gc vi thnh rng ca ng dn sng, 51

ti ba u vo c gn thm ba thanh nh in mi hnh tr vung gc vi thnh rng v 0t gia. T trng khng i H0 t vung gc vi thnh rng ca ng dn sng.
2 H0
Thanh n mi i Thanh ferit

Thanh n mi i

3 1
V n mi i H10

Hnh 2-17: S cu to ca circulator ch Y kiu H. - Nguyn tc lm vic ca circulator ch Y: Khi sng H10 truyn vo nhnh 1 i n vng c thanh fe rt s r lm 2 sng i vng theo 2 chiu ngc nhau quanh thanh fe rt. Vng quay ca hai sng nm trong mu ca thanh fe rt b t ho v hng quay t trng H theo phng ca vc t t ho H0 v ngc chiu nhau, fe rt biu hin t thm c gi tr

+ v -

khc nhau

i vi hai sng. Do khi truyn qua thanh fe rt hai sng ny c vn tc pha v gc lch pha khc nhau. Nu chn kch thc ca thanh fe rt v cng t trng t ho H0 sao cho hai sng ny i vo nhnh 2 ng pha v i vo nhnh 3 ngc pha. Kt qu sng in t i vo nhnh 1 s r sang nhnh 2 khng r sang nhnh 3 v nu truyn sng in t i vo nhnh 2 s r sang nhnh 3 khng r sang nhnh 1. Nh vy chu trnh ca circulator ch Y: 1 1 3 52 2 2 3 1 1 V nu thay i chiu t trng Ho th chu trnh ca circulator ch Y

Thanh in mi bao quanh thanh fe rt nng cao n nh v nhit , ng thi nng cao bn chc ca circulator ch Y. - Circulator ch Y dng b lc phn hng an ten s cho php my pht, my thu cng mt hng thng tin dng chung mt an ten. Ngoi ra circulator ch Y dng trong b chuyn mch nhanh.
2
Tu t y n y n ru d n1

My p t h MP

B ch y n u m hn a h c h n

1
Tu t y n y n ru d n2

Hnh 2 -18: S u ni b chuyn mch nhanh. Ngoi ra cn s dng mch khuch i thut ton lm mch circulator nh sa

53

CHNG III. NGUYN L THNG TIN VI BA. I-TNG QUAN V THNG TIN VI BA. 1- Khi nim. S pht trin ca nn kinh t x hi ng thi do s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh i hi dung lng truyn dn thng tin p ng ngy cng phi cung cp nhiu cc dch v cho khch hng. Chnh v vy cc thit b vin thng nhiu knh cn phi a vo mng phc v cho nhu cu ca khch hng, trong c h thng truyn dn thng tin vi ba. a. S khi tng qut ng thng tin vi ba.

Lung s

G/T kmh

My v tuy n

My v tuy n

G/T kmh

Lung s

Hnh 2-1: S tng qut. b. Chc nng cc khi. * Khi ghp /tch knh. Ghp cc lung s bc thp thnh cc lung s bc cao khi pht, ng thi tch cc lung s bc cao thnh cc lung s bc thp khi thu. Cc lung s ny c ly t tng i in t hoc thit b u cui khc. * Khi v tuyn. Gm my pht v my thu: - My pht: + To sng mang cao tn Rf. + iu ch lung s t my ghp knh a sang vo sng mang siu cao tn. + Khuch i bin sng mang cao tn Rf ln ln v cng sut a ra an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. - My thu:

54

+ Khuch i bin sng mang cao tn Rf t an ten a xung b p mt phn b suy hao trn ng truyn, + Thc hin i tn s t cao tn Rf xung thnh tn s trung tn. + Thc hin gii iu ch ly li lung s, lc b sng mang cao tn Rf, a lung s sang my tch knh. c. Nguyn l lm vic. * Pha pht: Cc lung s bc thp c ly t tng i in t hoc t cc thit b u cui khc a ti khi ghp knh. Khi ghp knh s ghp cc lung s vo thnh lung bc cao, x l tn hiu s, sau a sang khi v tuyn, lung s c iu ch vi sng mang cao tn Rf, ri c khuch i ln ln v cng sut, a qua fi , ra an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. * Pha thu: My thu nhn c tn hiu sng in t cm ng trn an ten, qua fi a vo u vo my thu(y l sng mang cao tn Rf ), sng mang c a qua khuch i b mt phn b suy hao, sau c thc hin h tn v c gii iu ch ly lung s a sang khi tch knh, khi tch knh s x l tn hiu, tch lung s bc cao thnh cc lung s bc thp ri a xung tng i hoc thit b u cui khc. 2- Cu trc gi nh ca tuyn thng tin vi ba. a- S khi. Gi s c tuyn truyn dn vi ba t A n B Khi thc hin truyn dn thng tin vi ba trn mt tuyn t u A n u B, phi s dng h thng cc trm truyn dn thng tin chuyn tip trn ng truyn dn vi c ly (khong cch) t 30 Km n 50 Km theo tm nhn thng. Gi s : Mt tuyn thng tin vi ba nh hnh v trn. Gm 4 trm.

55

G/ T K

M F

M T

M F

M T

G/ T K

M F

M T

G/ T K

D a ta out

II

III

IV

D a ta IN

G/ T K

M T

M F

M T

M F

G/ T K

M T

M F

G/ T K

D a ta out

II

III

R /X en

IV

Hnh 3-1: S cu trc gi nh tuyn vi ba. Trong : - Trm I, IV : Trm truyn dn thng tin chuyn tip u cui(trm u cui). - Trm II, III: Trm truyn dn thng tin chuyn tip trung gian trong : + Trm II: Trung gian cn gi l trm r le. + Trm III: Trung gian c r/xen. b. Chc nng. - Khi ghp knh: Ghp cc lung s bc thp thnh lung s bc cao. - Khi tch knh: Tch lung s bc cao thnh cc lung s bc thp. - Khi my pht v tuyn: (Tx Transmiter). - Khi my thu v tuyn: (Rx Receiver). Cc trm u cui ch cn s dng mt my pht, mt my thu, mt an ten v mt thit b ghp/tch knh. S lng knh trm u cui tu thuc vo 56

yu cu vic s dng lu lng truyn dn thng tin ca tuyn truyn dn. Cc lung s a vo thit b ghp/tch knh l cc lung s liu 2048Mbit/s, m HDB-3, c ly t tng i in t hoc thit b u cui khc. Cc trm chuyn tip trung gian khng c r/xen, s dng 2 my pht , 2 my thu, 2 anten (2 b thu pht) cho hai hng i v hng v, khng s dng my ghp knh. Cc trm chuyn tip trung gian c r/xen cng nh trm trung gian khng r/xen, s dng 2 my pht , 2 my thu, 2 an ten, phi c thit b ghp/tch knh. Cc trm u cui thng c s dng ti cc trung tm bu in tnh, thnh ph hoc cc nt mng. Cc trm chuyn tip trung gian c b tr trn tuyn hoc cc trung tm bu in tnh hoc cc nt mng. Cc trm vi ba khi lp t phi chn a hnh cao gim kinh ph xy dng ct cao. m bo thng tin gia cc trm c n nh, khong cch gia cc trm < 50Km. c. Nguyn l lm vic. *- Ti trm I cc lung s bc thp c ly t tng i a vo b ghp knh, u ra b ghp knh l lung s bc cao a sang my pht ri c iu ch vi tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn pht, sau c khuch i ln v cng sut, a qua fi ra an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti trm II. My trm II nhn c tn hiu, khuch i ln v cng sut b p suy hao, ri thc hin truyn tip sang trm III. Ti trm III nhng knh c r xung s thng qua b tch knh, ng thi nhng knh c xen vo a vo b ghp, ri c tip tc khuch i ln v cng sut chuyn tip ti trm IV Ti trm IV tn hiu a qua my thu c khuch i, gii iu ch, ri tch lung s bc cao thnh lung s bc thp a xung tng i.

57

D a ta IN

G/ T K

M V T

M V T

M V T

M V T

G/ T K

M V T

M V T

G/ T K

D a ta out

u cui

Trung gian

Trun g gian R /X en

u cui

Hnh 3-2: S khi chung cc trm trn tuyn thng tin vi ba. 3. c im v phn loi. a. c im: *- C gii tn rng c th thng tin c nhiu knh v c th truyn c c knh truyn hnh. *- Thng tin phi n nh trong mt c ly nht nh v cng sut my pht nh. r v c im trn da vo biu thc: Et/h = Trong : - Et/h: Sc in ng ca tn hiu ti u vo my thu. - P: Cng sut ca my pht. - D: H s nh hng ca anten. D=
17 3 P.. D R

mV m

4Shd 2

- R : Khong cch gia hai trm. - Sh t : Din tch m ca an ten. - : Bc sng cng tc. *- Trnh c can nhiu bn ngoi nh kh quyn, nhiu v tr, nhiu cng nghip

58

*- Kh nng chng nhiu x km do vy thnng tin vi ba ch thng tin n nh trong tm nhn thng. b. Phn loi. Cn c vo mt s c im sau phn loi ng thng tin vi ba. * Theo phng php ghp knh: . ng thng tin vi ba ghp knh theo tn s. . ng thng tin vi ba ghp knh theo thi gian. * Theo dung lng truyn dn. . Thng tin vi ba c dung lng nh < 240 knh. . ng thng tin vi ba c dung lng va: < 480knh > 240knh. . ng thng tin vi ba c dung lng ln > 480knh. * Theo phng php truyn tn hiu . - ng thng tin vi ba tm nhn thng. Phng php thng tin vi ba tm nhn thng nh h thng cc i thu pht t trn mt t cch nhau khong <50Km, bo m an ten sao cho cc trm lin tip trong tm nhn thng, khng b che khut. - ng thng tin vi ba qua tng i lu. Ngi ta li dng sng in t khi khi truyn lan gp tng i lu c s phn x thc hin thng tin. C ly thng tin c th t ti 300Km n 400Km. ng thng tin theo phng thc trn yu cu cng sut my pht phi ln, my thu c nhy cao, kch thc anten ln. - ng thng tin vi ba truyn qua v tinh. Thc hin chuyn tip qua ng v tinh c ly thng tin rt rng v xa c hiu qu kinh t cao, ng thng tin qua v tinh ang pht trin mnh. c- Nhng u, nhc im ca thng tin vi ba. * u im: - Lm vic tn s cao nn d dng tp trung nng lng, do vy c th ch to c an ten c tnh phng hng cao. - D trin khai v lp t tuyn truyn dn nhanh chng, gi thnh h hn so vi thng tin quang. - Tuyn hot ng khng ngng khi c thm ho, tai nn (bo l, l t) 59

- Thng tin vi ba c th pht mt s im khc nhau trong cng mt hng, ging nh thng tin qung b. *- Nhc im: - B nh hng nhiu do thi tit, nh cc hin tng pha inh, suy hao, nhiu do s dng tn s khng hp l. Cht lng ng truyn cn b hn ch. - Pha inh khi sng in truyn lan trong khng gian do nhng thay i v iu kin kh quyn lm cho hng truyn lan ca cc tia sng n im thu thay i, v vy cng in trng ti im thu thay i, hin tng ny gi pha inh. Cng trng ti im thu lc ln, lc nh dn n gin on thng tin. - Suy hao do ma. Nu tn s ca sng in t 10 GHz hoc ln hn th sng in t b suy hao mnh do ma. - Nhiu do dng tn s khng hp l v s nh hng n ng thng tin khc. d- S phn b tn s trn ng thng tin vi ba tm nhn thng. * Phn b hai tn s. * Phn b bn tn s. * Chia theo bng tn cng tc e- Cc bin php nng cao tin cy ng thng tin vi ba. * D phng theo trm. * D phng theo knh. * D phng ngun. Mt s s khi nng cao tin cy ng thng tin vi ba. - Phng php s dng phn b hai tn s.
f1 f2 f1

Trm u cui

f2

Trm trung gian

f1

Trm u cui

f2

Hnh 3-3: S trn l phng php phn b hai tn s. 60

 phng php phn b hai tn s trn n gin, gii tn ca an ten khng cn phi ln, nhng c th xy ra hin tng thu theo hng ngc li do sng phn x khi gp cc chng ngi vtv do cc bp hng ph ca an ten. V vy khi s dng phng php phn b hai tn s thi an ten phi c phng v cao(ln hn 70dB). - Phng php phn b bn tn s c s khi.
f1 f2 f1

Trm u cui

f3

Trm trung gian

f4

Trm u cui

f3

Hnh 3-4: S khi phn chia bn tn s. Nh vy ti mt trm trung gian my pht v my thu hai hng c cng tc vi hai tn s khc nhau, v cch mt trm thi tn s lp li mt hng. V vy phng php phn b bn tn s khc phc c ngc im ca Phng php phn b hai tn s. Nhc im ca Phng php phn b bn tn s gii tn phi rng. Ngoi ra cn phng php phn chia theo gii tn.Tc l ti mt trm my pht cng tc gii tn s thp th my thu cng tc tn s cao v ngc li. Nng cao tin cy ng thng tin vi ba bng phng php d phng. T ng d phng theo trm D phng theo knh.

T b ch nh

SW2

T b d phng

SW1

Hnh 3-5:Thit b c d phng nng. H thng ngun trong trm. 61

Ngun in mng T/B VB T ngun

My n

SW1

c quy

Hnh 3-6: H thng ngun trong trm vi ba. 4-Thit b v tuyn trong thng tin vi ba. ng thng tin vi ba lm vic gii sng siu cao tn SHF(super High Frequency)trn c ly thng tin ln, thc hin truyn a thng tin qua nhiu trm chuyn tip, do vy yu cu phi c n nh cao nn thit b v tuyn dng trong vi ba c s khi nh sau. a-My pht v tuyn. *S khi.
Lung s vo Bng tn c s Base Band PBA K th ch ch Exciter K / cng sut Power A mplyf er Sng mang ra

Ngun cung cp

Hi th n display

Hnh 3-7: S khi chung my pht v tuyn.

* Chc nng cc khi. * Tx BB(Transmiter Base Band): Khi x l bng tn c s pht. - X l dng tn hiu c s(lung s, cc tn hiu ca cc knh ph),trc khi a vo iu ch vi sng mang siu cao tn. - Khi bng tn c s pht c mt s li vo chnh sau y: + Lung s liu(Data in), vi dng m vo HDB-3 hoc m AMI hoc m CMI. 62

+ u vo knh gim st (Supervisory in). + u vo knh nghip v . - Qu trnh x l cc dng tin hiu nh sau. + X l bng tn c s chnh. + X l bng tn c s ph. + Cp ngun nui cho cc transistor, cc IC, r le. + Khuch i logarit v cc mch cnh bo. * X l bng tn c s chnh. - Phi hp tr khng vi u vo ca lung s liu. - Bin i dng m t n cc thnh lng cc(m ng truyn thnh m tn hiu s) nh m HDB-3/ m NRZ. - Khi phc li xung ng h. - Ghp lung s liu(t 2 lung 2048 Kbit/s thnh 1lung 4245 Kbit/s). - Ngu nhin ho s liu v m ho vi sai. + Ngu nhin ho s liu l chc nng quan trng trong h thng truyn dn thng tin s. Ni dung ca ngu nhin ho l: thc hin ngu nhin ho dy s liu s trc khi a vo iu ch vi tn hiu siu cao tn pht. Mc ch ca ngu nhin ho: Khc phc nguyn nhn c th gy ra li. loi b nhng on s liu c nh(c hng lot cc bt 0 lin tip) r rng khi phc li xung ng h bn thu.trnh vng tp trung nng lng ph sng mang cao tn. Lm cho ph nng lng v tuyn dn tri ng u, kt hp vi b lc khng gy ra nhiu knh v tuyn. C s ngu nhin ho: Theo i s logic(i s bool), php cng modul(2) i vi cc tp hp B, C, S l: S=B+C=BC+BC c tp hp S pht n ni thu v c cng tip tc modul(2) ca S v C: S + C = S C + S C = (B C + B C)C + (B C + B C)C. qua bin i ta c = B C + B C = B(C + C) = B.1 = B B: Dy s cn truyn. C: Dy s cn to ra. S: Tn hiu s sau khi ngu nhin. 63

Thc t ngi ta dng b to tp m gi ngu nhin PRBS( Pseudo Random Binary Sequence). Sau a vo b cng vi dy tn hiu s v u ra c c dy s liu c ngu nhin ho. pha thu phi lm ngc li c gi gii ngu nhin ho. + M ho vi sai: Trong h thng thng tin vi ba s thng s dng phng thc iu ch pha cu phng(QPSK). phng thc iu ch QPSK, thng tin cn truyn i khng phi cc gi tr pha tuyt i ca sng mang v tuyn m trng thi ca sng mang v tuyn. Cc trng thi pha sau iu ch c xc nh trn c s nhm t hp bt tin hiu s.Nh vy mi t hp bt lm sng mang sau iu ch lch pha so vi pha ban u mt gc pha tng ng. khi phc lung s u thu , b gii iu ch phi to li sng mang c pha ging pha sng mang pha pht cha iu ch tch sng pha. Vic ny rt phc tp v vic gi pha chun t pha pht ti pha thu c th xy nhiu li. Thay vic gi pha chun t pha pht ti pha thu, ngi ta dng phng php iu ch sao cho pha sng mang sau iu ch trng thi k cn nhau ch khc nhau bc nhy pha nh nht, v d: iu ch lch pha QPSK = 900 . Cch lm ny gip cho pha thu ch cn so snh pha ca nhp sau vi nhp trc bng mt bc nhy pha. t c yu cu trn, my pht cn mt mch in nhn tin hiu s n ngu nhin (khng bit trt t sp xp sao cho sau iu ch sng mang c cc trng thi pha k cn nhau ch khc nhau bc nhy pha. Cch lm nh vy gi l m ho vi sai, mch in gi b m ho vi sai. Ni dung c bn ca m ho vi sai Thng tin cn truyn i khng phi cc gi tr pha tuyt i ca sng mang v tuyn m cc bc nhy pha ca sng mang, nh vy phi iu ch bng lung s thi im sao cho: Sng mang sau iu ch Um(t) = Umsin( t + ). Trong , t = (t ) nn.
) + = t +1) (t (

thi im sau t,

hay:

) = t 1) + (t ( (t ( = ) - t 1) .

- Ci tn hiu cnh bo AIS vo lung s liu u vo khi tn hiu s liu u vo c s c(mt s liu u vo). 64

- Phn lung s liu t ni tip /song song. * X l bng tn c s ph. Gm tn hiu ca cc knh gim st, knh nghip v. Nhng tn hiu ny l tn hiu tng t hoc l nhng tn hiu s. Cho nn trc khi c a sang i ch ti khi kch thch, phi c x l. Nu l tn hiu tng t s c khuch i, bin i A/D, c ghp thnh lung v c a vo ghp vi lung s chnh. Hoc a sang iu ch tn s vi sng mang siu cao tn ti b dao ng VCO. * Cp ngun nui. Mch ngun lm nhim v bin i ngun in p mt chiu tiu chun -24v, hoc -48vDC thnh cc mc ngun khc nhau c n nh cao cung cp cho cc transistor, cc IC, r le trong my pht hot ng. * Khuch i logarit v cc mch cnh bo. Khuch i logarit v cc mch cnh bo nhn cc mu tn hiu in p t cc khi trong my pht gi ti, sau c nhim v kim tra, so snh, c khuch i a i iu khin cc n Led hin th, cnh bo trc mt my sng bo cho ngi trc my tnh trng ca thit b. * Khi Exciter (Khi kch thch). Khi kch thch c nhim v to ra sng mang siu cao tn, iu ch lung s liu t bng tn c s a sang, thc hin trn nhn tn bng vi tn s cng tc, n nh tn s cng tc bng b tng hp tn s, khuch i bin sng mang ln a sang khi khuch i cng sut. - to sng mang siu cao tn ng thi tn s phi n nh trong my pht thng s dng b to dao ng bng b tng hp tn s, k thut vng kho pha. - Vic iu ch lung s vo sng mang siu cao tn c thc hin bng cc phng thc iu ch khc nhau tu thuc vo tng loi thit b. iu ch trong my c cc loi phng thc nh: ASK(i , FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM v s la chn phng thc no cng phi da vo yu cu sau: + Kh nng chng nhiu. + Kh nng chng tp m v pha inh. + Kh nng chng mo phi tuyn. + Kh nng tit kim c bng thng, phc tp, gi thnh thit b 65

*- Khi khuch i cng sut. (PA: Power Amplyfier). - Nhim v ca b khuch i cng sut l khuch i bin sng mang siu cao tn t khi kch thch a sang ln ln v cng sut ri da ra an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian. Tu thuc vo yu cu cng sut ra ca thit b m khi khuch i cng sut c nhiu tng khuch i. Yu cu khi khuch i cng sut c lc sng hi cao. *- Khi hin th (Dipslay). - Khi hin th bao gm cc n led dng hin th tnh trng, trng thi lm vic ca cc khi trong thit b, ng thi cnh bo tnh trng thit b cho ngi trc ca bit khc phc. *- Nguyn l lm vic. Cc lung s liu t my ghp knh, hoc t tng i a ti bng tn c s pht. Ti y c c cc tn hiu ca bng tn c s ph (Tn hiu knh nghip v, knh gim st)a ti. Khi bng tn c s thc hin x l cc tn hiu trn sau a sang khi kch thch iu ch. Khi kch thch thc hin iu ch lung s v cc tn hiu khc vi tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn do b to dao ng to ra, ri thc hin khuch i tn hiu sng mang ln ln a sang khi khuch i cng sut. Khi khuch i cng sut s khuch i bin sng mang ln theo yu cu, a qua b lc phn hng, qua phi , n an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu ca trm chuyn tip v c nh vy n trm u cui. b- my thu v tuyn (Rx: Receiver). *-S khi.
L ung s ra Bng tn c s Base Band PBA K / trung tn IF tn i Converter Sng mang vo

N gun cung cp

Hi th n display

Hnh 3-8: S khi chung my thu v tuyn. *- Chc nng cc khi. *- Khi khuych i siu cao tn. 66

Khi khuych i siu cao tn c nhim v khuych i bin tn hiu siu cao tn ln b mt phn nng lng suy hao trn ng truyn ri a tn hiu sang khi i tn. Khi khuych i siu cao tn nhiu tng hay t tng tu thuc vo tng thit b. Ngai ra khi khuych i siu cao tn cn m nhn nhim v phi hp tr khng vi an ten thng qua phi v chn lc tn hiu thu. *- Khi i tn. Khi i tn c nhim v h thp tn s siu cao tn xung mt tn s trung tn v c nh vi fI F = fRF- fLO Trong : - fRF Tn s tn hiu siu cao tn thu c t an ten qua khuych i siu cao tn a sang. - fLO Tn s ca b to dao ng ni trong my thu. - fI F tn s trung tn sau khi i tn. Khi i tn cn c nhim v lc b tn s nh. Vic lc b tn s nh c thc hin bng cch ly 2 tn s tn hiu LO cng pha a vo hai mch trn cng vi 2 tn hiu siu cao tn RF, c lm dch pha nhau 90 0, u ra c c tn hiu trung tn c lc b tn s nh. Tn hiu LO c ly b tng hp tn s. *- Khi khuch i trung tn. Khi khuch i trung tn c nhim v khi khuch i tn hiu trung tn ln a sang khi bng tn c s thu. Yu cu khi khuch i trung tn phi c h s khuch i ln, c chn lc tn hiu cao, tp m phi nh. m bo c yu cu trn khi khuch i trung tn cn c mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i, m bo mc tn hiu ra n nh. *- Khi bng tn c s thu. Khi bng tn c s thu c nhim v thc hin gii iu ch, khi phc sng mang, v cc tn hiu m pha pht pht i. Gii iu ch l qu trnh tch tn hiu iu ch ra khi sng mang, khi phc li lung s ban u. Vic thc hin gii iu ch pha thu phi ph hp vi s iu ch tng ng vi iu ch pha pht. 67 hoc fI F = fLO - fRF

V d: pha pht s dng phng thc iu ch 4PSK th pha thu s dng mch gii iu ch costas X l tn hiu s bng tn chnh v bng tn ph, da tn hiu s ti my ghp knh hoc tng i. cc tn hiu knh nghip v, gim st c a vo cc knh tng ng. *- Khi hin th. - Khi khuch i logarit: khuch i cc mu tn hiu t cc khi a ti, bin i thang mc logarit, iu khin cc n led, rle. - Khi hin th bao gm cc n led dng hin th tnh trng, trng thi lm vic ca cc khi trong thit b, ng thi cnh bo tnh trng thit b cho ngi trc ca bit khc phc. *, Nguyn l lm vic. Sng mang siu cao tn t an ten qua fi , qua phn hng an ten c a vo u vo my thu, qua khuch i siu cao tn, ti i tn. Tn s sng mang c h thp xung tn s trung tn v c khuch i tip da qua bng tn c s thc hin gii iu ch v x l tn hiu s, tch lung ri a cc knh v vi tr tng ng. c- Phn hng an ten (Diplexer). * S khi.

RF in

B lc p ht

RF out

B lc thu

Circulator

Hnh 3- 9; S khi phn hng an ten. * Chc nng nhim v. - B lc pht(Tx filter): lc b cc tn s khc ngoi tn s cng tc v cc hi ca tn s cng tc. 68

- B lc thu(Rx filter): chn lc i vi tn s ln cn v ngn tn s bn my pht vo my thu khi dng chung anten. - Van mt chiu(Circulater): Phn hng cho tn s pht i t my pht ra an ten v tn s thu t an ten i vo my thu. II- IU CH V GII IU CH. 1- Khi nim iu ch v gii iu ch. a, Ti sao phi iu ch v gii iu ch. iu ch v gii iu ch l hai qu trnh rt quan trng trong thng tin v tuyn ni chung v thng tin vi ba ni ring. V nhim v ca thng tin vi ba l truyn dn nhng tin tc t ni pht n ni thu vi khong cch xa. Nhng tin tc c ph nm trong phm vi tn s thp nn khng th truyn lan i xa c v b tn hao trn ng truyn, mt khc do bo mt thng tin v chng nhiu. V vy truyn a nhng tin tc i xa cn phi gi vo mt loi tn hiu khc mang i l sng mang siu cao tn, sng mang siu cao tn c gi ti tin. Vy qu trnh chuyn ph tn s ca tn hiu t min tn s thp sang min tn s cao c gi l iu ch. Qu trnh chuyn ph tn s ca tn hiu t min tn s thp sang min tn s cao c thc hin my pht, cn pha thu ly tin tc ra phi lm qu trnh ngc tr li pha pht c gi gii iu ch. b, iu ch l g? iu ch l a tin tc vo tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn lm cho mt trong cc tham s ca sng mang siu cao tn bin i theo tin tc c gi l iu ch. Ta c biu thc sng mang sau: U0(t) = Um cos( 0 t + ). Trong : Um : Bin ca sng mang.

0 : Tn s gc ca sng mang
: Gc lch pha ban u.

0 = 2 = 2 f
T
69

Tu theo tham s no ca sng mang siu cao tn bin i theo tin tc l: tn s, bin , gc pha hay t hp gia chng m s c cc phng thc iu ch tng ng khc nhau nh: i vi nhng tin tc l tn hiu Analog(tn hiu tng t), c cc phng thc - iu ch tn s(FM: Frequency Modulation). - iu ch bin (AM: Amplitude Modulation). - iu ch pha (PM: Phase Modulation). Trong thng tin s tin tc cn truyn l nhng s liu c s hai v ch c hai mc 1, 0, v vy phng thc iu ch c gi: - Kho dch bin (A SK: Amplitude Shift Keying ). - Kho dch tn (FSK: Frequency Shift Keying). - Kho dch pha (PSK: Phase Shift Keying). - iu ch bin cu phng (QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Pha my thu, khi thu tn hiu(sng mang siu cao tn) s thc hin gii iu ch, phng thc gii iu ch phi tng ng vi s iu ch pha pht. Trc khi xt n cc phng thc iu ch v gii iu ch trong k thut thng tin vi ba s ta phi xt n b tng hp tn s, bi v b tng hp tn s c s dng trong tt c cc phng thc iu ch, gii iu ch trong thit b thu pht ca thng tin vi ba s. 2. B tng hp tn s. Tng hp tn s l qu trnh to ra tn s sng mang siu cao tn t mt tn s chun c s n nh ca thch anh. a- Vng gi pha. *. Khi nim. Vng gi pha hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin tn s bng mt in p mt chiu bin i, n khc vi vng iu khin thng thng dng k thut in t. Vng gi pha c vit tt PLL(Phase Locked Loop). *. S khi:

70

U r = K d Uv U r

v r f ra + v r

Ut

v
T/h s snh Ur ,

B T/S pha t/h sai s Ur,

Lc thp K/

VCO

Ut

Chia t n

r = r N

Hnh 3-10: S khi vng gi pha. *. Chc nng cc khi. * B tch sng pha. B tch sng pha c nhim v a ra mt tn hiu ph thuc vo hiu s pha(hiu tn s)ca hai tn hiu vo, cc tn hiu vo l nhng tn hiu hnh sin, hoc l nhng xung ch nht. C hai loi tch sng pha: Tch sng pha tuyn tnh v tch sng pha s. - Tch sng pha tuyn tnh: Thng c thc hin bi cc mch nhn tng t. Tn hiu ra t l vi bin ca cc tn hiu vo. - Tch sng pha s : c thc hin bi cc mch s nh mch AND, OR, NOT... tn hiu vo l cc dy xung ch nht, tn hiu ra khng ph thuc vo bin ca cc tn hiu vo. * B lc thng thp. B lc thng thp c chc nng: - Cho i qua tn hiu tn s thp, nn cc thnh phn cao tn. - Bo m cho vng PLL bt nhanh v bm nhanh c tn hiu khi tn s thay i, ngha l phi c tc p ng cao. V gii bt ca vng kho pha PLL ph thuc vo gii thng ca b lc phi ln. * B to dao ng c tn s iu khin c(VCO). Yu cu chung vi cc b to dao ng c tn s iu khin l quan h gia in p a v iu khin vi tn s dy xung ra phi bin i tuyn tnh, ng thi mch phi c n nh cao, gii bin i ca tn s theo in p vo 71

rng, n gin, d iu chnh, thun li cho vic t hp thnh vi mch. V nguyn tc c th dng c vo nhng mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng bin i trong phm vi cho php( 10% n 50%)xung quanh tn s dao ng 0. *. Nguyn l lm vic. Vng gi pha PLL hot ng trn nguyn tc vng iu khin. Khc vi cc vng iu khin l thng dng trong k thut in t, in p v dng in l cc i lng vo, i lng ra, nhng vng gi pha PLL th i lng vo v i lng ra l tn s chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng gi pha PLL pht hin v iu chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra. Vng gi pha PLL lm cho tn s r ca tn hiu so snh bm theo tn s v ca tn hiu vo.Tn s ca tn hiu so snh bng tn s tn hiu ra ( r= v ), hoc t l vi tn s tn ra theo h s t l no ( , r = r ). N

Nguyn l hot ng ca vng gi pha PLL: Gi thit tn hiu vo v tn hiu so snh u l tn hiu hnh sin, vng gi pha PLL thuc loi tuyn tnh dng mch nhn tng t tch sng pha. Nh vy khi khng c tn hiu vo th tn hiu hiu chnh Ud = 0, v tn hiu ra ca b tch sng pha bng tch UV x Ur , mch VCO to dao ng ti tn s dao ng ring 0 . Khi c tn hiu vo b tch sng pha s so snh pha ca tn s tn hiu vo vi pha ca tn s tn hiu cn so snh, u ra ca b so snh pha xut hin in p tn hiu U d m tr s tc thi t l vi hiu s pha ca hai tn hiu vo UV v Ur . V Ud = Kd UV . Ur nn trong tn hiu ra ca b tch sng pha c cc thnh phn tn s v - r v v + r . Thnh phn tn s v + r b lc b nh b lc thng thp, thnh phn tn s v - r c khuch i v a i lm tn hiu iu chnh tn s ca b to dao ng VCO. Tn s ca b to dao ng VCO c iu chnh n khi v - r tin ti bng 0, nghi l fr = fV, hoc fr = N fV(vi N l h s chia ca b chia tn). 3- cc phng thc iu ch v gii iu ch. a, iu ch v gii iu ch ASK(kho dch bin). * *, iu ch ASK. 72

- S khi

M Uo cos 0 t Dt St

0 1

0 0

1 1

Hnh 3 11: S khi iu ch ASK. Theo s khi: - M (MIXER): B trn. - Dt : Tn hiu c s hai. - U0cos 0 t: Dao ng sng mang siu cao tn vo. - St : Tn hiu sng mang diu ch: St = Dt . U0cos 0 t Dao ng sng mang siu cao tn U 0cos 0 t v tn hiu s liu Dt c a vo b trn M, u ra ca b trn s c tn hiu sng mang c iu ch ASK. Nhn vo dng tn hiu sng mang ra c th thy: Sng mang siu cao tn c bin U0 c pht i khi tn hiu s liu c mc logic 1 v khng c sng mang siu cao tn pht i khi tn hiu s liu c mc logic 0 . iu ch ASK c u im : n gin * Nhc im : - Cng sut sng mang s dng thp v ch c sng mang siu cao tn pht i khi tn hiu s liu mc logic 1 . - Tnh chng nhiu thp nn phng thc iu ch ASK t c s dng ring r m ch s dng kt hp vi cc phng thc khc nh iu ch pha. *, Gii iu ch ASK.

73

Gii iu ch A SK c thc hin bng cc phng thc gii iu ch kt hp hoc phng thc gii iu ch khng kt hp. Cc phng thc ny c s khi sau:

Nt

Ts = 1/ Tc b t

St

M ch t h p

Mch quy t nh mc

Dt

0 (cos 0 t )

Hnh 3-12: B gii iu ch kt hp.

Nt

Ts=1/ Tc b t Tch sng ng bao

Tch sng ng ng

St

Dt

Hnh 3-13: B gii iu ch khng kt hp. Vi mch gii iu ch kt hp tn hiu vo thu c l sng mang S t v tp m Nt c a vo b tng sau a qua b lc thng thp lc b tp m gi li tn hiu ng vi rng bng yu cu. Tip theo tn hiu c a vo b trn vi sngs mang ca b to dao ng ni c tn s 0 (cos 0 t). Tn hiu ra ca b trn a tip vo mach t hp , sau c a qua mch so snh ngng vi mc in p c t gia tri s U1 v U0 l mc in p a vo mch quyt nh ra l bt 1 hoc bt 0. y chnh l s liu cu ly ra. Vi b gii iu ch khng kt hp tn hiu vo thu c l sng mang St v tp m Nt c a vo b tng sau a qua b lc thng thp lc b tp m gi li tn hiu ng vi rng bng yu cu. Tip theo a qua b tch sng ng bao, qua b tch sng ngng ly ra s liu s. 74

B gii iu ch khng kt hp n gin hn b gii iu ch kt hp. b- iu ch v gii iu ch tn s FSK. *, iu ch tn s FM. iu ch tn s l dng iu ch m tn s ca sng mang siu cao tn bin i theo quy lut ca tn hiu m tn. Nu tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t s c iu ch tn s FM(Frequency Modulation). Biu thc ca iu ch FM: Ut = Um co s [( 0 )t + t] Trong : - 0 : Tn s gc ca sng mang siu cao tn. - : dch tn. - Um: Bin sng mang siu cao tn. - t : Gc pha ca dao ng iu tn. th thi gian ca iu ch FM: Qua th thi gian ta thy tn s ca song mang siu cao tn bin i theo tn hiu m tn U Ti th im bin ca U c gi tr cc i th . tn s sng mang ln nht v ti thi im bin U c gi tr cc tiu th tn s sng mang c gi tr nh nht. Nh vy trong iu ch tn s th tn s sng mang siu cao tn s bin i theo tn hiu m tn(tn hiu iu ch). Dng iu ch ny c ng dng vo thit b RMD 1504. Trong thng tin truyn dn vi ba s, tn hiu a vo iu ch khng phi tn hiu tng t m l tn hiu s ch c hai mc 0, 1, v vy dng iu ch l FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)] 85

75

U t a, Tn hiu m tn(tn hiu iu

ch)

U0

t b, Sng mang siu cao tn.

t c, Sng mang c iu ch. Hnh 3-14: thi thi gian ca iu ch tn s. S khi sau:
i ch u FSK Dt f1 fc f2

U0

Ut

1/2Tp

Biu thi gian iu ch FSK.

76

D(t ) 1 0 1 0 1 t

f1 = fc - f U(t) f2 = fc + f t mang. Hnh 3-15: S phng thc iu ch FSK. Cng nh iu ch tn s FM vi tn hiu tng t , iu ch FSK th ng vi bt 1 tn s sng mang iu ch ln hn tn s sng mang c bn f v ng vi bt 0 tn s sng mang iu ch nh hn tn s sng mang c bn f. S khi c th sau:
cos[( 0 + )t + ]
Ut1
M1

fc : Tn s sng

Dt

M2

U FSK

U t2

cos[( 0 + )t ]

Hnh 3-16: S khi b iu ch FSK. Theo s : Hai sng mang c tn s 0 + v 0 - c a vo hai b trn M1, M2 , ng thi c hai tn hiu s liu D(t) a ti. ng vi mi bt u vo u ra c tn s sng mang tng ng khc nhau. Nu bt u vo c mc logic1 th u ra c 77

tn s sng mang f + f, cn nu bt u vo c mc logic 0 th tn s sng mang l f - f, nh vy f2 > f1 . Ngi ta c th tnh ton c rng bng tn ca iu ch FSK theo biu thc sau: BW = 2( f + Trong : - f dch pha khi iu tn. - TP rng ca bt s liu. Phng thc iu ch FSK c u im sau: - t nh ca tp m. - M ho n gin, t tn km. - C th s dng mch hn ch bin gim iu bin k sinh. - My c th khuch i tn hiu thu c m khng cn mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i(AGC). Nhc im: iu ch FSKc nhc im ph ca iu ch FSK rng nn yu cu di thng ca tn hiu ln, v vy khng tit kim c bng tn cng tc. *, Gii iu ch FSK. thc hin gii iu ch FSK c hai phng thc gii iu ch, mi phng thc c s khc nhau nh sau: Trong b gii iu ch FSK khng nht qun, tn hiu sng mang c a qua hai b lc BPF, mi b lc bng s cho qua di tn s khc nhau, tn hiu ra ca hai b lc tip tc a qua b lc tch sng vng, sau a qua b khuch i, qua b so snh ly ra s liu s D(t).
1 TP

78

 0 +
U (t) FSK

TS Vng

+
TS Vng

Dt

Hnh 3 17: B gii iu ch khng nht qun. i vi b gii iu ch FSK nht qun th tn hiu sng mang FSK c a qua hai b trn M1, M2, ti hai b trn c song mang cos( 0 + )t, cos( 0 - )t a ti, cc sng mang ny c pha chnh xc vi pha ca sng mang thu c , sau tn hiu ra ca hai b trn a qua b lc LPF, qua khuch i s ly ra c tn hiu s D(t). Ngoi hai loi mch gii iu ch trn trong thc t thng dng loi mch gii iu ch FSK c cht lng cao hn, l mch gii iu ch FSK bng vng kho pha v c s khi nh sau:
cos( 0 + )t
M1 U (t) FSK M2

Dt

cos( 0 )t

Hnh 3 18: B gii iu ch nht qun.

79

So snh PLL U1

V o FSK

Tch sng pha

U1

Ud

Lc vng

Ut

L c s li u

Dt

VC O

Tch sng pha

L c vng
Ra h ng B so snh ft hi n h ng

Phn ft hi n h ng

Hnh 3 19: S khi mch gii iu ch FSK bng vng kho pha. Vng kho pha PLL c thc hin gii iu ch. Vng kho pha l mt h thng gm 3 khi: - B tch sng pha. - B lc vng. - B to dao ng c iu khin bng in p (VCO). Nguyn l lm vic ca vng kho pha nh hc phn u (Tng hp tn s). c- iu ch, gii iu ch pha. *, iu ch pha.(Kho dch pha PSK) iu ch pha(PSK) l phng thc c dng nhiu trong k thut truyn dn thng tin vi ba s, v iu ch pha(PSK) m bo mc li thp nht i vi mc thu quy nh. Trong phng thc iu ch pha (PSK)gm c: iu ch hai trng thi pha, iu ch bn trng thi pha, iu ch tm trng thi pha(2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK) * iu ch hai trng thi pha(2PSK). Phng thc iu ch hai trng thi pha(2PSK) mi bt s liu tng ng vi mt trng thi pha ca sng mang: - Bt 1 tng ng gc pha ca sng mang 1800. - Bt 0 tng ng gc pha ca sng mang 00. 80

Biu thc ca cc sng mang : U0(t) = Acos 0 t U1(t) = - A cos( 0 t= A cos( 0 t + ) Biu vc t ca iu ch 2PSK: Lung s liu a vo iu ch D(t) c dng m NRZ n cc, c a vo b chuyn i m n cc thnh m lng cc(bt 0 tng ng vi mc -1, bt 1 tng ng vi mc 1). Tn hiu ra sau khi chuyn i c a vo b trn cng vi tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn ly t b dao ng LO. M NRZ lng cc c hai mc in p +1, -1do vy s to ra hai trng thi pha ca sng mang siu cao tn 00 v 1800. u ra ca b trn c sng mang siu cao tn c iu ch 2PSK.
Sin

t
A Bin 00 Cos

Hnh 3 20: Biu vc t iu ch 2PSK.

M

B lc knh
Dt

2PSK

LO

(LO: Local Oscillator) Hnh 3 21: S khi b iu ch 2PSK. T th thi gian iu ch 2PSK ta thy: - iu ch 2PSK gc lch pha gia 2 bt (bt 0v bt1) 1800 . - ng vi thi im chuyn i pha lun lun km theo chuyn i v bin trong khong thi gian ngn, y l hin tng iu bin sy ra khi iu ch 81

pha. Hin tng nygi l iu bin k sinh. V vy yu cu thit b vi ba s khi truyn dn tn hiu iu ch pha khng gy mo pha.
Dt +U1 U0 -U1 U1 t t

Ut t

Hnh 3 22: th thi gian ca iu ch 2PSK. *, iu ch 4PSK(QPSK). gim rng ph ca dy s liu u vo, ng thi cng gim rng ph ca sng mang sau iu ch, ngi ta tin hnh gim tc ca lung s liu u vobng cch chia lm hai lung s lin hp vi tc gim i mt na. iu c ngha thi gian ca mt k t (Symbol)tng ln gp i(n=2 bit).sau cc lung s c bin i t n cc thnh lng cc, ngha l gi tr logic1l mc dng, gi tr logic 0 l mc m. Cn sng mang a vo iu ch c tch ra lm hai v c lm lch pha nhau 900. Ta xt c th iu ch QPSK sau y: thc hin iu ch 4PSK th phi chia lung s u vo thnh hai lung s, nh vy lung s u vo phi a qua b bin i t mt lung thnh hai lung. 82

St
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

B chuy n i NT/S S

3 5 7 4 4 4 4

Hnh 3 23: S khi b chuyn i. Vy mi t hp bt gm 2 bt c gn vi mt trng thi pha ca song mang siu cao tn nh:
, 4 3 5 7 , , . 4 4 4

Khi biu thc ca iu ch 4PSK nh sau: U00(t) = A cos( 0 t + U01(t) = A cos( 0 t U11(t) = A cos( 0 t U10(t) = A cos( 0 t
+ 0) 4 3 + + 0) 4 5 + + 0) 4 7 + + 0) 4

Gi thit gc lch pha ban u ca sng mang siu cao tn 0 = 0. T biu vc t ta thy dch pha gia hai trng thi pha ca hai sng mang l 900, do vy iu ch 4PSK cn c gi iu ch pha vung gc QPSK. Biu vc t ca iu ch 4PSK sau:

sin

01 135 0

00 450

Cos

11 -135 0

10 -45 0

83

Hnh 3 24: Biu vc t iu ch 4PSK. * Nguyn l lm vic: Lung tn hiu s u vo a qua b bin i NT/ SS(t mt lung thnh hai lung) u ra l A, B, sau c a qua b bin i m NRZ n cc thnh m NRZ lng cc.
M1

Dt
NT/SS

LO

900

4PSK

M2

Hnh 3 25: S khi b iu ch 4PSK. Sau c a vo b trn M1, M2 cng vi dao ng sng mang siu cao tn(LO). Hai sng mang siu cao tn c lm lch pha nhau i 900 , tn hiu ra ca hai b trn l iu ch 2PSK v c a vo b tng to ra tn hiu iu ch 4PSK. *, iu ch 8 PSK. Phng thc iu ch 8PSK lung s liu u vo s c a qua b bin i t mt lung s u vo u ra thnh ba lung s, nh vy mi t hp bt u ra c 3 bt c gn vi mt trng thi pha ca dao ng sng mngiu cao tn l:
3 5 7 9 1 1 1 1 3 5 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 8 4

S khi tng qut nh sau:

84

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Dt

Chuy n i NT/S S

B C

3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 1 5 8

Hnh 3 26: S b bin i NT/SS. Biu thc ca iu ch 8PSK: - U000(t) = A cos( 0 t + 8 + 0) - U001(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U011(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U010(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U110(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U111(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U101(t) = A cos( 0 t + - U100(t) = A cos( 0 t +
3 8 5 8

+ 0) + 0)

7 + 0) 8 9 + 8

0)

1 1 + 0) 8 1 3 + 8

0)

1 5 + 0) 8

V biu vc t ca iu ch 8PSK:

85

Sin t
011 010 001

110

000 100 101

Cos t

111

Hnh 3 27: S vc t iu ch 8PSK. S khi ca b iu ch 8PSK:

C/ 2/4

A 450
Chuy n i NT/SS

B B do

Dt NRZ

LO

BPF 8PSK

C
C/ 2/4

- 450

Hnh 3 28: S khi b iu ch 8PSK. Lung s liu u vo c dng m NRZ c a vo b bin i t ni tip sang song song thnh 3lung s liu u ra l A, B, C, c tc bt bng 1/3 ca lung s u vo, sau cc lung s tip tc a qua b chuyn i 2/4(t 2 trng thi thnh 4 trng thi), cho 4 trng thi logc t tn hiu nh phn vo 2 mc A v B hoc B v C. Nu trng thi logc u vo B c 86

mc1 th u ra ca b chuyn i mc nh tn hiu ra c mc ln hn mc ra ca b chuyn i 2 mc thp thnh 4mc. Tn hiu ra ca b chuyn i 2 thnh 4 c a vo b trn M1, M2cng vi dao ng sng mang siu cao tn LO(sng mang siu cao tn c lm lch pha 450), tn hiu ra ca hai b trn tip tc c a vo b tng, qua b lc bng BPF v cui cng s c tn hiu sng mang c iu ch 8PSK. Trong thc t khi thc hin iu ch pha c trng thi pha cng tng th kh nng mc li bt cng cao cho nn iu ch 8PSK ch c s dng kt hp vi iu ch bin ASK v c gi l iu ch QAM. *, Gii iu ch pha. thc hin gii iu ch pha bng cch ly sng mang thu c so snh vi tn hiu ca b dao ng ni ti my thu ng b tn s vi nhau. Sau mi thc hin gii iu ch. Nh vy qu trnh gii iu ch c 2 bc. - Khi phc sng mang. - Gii iu ch. S tng qut gii iu ch pha nh sau:

M1 K hi phc sng mang IF LPF S1 (t)

900 M2

LPF

S2 (t)

Hnh 3 29: S khi tng qut iu ch 8PSK.

* Gii iu ch 2PSK. Nhim v ca b gii iu ch 2PSK gm c hai phn chnh: - Khi phc sng mang. 87

- Gii iu ch. + Khi phc sng mang. Qu trnh khi phc sng mang l qu trnh ng b gia tn s dao ng ni v tn s sng mang thu c. Nhim v ca b khi phc sng mang l phi to c mt in p c th iu khin t l vi hiu s pha ca dao ng ni my thu 0(t) vi pha ca sng mang thu c[ (t) - 0(t)]. in p ny c nn thnh in p mt chiu a qua it bin dung ca b to dao ng VCO iu khin pha ca n sao cho sai s l cc tiu.
cos( + ) t t

M1 U1 t U1 t U1 t Ut IF 900 VCO UDK Lc vng M3 Quy nh t mc D(t)

U2 t M2 LPF

sin( + ) t t

Hnh 3 30: S khi gii iu ch 2PSK. C th: Tn hiu iu ch pha c ly t b khuch i trung tn a vo hai b trn M1, M2, gi thit c dng: U(t) = A cos[ 0 t + t+ (t)]. Trong : t = 0, hoc bng , y l gi tr pha ca iu ch 2PSK, u ra ca b trn s c: U1(t) = A cos[ 0 t + t+ (t)] cos[ 0 t + 0(t)] U2(t) = A cos[ 0 t + t+ (t)] sin[ 0 t + 0(t)] Qua bin i s c U 2(t) ch cn ph thuc vo hiu s pha ca (t) - 0(t), l dch pha ca hai sng mang. dch pha ny c bin i 88

thnh in p iu khin a v iu khin tn s ca b to dao ng VCO to ra sng mang cn khi phc. + Gii iu ch. Sau khi sng mang c khi phc, tip tc c a vo b trn M1, M2, u ra ca hai b trn hai sng mang v dch pha l gi tr ca iu ch pha m my pht thc hin, sau a qua b lc thng thp, qua mch quyt nh mc ly ra c tn hiu s D(t) m bn my pht thc hin iu ch. Ngoi r cn s dng mch gii iu ch 2PSK bng mch nhn.
Nh 2 p n ha Ch p nh ha

Ut 2PSK

Nh p l n ha n2

f(PSK)

Dt

t f(PSK
)

Hnh 3- 31: S khi mch gii iu ch bng nhn. t Biu thi gian nh sau: 2f Tn hiu diie ch(0)2PSK vo c phn lm hai v a vob nhn 2 pha, sau qua b lc, qua b chia hai, qua b chnh pha tip tc a qua b nhn pha, tn hiu ra s l s lch pha(du hiu s m cn ly ra), tn hiu ny thng t qua b lc v u ra ca bi\ lc l tn hiu s c iu ch bn my pht. * Biu thi gian mch nhn pha. 2f(0) t

t Dt 89
_

:2

Qua mch nhn pha

Hnh 3 32: Biu thi gian mch gii /C nhn pha. * Gii iu ch 4PSK. S mch gii iu ch (hnh 3 33). B gii iu ch 4PSK gm hai nhim v chnh sau: - Khi phc sng mang. - Gii iu ch tn hiu. + Khi phc sng mang. Tn hiu thu ly t b khuch i trung tn c a vo hai b trn M1, M2, cng vi tn hiu ca b to dao ng VCO (tn hiu VCO c lm lch pha 900), u ra c da qua b lc thng thp(LPF), tip theo tn hiu c a vo hai b trn M3, M4(trn cho nhau), sau c a vo b tng, u ra l in p mt chiu bin i v qua b lc vng thnh in p iu khin(U(t)) a vo b to dao ng VCO to ra sng mang c khi phc. 90

in p U(t) c xc nh qua biu : U(t) = U1(t) U2(t)[U21(t) + U22(t)]

M1

LPF

M3

Ut IF

T h u gi n i I /c

M2 90 0

LPF VCO Lc vng

M4

Bng t c n s ph

Hnh 3 33: S khi mch gii i ch 4PSK. Qua trin khai v tnh ton cc thnh phn sin v cos ch ph thuc (t) - 0(t). Thnh phn ny bin i thnh in p iu vo hiu s khin a vo b to dao ng VCO iu khin tn s b to dao ng VCO trng vi tn s ca sng mang thu. Khi sng mang c khi phc th sng mang s a vo hai b trn v tn hiu ra ca hai b trn thng qua b lc thp , tn hiu ny chnh l tn hiu gii iu ch. d- iu ch v gii iu ch QAM. *, iu ch QAM. iu ch QAM l phng thc iu ch kt hp gia iu ch kho dch pha v kho dch bin, phng thc iu ch QAM c thc hin iu ch bin nhiu mc hai sng mang, hai sng mang c lm dch pha nhu mt gc 900 , vy mt sng mang l sin 0 t v mt sng mang l cos 0 t. S trng thi pha trong iu ch QAM l M = L2, trong L: s mc bin ca sng mang vung gc. Tn hiu tng ca hai sng mang ca iu ch QAM l: 91

S1(t) = A1(t) sin[ 0 t + 1(t)]. S2(t) = A2(t) cos[ 0 t + 2(t)] S(t) tn hiu sng mang tng ca S1(t) v S2(t), ngha l: S(t) = S1(t) + S2(t). th vc t ca iu ch nh hnh 3 24.

S1 (t)

S(t)

S2 (t)

Hnh 3 34: S vc t iu ch QAM. S(t) = A1(t) sin[ 0 t + 1(t)] + A2(t) cos[ 0 t + 2(t)]. S(t) = A(t) cos[ 0 t + 2(t)]. Trong : A(t) = arctg S1(t)/ S2(t). A(t): Bin ca tn hiu tng S(t). (t): Gc pha ca tn hiu tng S(t). Nh vy sng mang ra S(t) c iu ch bin v iu ch pha. Tn hiu trc khi a vo iu ch thng qua b chuyn i lung s t 2 sang 4 mc, Tc l thc hin nhm cc bt ca lung s vo thnh cc t hp gm 2 bt, cc t hp bt l: 11 i din cho mc U1, 10 i din cho mc U2 , 01i din cho mc U1, 00 i din cho mc U2. Nh vy vi 4 mc ch cn log4 = 2 bt nh phn to ra 4 mc in p ca lung s liu bng tn gc khc nhau. UV
B C/ 2/4
2 2 A 1 ( t ) + A 2 ( t ) v (t) c xc nh: (t) =

Ut

92

Uv

11010010010-01101 t

U1 U2 -U 1 -U 2

UV

Hnh 3- 35: S chuyn i 2/4 mc. Khi thc hin bin i 2 mc thnh 4 mc s c phng thc iu ch 16 QAM, bin i 2 mc thnh 6 mc c iu ch 64 QAM. Ta xt mt loi iu ch l 16 QAM sau y: Phng thc iu ch 16 QAM th lung s u vo a qua b chuyn i t mt lung thnh 4 lung u ra. Tc bt ca cc lung u ra bng ln so vi lung u vo.
D1 D (t) D2 SPC D3 D4 1 4

Hnh 3- 36: s khi b chuyn i

93

0110 0010

Q 1110 1010

0011

0111

1111

1011

0001

0101

1101

1001

0000

0100

1100

1000

. Hnh 3- 37:Biu vc t ca iu ch 16QAM. *, i ch 16 QAM. * S khi. (hnh 3 - 38). * Nguyn l lm vic. S khi b iu ch 16 QAM lung s u vo c x l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing). Ti y lung s c ngu nhin ho v m ho vi sai, sau c chia lm 4 lung, tip tc a n b chuyn i 2 mc thnh 4 mc. Sau tn hiu 4 mc a qua b lc thng thp. Lung s a vo iu ch a vo b trn M 1, M2 cng vi dao ng sng mang t b LO, u ra l tn hiu I, Q v c a vo b tng c tn hiu iu ch 16 QAM.

94

LPF
B chuy n i 2/4 mc

M1

00
D(t)

D S P LPF
B chuy n i 2/4 mc

LO

16QAM

900

M2

Hnh 3 38: S khi b iu ch 16 QAM Phng thc iu ch QAM c u im. - rng bng tn t l nghch vi s trng thI pha ca sng mang nn khi s trng thi pha tng, th tc bt a vo b iu ch gim, rng bng tn yu cu thp, s dng c hiu qu ng truyn dn. - Nhc im: Mo phi tuyn v mo xuyn knh tng, t l li bt BER tng nu t s tn hiu trn tp m gi nguyn(S/N gi nguyn). *, GiI iu ch 16 QAM. * S khi. (hnh 3-39) * Nguyn l lm vic. Tn hiu vo c ly t khi khuch i trung tn (IF), c chia thnh hai ng a ti hai b trn M1, M2 , cng vi tn hiu ca b to dao ng ni c khi phc sng mang, hai tn hiu c trn ti y, u ra hai b trn tn hiu c a qua b lc thng thp to li dng ph, sau a vo b chuyn i 4 mc thnh 2 mc, cui cng a vo b khi phc tn hiu s. Ti y tn hiu s c gii ngu nhin ho, gii m ho vi sai, ghp cc lung s to thnh lung s ra nh bn pha pht. Mch khi phc nh thi c nhim v t hp li cc tn hiu s t cc tn hiu 4 mc chuyn i m bo khong cch gia tn hiu thu vi tn hiu pht chun vi gi tr nh nht. 95

M1

LPF
B chu n y i 4/2 m c KhI phc h th n i

IF

Chia cng su t

00
Tch pa h KhI phc sng m ang

Kh i p t hc n hi s

D(t)

90 0
B chu n y i 4/2 m c

M1

Q LPF

Hnh 3- 39: S khi gii iu ch 16 QAM. Phng thc iu ch QAM cn c loi iu ch 64QAM, phng thc ny dng cho nhng thit b vi ba c dung lng truyn dn ln nh thit b vi ba Siemen ang s dng trn ng trc Bc Nam.

CHNG V. THIT B VI BA S. 96

I. THIT B VI BA S AWA. 1- Gii thiu chung v thit b a- c im: - Thit b AWA l thit b truyn dn Vi ba s bng hp dng cn ng b do AUSTRALIA sn xut v c nhp vo Vit Nam di dng SKD hoc CKD. - Thit b Vi ba AWA hin nay nc ta c 3 loi: + RMD 1502 : Truyn dn 1 lung s 2,048 Mbt/s. + RMD 1504: Truyn dn 2 lung s 2,048 Mbt/s + RMD 1808: Truyn dn 4 lung s 2,048 Mbt/s. Xong ngoi thc t cc Bu in tnh u s dng ch yu l thit b RM-1504 truyn dn thng tin t cc trung tm Huyn n trung tm Tnh - Thit b RMD - 1504 c kh nng thit lp tuyn thng tin tm nhn thng vi c ly thng tin 2500 km gm c cc trm u cui, Rle, r/xen knh, khong cch thng tin gia hai trm (im ni im) <50 km. Cc Bu in Tnh s dng thit b RMD - 1504 thit lp ng dy thng tin t Bu in Huyn n Bu in Tnh vi s lng knh s dng cho trm u cui l 60 knh, s lng knh s dng cho trm r/ xen (Dop/ Insert) l 60 knh. Trong : + R 30 knh thoi + Xen 30 knh thoi. - My ghp knh c s dng cho trm u cui l DMS -2, my ghp knh ny c 30 knh thoi (tng ng vi mt lung tn hiu s c s PCM30 (2,048 Mbt/s). Tn hiu thoi c iu ch xung m PCM theo lut A vi 13 on v ly A = 87,6 theo tiu chun ca CCITT. Nu s dng thng tin 60 knh thoi tng t th trm u cui phi dng hai my ghp knh DMS - 2. Cn my ghp knh s dng cho trm r/ xen (Drop insert) l DMD -2. My ghp knh DMD-2 c 30 knh thoi tng t. Trong : 97

+ R 15 knh thoi + Xen 15 knh thoi. Nu s dng 60 knh thoi tng t th phi dng 2 my ghp knh DMS -2. - Thit b v tuyn ca RMD-1504 c th truyn dn c 2 lung s liu 2,048 Mbt/s m HDB -3. Hai lung s liu ny c a vo iu ch sng mang trung tn pht vi tn s sng mang 220MHz theo phng thc iu ch pha 4 trng thi m ho trc tip (OQPSK) (OfSet Quadrature Phase Shif Keying) . Ring hai knh nghip v v knh gim stvaf tn hiu bo gi c a vo iu ch khi VCO theo phng thc iu ch tn s. - Thit b RMD-1504 c t trn cng mt gi my (khung my) vi cc ngn th t t trn xung. + My pht v tuyn + Khi phn hng anten + My thu v tuyn + My ghp knh + Khi ngun cung cp (PS) Tx ( Transmitter) ( Diplexer) Rx (Reciver) DMS, DMD (Power Suply)

Cc ngn khi na c ch to theo kt cu kt ni cc ngn b, cc tm mch in c cc chn Jc cm lin kt vi nhau bn trong hoc ni vi nhau bng cp dt, cp ng trc. Cc ngn b ny c th ko ra mt cch d dng tng ngn tin hnh sa cha, bo dng tin li cho ngi khai thc vn hnh thit b. - Thit b RMD-1504 c h thng cnh bo, gim st , iu hnh chung, nn rt tin li cho cho ngi s dng vn hnh, thit b, d pht hin cc s c v c th khc phc s c nhanh m bo thng tin nhanh chng. - Thit b ny c th chn cu hnh c hoc khng c s phng nng tu theo yu cu s dng. Sau y l cc kiu cu hnh h thng ca thit b RMD - 1504. + Ngn my pht + Ngn my thu + Ngn phn hng anten Tx Rx DIPLEXER.

98

HDB-3
Kn h n h pv g i Kn g h im s t

My p ht Tx

Lc ph t
Ph nh n g a te n n

My th u Rx

Lc th u

Hnh 4-1 S khi kiu thit b khng c d phng (1+0) Trm vi ba u cui trn tuyn khng c d phng bao gm c: + My pht v tuyn +My thu v tuyn 1 1

Trng hp ny s dng khi thit b RMD -1504 c tin cy cao phng my gn hn. Trng hp sy ra s c n gin th nh c h thng cnh bo nn ngi trc ca c th khc phc s c c ngay m bo thng tin. * Kiu c d phng (1+1) Tx (Transmiter) my pht: 2. Rx (Reciver) my thu: 2. m bo tin cy cao cho tuyn truyn dn ca h thng RMD 1504 th mi trm c s dng thit b d phng, thng thng l d phng nng. Trm c d phng nng bao gm: + My thu pht chnh: + My thu pht d phng: 1 b 1 b

Hai b thu pht ny u lm vic ging nhau v tn s pht, tn s thu v c gim st qua h thng chuyn mch chung. Khi my thu hoc my pht chnh b hng th chuyn mch s iu khin my thu hoc pht d phng thay th vo . Hai my pht (my chnh v my d phng) c kt cui bng b cch ly xa. Hai my ny u c gim st lin tc v c chuyn mch PSD iu khin ni vo hay ct ra khi h thng truyn dn. 99

Trong ch d phng thng thng th b khuch i cng sut pht ca my d phng c ngt ra (khng lm vic) tit kim nng lng. S khi thit b c d phng (1+1)
My pht TxA My thu RxA
Knh n p v ghi HDB-3 Knh gim st

Lc pht

PSD Lc thu
My thu RxB My pht TxB

Ph h ng n anten

Lc thu

Hnh 4-2 S khi trm vi ba c d phng nng (1+1) * Ngoi kiu trn th thit b ny cn c cc kiu d phng sau: - Kiu phn tp khng gian. Phn tp thng c s dng khc phc s bin i ca truyn sng v c th s dng gp i s my nng cao tin cy sn sng ca thit b v ng truyn dn. Vi phn tp khng gian th mt ma thu c ni vi an ten th 2. T l sai bt ngu nhin c gim st lin tc trn c hai my thu. Nu khi t l sai bt thp hn gi tr t trc ma thu A th my thu B khng c s sai li s c chn.

100

My pht TxA My thu RxA

Kn h ng pv hi HDB-3 Knhgim st

Lc thu

Lc pht

PSD

Ph h n n g anten

Lc thu
My thu RxB My pht TxB

Hnh 4-3: S khi kiu phn tp theo khng gian.

* Phn tp theo tn s lm vic tng t nh phn tp theo khng gian, nhng hai b my thu pht lm vic tn s khc nhau. Mi b thu pht c th ni vi anten ring hoc ni chung vi mt anten duy nht. b- Ch tiu, k thut: - Dung lng truyn (knh) - Bng tn v tuyn: (MHz) - Cng sut ra ti u anten 60 knh (1427 n 1535)MHz 36 dBm 1dB.

- Ngng thu vi BER = 10-3 (dBm) - 94 dB - iu ch lung s - iu ch knh nghip v - Dy s liu knh thoi vo A: HDB -3 2,048 Mbt/s B: HDB -3 2048 Mbit/s OQPSK FM(tn s) A, B 75 khng cn bng 75 khng cn bng 101

My pht TxA My thu RxA

Knh nghi v p HDB-3 Knh gim st

Lc pht Lc thu

Ph h ng n anten

PSD

My thu RxB My pht TxB

Lc thu Lc pht

Ph h ng n anten

Hnh 4-4: S khi kiu phn tp tn s. - di tn knh chuyn nghip v (KHz) - iu ch knh gim st - Mc vo knh nghip v - Mc ra knh nghip v - Mc vo knh gim st - Mc ra knh gim st - p tuyn tn s knh gim st. Vi cng sut ra: Vi cng sut ra: 2- thit b RMD 1504. Thit b RMD-1504 l thit b truyn dn vi ba s bng hp, s dng cho tuyn truyn dn ngn dung lng nh. Thit b RMD-1504 c th chn cu hnh d phng (1+1) hoc khng c d phng (1+0) v c y cu trc ca cc trm cui, trm rle, trm r/xen. 102 5W 1W 15KHz

FM (tn s) 0 dBm/ 600 0 dBm/ 600 -10dBm/ 600 -10dBm/ 600 (2,7 - 5) KHz. 60 (W) 40 (W)

- Cng sut tiu th ton b trn mt trm my u cui (W).

Xong d c c trc 1 trm vi ba nh th no th thit b RMD-1504 cng du kt cu bao gm nhng ngn my sau: - Ngn my pht Tx (Transmitter) - Ngn my thu Rx (Receiver) - Ngn phn hng anten (Diplexer) - Phn phi ngun cung cp: PS (Power Supply) a- Ma pht RMD -1504 (Transmitter) Tx *, S khi my pht(hnh 4-5) S khi ngn my pht bao gm: - Khi x l bng tn c s pht(PBA Tx). - Khi kch thch (Exciter). - Khi khuch i cng sut PA (Power Ampfier) - Mch hin Th (Display) . Tt c cc khi trn u c lp t trn mt st si chung cc u ni, ngoi n my pht u trn tm mch in khi bng tn c s pht u ra ca b cch ly gn bn cnh modun ca khi khuch i cng sut (PA). Pha tri modun cng sut (PA) c cc im iu chnh mc SSB (mc RF). Trc mt my c Jc cm t hp ra knh nghip v v mt phm () n pht tone khi lin lc ni b trong tuyn. Pha trn ca khi kch thch c cc chuyn mch xoay t tn s cng tc ca my pht (mi nc l 100 KHz) *, Ch tiu k thut - Cng sut ra (dBm) - Tr khng ra ( ) - n nh tn s (PPm) - Bc tng hp tn s (KHz) 103 + 37 dBm 50 15 PPm 100

Bng t n ph

Th pTe l

DATA in 2048k bit/s

HDB-3/ NRZ

HDB-3/ NRZ

SS/NT

SCRAMLRER

NT/SS

T h p ng t s n VCO Chia 4 Chia 4 Lc

RF out t i ph h ng n

Hnh 4- 5: s khi my pht.

104

- Nhiu pht ra (dBc) - Cng sut tiu th (W) : vi cng sut ra vi cng sut ra 5W 1W

< -60 51W 31W

*, Chc nng nhim v: V chc nng nhim v tng qut ca ngn my pht theo cc khi. Tn cc khi ni ln phn no chc nng ca khi xong hiu r v c th chc nng ca tng khi chi tit trong ngn my pht c tnh by nh sau * X l bng tn c s pht PBA (Tx Base Band PBA). S khi: CLK
A In put 2,048M bit/s HDB -3/ NRZ Ngu nhin ho HDB -3/ NRZ M ho vi sai

NT/ SS

Out put

B In put 2,048M bit/s

CLK Hnh 4-6. S khi bng tn c s chnh. Khi x l bng tn s c s pht m nhn cc chc nng nh sau: - X l tn hiu gc. - Cung cp ngun. - Hin Th cnh bo, gim st iu khin. Cc chc nng ny u c cc mch in trong khi m nhn. Tt c cc mch in c t trn tm mch in chung nm pha y ca ngn my pht.

105

2,2 KHz

Mic
EAR

d/dt

SERVICE

2 KHz 5 KHz

SUPEViSORY

Hnh 4-7. Khi bng tn c s ph. Cc mch in ca khi bao gm: + Mch cung cp ngun + My x l d liu 2x2,048 Mbt/s + Mch x l tn hiu ph (knh nghip v knh, gim st, Tone gi). + Mch khuch i logarit v ch Th cnh co. Sau y xt chc nng c th ca cc mch in trn. * Mch cung cp ngun: Mch cung cp ngun c chc nng chuyn i t ngun in p mt chiu (DC) -24 V hoc -48V u vo, thnh cc ngun in p mt chiu (DC) +36V ; +20V; +10V; +5V; -5V, n nh cung cp cho cc IC; Transistor, Rle hot ng. Mch cp ngun c th s dng ngun vo danh nh -24V hoc -48V l tu thuc vo v tr cc u ni (Jc u chuyn) X28, X29, X30, X37 , cc dng ca ngun c t. Mch cung cp ngun hot ng theo nguyn l o in chuyn mch xung,v c n nh in p ra bng nguyn l iu rng xung, vi mu in p ra l +20V. 106

Cc in p khc c n nh thm bng cc mch n p ring ng thi c mch bo v qu p nng cao n nh cho thit b.
B ov v i m c B c huy n m h c v i n i

N n v n p

+36v +20v +10v +5v -5v

B t xn o u g uk i i h n

Hnh 4-8: Khi ngun cung cp Mch ngun cho php hot ng n nh tm in p vo rng sau: * Vi ngun -24V mc n nh t (-20 -30)V * Vi ngun -48V mc n nh t (-40 - 60)V Mch cung cp ngun c b phn chng qu p v qa dng. Nu dng ti vt qu tr s cho php th mch bo v s tc ng ngt in p mt chiu ra khi ti. Kt cu mch ngun gn, vng trc. C s dng diode chng ngc ngun khi sai cc c qui.. m nhn c cc chc nng trn ca khi ngun th mch ngun cung cp phi s dng cc bin php n nh cho cc ngun (+30V, +20V, +10V, 5V). Trong mch n nh ny bao gm cc IC n p, cc Transistor trng loi MOSFET, cc Transistor khc cng vi cc doide. *, Mch x l bng tn c s chnh (2x2,048 Mbt/s) Mch c chc nng x l tn hiu ca 2 lung s vo (Av B) a sang khi kch thch iu ch. C th cc chc nng l: + Bin i 2 lung s vo 2,048 Mbt/s t m HDB-3(m ng)v m NRZ (m gc) ng thi khi phc xung ng h nhm mc ch ng b lung s vo. + Ghp 2 lung s vo 2,048Mbt/s thnh mt lung s c tc 4,245 Mbt/s. Nh vy trong lung s mi c cha thm cc bt khc ngoi bt tin (bt ng b, bt ch Th chn v cc bt chn.) + Ngu nhin ho s liu: 107

Lung s liu chung 4,245 Mbt/s b ghp lung, a sang b ngu nhin ho tn hiu s. (Scrambler). Mc ch ca vic ngu nhin ho s liu, l to ra mt tn hiu c s thay i mc ngu nhin, ng thi to cho pha thu d dng khi phc li lung s ban u, v lm cho tn hiu v tuyn c ph ng u mi vng tn s. + M ho vi sai: Tn hiu sau khi ngu nhin ho c m ho vi sai trc khi sang b bin i ni tip/ song song + Bin i lung s t ni tip sang song song. Lung s sau khi m ha vi sai c tch ra lm 2 lung s liu song song, a sang khi kch thch thc hin iu ch vi sng mang trung tn pht. + Ca tn hiu cnh bo AIS. Nu c s c ca lung s liu u vo, mt 1 trong 2 lung(lung A, hoc B), th mch kim tra cnh bo s cho php b dao ng AIS 2,048 Mbt/s hat ng, tn hiu ny s c a vo lung tn hiu AIS bo cho pha sau bit c s c v lung s, ng thi pha thu khng b mt ng b do mt lung s. Cc chc nng ny u c cc mch in ca hai IC chuyn dng D1, D2 m nhn. (IC chuyn dng ca hng AWA). * Mch x l bng tn c s ph: Mch x l bng tn c s ph my pht, c chc nng x l nhng tn hiu bng tn thp cc knh nghip v, gim st v kt hp chung li thnh mt tn hiu bng tn ph, a vo b to dao ng VCO trong khi kch thch thc hin iu ch, nhng tn hiu l tn hiu tng t ca cc knh. * Knh nghip v: Tn s (0,3 2,2) KHz vi mc a vo l OdBm/ 600 . * Knh gim st: Tn s (2,7 5 ) KHz vi mc a vo l -10 dBm/600 . * Tn hiu gi: (Tone) tn s 2 KHz mc vo 0dBm/600 . Cc tin hiu ny nh cc b lc, cc b khuych i, hn mc v b cng, tn hiu ra ca b cng nm trong di (0,3 - 5) KHz c a sang khi kch thch iu ch tn s vi b to dao ng VCO. - Mch khuch i logarit v cnh bo. Mch khuch i logarit thc hin bin i cc mu in p kim tra nhn t khi khuch i cng sut thnh cc gi tr logarit khc nhau cp cho mch hin th thp sng cc n (LED) trn 108

mn hin th trc mt my pht, ng thi cung cp in p ALC (Automatic Level Control) cho khi kch thch. - Mch cnh bo kp hp cc tnh trng h hng ca ngn my pht cung cp cho mch hin th, ng thi iu khin cc rle ni ra ngoi trm cnh bo cho ngi trc my bit v tnh trng thit b. Mch ghp li ra cao tn (RF) ca khi khuch a cng sut my pht, trch mt phn tn hiu cao tn RF thng qua b nn mt chiu (DC), a n mch hin th mc cao tn ra (cng sut ra), v a ra u ra RF MONITOR c kim tra mc cao tn ra my pht. Ngoi ra mch cnh bo kt hp logc cc tnh trng ca cc mch khc nhau, cung cp cho mch hin th cnh bo s c ng thi tc ng cc rle cnh bo ra ngoi nh: * S c khi kch thch LFD Tx FAIL * S c d liu vo LED DATAIN * Mc cao tn gim LED * S khi Khi kch thch thc hin cc chc nng iu ch hai lung s liu 2Mbt/s t khi x l bng tn c s pht a sang vi tn s sng mang trung tn pht vi phng thc iu ch OQPSK (offset Quadrature Shift Keying). Sng mang c iu ch lung s c nng tn s bng tn s cng tc, bng cch a sng mang vo b trn vi tn s dao ng VCO c s iu khin bng in p do vng tng hp tn s thc hin. Tn s a ra ca b trn nm trong di (1427 MHz - 1535 MHz). Tn hiu c qua b lc, qua b khuch i iu khin mc t c + 8dBm, ri tip tc a sang khi khuch i cng sut. Khi kch thch cn thc hin iu ch bng tn ph vi phng thc iu ch tn s (FM) ngay ti b to dao ngVCO. Khi kch thch bao gm cc mch in sau: * B iu ch 4PSK * B trn tn s. * B tng hp tn s. Ton b cc mch in ny c t tm mch in trong hp bng kim loi pha di y hp. 109 (OQPSK) *, Khi kch thch (EXCITER). TxFAIL. RFLEVEL Tx FAIL.

Da ta In

Da ta In

220MHz Vng k h o ph a PLL V CO

Chia 4 K / CS

Chia 4

T i A LC

Hnh 4-9: Khi kch thch * Chc nng ca tng mch in. - B iu ch pha cu phng (OQPSK). Hai lung s liu 2,048 Mbt/s t khi bng tn c s pht c a qua cc mch khuch i so snh, hn mc sau c bin i mc t n cc thnh tn hiu lng cc ri a qua hai b lc v ti 2 b trn, ti y c tn hiu sng mang ca b dao ng sng mang trung tn pht IF = 220 MHz c to ra t b dao ng tinh th thch anh c tn s 73,333MHz ri c nhn tn s ln 3 ln, qua b khuch i a n b iu ch( trn tn s) v c lm lch nhau 90 . u ra ca 2 b trn l tn hiu sng mang trung tn c iu ch hai pha, hai tn hiu c a b khuch i trc khi a vo b cng (trn ln 2). u ra ca b cng l tn hiu trung tn c iu ch 4 trng thi pha m ho trc tip ri a qua b lc, khuch i n b trn nng tn tip theo. * B trn nng tn: 110

Tn hiu trung tn pht 220 MHz u ra ca b iu ch OQPSK c a ti b trn nng tn. ng thi b trn nng tn c tn hiu ca b to dao ng siu cao tn VCO cng a ti, hai tn hiu mang 2 tn s khc c trn vi nhau ti y. u ra ca b trn nng tn xut hin t hp tn s trong c tn s nm trong gii(1427-1535) MHz. Tn s nm trong di c b lc gi li, qua khuch i ri a sang khi khuch i cng sut cn cc tn s khc b loai b. B trn tn nng tn c nhim v to ra tn s sng mang siu cao tn nm trong gii c p dng theo phng thc trn tn: fCT = fIF + fVCO Trong : fCT : Tn s cng tc ca my pht. fIF: Tn s trung tn pht (220 MHz). fVCO: Tn s ca b to dao ng siu cao tn VCO. Tn s cng tc ca my pht : (1427 - 1535 ) MHz. Tn s trung tn pht l 220 MHz. Tn s ca b ta dao ng siu cao tn VCO nm trong gii t (1207- 1315) MHz. Tn hiu ca bng tn c s ph (knh nghip v, gim st, Tone gi, c tng hp li thnh gii tn t (0,3 5) KHz, c a vo iu ch ti b to dao ng VCO bng phng thc iu tn(FM), c s dng diode bin dung.Tn hiu dao ng siu cao tn VCO c a qua b khuch i, ri a vo b trn tn cng vi tn hiu iu ch sng mang trung tn pht, to ra tn s cng tc my pht, nh vy tn s nm trong gii tn (1427 1535)MHz. Tn hiu u ra ca b trn s c lc loi tr cc thnh phn khng cn thit, qua b lc, suy hao dng diode PIN iu chnh mc ra. Ri a sang cc b khuch i mc + 8dBm a sang kch thch cho khi khuch i cng sut siu cao tn(PA). * B tng hp tn s: B tng hp tn s c thc hin bng k thut vng kho pha, ng thi cho php thay i tn s tn s cng tc ca my pht vi phn gii l 100 KHz. Mu tn s t (75 n 82)MHz c ly ra t b to dao ng VCO sau 2 ln chia, b chia do b m ECL Modun bin thin, mc c in khin c ni n chp chia vn nng CMOS. B chia vn nng c lp chng 111

trnh vi 4 chuyn mch thp phn m BCD v mt diode lp chng trnh, tc l b m ECL chia mu ny cho 10 hoc 11 ln na. u ra s nhn c tn s t (7,5 n 8,2) KHz, tip tn s ny c a n vi mch chia lp trnh vn nng. S chia ca b chia ny. Tn s nhn c sau khi chia c a n b so snh vi tn s dao ng VCO(v tn s, pha), a ra mt in p DC iu chnh tn s dao ng, pha ca b to dao ng VCO. *Khi khuch i cng sut siu cao tn: PA (POWER AMPLYFIER) .

Khi k ch th ch T i mch ALC

Ra ph n h ng anten

Hnh 4-10. : Khi khuch i cng sut. - Khi khuch i cng sut nm trong mt hp bng nhm c cnh to nhit pha sau. Tn hiu cao tn trc khi a ra bc lc qua b cch ly, b cch ly bng phe rt nm bn cnh pha tri hp. u ni nm bn phi tn hiu cao tn ( RF) vo, tn hiu cao tn( RF) ra c u ni nm bn tri b cch ly. in p mt chiu cung cp a trn cp dp 10 dy. Pha trong ca hp c ngn lm 2 phn nm trn 2 tm mch in l: * Tm mch in PA (khuch i) * Tm mch in thin p. Hai tm mch in ny c ni vi nhau bng t xuyn. - Khi khuch i cng sut c nhim v nng cao mc tn hiu siu cao tn RF t +8dBm khi kch thch a sang ti mc tn hiu siu cao tn RF t +37 dBm u ra ca khi. - Khi khuch i cng sut s dng 4 tng khuch i dng Transitor NPN ( ngc). Cc tng khuch i cng sut c cung cp in p mt chiu (DC) n nh cao, cng sut ra ca khi n nh. Trong khi khuch i cng 112

sut cn c mch in iu chnh cng sut ra khi cn thit. Vic iu chnh cng sut c thc hin iu chnh cc in tr thin p (nh thin) ca 2 Transistor khuch i cng sut (4V3, 4V4) . Ngoi ra tng khuch i cng sut cn to ra in p mu t ng iu chnh mc ra (ALC: Automatic Level Control) v a mc ra kim tra o th mc cao tn RF, hin Th mc cng sut ra. *, Nguyn l lm vic: Hai lung s liu vo 2,048 M bt/s vi m HDB -3 t my ghp knh hoc t tng i in t c a vo u Av B. Trc ht c a n khi x l bng tn c s pht (Tx PBA). u vo ca khi x l bng tn c s l 2 bin p cch ly. Nh vy lung s ny i qua bin p phi hp tr khng v ngn thnh phn 1 chiu nu c ri a vo b bin i m( t m HDB -3 lng cc sang m NRZ n cc), qua b ghp lung t hai lung s ghp li thnh mt lung s c b xung cc bt chn, ch th chn, bt ng b. u ra ca b ghp l lung s c tc 4,245 Mbt/s. Sau c a qua b ngu nhin ho s liu (Scrambler), qua m ho vi sai, qua b chuyn i ni tip / song song, t mt lung s sang hai lung s song song c tc bt bng mt na. Hai lung s c a n b iu ch 4 pha m ho trc tip (OQPSK). khi kch thch vi tn s sng mang trung tn pht 220 MHz. Cng vi 2 lung s trn, tn hiu knh nghip v, tn hiu knh gim st v tn hiu bo gi (Tone) c x l khi x l bng tn c s ph c a n b tng hp tn s iu ch vi tn s sng mang VCO theo phng thc iu ch tn s. B iu ch lung s vo OQPSK lm vic tn s trung tn pht IF = 220 MHz. Sau tn hiu trung tn c iu ch a vo b trn nng tn ti b trn nng tn c tn s ca dao ng VCO a vo. Hai tn hiu mang 2 tn s thc hin trn ti y v u ra ca b trn nng tn c tn s nm trong gii (1427 n 1535) MHz. tn s cng tc c n nh cao th tn s ca b to dao ng VCO c iu chnh t ng bi b tng hp tn s c n nh bng vng kho pha (PLL). Tn hiu c tn s t (1427 n 1535)MHz u ra ca b trn c a qua b lc, qua b khuch i mc + 8dBm a qua khi khuch i tn hiu siu cao tn ln v cng sut (+37dBm), qua b cch ly, qua b lc pht, qua phn hng anten (Circulator), qua phi n an ten bc x sng in t ra khng gian n my thu. 113

b- My thu RMD - 1504 Rx (Receiver). *, S khi ngn my thu. My thu gm cc khi sau: - Khi i tn (Converter Module) - Khi khuch i trung tn (IF Module). - Khi x l bng tn c s thu PBA (Rx Base Band PBA). - Khi hin Th (Display). - Khi ngun cung cp PS (Power supply) *, Ch tiu k thut: - Ngng thu vi BER = 10- 3 - H s tp m (dB) - Tr khng vo ( ) - n nh tn s (PPm) - p tuyn nhiu (dB) - Bc tng hp tn s (KHz) - Trung tn IF (MHz) - rng bng tn IF (mhz) - Phm vi AGC (dB) - Gii iu ch - Cng sut tiu th (W) *, Chc nng nhim v: My thu c nhim v thc hin gii iu ch tn hiu siu cao tn thu c iu ch lung s bn pht ly ra cc lung s liu, v tn hiu ca knh nghip v, knh gim st, Tone gi. Gii tn cng tc ca my thu nm trong khong t (1427 n 1535)MHz. thc hin c nhim v my thu c cc mch (khi) khc nhau nh phn s khi nu. Mi khi trong s thc hin mt s chc nng. C th sau y s phn tch cc chc nng ca tng khi trong my thu. * Khi i tn (Converter Module). Chc nng chnh l i tn s, t tn s nm trong khong t (1427-1535 MHz xung tn s trung tn thu (IF = 35 MHz). -97/-94 dBm 2,8 dBm. 50 +15 PPm <-70 dBm 100KHz 35MHz 2,6 MHz 50 dBm Coherent 12W

114

Nh vy thc hin c chc nng ny th tn hiu siu cao tn RF thu c c gii tn (1427 n 1535) MHz c a qua cc khi lc, khuch i tp m thp. mc tn hiu siu cao tn (RF) ln, sau a vo trn tn vi tn s t b to dao ng ni a n. Tn s trung tn sau i tn 35 MHz v c nh, nn c th tnh c tn s ca b to dao ng ni thu nm trong khong t (1392 n 1500) MHz.
R F In

T i K / IF

Vng k ho ph a PLL

VCO

Ch ia 4

Ch ia 4

M O N IT O R

Hnh 4-11: Khi i tn Cc b lc trc khi i tn c nhim v, lc b cc tn s nh, tn s lt thng, tn s ln cn. Vic lc b cc tn s nh c thc hin bng cch, ly 2 tn hiu LO ng pha cng a vo 2 b trn cn bng, tn hiu siu cao tn RF c chia thnh hai tn hiu vung gc bng nhau, cc tn hiu ny c ghp trong mt mch vung gc to tn hiu vung gc trung tn l 35MHz. Tn hiu ca b to dao ng LO c to ra bi b tng hp tn s. B tng hp tn s s dng k thut Vng kho pha PLL c phn di l 100 KHz. B tng hp tn s ny c nguyn l ging nh b tng hp tn s bn my pht. Nh vy trong khi i tn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: - khuch a tn hiu siu cao tn (RF = 1427 - 1535) MHz. 115

- To dao ng ni c tn s 1392 n 1500 MHz - Thc hin h tn s t (1427 - 1535) MHz xung 35 MHz. - Lc b tn s nh khi nh hng n tn hiu thu. Cc chc nng ny do cc mch in trong khi m nhn. * Khi khuch i trung tn. (IF Module). Khi khuch i trung tn c b tr trn 2 tm mch in. * Tm lc trung tn (IF FILTER). * Tm khuch i trung tn. Khi khuch i trung tn m nhn chc nng lc b tt c cc tn s khc ngoi tn s trung tn 35MHz khng nh hng n phn sau, v khuch i bin tn hiu trung tn ln theo qui nh, a sang khi gii iu ch. Chc nng ny c cc mch in ca khi m nhn c th nh sau:

tn i

Bng t n c s AGC Detector Logar t AMD

RF level RF Monitor

Hnh 4-11: Khi khuch i trung tn Khi khuch i trung tn, nhn tn hiu trung tn t khi i tn a sang. Trc ht qua cc b lc trung tn, vic lc c thc hin trn tm mch in lc IF filter. Tm lc gm c hai b lc LC, gia hai b lc c tng khuch 116

i m s dng Transistor lng cc v Transistor trng c cc ca ni t, gim nh tp m. Tn hiu trung tn sau khi qua b lc c a n b khuch i.(Tm mch in khuch i)tm mch in ny gm5 tng khuch i. Tm mch in khuch i nhn mc tn hiu u vo nm trong khong(-105 n-50)dBm v a ra (u ra tm khuch i) c mc tn hiu 2 dBm, tm khuch i trung tn cn c trch mt phn in p tn hiu a ra kim tra o th. in p o th t l thun vi mc sng mang trung tn. Trong tm khuch i trung tn c 4 tng khuch i, u tin c a in p AGC (Automatic Gian Control), t ng iu chnh h s khuch i, n nh mc tn hiu ra. in p a ra kim tra o th mc RF, c ly t mch x l AGC v b khuch i logc. Tng khuch i cui cng ca tm khuch i trung tn, c khuch i nhng c hn ch (hn ch mc ra). Mc ch bin sng mang a sang khi bng tn c s c n nh. Mi mt tng khuch i trung tn, s dng hai Transistor ghp trc tip vi nhau, n nh h s khuch i tng tng. * Khi x l bng tn c s thu PBA (R x Base Band PBA) - S khi bng tn c s thu CKL
A In put 2,048M bit/s HDB -3/ NRZ Ngu nhin ho HDB -3/ NRZ M ho vi sai

NT/ SS

Out put

B In put 2,048M bit/s

CKL Hnh 4-12: S khi bng tn c s. Khi x l bng tn c s thu, nhn sng mang trung tn IF = 35 MHz t khi khuch i trung tn a sang. Thc hin gii iu ch ly ra tn hiu bng 117

tn c s chnh ( hai lung s liu) v tn hiu bng tn c s ph. (Knh nghip v v knh gim st). Tn hiu ny c iu ch OQPSK v iu ch FM bn my pht. khi phc li cc tn hiu trn, khi x l bng tn c s thu thc hin cc chc nng sau: * Khi phc li sng mang * Gii iu ch (Costas). * Khi phc li xung ng b * Gii m vi sai * Bin i song song/ ni tip. * Kh ngu nhin ho (Descrambler). * Tch knh s. *Bin i m NRZ/ HDB -3 * Cnh bo v ci AIS. * Cp ngun cho my thu. Cc chc nng ny c cc mch in trong khi thc hin. C th nh sau: Tn hiu trung tn t khi khuch i trung tn a vo mch gii iu ch Costas. V ph ca tn hiu iu ch OQPSK u pht khng c thnh phn sng mang, nn u thu mch gii iu ch Costas phi khi phc li thnh phn sng mang. Vng Costas l h thng hi tip c s dng tch sng mang cn thit thc hin gii iu ch Tn hiu trung tn c tn s 35MHz c a vo b trn cng vi sng mang c khi phc, nhng c lm dch pha nhau mt gc 90 0 to ra tn hiu hon iu mi trc vung. Sau c lc qua b cc thnh phn khng mong mun bng 2 b lc thng thp, u ra ca 2 b lc ly c 2 tn hiu l I v Q a sang mch khi phc s liu STR (Symobol Timming Recovery) mch khi phc nh thi. ng thi ra ca 2 b lc li c a qua b trn cho nhau mt ln na, sau a qua b tr tr vi nhau. u ra ch c mt tn hiu duy nht. Tn hiu ny qua b lc vng Costas ly ra tn hiu bng tn c s ph (knh nghip v, knh gim st tn hiu bo gi) cn thnh phn mt chiu bin i iu khin b to dao 118

ng VCO, to ra ng tn s sng mang cn khi phc. Tn hiu ca bng tn c s ly ra, hai ng tn hiu I v Q c a qua mch khi phc s liu STR, khi phc li lung s liu. Qua b bin i song song/ni tip, qua mch gii m ngu nhin (Descramber), n mch bin i m NRZ/ HDB -3 (n cc sang lng cc), qua bin p cch ly, a v my ghp knh hoc l tng i s.

IF

900

T/H bng tn cs

V CO

B lc Costas 4 pha

Bng tn cs ph

Hnh 4 13: S khi vng Costas. Tn hiu bng tn c s ph c ly t ra ca mch vng Costas, qua b lc thng thp 5KHz. Sau knh nghip v v knh gim st c tch ra nh b lc thng thp 2,2 KHz, b lc cao 2,7 MHz. Tn hiu thoi knh nghip v c khuch i v lp mc theo yu c, cung cp cho t hp tai nghe, hoc a ra loa trc mt my. Mch nghip v cn mt ng qua b lc gii hp 2 KH z tch l tn hiu bo gi (Tone). Khi thu c tn hiu Tone, th rle K1 tc ng lm tip im K1/2 ng, loa c tn hiu bo gi (tt.tt). * Khi ngun cung cp: Khi ngun cung cp cho my thu c b tr trong cng vi khi bng c s thu. cp in p mt chiu cho cc khi trong my thu v c n nh cao khi ngun c s dng cc mch n nh ch bng nguyn l iu rng xung nh ngun ca my pht. B ngun ca my thu lm vic trong gi 119

-20V n -60Vv c t pha di ngn my thu, c cu ch bo v 1,5A , bo v chng ngc ngun, chng nhiu xung, chng qu p mc in p 68V DC. u ra ca khi ngun my thu a ra cc mc in p mt chiu (DC) nh sau: * +36 V cung cp in p cho khi i tn (mch tng hp tn s). * +10V cung cp cho cc Transistor ton my. * 5V cung cp
-48v/-24v -48v, -24v Bo v

+5v/3A -5v -12v/1A B so snh cnh bo

Cnh bo

Hnh 4-14: Khi ngun cung cp. * Khi hin Th: Khi hin Th ca my thu c t sau mt trc ca my thu v nm pha bn phi ngn my. Khi hin th ma thu gm hai loi mch, mch cnh bo s c v bng hin Th. Ta xt cc mch c th nh sau: - Cc mch cnh bo: theo di v cc trng thi cng tc v cnh bo s c ca my thu, trong my thu c lp cc mch khuch i logc, x l tn hiu thng tin v trng thi, cnh bo v s c, cc mch bao gm: + Mch khuch i logarit v x l thng tin hin th s o mc cng sut thu. Thng tin ny c ly ti mch AGC (mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i) t khi trung tn ti, kch thch cho mt trong 20 LED c ch RF Level sng. + Mch ch th cnh bo s c v thu sng mang siu cao tn RF, mch ny cng ly thng tin t mch AGC a qua mch khuch i v so snh 120

ngng. Nu ngng thu gim th lp tc ch th cho LED c ch RF Level sng. + Mch x l theo di cht lng tn hiu s. Thng tin ny ly t vi mch D1 khi x l bng tn c s chnh, ri a qua mch nh gi mc li bt (BER 10-3 hoc BER -10-6 sau a ti LED c ch BER sng nu nh ln hn. + Mch tp hp cc s c ca cc mch trong ma thu nu c xy ra mt s c no trong cc mch th n tc ng cho LED c ch RF FAILL sng. Cc n LED l: + 20 LED vch ch mc thu c ghi t -100 n -50 dBm khong cch gia hai LED l 5 dBm. + LED cnh bo BER : T s li bt vt qu mc quy nh. + LED RF Level: Cnh bo mc thu gim qu mc cho php. + LED RF FAILL: Cnh bo v my thu ni chung. S khi hin Th hnh (1-14). c- B phn hng an ten (diplexer). *, S khi Gm c: - B lc pht - B lc thu - Circulator (phn hng anten). c b tr trn mt ngn my t gia ngn my thu v ngn my pht. *, Ch tiu k thut: - Suy hao a vo k c u ni cp. + Khng c d phng hoc phn tp khng gian. * Tx : 1,0 dB * Rx: 1,2 dB + C d phng: * Tx : 1,3 dB * Rx: 4,7 dB - Khong cch tn s cc tiu gia pht v thu: 40MHz - Khong cch tn s bnh thng: 121 60,5MHz

Lc ph t TxFilter

RF in

Loss 8dBm
Ph h n n g anten

RF out

Loss 8dBm
Lc th u RxFilter

Hnh 4- 15: S khi b phn hng an ten. *, Chc nng nhim v: - B lc pht: (Tx Filter) B lc pht c li vo ra u c k hiu (N) li vo c ni vi ngn my pht (Tx) bng cp 50 v li ra c ni vi phn hng anten (Circulator). B lc pht c iu chnh ti ni sn xut ph hp vi tng my pht tn s c quy nh trc . Khi khai thc vn hnh khng c php t ng iu chnh li. B lc pht c suy hao trn mch lc l 1,5dBm, suy hao phn hi 20dBm, bng thng 10MHz. B lc pht dn tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t my pht ra anten v ngn khng cho sng mang siu cao tn thu vo my pht. - B lc thu: (Rx Filter). B lc thu l ngn khng cho tn hiu siu cao tn ca my pht sang my thu v dn tn hiu siu cao tn t anten va my thu. B lc thu c hai li vo/ra, li vo c u vi van mt chiu (Circulator) cn l ra c ni vi ngn my thu Rx bng cp 50 . B lc thu c iu chnh ti ni sn xut cho ph hp vi tn s ca tng my thu. B lc thu c suy hao ni 1,5 dBm, suy hao phn hi 20dBm, bng thng 10MHz. 122

Circulator (phn hng anten). B phn hng anten c chc nng ngn cch s nh hng gia tn hiu thu v tn hiu pht khi ta dng chung mt anten. B phn hng anten c tc dng nh mt ci van ch cho tn hiu siu cao tn (RF) i theo mt chiu, ngha l tn hiu siu cao tn RF t my pht qua phn hng ra anten, cn tn hiu siu cao tn RF thu t anten qua phn hng , qua lc thu ti u vo my thu khng i ngc li m ch c mt chiu nht nh nh vy. B phn hng anten c 3 li vo/ra, mt li c ni vi anten, mt ni c ni vo b lc pht v mt c ni vo b lc thu. d- Phn tch mt s khi c th: *, Khi kch thch (Exciter) * S khi. Khi ny gm 3 tm mch in nm trong hp nhm. Khi kch thch thc hin nhm v iu ch 2 lung s liu 2Mbt/s t kh bng tn c s pht a sang vi tn s sng mang trung tn pht IF l 220 MH z theo phng thc iu ch pha trn trng thi m ho trc tip (OQPSK). Sau sng mang ny c trn tn nng tn: vi tn s VCO ca b to dao ng c iu khin bng in p v vng iu khin tng hp tn s. Tn hiu ra c lc, khuch i v iu khin mc c 8dBm kch thch cho khi khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra khi kch thch cn iu ch hai knh nghip v v gim st, tn hiu bo gi (Tone) vi dao ng VCO bng phng thc iu ch FM. phn tch c th i kch thch ta da vo s khi. * B iu ch OQPSK (offset Quadrature Phase Keying) B iu ch oqpsk c gi l iu ch pha cu phng. Mi mt lung s liu c x l bng mch iu khin, hn ch mc v i qua b lc thng thp. Hai lung s liu ny c a vo hai b trn cn bng vi tn s sng mang trung tn IF 220MHz iu ch 2PSK ca hai nhnh, c a vo b cng kt hp hai tn hiu ca hai b trn s to c ra tn hiu OQPSK. Tn hiu sng mang tn s 220MHz c ly t b dao ng thch anh 73,333 MHz v c nhn ba (bi tn bc 3).

123

Da ta In

Da ta In

220MHz Vng k h o ph a PLL V CO

Chia 4 K / CS

Chia 4

T i A LC

Hnh 4-16: Khi iu ch OQPSK. B chuyn i m t n cc sang lng cc (m NRZ) vi bin 0,7 V do hai i t trong mch 9V 4 (9V3) vi c hai lung s hiu A v lung s hiu B. Sau cc lung s ny i qua mng RC gim chm cc sn xung sao cho t s y c th iu chnh tht bng nhau u ra ca b bin i m. Hai tn hiu sng mang 220MHz c cn bng cch iu chnh mc mt chiu(DC) trong 2 b trn c s dng iu chnh b trong b khuch i 9N2 v 9 N3. Tc l ln lt iu chnh cc chit p 9R57 v 9R58. ng thi mt trong hai tn hiu sng mang 220 MHz c a qua b lm lch pha 900 sau mi c a vo b iu ch pha: 2PSK (nguyn l iu ch 2PSK c hc trong phn c s vi ba). Tn hiu ra ca mi b iu khin 2PSK c tn s 220MHz v pha c lch nhau 900 ri tip tc c a qua b tng hp (trn hai sng mang c iu ch ny vi nhau). u ra cu n s thu c tn hiu sng mang IF 220 MHz v c iu ch pha cu phng (OQPSK) a qua b khuch i tuyn tnh tn hiu sng mang ny c khuch i v bin in p a sang b trn nng tn. 124

* B trn nng tn: B trn nng tn l mt phn khi kch thch. Tng trn nm trn tm mch in 1871427 l mt phn cu b tng hgp tn s. N thc hin nhim v. - Nhn tn hiu sng mang IF 220MHz c iu ch OQPSK t b iu ch a va tng trn vi tn s ca dao ng VCO a ra tn s pht nm trong di (1427 n 1535) MHz. - Khuch i v lc tn hiu sau khi trn loi b thnh phn hi v cc tn s khc nm ngoi di tn s pht. - To ra tn s sng VCO c tn s s t (1207 n 1315) MH z a vo b trn vi tn s sng mang trung tn IF. B to sng mang VCO c s dng Transistor siu cao tn c kt hp vi 2 it bin dung to ra sng mang ch f VCO trong di tn s 1207 n 1315 MHz. Nh vy thit b ny cng c th thay i tn s cng tc vi cc khong tn s thay i l 100KHz trong gii tn (1427 n 153) MHz. B dao ng sng mang dng kiu dao ng LC c it bin dung iu chnh tn s kt hp vi cc mch cng hng LC. V nguyn l cng tng t nh cc mch to dao ng LC thng thng. Vic thay i tn s y ngi ta thay i gi tr in dung trong mch. B to dao ng s mang VCO cn c iu tn vi tn hiu ca knh nghip v, knh gim st tn hiu Tone gi. Cc tn hiu ny c a qua b cng, lc hn ch sau c a vo iu ch vi tn s VCO bng it bin dung. Tn s ca b VCO c n nh bng b tng hp tn s. Sau tn hiu sng mang ny c a vo b trn nng tn cng vi tn hiu trung tn IF 220MHz c iu ch OQPSK ly ra tn hiu cao tn RF (Radio frequeney). VCO c tn s trong gii (1207 1315) MHz RE c tn s (1427 1535)MHz y chnh l tn s pht ca RMD 1504 - B tn s dao ng VCO c n nh cao trong thit b pht RMD 1504 ngi ta dng phng php n nh tn s bng mch tng hp tn s vng kho ph. (PLL) tn s sng mang VCO sau khi c to ra s qua mt s tng khuch i m c dn n b trn nng tn. ng thi sng mang VCO c trch mt phn nh a qua mch tng hp tn s vng kha pha. Nguyn l ca vng kho pha c phn tch phn c s. Xong c th trong RMD 1504 b tng hp tn s ny nh sau: 125

Sng mang VCO c chia 4 v chia 4 tip (tc l chia 16). Sau n c chia 10 hoc chia 11 ri li chia bng vi mch chia lp trnh vn nng t ti tn s thp 62,5KHz v 6,25KHz so snh vi dao ng chun bng thch anh trong b tng hp tn s . Chng ta c th thay i h s chia ca b chia lp trnh bng cc chuyn mch S1, S2, S3, S4 th tn s cng tc ca my pht cng thay i, trong : S1 thay i hng trm MHz S2 thay i hng trc MHz S3 thay i hng n v MHz S4 thay i phn mi MHz. Trong b tng hp tn s c mch dao ng chun n nh bng thch anh vi tn s 6,25 MHz tn s dao ng na c chia 8 xung tn s 62,5 KHz v c so snh vi tn s mu ca sng mang VCO. C 2 b so snh cng lm vic, b so snh a ra in p mt chiu (DC) nu c lch tn s. Cn mt b o snh pha cng a ra in p mt chiu (DC) n c s sai pha. Hai in p ny s c cng li, khuch i, lc a tr li hiu chnh tn s v pha ca b dao ng VCO. y chnh l nguyn l n nh tn s sng mang VCO ca thit b RMD 1504 cn iu ch cc knh nghip v, gim st, tn hiu Tone gi bng it bin dung (varicap) nh nu trn. *, Khi khuch i cng sut PA. * S khi:

Khi k ch th ch T i m ch ALC

Ra p n h h nganten

Hnh 4-17: Khi khuch i cng sut.

126

* Cu to khi khuch i cng sut PA nm trong mt hp nhm c cnh to nhit pha sau cc chu ni nm bn phi (ni tn hiu cao tn RF vo), v tn hiu cao tn (RF) a ra c chu ni nm bn phi ca b cch li. in p mt chiu (DC) a ln khi bng cp dp 10 dy. Bn trong hp ngn ra tng phn tng ng cc tng. Ngoi ra cn tm mch in thin p cp tm mch in cng sut PA. Hai tm ny c ni vi nhau bng t. * Hai lung s hiu sau khi c iu ch OQPSK vi sng mang trung tn IF v c trn nng tn vi sng mang VCO thnh tn hiu cao tn RF vi mc u ra ca khi kch thch +8 dBm c a ti b khuch i cng sut PA. Nhim v ca b khuch i cng sut PA l phi khuch i tn hiu sng mang cao tn RF ln ln v cng sut t vi yu cu t 30 n 37 dBm tng ng vi 5W ra anten bc x sng in t n my thu. Cc tng khuch i cng sut trong my pht u c lm vic ch khuch i gii rng. Nn khi thay i tn s cng tc ch cn thay i cc chuyn mch tn s. Khi khuch i cng sut PA gm c 4 tng (c p1 tng m v 3 tng khuch i) cc tng ny u lm vic ch A dng cc Transistor NPN v ni vi nhau bng mch in. Khi khuch i cng sut PA nm trn 2 tm in nh phn trn nu. *,Tm mch in khuch i cng sut. Trn tm mch in ny c lp 4 Transistor loi NPN siu cao tn. Cng tc ch A cc Transistor V1, V2, V3, V4 ti tm Power Amplifier. Ngun cp in cho cc Transistor ny l +20 V DC vi cc Transistor V2, V3, V4 cn Transistor V1 c cp ngun +10v DC. Ngun +20VDC c n nh in p, nu in p ln hn +20V th s c mch t ng ct ngun. Cc n khuch i cng sut c mch cm pht khi ch d phng m: c khng ch bng chuyn mch d phng n c d phng. u vo c tr khng khng cn bng 50 v kh nng tip nhn mc u vo l +7dBm. n nh tr khng vo, trong mch c lp mch phi hp hnh c ba in tr vi suy hao ca mch l 4dB. Mch ra ca cc tng khuch i l cc khung cng hng c s dng /4 km theo b suy hao l cc in tr vi suy hao 2dBm nhm n nh ch lm vic cho khi. Tng cui cng V4 l tng c h s khuch i cng sut ln nht vi dng in hiu dung ti a l 1100 mA.

127

u ra ca ton khi cng sut c lp vi b cch ly (ISolator) bng pherit nhm bo v n khi ti cao tn b mt. Vi nhim v n nh mc cng sut ra v theo di ch cng tc ca b khuch i. *, Tm mch in cp in mt chiu. cung cp in p n nh v iu khin khi cn khi khuch i cng sut b tr cc mch cp in l bng thin p (Bias boad). Tm mch ny gm c 5 Transistor c lp km theo cc in tr, in cm, in dung lm thnh cc b lc thp iu khin c. u vo ca tm nhn ngun in p mt chiu DC +20V qua in tr cp cho cc Transistor nh sau: R22 cp in trc tip cho V4 tm khuch i cng sut. R17 cp in trc tip cho V3 tm cng sut. R12 cp in trc tip cho V2 tm cng sut. 6 V5 cp in cho cc gc V4 tm cng sut. 6V4 cp in cho cc gc V3 tm cng sut. 6V3 cp in cho cc gc V2 tm cng sut. Cn ngun +10V DC qua cc in tr sau: R7 cp in trc tip cho V1 tm cng sut. 6V2 cp in cho cc gc V1 tm cng sut. Tt c cc cc gc ca 6V2, 6V3, 6V4, 6V5 u c iu khin bi Transistor 6V1. Transistor ny nhn lnh u vo cho php cm hay khng cm pht. (MUTE). Trn tm mch in ny cn c in tr quan trng iu chnh ch lm vic ca cc Transistor khuch i cng sut V4 v V3 l cc in tr R19 v R14 tc l khi iu chnh R19 v R14 th cng sut ra s thay i (thp hn hoc cao hn 37dBm). *, Khi khuch i trung tn v lc thu Rx.

128

IF out

H n bin

K/ IF
TS ALC
Hi th n o

RF level

Monitor

Hnh 4- 18: S khi khuch ai trung tn. Khi khuch i trung tn nhn tn hiu IF 35MHz t khi i tn a sang, tin a qua tm lc trung v sau a sang khi (tm) khuch i qua b hn bin a vo bng tn c s thu, nh vy nhim v ca khi khuch i trung tn l khuch i v lc. thc hin c nhim v ny trong khi trung tn ca ma thu c b tr trn hai tm mch in l: tm lc trung tn IF v tm khuch i trung tn. *, Tm lc trung tn (IF FILTER). Tm lc trung tn nhn tn hiu trung tn IF = 35MHz sau khi i tn s khi i tn vi cc b lc tp trung vi bn mt lc gi l b lc bng thng. 4 mt lc ny gm mt mng lc LC 4 cc v mt mng lc 3 cc c k hiu L1, L2, L3, L4 nng cao chn lc cho my thu, ng thi trong tm ny c 2 tng khuch i m s dng Transistor V1 v Transistor V2, y l tng khuch i hi tip dng loi Transistor trng JFET c cc ni t. Hai tng khuch i ny c gi l tng khuch i tp m nh. Tng khuch i ny c t gia mng lc bng thng 4 mt v 3 mt. (L 1, L2, L3, L4 v L5, L6, L7). u ra ca b lc a qua b suy hao 6dB (cc in tr R17, R18, R19) trc khi a sang tm khuch i trung tn. 129

*,Tm khuch i trung tn (IF AMPLIFIER) Tm khuch i trung tn nhn sng mang trung tn IF t tm lc a sang vi mc vo tn hiu cao tn RF, bin i trong khong -105dBm n -50dBm v phi khuch i sng mang trung tn IF vi mc ra u ra l 2dB. Tm khuch i trung tn cn trch mt phn in p phc v cho o kim tra mc. in p o t l thun vi mc sng mang trung tn IF. in p ny a ra t mch x l, t ng iu khin h s khuch i AGC (Automatic Gain Control). thc hin c vic ny, trong tm khuch i trung tn c lp gip 6 tng khuch i ghp in tr in dung (RC). Mi mt tng c mc 2 Trasistor ghp trc tip vi mc ch n nh h s khuch i cho tng tng. Bn tng khuch i trung tn c lp rp cc mch ghp bng diode, cc diode ny c th thay i c ni tr (in tr trong) c bng cch a in p mt chiu AGC vo diode . Tng cui cng l mt tng khuch i c hn ch v bin in p nhm mc ch m bo cho bin sng mang a sang khi bng tn c s thu c n nh. Tn hiu sng mang trung tn a ra sau khi khuch i c trch mt phn t u ra a qua b nn thnh in p mt chiu (DC) v c khuch i sau c a tr li iu chnh h s khuch i ca tng trc (t tng 1 n tng 4). Ngoi ra in p mt chiu ny (AGC) c a ti mch khuch i logic a n mch hin th mt my thu v ngng thu (gm 20 LRD (t -100 -50)dBm RFLEVEL). Mt ng tn hiu c a n im o mc thu v mt ng tn hiu a n hin th cnh bo s c sng mang cao tn (nu mc thu b suy gim qu mc quy nh th n LED c ch RF LEVEL sng ). *, Khi bng tn c s thu PBA(Rx Base Band Module). - Khi ny v nuyn l s khi hnh (4-17) nhng c th trong thit b cn c phn cung cp ngun, phn ch th hin th, b khuch i logc. Do phn tch khi ny c cp n c phn trn. 130

- Khi x l bng tn c s thu nhn tn hiu trung tn IF = 35MHz c iu ch lung s dng OQPSK v iu ch FM ca ci knh nghip v, gim st, Tone gi t khi khuch i trung tn a sang. khi phc la cc thng tin ni trn th khi bng tn c s thu phi thc hin cc chc nng sau y. + Khi phc sng mang. + Gii iu ch + Khi phc xung ng b. + Gii m ho vi sai v bin i song song sang ni tip. + Kh ngu nhin ho. + Tch knh s . (2 lung (A,B)) 2048 kb/s . + Bin i m n cc NRF thnh lng cc HDB -3 + T hi chun: Thng bo v mt khi phc sng mang mt khi phc xung ng b, a s hiu AIS vo lung. + Cp ngun cho ma thu. Thc hin nhim v trn khi bng tn c s thu c cc mch in nh sau: *, Mch gii iu ch OQPSK v FM. + S khi chi tit. B gii iu ch pha s bng vng (khi phc sng mang) Costas. Dng cho gii iu ch sng mang QPSK c s nh hnh (4-19). - Nguyn l: Mch vng kho pha khi phc sng mang (VCO) E c sng mang khi phc c to ra, a n hai b so snh c pha khc nhau 900 so snhg thu c (IF) tn ti 4 trng thi pha. y s tin hnh so snh trong phm vi pha cho php

131

IF 35MHz

Cc b s o s hv l n c

G o ti ia p s

G hp lu n g

Kh i p hc s n mn g ag

Kh i p hc gh n

Kh n gu n inh h o

B gt np n h

C hb m t n o kh p aCR o h

To g n h ti ch
D1

B n i i n s kh t/s m h vi o si p a hn kn h AIS

C hb m t n o S TRc hb n o B ER

B n i i NRZ / HD -3 B

B n i i NRZ / HD -3 B

2MRx out A HDB-3

2MRx out B HDB-3

Hnh 4-19 : S khi bng tn c s. to ra in p li dng mt chiu tng ng vi s khc pha. in p mt chiu ny (n c li) s c lc, c tch phn, c trn cho v cng li c gi tr ph hp, ri a qua b lc thng thp quay v iu khin b to sng mang khi phc VCO. Qu trnh iu khin dng khi pha sng mang khi phc v pha sng mang n bng nhau. Tip theo sng mang ti, thi im tip theo c so snh vi pha ca sng mang chun to ra in p du hiu s (Symbol) sau lc ta s ly c hai dy s liu thnh phn I v Q. ng thi vng kho pha tip tc lm vic n khi dng so pha i tn hiu n nhp tip theo.

132

Nu sng mang c iu tn knh nghip v th tn hiu c ly ti u vo khng ch pha i vi b dao ng VCO, ng c k hiu SBB (Sub Base Band). Thc t trong my thu RMD 1504 th mch khi phc sng mang n l mt n bn dn (Transistor) kt hp vi mt cp it bin dung to ra tn s chun xp x bng tn s trung tn IF = 35 MHz (bng tn s truyn sng mang n). Mch dao ng ny c kho tn s v kho pha theo trng thi tn s v trng thi pha ca sng mang n. theo di vng kho pha (PLL Phase Lock Loop) trong mch c mt nhnh tn hiu bo hiu theo di s kho pha ca mch. Nu mch khng c kho pha theo sng mang n th c mt tn hiu cnh bo c ta ra (Carrier Recovery) lm sng n LED RF FALL trn mt my. Hai b gii iu ch cn bng so snh pha ca sng mang n s to ra hai dy s liu I v Q c dn vo vi mch D1 x l s tch sng pha ng th tn s ca sng mang n v sng mang khi phc phi bng nhau. Sng mang khi phc c ti iu ch v di tn theo bng tn c s ph. Nh vy mch vng kho pha lm nhim v ti iu ch iu tn vi sng mang khi phc, ngha l in p a v kho pha chnh l in p ca bng tn ph nn trong mch gii iu tn bng so snh tn s. Tn hiu bng tn ph ly ra trc u vo khng ch pha mch VCO. *, X l tn hiu s. Sau gii iu ch du hiu s tng ng (I v Q1) c a vo vi mch D1 x l, ti y s c ti to li dy xung s, gii m ho vi sai, bin i lung s song song thnh lung s ni tip, kh ngu nhin ho, phn knh lung s. u ra ca vi mch D1 a ra hai lung s c tc 2,048 Mbt/s vi m NRZ ( Non Return to Zero), vi mch ny cn lm nhim v tch t ng b khung ng b nh thi, tch bt kim tra chn l (Parity) theo di cht lng ng truyn, loi b cc bt iu khin chn vo cc bt chn. thc hin c nhim v ny trong IC c b nh m n hi, s liu ghi vo dng ng h ca lung s gii iu ch, ng h c s liu ra t b nh m n hi c mch to ra ti ch c s so snh pha lung s n. Hai dy s liu ny s c qua b chuyn m t m NRZ chuyn i thnh m HDB -3 v c a qua bin p cch ly n 2 u ni c tn 2M Rx out A v 2M Rx out B bn cnh u vo s liu. 133

Trong trng hp hng nh thi STR (Symbol Tinming Recovery) th mch s to mt tn hiu dn n bo s c my thu LED Rx FALL sng. Nu trong trng hp ng truyn ca tuyn c hin tng pha inh (c li v ng truyn) th lc pha thu khi thu c tn hiu c pha inh mch gii m iu ch s khng gii c nguyn vn tn hiu s c li khi mch s ch th BER lm cho n BER trn mt my sng. Nu s liu thng tin n b mt ( mt tn hiu t mch gii iu ch n hoc mt tn hiu IF.) Lc vi mch D1 to tn hiu AIS thay vo lung s a ti cc u ra thngbo cho cc thit b tip theo bit. *, X l tn hiu bng tn ph: Nh nu phn pht u pht bng tn ph bao gm cc tn hiu tng t (Analog) nh: Tone gi bo hiu thoi ting ni knh nghip v, tn hiu tng t knh gim st cc tn hiu ny c iu ch bng phng thc iu tn FM gii tn a vo iu ch l 5 KHz cho nn tn hiu bng tn ph t gii iu ch Costas i qua b lc thng thp 5KHz . Sau c dn ti b lc thng cao (2,7 n 5)KHz ly ra tn hiu ca knh gim st cng ti tn 5KHz, cng c a qua b lc thng thp 2,2KHz phn phi (a ra) tai nghe v loa. Cn li Tone 2KHz n s c qua mch by (lc s hp) v nn thnh mt chiu iu khin rle lm cho loa ku. Tn hiu thoi cng tn hiu Tone c lc,khuch i v tc ng vo tai nghe. Loa ch c khi cng tc Spaeker v tr ON. II- THIT B DM2G - 1000 1- gii thiu chung v thit b a- c im: - Thit b DM2G - 1000 l thit b truyn dn s cn ng b vi phng thc truyn dn Viba tm nhn thng do hng FUSITSU ca Nht Bn sn xut, v c x nghip khoa hc Cng ty CTIN lp rp di dng CKD v SKD. - Thit b DM2G- 1000 hin nay trn mng vin thng ang s dng c 2 loi: + DM2G - 1000 + DM 2G- 1000 8x2Mbt/s 4x 2Mbt/s

134

- Thit b DM 2G- 1000 c kh nng thit lp tuyn thng tin chuyn tip tm nhn thng c cc trm. Vi c ly thng tin gia hai trm vi nhau khong 50km vi cu hnh 1+0 hoc 1+1. - Thit b DM 2G- 1000 c di tn lm vic: + (2000 2150)MH z. + (2150 2300)MHz - Thit b ny c cng sut pht ra anten l 33 tng ng vi 1W v nhy ca my thu l -94 dBm ti BER = 10-6 - Thit b DM 2G- 1000 kt cu theo kiu ngn b cc tm mch in c chn cm lin kt vi nhau trn gi my hoc ni v nhau bng cp cho nn tin cho vic thay th sa cha khi khc phc s c. - Cc khi u b tr trn cc tm mch in ring bit. - Nh c h thng cnh bo gim st v iu khin trn tuyn tng i c th v chi tit cho nn ta c th nhn bit c tnh trng, trng thi lm vic ca thit b ng thi ta c th kim tra c cht lng ca thit b cng nh tuyn truyn dn cho php xc nh c nhng s c h hng trong thit b. - Chc nng gim st v iu khin c thng qua cc knh gim st v knh iu khin nghip v DSC2, cc knh ny c chuyn i sang tn hiu s PC v c ghp vo lung s cng vi tn hiu s ca knh thoi. Ngoi ra thit b DM 2G- 1000 cn c gim st iu khin t xa, qua b kim tra gim st iu khin ngoi, do rt thun tin cho vic qun l gim st iu khin thit b. - Thit b DM 2G- 1000 c th phc v mt cch linh hot cho cc tuyn truyn dn vi ba c nh ni chung v cc trm chuyn tip ni ring trong cng mt tuyn. Trong phm vi thit b phc v tun c nh th DM 2G- 1000 c th hnh thnh cc trm theo tuyn truyn dn c y cc trm nh: Trm u cui, trm chuyn tip (trm rle) hoc trm trung gian c xen/k (Drop/ Int). Ta c th biu din mt tuyn thng tin Vi ba DM 2G- 1000 vi 2 trm u cui vi cu hnh 1+0.

135

Tx 1 L ungB -U / s U -B 8
L c L c

Tx 1 B -U / L ung U -B s 8

Rx L ung s

Rx

Hnh 4-20: S khi vi cu hnh 1+0.

S Lo c V g

Tx NO 1

B -U/U-B

DSC 2

Rx1

BR NTWK

Hnh 4-21: Kt cu cc card bn trong. v s khi tng qut ca thit b DM 2G- 1000 vi cu hnh 1+0

136

P 1 S

TDP

MOD

HPA

1 B In 8

Lc pht B-U Ph n h ng Lc thu RF In /Out

1 RSW B out 8
U-B DEM RIF RCONV

Hnh 4-22: S khi tng qut thit b DM 2G- 1000. lng cc - n cc (u-b/b-u) b- Ch tiu k thut: - Bng tn cng tc: T 2000 MHz n 2300 MHz, chia lm hai bng Bng tn thp : 2025 n 2110 MHz Bng tn cao : 2200 n 2290 MHz - Phng thc iu ch lung s: iu ch trc tip vo sng mang siu cao tn RF theo phng thc iu ch . QAM (Quadratune Auplitude Modulation). - Dung lng truyn dn: Tm lung d liu 2,048 Mbt/s tng ng vi 240 knh thoi. - Cu hnh h thng: 1+1 hoc 1+0 - Cc u ni cp: Connector + Cc u ni cao tn RF: Kiu N ( ci c c vn) -Tr khng 50 + Cc u ni tn hiu bng tn c s: Dng nhiu chn Connector a chn cm. - Ngun cung cp: DC-24V hoc-48Vphm vi bin i ngun 19V n -60V. - Cng sut tiu th: 75W vi h thng 1+0 110W vi h thng 1+1 137

- Giao tip tn hiu bng tn c s. + Tc gi liu vo/ra: Tm lung s 2,048 Mbt/s + Tr khng u vo/ra : c hai loi 75 khng cn bng. 120 cn bng. + Dng m s dng: HDB- 3 hoc AMI - Giao tip knh nghip v s. + Tc d liu: 2 ng 140,9Kbt/s/ng + Dung lng truyn: 4 ng 64Kbt/s theo tiu chun giao tip s CCITT G 703 - Giao tip tn hiu s. + Tc : 64kbt/s + iu kin giao tip s: CCITT G703. 2- thit b v tuyn DM2G - 1000 a- My pht: S khi C 4 khi: - Khi x l d liu pht TDP (Transmit Data Processing) - Khi to dao ng OSC - Khi iu ch: MOD - Khi khuch i cng sut (HPA). *, Ch tiu k thut: - Cng sut ra: 33dBm - n nh tn s (VCO) 10-5 - Phng thc iu ch: QAM. iu ch trc tip vo sng mang siu cao tn RF. - Tc d liu u vo: 2 lung s liu 8,448Mbt/s v 2 lung s liu knh nghip v DSC: 140,9 kbt/s *, Chc nng cc khi. * Khi x d liu pht (TDP).

138

D u v 8448Mbit/s B-U li o CLK v 8448Mbit/s B-U o B in LOS S

SW2 CW Cont
S1 ra MOD 9.01764Mb/s S2 ra MOD 9.01764Mb/s SIGINCW Ont i SVLGC1

Mchx l s LS I(DP)

VCXO

TFWR PLL
DS IN LOS S C S VLGC1

Giao din ALC Cont&S V

ALC CONT t i S VLGC1 TLVLMONt i S VLGC1 Cnh bo t i TxPWR t i S VLGC1 LA CON/OFFt i S VLGC1

Giao di n S V
+ t PS 10v + t PS 5v Ngun Cont

Cnh bo PLL t i SVLGC1 + ti HPA 10v + t HPA 5v

Hnh 4-23: S khi TDP. Khi x l tn hiu c s pht nhn 2 lung s liu 8,448 Mbt/s t khi B - U/U - B a ti c tin hnh cc khu x l a sang khi iu ch (MOD). Qu trnh x l l thc hin bin i lung s t ni tip sang song song. Bin i v tc lung s c tc cao hn, a thm vo lung s cc bt ca knh nghip v s (ghp knh nghip v vo lung chung). Thc hin ngu nhin ho lung s liu (Scrambler) v m ho vi sai. Ti khi TDP cn c mch iu khin cng sut ra ca my pht bng mch t ng iu chnh mc ALC (Automatic Level Control), c mch giao tip s liu cho knh gim st ca (SVLGCL), cnh bo cng sut pht, cnh 139

bo vng kho pha PLL, tt m mch iu khin mc t ng (ALC). thc hin c nhim v trn th khi TDP phi c cc khu x l tn hiu sau: * Chc nng nhim v: - Bin i tc ca lung s chung. - Kim sot cc bt chn l. - T chc ghp s liu vo gm: + Cc bt s liu ca lung chnh. + Cc bt ng b khung + Cc bt kim sot chn, l + Cc bt s liu knh nghip v s DSC. + Cc bt iu khin chn v bit chn. + Cc bt nhn dng tuyn. - Ngu nhin ho lung s li (Scrambler). - M ho vi sai s liu. - Gi tn hiu nhn dng cnh bo AIS. Nh vy b x l d liu TDP gm c 4 mch in sau: + Mch x l tn hiu bng IC t hp cao LSI (DP) + Mch giao tip s liu gim st v iu khin. + Mch iu khin ngun in cung cp. B x l d liu TDP c cc ch tiu k thut sau: + D liu vo 8,448 Mbt/s x 2 t B - U/U - B. Tng thch vi mc NRZ Tng thch vi mc NRZ Tng thch vi mc NRZ Vi mc (0,8 VPP 0,1V) + D liu ng h DSC ra: 140,9 kbt/s ti DSC2. Tng thch vi mc NRZ TTL. * Nguyn l hot ng ca khi. 140 TTL TTL TTL + Tn hiu ng b chnh vo 8,448 Mbt/s x2 t B - U/U - B. + D liu DSC vo: 140,9 kbt/s x 2 t DSC2 + D liu chnh ra: 9,01764 Mbt/s x2 ti MOD.

Hai lung s liu chnh v tn hiu ng b ca n t khi B - U/U- B a sang, ti mch x l tn hiu s bng IC LSI vi tc 8,448 Mbt/s, qua mch bin i ni tip sang song song, a qua b nh n hi. y s liu c ghi vo v c ra nh ng h ch. Sau tn hiu s c a qua khi iu khin AIS. Khi iu khin chu s iu khin bi tn hiu s c s liu, a t khi B - U/U- B ti. Ri cc lung s liu c ngu nhin ho, nh chui bt gi ngu nhin c to ra trong IC. Hai da s liu sau khi ngu nhin ho, c ghp thm cc bt ca knh nghip v s, cc bt kim tra chn l cc bt ng b khung, cc bt nhn dng tuyn ID sau a ra hai lung s 9,0176 Mbt/s. Hai lung s c tc 9,0176 Mbt/s tip tc c a qua b m ho vi sai c u ra hai lung s S!, S2 a sang khi iu ch sng mang siu cao tn ti khi MOD. Khi mt s liu u vo th IC (LSI) s gi tn hiu AIS thay th lung s vo. Qu trnh x l tn hiu AIS cng ging nh qu trnh x l tn hiu s nh trnh b phn trn. Hnh (2-6) s ca IC LSI. Vi knh nghip v s DSC: Hai lung s liu ca knh nghip v s c ng b bi ng h DSC CLK, v c ghp vo lung chnh nh nu trn. Nu mt trong hai lung d liu DSC b mt, th cnh bo SIG INLOSS xut hin v n LED c ch SIG IN LED sng trn Panel ca my pht. - Khi x l tn hiu TDP cn tham gia vo mch ni tip tn hiu gim st, cnh bo, mch iu khin ALC. Mt b tch sng mc cng sut pht khi khuch i cng sut HPA, lun lun theo di mc cng sut ra ca my pht. in p mt chiu (DC) u ra b tch sng (TL VL DET) c s dng cho ALC v gim st mc cng sut pht (TL VL MON). thay i cng sut siu cao tn ra (RF), c th thay i AVTT khi cng sut HPA. Tn hiu ra ca b TLVL (Transmit LEVEL) DET c a qua mch logc gim st mt (SVLGCI), ti b gim st cng sut siu cao tn ra ca my pht RF. - Khi x l tn hiu TDP nhn cnh bo vng kho pha (PLL- ALARM) khi b to dao ng OSC khng c kho pha. Chuyn mch SW2 dng iu khin mch iu khin sng mang (CW CONT). Khi SW2 c t, my pht CWON c mt sng mang khng iu ch c a ti u ra my pht (Tx) in p ngun l t khi ngun nui PS 141

in p +10V, +5V cp cho khi khuch i cng sut HPA, chu iu khin bi chuyn mch ngun khi x l tn hiu TDP, chuyn mch ny v tr ON khi vng kho pha PLL ca b to dao ng sng mang OSC hot ng bnh thng. N s t ng t ti v tr OFF khi pht hin c cnh bo vng kho pha, v ct ngun cung cp cho khi khuch i cng sut siu cao tn RF HPA. *, Khi dao ng OSC: (Oscillator) - S khi
OCS VCO

PLL

Hnh 4-24: S khi OSC. Khi l mt khi to tn hiu sng mang cao tn, (RF) c s dng cho h thng iu ch trc tip vi lung s t khi x l bng tn c s a sang. Tc l khi na s cung cp sng mang siu cao tn RF cho khi iu ch MOD. Cc ch tiu k thut: * Di tn: Bng thp Bng cao * n nh tn s :
*

2000 MHz n 2150 MHz. 2150MHz n 2300 MHz. 10-5. -15 dB +4,5 V hoc ln hn.

Mc ra sng mang cao tn: -5 dBm 1dBm.

* Mc MON ra (F) o: * PLL ALM:

Tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn RF, c to ra bi b to dao ng iu khin in p VCO. B to dao ng sng mang VCO c n nh tn s v pha bng mch vng kho pha PLL (Phase Lock Loop), vi di tn ca sng mang cao tn 2000MHz, v n nh tn s 10-6, mc ra l -5 dBm 1dB.

142

B to sng mang siu cao tn VCO, thc hin vng kho pha vi tn s ca dao ng chun PLL l 8 MHz. Dao ng chun ny c chia thp, c tn s so snh ti 250 KHz. Vi tn s ca VCO qua cc b chia a ti. thay i tn s sng mang siu cao tn khi cn thit, thit b c b phn iu chnh knh vi bc nhy l 500KHz. Tn s cng tc ca my pht (sng mang siu cao tn) c th iu chnh c, nh vo cc chun mch t SW1 n SW 4, v ta c th t tn s sng mang theo bng (4-1) sau y: Bng (4-1) thit lp tn s pht. Tn s Lower PPER LOWER Bmg thp NO 1 2 3 4 5 1 UPPER Bng cao 2 3 4 5 CH RF 2038.5 2052.5 2066,5 2080,5 2094,5 2213,5 2227,5 2241,5 2255,5 2269,5 LOCA L 2038.5 2052.5 2066,5 2080,5 2094,5 2213,5 2227,5 2241,5 2255,5 2269,5 W1 A 2 A 2 A 8 E 6 E 6 S W2 1 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 3 S W3 F 0 1 2 2 A B C C D S W4 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 S

*, Khi iu ch MOD (Modulata). Khi iu ch l sng mang cao tn RF t khi to sng mang cao tn OSC a ti, v 2 lung gi liu S1, S2, c tc 9,0176 Mbt/s t khi x l tn hiu TDP a vo, c thc hin iu ch trc tip sng mang cao tn vi phng thc iu ch 4 QAM (Quadrature Ampliude Modulation).

143

LO MON

MOD

S1

S2

VCO

K CS

Hnh 4-25: Khi iu ch(MOD). - Ch tiu k thut: + Di tn cng tc: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz. 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz. + Mc tn hiu u vo -5 dBm 1dB. + Mc tn hiu u ra sau b iu ch: -5dBm 1dB. + Li pha nh hn : 5. + in p iu ch : 800mv - Nguyn l lm vic ca mch trn s khi c trnh by nh sau; Sng mang cao tn RF c ly t b to dao ng sng mang VCO. Sau khi c lc, khuch i, v chia ra lm 2 ng nh mch phn chia sai ng. Mt ng sng mang cao tn RF a ti ra mt my LOF MON o kim tra. Mt ng sng mang cao tn RF c chia lm 2 v lch pha nhau 900 a ti b iu ch 4 QAM. Hai lung s liu S1 v S2 c tc bt 9,0176 Mbt/s, t khi x l bng tn c s pht TDP a ti, c iu ch vi sng mang cao tn RF, vi

144

phng thc iu ch 4QAM. Sng mang cao tn sau khi iu ch c khuch i ti -5dBm, ri c a sang khi khuch i cng sut pht HPA. *, Khi khuch i cng sut pht (HPA High Power Amplifier) * S khi
T khi u J 1 i cht i

J1 J2

Gimst t s n v tuy n 2000-2300MHz odBm /50 ra t s v u n tuy n 2000-2300MHz + 33dBm /50

TLVL DET

Hnh 4-26: Khi khuch i cng sut Khi khuch i cng sut pht l khi khuch i tn hiu siu cao tn c iu ch . Nhim v ca khi khuch i tn hiu sng mang cao tn c iu ch ti mc t vi yu cu v cng sut u ra. Khi khuch i cng sut quyt nh n c ly thng tin ca thit b . Khi khuch i cng sut HPD c ch tiu k thut. + Di tn s cng tc: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz. 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz. + Mc tn hiu u ra: + Mc hin th cng sut ra: + 33 dBm 1dB 0dBm 3dB.

Khi khuch i cng sut gm c cc khi nh: B khuch i cng sut sng mang cao tn RF, b suy hao c th thay i cng sut ln siu cao tn. Khi nhn tn hiu u va t khi iu ch a sang mc - 5dBm v c thc hin khuch i n mc +33 dBm. Sau c a n b phn nhnh siu cao tn PRNTWK ( BRANCHING NETWORK) n Phi, n anten v c bc x ra khng gian ti my thu. 145

b- Ma thu (Rx) *, S khi My thu DM2G - 1000 gm c cc khi sau y: + Khi bin i h tn thu Converter. + Khi trung tn v gii iu ch IF DEM. *, Ch tiu, k thut ca my thu. + Di tn cng tc t: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz. + Mc tn hiu thu (RSL): -47 dBm n -90 dBm 3dBm. + Tp m: 4dB in hnh. + n nh tn s dao ng ni: 10-5 + Mc u ra gim st dao ng ni: -15 dBm 3 dB + Tn s trung tn thu: 70MHz vi mc ra trung tn l: -10dBm. + Hai lung d liu u ra c tc : 9,0176 Mbt/s + Hai lung s u ra ca knh nghip v c tc mi lung l: 140,9 kbt/s + LEVEL khi mc ra trung tn nh hn -15 dBm ti IF. + BER c t trc 10-4, hoc 10-6 hoc 10-11 *, Chc nng cc khi: *, Khi bin i h tn (RCONV).
MX U R in F IFout

MX U

L c

V O C LO M N F O

P LL

Hnh 4-27: S khi b i tn s.

146

Nhim v ca khi bin i h tn RCONV l bin i tn s sng mang iu cao tn RF trong di t 2000 MHz n 2300 MHz xung tn s trung tn IF 70 MHz v lc tn s nh. Nh vy sng mang siu cao tn RF thu c t anten thu, qua phi, vo b lc phn nhnh anten BRNTWKV (Branching network) , qua b khuch i siu cao tn, qua b lc lc b cc tn s nhiu. Sau a ti u vo ca khi bin i h tn RCONV. Sng mang cao tn ny c khuch i v b khuch i siu cao tn t tp m LNA (Low Noise Amplifier), tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t mc yu cu trc khi vo i tn (RCONV) ng thi b to dao ng ni VCO vi b tng hp tn s s dng vng kho pha PLL (Phase Lock Loop) to ra tn hiu dao ng ni. Sau a vo khi bin i h tn thu. Hai tn hiu sng mang cao tn RF v tn hiu dao ng ni c trn vi nhau, ly ra sng mang trung tn IF bng 70MHz. Sau tn hiu sng mang trung tn ny s c khuch i tip bi 2 tng khuch i ln ti mc ln, a sang khi khuch i trung tn (IF). Ngoi ra tn hiu sng mang cao tn RF MON kim tra mc cao tn thu. B to dao ng VCO c n nh tn s bng mch vng kho pha PLL, mch ny c trnh by phn trc. *. Khi khuch i trung tn v gii iu ch IF DEM. - Khi khuch i trung tn
T k h i i tn t i Lc Lc ch ch n n g i i g ii I F M ON -1 0 d Bm/7 5 m

M c 1 M c 2 RLV L M ON

T i k h i g i I iu ch

Hnh 4-28: S khi trung tn(I F).

147

- Khi khuch i trung tn v gii iu ch thc hin nhim v chn lc, khuch i sng mang trung tn. n nh tn hiu u ra bng mch AGC v thc hin gii iu ch 4 QAM, khi phc nh thi v pht hin li. - Tn hiu sng mang cao tn IF t khi bin i h tn RCONV a sang khuch i. Vi h s khuch i ln. khi khuch i trung tn c mch t ng iu chnh h s khuch i AGC, m bo mc tn hiu ra c n nh, a sang gii iu ch. m bo nng cao c tnh chn lc cho my thu, khi khuch i sng mang trung tn cn s dng cc b lc SAWm, mc ch gii hn rng ph ca tn hiu. Khi khuch i trung tn cn c ng tn hiu a ra dn ti ch th cnh bo nu c s c xa ra, v mt ng a ra kim tra (o) mc trung tn IF MON, khi khuch i trung tn c thng s k thut. + Tn s trung tn IF: 70MHz. + Mc AGC khong 60dB hoc ln hn. + Mc ra trung tn -10dBm/ 70 * Khi giI iu ch QAM.
I F t i MIX
Lc ch n gii AD VCXO 1/1

VCO

FF

ROM

D/A

MIX

Lc ch n gii

AD

T i bng t cs n

Hnh 4-29: S khi gii iu ch(DEM). - Phn gii iu ch bao gm b gii iu ch 4 QAM, b khi phc sng mang CR, khi phc xung ng h thu BTR. Sng mang trung tn thu c khi phc ti b CR, v c kho pha theo sng mang trung tn ti IF. (B khuch i trung tn ) a sang nh vng kho pha DET A/D ROM D/A ti b lc tch phn, ti b dao ng VCO. Ti DET sng mang trung tn ti c so snh (v pha) vi sng mang 148

trung tn c khi phc, ly ra du hiu a sang b bin i tng t s (A/D) di tc ng ca ng h khi phc BTR. B bin i A/D v FF to li 2 lung s a sang b x l s dung lng nh. SRP (Small Capacity Receiv Digital Processor). B x l thu dung lng nh. S khi c biu Th hnh (2-7). V chc nng khi x l s dung lng nh SPR nh sau: Hai lung s liu khi gii iu ch a sang, ti khi SPR thc hin cc chc nng sau: + Phn knh cc bt ng b khung. + Tch bt kim tra chn l + Phn knh cc bt knh nghip v s + Tch bt kim tra chn. + Tch cc bt ch Th tuyn. Ngoi ra trc khi SPR cn phi thc hin gii m vi sa, gii ngu nhin ho s liu. u ra ca khi SPR ly c tn hiu sau: + Hai lung s liu DATA 1 v DATA2. + Hai lung xung ng b cho cc lung s CLK. + Hai lung tn hiu knh nghip v s DSC1 v DSC2. + Mt ng dn tn hiu ch Th cnh bo BER. + Mt ng tn hiu ra cnh bo mt ng b khung. Tt c cc u ra s liu cu khi SPR c a sang khi bin i BU/U-B v khi knh nghip v s DSC2, khi hin Th DSPL (Display) c- Khi bin i lng cc - n cc/ n cc - lng cc. Khi B- U/U-B c b tr trn mt Card v gm c 2 phn , phn thu v phn pht. *, Ch tiu k thut. - Pha pht B- U (Bipolar). + Lung s tn hiu vo: 8 lung x 2,448 Mbt/s HDB -3. + Lung s tn hiu ra: 2 lung x 8,448 Mbt/s NRZ - Pha thu U- B (Unpolar to Bipolar). + Lung s tn hiu vo: 2 lung x 9,017 Mbt/s NRZ. + Lung s tn hiu ra: 8 lung x 2,048 Mbt/s HDB- 3 149

*, Chc nng ca khi: - Pha pht (B- U): Thc hin cc chc nng sau: + Bin i tn hiu lng cc thnh n cc. + B suy hao cp. + Khi phc cc xung ng b. + Pht hin AIS (ALARM INDICATION SIGNAL). + Gii m : HDB -3 - Pha thu: (U-B) thc hin cc chc nng sau: + Bin i tc xung. + Pht AIS. + Bin i tn hiu t n cc thnh lng cc. + M ho HDB -3 *, Nguyn l hot ng ca khi: *, Pha pht B -U (lng cc- n cc) Tm lung d liu HDB -3 2,048Mbt/s ly t tng i hoc thit b u cui khc, c a vo cc b cn bng cp u tin (B b suy hao cp). Cc u ra ca cc b cn bng c chuyn i lng cc thnh n cc (B-U) v gii m HDB- 3 thnh m n cc NRZ. Cc tn hiu n cc c ghp li bi 12 MUX t 8 lung. 2,048 Mbt/s thnhg 2 lung 8,448 M bt/s m n cc. Hai lung tn hiu n cc 8,448 Mbt/s, c a ti my pht No1, No2 thc hin cng vic tip theo. Khi tn hiu vo HDB -3 b mt th n LED cnh bo IN LOSS s sng, ng thi gi tn hiu cnh bo mt tn hiu vo (lung s vo) IN LOSS ti khi gim st SV LGC1 (Supervisory logc 1 Unit), n LED In Loss sng. Khi tn hiu vo l AIS . (Tin hiu AIS s sng v tn hiu AIS REC c gi ti khi gim st.

150

S khi.
VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO

SEL s 1

SW CONT

SEL s 2 MNL SW USW DRV iu khin chuyn mch n cc No1 S1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No1 S2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

U- B U- B U- B U- B 1 U- B U- B U- B U- B HDB 3 COD

21 MUX

VCXO

1/2

No1 CLK1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No1 CLK2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

2 3 4 5 6 7

HDB 3 COD

1/2

No2 S1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

VCXO

No2 S2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

SSW
21 DMUX

No2 CLK1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No2 CLK2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO

AIS COUNT

No1 Rx ALM

AND

No2 Rx ALM

OR

OR

Hnh 4-30: S khi phn bin i lng cc thnh n cc (B- U)

151

SEL s 1
VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO

SW CONT 21 MUX U- B U- B
Tn hiu ra HDB 3 lng cc

SEL s 2 MNL SW USW DRV iu khin chuyn mch n cc No1 S1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No1 S2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

2,048 Mbt/s

VCX O

U- B U- B U- B U- B U- B U- B

HDB 3 COD

1/2

No1 CLK1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No1 CLK2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

HDB 3 COD

1/2

No2 S1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

VCX O

No2 S2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

SSW
21 DMUX

No2 CLK1 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s No2 CLK2 IN 9,01764 Mbt /s

VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO

AIS COUNT

No1 Rx ALM

AND

No2 Rx ALM

16,384 MHz B OUT FL 1 B OUT FL 8 AIS SND 1

OR

B OUT FL

OR

AIS SND 8

AIS SND

Hnh 4-31: S phi phn bin i n cc thnh lng cc(U-B)

152

d, Pha thu U -B (bin i n cc - lng cc). Hai lung gi liu n cc 9,0176 M bt/s m NRZ , t khi IF DEM ca my thu No1 v No2, c a sang trc tin a ti vi mch c ln LSI (SSW), chuyn mch U- SW trong LSI t ng iu khin bi 8xung ng h, bng cc lnh chuyn mch t khi SV LGC1, hoc vn hnh nhn cng qua vic gt Switch (chuyn mch trong Card). Sau tn hiu ny c bin i t song song sang ni tip. D liu c phn chia bi b tch knh 21 DMUX t lung d liu vo, u ra s nhn c 8lung d liu 2,048 Mbt/s. Khi tn hiu ni ra HDB -3 b mt, lp tc n cnh bo BOUTFL s sng , ng thi n gi tn hiu ti khi gim st SVLGC1. Khi tn hiu ra l tn hiu AIS (ch Th cnh bo), th AIS SND (pht tn hiu cnh bo AIS) c gi ti khi gim st SVLGC1. Tn hiu AIS cng s pht i trong trng hp ma thu mt tn hiu thu. d- Khi knh nghip v s (DSC2: Digtal Service Channel 2) *, S khi: *, Chc nng ca khi DSC 2. Knh nghip v s DCS2 c chc nng sau y: - Ghp v tch knh ca: + Tn hiu in thoi nghip v s 64 kbt/s + Knh kim tra v gim st t xa. + Knh s 64kbt/s: 2x 64kbt/s. + Knh m tn gii tn (0,3 n 3,4) KHz tng ng vi 64kbt/s x2. - Ni tn hiu s vi thit b v tuyn khc. + Tn hiu in thoi nghip v: + Knh kim tra v gim st t xa. 153

- in thoi nghip v: + Phn nhnh (5 hng) ca tn hiu m tn. - Cnh ba nghe (nh loa t trn mt my). - Chuyn mch phn knh s 1/ s 2. Mt trong hai trng thi chuyn mch c th la chn. + SW1 -7 OFF : Chuyn mch c lp vi s la chn h thng thu d

liu chnh (khi b khuch i s 1 hay s 2 b hng, bi mt ng b khung, hoc li xung phn knh 140,9KHz, mch iu khin tn hiu ra DEMUX la chn tn hiu ra bnh thng. + SW 1-7 khc). *, Nguyn l hot ng: Khi knh nghip v s DSC2 c nhim v pht 4 lung gi liu 64 kbt/s. - pha pht: Bn lung s liu 64kbt/s c ghp thnh lung s liu ni tip 281,8 kbt/s, cng vi cc bt ng b khung, bt chn, bt iu khin chn. Sau lung s liu 281,8 kbt/s c chuyn i thnh 2 lung s liu bi b bin i t ni tip thnh song song, v c gi ti b iu ch. - pha thu: Khi khi nhn c 2 lung s liu 140,9 kbt/s t b gii iu ch. Hai lung s liu ny c bin i thnh mt lung 281,8 kbt/s bi b bin i song song thnh ni tip, ri a qua b tch thnh 4 lung s liu 64kbt/s. Sau khi tch cc bt chn pha pht chn vo lung khi ghp lung. ON: Qu trnh chuyn mch lin kt ti b la chn h

thng thu chnh (s la chn ny c iu khin bi tn hiu iu khin ca khi

154

Ti Tx s1

T Rx s 1

MUX DEMUX Stutling/ De- Stuting No1

M ho gii m PCM

Giao tip s hay m ho/ gii m PCM

Mng Mng phn phn nhnh

DGTL (T/h 64kbt/s) hay VF (Tn hiu tn s m thanh) Knh nghip v (EX LOW) CHL IN/OUT EXL TEL IN/OUT

iu khin tn hiu ra DEMUX

DSP L ONI T

Ti Tx s2

T Rx s 2

MUX DEMUX Stutling/ De- Stuting No1

Giao tip s hay m ho/ gii m PCM

Ni tip tn hiu s

DGTL (Tn hiu 64kbt/s) hay VF (Tn hiu tn s m thanh) Tn hiu SV v RC Tn hiu SV v RC

SVGLC1 MODUL

Hnh 4-32: S khi ca khi knh nghip v s. 155

B ch Th Ti/ t SV LGC1 in tr

Gii m a ch

PIU (Khi giao tip thit b ngoi vi)

Hnh 4-32 S khi ca khi hin Th

TEL TALK

Volume

Jack Telephone

Hnh 4-33: Bng hin Th in thoi nghip v(TELTALK) e- Khi hin Th DSPL (DIPSLAY). Khi hin Th (DSPL) bao gm cc n LED ch Th v trng thi cng tc ca h thng DM2G - 1000, cc chuyn mch, phm n. Khi hin Th c tac 156

dng gip cho ngi cn b qun l, gim st , kim tra cc thng s k thut ca trm mnh, v cc trm khc, cc trng thi cnh bo trong thit b ca trm, v cc thit b ca trm, v c thit b ca trm khc trong chuyn tuyn truyn dn. ng thi t gip ta c th nh gi c cht lng ng truyn dn. Khi thi t gip ta c th nh gi c cht lng ng truyn dn. Khi hin Th m nhn nhng chc nng sau y: - in thoi nghip TEL. - Hin Th v h thng: COMMON - Hin Th gim st: SUPERVISORY - Hin Th cnh bo v i trng thi: ALM/ STATUS. - o kim tra v hin Th ch tiu trn mt my: MONTOR. - iu khin chuyn mch TSW/RSW. Ton b khi hin th c lp rp trn tm mch in, t pha sau bng bin hin th trc mt my. Khi hin Th c s khi *, in thoi nghip v: (TELTALK) in thoi nghip v c s hnh v (2-13) Gm c cc LED v phm n sau: + n LED TALK: LED ny mu vng. n TALK sng khi nhc t hp thng tin nghip v , v khi lin lc xong ci t hp vo v tr th n s tt. + Cn gt Volume (VOL): L mt chuyn mch trt, chuyn mch ny iu chnh mc ln hay b ca tn hiu m thanh a ra loa (iu chnh mc tn hiu m tn a ra loa hoc tai nghe to hay nh ty chn ). Vic iu chnh ny thc hin bng cch gt v bn tri m thanh ra loa nh, khi gt v bn phi m thanh ln. + Jack Telephone: V tr cm t hp in thoi nghip v *, Bng hin th chung (COMMON). Bng hin th chung c s b tr nh hnh v 4-34 * Chc nng ca cc n LED v nt n nh sau: - n LED SVALM (SUPER VISORY) khi sng mu c chc nng cnh bo gim st. 157

n sng khi knh nghip v s DSC2 c s c, hoc n v x l trung tm (CPU) trong khi SVLGC1 c s c. - n LED NOMAL sng c mu xanh. Chc nng: Thng bo trng thi lm vic ca thit b. N h thng lm vic trng thi bnh thng th LED s sng xanh. Nu thit b c xy ra bt k s c g n s tt (khng sng).

COM DISP OFF SYS

ALM INDCHK AL BZ OFF BZ RST RA

SV
ALM NOMAL

HST RST

Hnh 4-34: Bng hin Th COMMON. - n LED SYS ALM (SYSTEM ALARM) sng c mu Chc nng cnh bo v h thng (thit b). Khi thit b DM2G- 1000 sy ra bt k mt s c no lp tc n LED s sng thng bo c s c thit b trong trm. - n LED AL - RA (AL ARM RECEIVE ATTENTION). (Ch cnh bo thu) LED sng mu vng/ . Khi n nt AL- RA th LED - AL - RA s sng mu (lc c s c thu), khi khc phc s c xong n LED chuyn sang mu vng. - Nt n DISP - OFF: tt hin th. 158

Khi n nt ny th ton b cc n LED trn bng hin th s tt v n LED mu vng bn trong nt DISP - OFF s sng , khi mun s dng bng hin th ta n nt DISP - OFF bng bin thin s tr li mu bnh thng. Ch : Khi thit b DM 2G- 1000 ang tt m bt ngun cho my hot ng th bng hin th thi im ny s tt. Do vy khi mun cho bng hin th hot ng phi n nt DISP - OFF. - Nt n BZ RST (Buzzer Reset) : Reset li chung cnh bo. Ngha l khi c cnh bo bt k thit b ni chung, ngoi vic cnh bo cc n LED, cn c cnh bo bng chung. Khi c cnh bo chung s ku v nhn c cnh bo ri, phi n nt BZ RST chung ku na, ng thi sau nu c cnh bo xut hin tip theo chung s rung bo cho ngi trc ca bit c cnh bo tip theo. - Nt n BZ OFF (Buzzer OFF): Tt chung. Khi c n, thc hin tt chung, ng thi c n LED mu vng trong nt s sng ln, thng bo c tt chung. Lc nu nh c cnh bo v s c ca thit b, chung s khng ku. - Nu n AL- RA (ALarm Receive Attention): Ch cnh bo thu: Khi nt AL- RA c n, n LED AL- RA s sng mu vng, thng bo ch nhn cnh bo . Khi thc hin bo dng thit b, c th c nhng cnh bo khng mong mun sy ra, v nhng cnh bo ny c th a ra thit b bn ngoi, nn khi n nt ny ngn chn nhng cnh bo a ra thit b bn ngoi. - Nt n HST RST (history Reset): Thit lp li. Khi n phm HST RST c n, tt c cc n LED mu vng s tt v cnh bo h thng s c hin th li. - Nt n IND CHK (Indicator check): Kim tra hin th, Ngha l: Khi tt nt IND CHK th cc n LED cc bng hin th trn mt my s sng ln lt t cc bng hin th sau: * TEL * COM MON * SUPER VISORY * ALM/ STATUS * MONITOR * TSW v RSW.

Trong khong thi gian 5 giy. Sau tr li trng thi bnh thng.

159

AL RA

AL RA

Rle
ALM 1 ALMn

AL M1

Rle Rle
AL Mn

Hnh 4-35 : Nguyn l tt in hin Th mu vng (AL- RA). *, Bng hin Th gim st c trnh by hnh (2-16) Sau y l cc chc nng ca cc n LED, cc nt n trn mt bng hin th gim st. SUPERVISORY
EQP NO EQP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MASTER

ALM

Hnh 4-36: Hin Th gim st SUPERVISORY * Cc n LED. - EQP ALM t s 1 n s 8 cnh bo v h thng, n LED mu /vng. 160

Khi mt trong tm LED sng tc l thit b ca trm c s c. thit b DM2G -1000 c phn gim st t xa, khi mt trm no c lm ch th trm c th gim st c 7 thit b trn tuyn truyn dn, nn khi mt trong 8 thit b c s c th n LED ca thit b sng (LED EQP ALM) v thng bo cho thit b c s c. - n LED MASTER sng mu xanh (trm ch) , khi n LED MASTER ca 1 trong 8 thit b sng xanh ngha l thit b c lm thit b ch. - n LED EQP NO (Equipment Number) s hiu trm, c th hin th s hiu thit b bng hin th t 1 n 8 c mu /vng, nu n sng d, kho c cnh bo ca thit b . C khi thit b x l s c xong ,th n na s chuyn sang mu vng. Khi nt HST RST ca bng bin hin Th chung COMMON c n, th n LED vng EQP NO s tt. * Cc nt n. - Nt n EQP NO: S hiu trm c gim st. Khi n nt ny gip ta chn la tn thit b cm gim st. Mi mt ln n nt ny, s hiu thit b s tng ln mt n v. Trong thit b DM2G- 1000 cho php gim st t xa c 8 thit b ny theo quy nh c th ca tuyn truyn dn. Th t tn cc thit b ny c th quy nh bng cc ch s hoc bng ch. Thit b trm ch cn gim st, thit b no tuyn, s dng nt EQP NO, s th t trn bng bin hin Th mi ln n ch gim st c mt thit b theo th t t 1 n 7 - Nt n MASTER : Thit b ch: Khi n nt MASTER, n LED cnh nt s sng, tc l thit b c lm thit b ch, thit b ch c thr lm gim st c cc thit b khc v trng thi lm vic ca thit b c gim st. Trong trng hp cc thit b cng n nt MASTER cng mt thi gian th thit b no nh nt MASTER sau cng thit b lm thit b ch *, Bng hin Th cnh bo v trng thi (ALM/STATUS). Bng hin Th ny c th hin trn hnh (4-37) Trong bng hin th ny c s dng cho c h thng c d phng 1+1 v h thng khng c d phng 1+0. Xong thc t thit b DM2G- 1000 nhp

161

vo nc ta hin nay khng c d phng, nn h thng NO2 khng s dng . ngha ca cc n LE trn bng hin Th nh sau:

ALM/STATUS NO1 NO2 TALM RALM CHALM PSALM WSALM SV FL AISREC AISSND MAINT AL - RA

Hnh 4-37: Bng hin Th ALM / STATU S - n LED T.ALM (Transmiter AL arn), mu /vng. Khi LED sng mu tc l ma pht c s c xong, n sng mu vng . - n LED RALM (Reccive Alarn mu . vng. Khi n LED sng mu , ngha l ma thu c s c, v khi khc phc s c xong n LED mu vng s sng. - n LED CH ALM mu /vng: Khi n sng mu c ngha l mt khung v tuyn, hoc t s bt li/ bt truyn (BER) vt qu mc cho php (10-3 hoc 10-6), v khi x l xong, n mu vng s sng, n tt. - PS ALM (Power Supply ALarn) mu /vng. LED sng l khi ngun c s c (ngun cung cp DC), khi khc phc xong th n tt v n vng s sng. 162

- n LED WSALM n LED ny khng s dng. - n LED SV FL (Supper vosiry Failure) mu /vng: S c gim st. Khi n LED sng: Khng tr li ca mch gim st (ch th vic khng thu c d liu gim st, do cc trm khc gy ra bi li truyn). - LED AIS REC (AIS Recciving) mu vng: thu tn hiu AIS. Khi n ny sng ngha l thit b ca trm ang thu tn hiu AIS. - LED AIS SND (AIS Sending) mu vng: Pht tn hiu cn Khi n LED ny sng ngha l thit b ca trm ang thu pht tn hiu cnh bo AIS. - n LED MAINT mu vng: Bo dng. Khi n LED ny sng: ngha l thit b ca trm ang ba dng. - n LED AL- RA mu vng: ch thu cnh bo. n ny sng khi c n nt AL- RA trn bng hin Th chung COMMON. *, Bng hin Th o kim tra thit b (MONITOR). Bng hin Th MONITOR c th hin trn hnh (2-18). Trn bng hin th MONTOR c s dng cho c h thng c d phng 1+1, v h thng khng c d phng 1+0. Xong thc t thit b trn mng vin thng hin nay khng c d phng, ch c h thng cu hnh 1+0. (NO1), do nt chn h thng (NO SEL) c n sao cho n LED s 1 lung sng, cn nu n LED s 2 trn bng hin th sng th ch c mt dy gch ngang (------) ngha ca cc n, nt n nh sau: * Cc n LED: - TL VL (dBm) (Transmiter Level): Mc cng sut pht (Tx) - RL VL (dBm) (Reccive Level); Mc thu Rx. - 5,3 V ngun cung cp in p ra +5,3V - 10V ngun cung cp in p ra +10V - (-10V/5,5V) ngun cung cp in p -10V hoc -5,5V - DC IN (V) ngun cung cp mt chiu vo (DC)V. - EC (Error Count) m li.

163

MONITOR 1 2 T LVL (dBm) R LVL (dBm) NO SEL +5,3 V +10V - 10V - 5,5 V ITEMSEL DCIN CV PT (SEC) Hnh 4-38: Bng hin Th MONTOR - BER (Bit error ratio) T s bt li. - ES (E rrored Second) S giy c li. - SES (Severely Errored Second): Nhng giy li nghim trng. - PT: m thi gian. - DM: (Degreded Minuter) nhng pht suy gim. (n PT sng mu xanh trn bng hin Th cho bit, s giy thc hin o li ng truyn) Tt c cc n LED trn bng hin th va trnh by phn trn, ch khi n thng s no th n LED ca thng s sng, ng thi trn mn MONTOR hin gi tr o ca thng s . *, Cc nt n. - Nt n NO SEL (NO Selector): Lu chn. Nt ny l nt chn lu h thng o, (h thng 1 hoc h thng 2) tng ng vi cu hnh h thng (1+1), cn thc t trn tuyn hin nay ch c cu hnh 1+0, do khi ta n nt NO SEL th n LED xanh s 1 s c sng. ITEM SEL : Nt chn thng s o. 164 ES SES DM EXEC EC BER
ST SP ON

COUNT

Khi n nt ITEM SEL th cc thng s cn o s ln lt hin ln mn hnh MONTOR, bt u t TL VL cng sut pht, RL VL ngng thu cho n PT m thi gian theo tng ln n nt . ng thi cc n LED tng ng vi thng s sng ln thng bo cho bit ang o thng s . V d: Khi n nt ITEM SEL th thng s cng sut pht c o v hin trn mn MONTOR , ng thi n LED TLVL sng. Nu ta n tip mt ln na th thng s ngng th ca thit b c o, v hin ln mn hnh mc thu, ng thi n LED RLVL sng, cn c nh vy cho n PT n thi gian, nu n tip nt ny th bc o tr li v tr ban u o cng sut TL VL. - Nt n ST v SP ON (Start v Stop ON): Bt u v dng. Khi n nt ny nghi l bt u v kt thc mt lnh. - Nt n EXEC (EXecution) thc hin. Khi n nt ny l thc hin lnh hot ng, khi o hoc kt thc o phi ng thi c 2 nt ST v SP, v nt EXEC cng mt lc. 5.6 Bng hin Th iu khin chuyn mch (TSW - RSW). Bng hin Th iu khin chuyn mch (TSW - RSW) c biu th ti hnh 2-19. Phn ny c s dng cho h thng cu hnh 1+1 cn i vi cu hnh 1+0 th khng s dng. Phn iu khin chuyn mch c phn lm 2 nh sau: * Phn iu khin chuyn mch pht (TSW). H thng chuyn mch pht TSW pha tri bng hin th n bao gm: - NO1/ NO2 INI: B s 1/s 2 ch th trng thi ca lnh chuyn mch. - NO1/ NO2 OP ch th h thng s 1 hay h thng s 2 hot ng. - NG (No good) khng tt: y ch chuyn mch khng thnh cng ( n LED ).

165

TSW INI No1 No2 OP NG No1 No2

RSW INI OP NG

No1 ON AUTO No2 EXEC AUTO

No1

No2

Hnh 4-39 : Phn chuyn mch TSW v RSW. - NO1: Nt n s 1, kho h thng 1. - NO2: nt n s 2: kho h thng 2. *. Phn iu khin chuyn mch thu. H thng iu khin chuyn mch thu RSW nm pha phi ca bng hin th , n bao gm: - NO1/NO2 INI: B s 1/s2 (n LED ) ch Th trng thi ca lnh chuyn mch. - NO1/NO1 OP: S1/s 2 hot ng. - NG: khng tt (n LED ) ch chuyn mch khng thnh cng. - AUTO (n LED xanh): ch th trng thi hot oing ca chuyn mch ch t ng. - NO1: S 1 ch h thng s 1 hot ng. - NO2: S 2 ch h thng s 2 hot ng. 166

h- Khi logc gim st 1 (SV LGC 1). Khi ny lu chn thu thp 52 tin tc ca cc thng tin trng thi thit b v tuyn, v 32 tin tc ca thng tin hin th thit b v tuyn, gi lnh iu khin thit b s 1 v s 2 t nhnh mng (BR NTWK v b bin i B- U/UB, Khi ny c mt dao din truyn thng tin vi thit b v tuyn khc cng loi, cho php thu, pht tn hiu gim st v iu khin t xa. *, S khi sau ch ra mt ng dng in hnh b SV LGC1.

Rle
OUPUT IN hi Bt

DSPL

DSC

Giao din truyn thng

MPU
SVLGC2

SW CON

Vo s liu

iu khin chuyn mch No1/No2

BR NTWK (TSW) B-U/U-B

TWO - Level

Anlog Hin Th d liu vo

Hnh 4-40: S khi iu khin hin th. *, Cc chc nng chnh: *,Cc chc nng chnh Thu thp thng tin v trng thi thit b v tuyn v s o tng t. - iu khin chuyn mch NO1 v NO2. - m s li hay xung li a ra khi hin th DSPL - Ch th trng thi thit b ,gi tr php tn khi hin th . 167

- Thng tin s liu vi thit b v tuyn khc cng loi trong khu vc. Cc c im v in . * Cc mc hin th hai mc cho thit b v tuyn : - C 52 mc cho h thng NO1;NO2. * Cc mc hin th tng t cho thit b v tuyn : -C 12 mc cho h thng NO1v NO2 * Cnh bo ra connector panel mt my . -C 13 mc khng c tn hiu cnh bo WS. - C 14 mc vi tn hiu cnh bo WS.
D liu tng t

CPU (HC11 )

RS 2322

Li xung

PT M PT M
D

RO M RA M SW LE D

CPU ALM

liu

Cnh bo ra RL

AL- RA

RL
DMA C

Hnh 4-41: S khi ca khi logc gim st.

OP RA M MPS C

MPS C

giao din cho thit b v tuyn khc cng loi (HDLC 64 kbt/s)

SVLGC2 DISP

168

SW CON T

SW DRV

g- Khi ngun cung cp (PS) Power Supply. * Ngun cung cp cho thit b DM2G - 1000 l ngun mt chiu c ly t c qui, hoc t cc b nn in, a vo card ngun PS. * Khi ngun c nhim v chnh l chuyn i mc ngun mt chiu u vo t (-24V hoc -48V) thnh cc mc ngun mt chiu ra +10V; -10V; +5,3V c n nh v in p, v dng cp cho cc Transistor, IC, Rle..trong thit b. *, Chc nng ca b ngun l: - Chuyn i in p mt chiu (DC) t (-19 n -16)V thnh cc mc ngun in mt chiu ra: +10V; -10V; 5,3V. - n nh in p ra v dng ti. - M rng di n nh in p vo. - Cnh bo ra cho chc nng SV (gim st). *, Ch tiu k thut: - in p vo: -19V n - 60V - in p ra: +10V; -10V; +5,3V - lch in p ra (sai s): 2% - Cu ch bo v: Chng in p qu ti: Dng b ct mch di -60 V n -19V Cnh bo: Xut hin khi pht hin in p gim hay trong khi tn ti chc nng bo v. *, B ngun ca thit b DM2G 1000. Thit b DM2G 1000. ch Th v chuyn mch nh sau: - Cc n LED ch Th. * NORM: (c mu xanh) khi sng thng bo ngun hot ng bnh thng. * ALM: (C mu ) khi sng l cnh bo mt in p ra. - Chuyn mch: - S1: Ct ngun ON: in p s cp c nui = b PS. OFF: Tt ngun nui th cp. *, B ngun ca thit b .

169

- B ngun ca thit b cng c th iu chnh c thng qua cc bin tr sau y: RV2: iu chnh in p ra + 10V RV3: iu chnh in p ra +5,3 V RV4: iu chnh in p ra -10V. Ngoi ra trn tm card PS cn c cc n hin Th cc mc in p ra: +10V; -10V; +5,3V. f- iu khin v gim st t xa: Trang thit b DM2G - 1000 c chc nng iu khin v gim st t xa, nh c chc nng ny m ngi qun l mng thng tin Viba DM2G - 1000 tin li trong cng vic iu hnh, v khc phc s c, m bo c thng tin lin tc cho tuyn. Chc nng iu khin v gim st ca thit b DM2G - 1000 c th c 8 thit b c thit b ch, phn iu khin v gim st c th hin trn khi DSPL v cc chc nng nh sau: *, Gim st: Mi lin lc gia cc thit b v tuyn c tin hnh bng ipp quay vng . Thit b v tuyn ch gi i tn hiu gi ti cc thit b v tuyn khc. Cc thit b c gi s a s liu tr v etbb ch, nhng tin tc gim st bao gm, cnh bo trng thi, thit b v s liu hin Th li. Vic iu khin v gim st c thc hin tun t tng thit b v tuyn mt. Ti mi th im cho tt c thit b v tuyn trn tuyn truyn dn. S liu thit b v tuyn cho ti 8 thit b v tuyn c lu d trong b nh ca SV- LGC1, v chn la thit b bng nt n EQP NO trn DSPL c hin Th trn bng DSPL. *, iu khin t xa: Thit b v tuyn ch c quyn hi cc thit b v tuyn trn tuyn. V tuyn khc c quyn p li. Ngoi ra thit b ch c th thc hin vic iu khin xa cac chuyn mch d phng hot ng v cc iu khin t ngoi khc. *, Quyn hi p: Mt thit b v tuyn c th hi p vic n nt MASTER trn bng hin Th DSPL. Khi thit b c quyn hi th n LED MASTER sng xanh, v cc thit b khc c quyn p li. 170

k- B phn hng anten (Diplexer). *, S khi:

Tx

TSW Chuyn mch pht

Lc pht

Rx

HYV B sai ng

Lc thu

Circulator

Hnh 4-42: S kh ib phn hng anten. *, Ch tiu k thut: - Suy hao phn hng R. + Pha pht: Gm c b phn pht, chuyn mch, v van mt chiu t 3dB n 3,5dB, trung bnh cao nht 5,5dB . + Pha thu: Gm c b lc thu, b ghp v van mt chiu. * Bnh thng l: 5,5dB * Cao nht: 6dB. - Lch nhau tn s pht v tn s thu. + Nh nht + Bnh thng 40MHz. 50MHz.

*, Chc nng nhim v: Khi phn hng anten: C nhim v a tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn (RF) t u ra ca b khuch i cng sut, ra phi, n anten bc x sng in t khi pht, v khi thu th b phn hng s truyn a tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t anten, qua phi, vo my thu. Mun m bo c nhim v trn th yu cu ca b phn hng anten l phi ngn cch s nh hng gia tn s pht v tn s thu khi my thu dng pht chung mt an ten. Ngoi ra gia tn s pht v tn s thu phi lch nhau mt khong cch nht nh no (khong 50MHz). 171

Gm c: - B lc pht. - B lc thu. - Chuyn mch pht. - Chia ng thu (Sai ng). - Circulayor. ( van mt chiu). *, Nguyn l lm vic: - Khi pht: Tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht, c a sang chuyn mch pht. Chuyn mch pht c nhim v chn tn hiu sng mang ca my pht NO1 hoc NO2 tu theo s iu khin ca thit b. (Trng hp ny vi cu hnh c d phng 1+1, cn cu hnh khng c d phng 1+0 th chuyn mch pht lun c t my pht No1). Sau sng mang na a qua b lc pht, qua van mt chiu, qua phi, n an ten bc xa ra khng gian ti my thu. - Khi thu: Tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t anten thu, a qua phi, qua van mt chiu, qua b lc thu, ri c a ti b phn ng (B sai ng), u ra ca b phn ng s c 2 tn hiu sng mang nh nhau v a vo 2 mythu nu nh c d phng nng 1+1). Cn cu hnh khng d phng (1+0) th a c nh vo my thu s 1 (No1). III- THIT B DM2G - 1000 4X 2MBT/S 1- Gii thu chung: Hin nay cc bu in tnh ang s dng truyn dn vi ba DM2G 1000 ti 8 x 2,48Mbt/s v loi 4 x 2,048 Mbt/s. Thit b DM2G - 1000 4 x 2Mbtt/s cng c hng sn xut loi 8 x 2,48 Mbt/s ca (EIJTSU) c CTIN lp t nh thit b trnh by phn trn. - Thit b ny vi dung lng truyn d 4 lung 2 Mbt/s, n ph hp vi cc bu in huyn cc tnh., vi nhu cu cha cn s dng c truyn dn c dung lng ln. ng thi n cng c thit b h tr cho truyn dn cp quang. - Thc cht hai loi l mt. Xong DM2G-1000 4 x 2 Mbt/s c 1 s c im khc v c trnh by sau y. a, Ch tiu k thut: * Ch tiu chung: 172

- Gii tn s cng tc: + Bng tn thp tn s t (2000 2150) MHz . + Bng tn cao tn s t (2150 2300) MHz - Dung lng truyn dn: 4 x 2,018 M bt/s, m HDB - 3 - iu ch: 4 QAM vo sng mang trung tn pht. (758 hoc 963) MHz - Ngun cung cp: (-24 ?V hoc -48 V) DC. S bin i ca ngun t -20 V n -60 V * My pht: - Cng sut ra (pht t anten) + 30dBm. - n nh tn s pht: - Sng mang trung tn pht: + 758 MHz ng bng tn thp. + 963 MHz ng vi bng tn cao. - Phng thc iu ch: 4 QAM. - Lung s a vo iu ch QAM: 2x 4,683652 Mbt/s. * My thu: - Ngng thu: T -50 n -90 dBm. Khi BER = 10-3 ngng thu : -99dBm. - Gii iu ch: Coherent. - Tn s trung tn : 70 MHz. - My thu thc hin i tn 2 ln. + i tn ln 1: Vi IF1 = 933 MHz ng bng tn trn IF1 = 788 MHz ng vi bng tn di. + i tn s ln 2: IF2 = 70MHz. - Cc phn khc: tng t nh loi DM2G - 1000 (8 x 2) Mbt/s. * Cu hnh h thng: Thit b DM2G - 1000 (4 x 2) Mbt/s. C hai loi cu hnh h thng. - Cu hnh h thng c d phng. - Cu hnh h thng khng c d phng. - Cu hnh ny c trnh by hnh (2-23). C hnh c d phng (1+1) c 173 - TRBB No1 1x 10-5

- TRBB

No2.

v nu khng c d phng (1+0) th ch c TRBB No1 * V kt cu bn ngoi ca thit b ny, trnh by hnh (4-21 a,b). 2- S khi, chc nng v nguyn l hot ng. a, S khi: c trnh by hnh (4-43 ). Gm cc khi sau: - Khi my pht v tuyn. - Khi my thu v tuyn. - Khi x l bng tn c s thu pht. - Khi phn hng anten. - Khi knh nghip v DSC. - Khi hin Th Display. Sau y l chc nng cc khi, nguyn l hot ng. b, Chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca s khi. * Khi my pht v tuyn. - S khi.
STRP4 t i
MOD RF out

MOD

BPF

HPA

PLO

SYNTH

Hnh4-43: S khi my pht - Chc nng: Khi my pht bao gm: + iu ch 2 lung s: 4,683652 Mbt/s t khi (BB) vi phng thc iu ch 4 QAM. + To dao ng sng mang trung tn pht vi tn s. 758 MHz hoc 963MHz a ln iu ch. 174

+ To dao ng sng mang cao tn (RF) nn tn s bng tn s cng tc ca my pht. + Trn tn: + Khuch i bin sng mang siu cao tn ln v cng sut a ra anten bc x sng in t. + Lc khng cho tn s khc tn s cng tc ra ngoi anten. + a mc cao tn ra o kim tra v hin Th. + Gi s liu thng tin trng thi ca my pht n khi SV LGC DSPL kim tra, gim st tnh trng cu thit b . - Nguyn l hot ng: Hai lung s liu c tc 4,683652 Mbt/s, m NRZ t khi bng tn gc pht a vo o khi (MOD) iu ch. Ti y b to dao ng PLO, dao ng to tn hiu sng mang trung tn c tn s 758 MHz hoc 963MHz cng c a ln khi iu ch MOD. Hai lung s trn c iu ch vi sng mang trung tn pht theo phng thc 4 QAM. u ra ca khi iu ch (MOD) l tn hiu sng mang trung tn pht c iu ch QAM ca lung s , c a n b lc (BPF) v c khuch i , c a vo b trn nng tn, b trn nng tn c tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t b to dao ng sng mang SYNTH a ti. Hai tn hiu ny s c trn vi nhau, u ra ca b trn c t hp tn s trong ly tn s fSM = f PLO + f SYNTH, y chnh l tn s cng tc ca ma pht. Sau tn hiu ny c a qua b lc, lc b cc tn s khc ngoi tn s cng tc, tn hiu tip tc a qua b khuch i cng sut, u ra chia lm 2 ng, mt ng qua b phn hng anten, qua phi ra anten bc x sng in t ra khng gian ti my thu. Cn mt ng a ra ngoi o kim tra mc cng sut pht. RF MON * Khi ma thu v tuyn: - S khi.
SYNTH

PLO
RF in S TRB 4

D EM

BPF

BPF

BPF

BPF

Hnh 4-44: S khi my thu 175

Khi my thu gm chc nng sau: + Chn lc tn hiu cn thu. + Khuch i tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn. + Thc hin i tn 2 ln vi trung tn 758 hoc 963 MHz i tn ln 1 vi i tn ln 2 - vi trung tn 70MHz. + To dao ng ni thc hin i tn. +Khuch i tn hiu trung tn ln a sang gii iu ch. + Cung cp thng tin s liu v tnh trng my thu sang cc khi SVLGC, DSPL, o kim tra ngi trc nm trc tnh hnh ca thit b . - Nguyn l hot ng: Tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn t anten thu, s qua van mt chiu, qua b lc thu c a vo my thu, trc tin a vo khi khuch i tp m thp Sau a qua b lc trc khi a vo b trn tn ln th nht. B lc c nhim v lc b can nhiu, nht l cc tn s nh v tn s lt b trn i tn ln 1, c tn hiu ca dao ng ni mt (SYNTH) dao ng tn s 1337MHz hoc 1242 MHz c a vo. Hai tn hiu vi hai tn s khc nhau c trn ti y, v u ra c b lc (BPF) s gi li tn s bng hiu ca tn s tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn v tn s dao ng ni. C th tn s y l 963 MHz hoc 758MHz . Tn hiu ny tip tc a vo b i tn ln 2. Vi tn s ca dao ng PLO (b dao ng ni 2), tn s bng (963MHz - 71MHz) hoc (758MHz - 70MHz) cng tng t nh i tn ln 1, u ra cu b i tn ny s l b lc gi li tn s 70MHz, y chnh l tn s trung tn, tn hiu ny s, qua b khuch i c iu chnh mc trc khi a sang khi gii iu ch bng tn c s thu. - Nh v: V nguyn l v s khi ca phn v tuyn trong thit b DM2G - 1000 4x 2,048 Mbt/s c khc vi thit b DM2G - 1000 8x 2048 Mbt/s. + My pht: Khi lung s a sang iu ch vo tn s trung tn pht (758MHz hoc 963MHz). Sau sng mang c iu ch ny c nng ln bng tn s cng tc nh b trn nng tn. Do my pht phi c 2 b to dao ng sng mang chnh l b to dao ng PLO v b SYNTM. + Ma thu : thc hin tn 2 ln.

176

* Ln th nht sau khi i tn c tn s trung tn = 788 MHz hoc 933 MHz. * i tn ln th 2 th tn s trung tn = 70MHz cn ci khi khc l nh nhau. * Khi phn nhnh anten. - S khi nh hnh (4-24) BR NTWK. Gm c: - Chuyn mch pht - B lc pht: - B lc thu: - B sai ng: - Van mt chiu: TSW BPF. BPF HYB (Hybird). (Circulator).

Chc nng: Phn nhnh tn hiu sng mang siu cao tn gia thu v pht khi dng chung anten. Nguyn l: Nh trnh by phn thit b DM2G - 1000 8 x 2,048Mbt/s. * Khi x l bng tn c s thu pht: BB (Base Band).

B IN 1 = 4 2,048 Mbit/s 120

B/U DSC DSC CH1 CH2

STRP 4

DSC DSC B OUT 1 - 4

CH3 CH4

U/B 2,048 Mbit/s 177

DEM

120 Hnh 4-45: S kh TRBB - Pha pht: Gm B/U v STRP (Small Capacity Transmit Receiver digital Processor). Chc nng: * Bin i m (HDB - 3/ NRZ) * Ghp lung (t 4 lung 2 Mbt/s thnh 2 lung 4 M bt/s ). * Ngu nhin ho v m ho vi sai. * Ghp cc bt ca knh nghip v DSC , gim st, kim tra chn l, nhn dng tuyn Hnh (2-25) S khi x l bng tn s c s thu pht. + Pha thu gm c khi DEM - STRP4 , U -B/U-B. * Thc hin gii iu ch (Coherent). * Tch cc bt cc knh nghip v, gim st.. chn.. * Tch lung (2/4 Mbt/s 4 x 2 Mbt/s). * Gii m vi sai v kh ngu nhin. * Bin i m (NRZ/ HDB - 3). + Nguyn l hot ng: Xem phn trc ca thit b DM2G - 1000 8 x 2Mbt/s * Khi knh nghip v DSC. Khi ny v chc nng v nguyn l ging nhau nh khi DSC ca thit b DM2G - 1000 8 x 2Mbt/s. Hy xem phn trc. * Khi logc gim st cng nh khi SVLGCI ca thit b DM2G 1000 8 x 2Mbt/s. 2.3 Nhn xt chung. + My pht ca thit b DM2G-1000(4x2048)Mbt, iu ch tn hiu s vo trung tn pht vi tn sng mang iu ch 758MHz ng vi bng tn thp v 963MHz ng vi bng tn cao. Sau c a vo trn tn vi sng mang tip theo vi tn s dao ng VCO c tn s bng tn s cng tc

178

ca thit b. Nh vy trong my pht c hai b to dao ng sng mang siu cao tn (b PLO v b VCO). + My thu ca thit b DM2G-1000 (4x2048)Mbt c hai b i tn, trong i tn ln 1 ng vi tn s trung tn a ra 758MHz vi bng tn thp v 963MHz vi bng tn cao, i tn ln hai a ra trung tn 70MHz. ng thi c hai b to dao ng nh my pht(b PLO v b VCO). + My thu v my pht s dng chung b to dao ng VCO. + thit b DM2G-1000 (4x2048)Mbt khng co khi U-B/B-U ring m nm trong khi X l bng tn c s chung V kt cu tt c cc khi x l bng tn c s , khi v tuyn c t chung trong mt card v c gi TRBB. c, Mt s khi c bn trong thit b DM2G-1000. * Khi Display.
DS P L

P IU
DA TA

SW LED

FF
H andset

ow
Hands et

S p e a ke r

* Khi ngun PS.

PS(No1)
DC/ DC

-V (-19) - (-60)V

+5,3V +10V -10V

* Khi SVLGC1. 179

SV LGC 1
OW(E XL) OW(E X) OW(EXT TEL) Handset SV (E XL) SV (E X) BR NTWK DSC ch2 64Kbit/s

CODEC

DIG CONN

DSC ch1 64Kbit/s

MPSC

SW CONT

SW CONT

PTM ALM RELAY

PEP DATA ALM/ STATUS MONITOR

CPU

180

Bi 1 Thc hnh lp t an ten, dy fi . Mc ch: minh ho bi an ten hc. Yu cu: Quan st hng an ten c cng trng cc i. Ni dung. 1, Khi nim chung. An ten ca thit b l loi an ten prabol nhp vo Vit Nam c 3 loi; - Loi ng knh 2,4 mt k hiu GKL 24. - Loi ng knh 1,8 mt k hiu GKL 18. - Loi ng knh 1,2 mt k hiu GKL 12. Trong 3 loi ny, loi GKL12 mt phn x c lp snti ni sn xut. Nn khi lp t ch cn lp b gi v ng phng l xong. Vic lp t gi v ng phng ca GKL 12.cng nh ca cc loi GKL 18. Do phn lp t anten ch yu cp ti loi GKL 18, cn loi GKL 12 ch cn m t bng hnh v , loi GKL 24 tng t nh loi GKL 18. An ten GKL do cc chn song ghp li vi nhau thnh mt phn x . Vic lp t an ten bao gm: Bc 1- Lp t phn phn x. Bc 2- Lp t khung gi an ten. Bc 3- Lp ng phng v lp an ten ln ct cao. An ten c th lp theo phn cc ng hoc lp theo phn cc ngang, ph thuc vo vic lp rp khung an ten theo tng v tr m khng cn xoay ng phng. Cn ch : Trc khi lp an ten cn phi c k ti liu, vic lp t t hiu qu cao. ng thi trc khi lp an ten cn kim k ton b cc b phn v ph tng, ph kin km theo c ghi r trong bng kim k ca ni sn xut. Khi kim k nu ph kin thiu hoc cc b phn khng m bo yu cu k thut, phi lp bin bn v bo cho ni sn xut gii quyt 2, Cc b phn ca an ten. 181

Cc chi tit cu thnh cc b phn an tenl c s cho vic lp t tng phn ca anten. C th chia lm 3 b phn nh sau: - Phn phn x. - Phn ng phng. - Phn gi v khung an ten. a, Phn phn x. Phn phn x bao gm nhiu thnh phn ghp li, l: * Vnh an ten: Vnh an ten c to ra t 2 i vnh , c bulng xuyn qua cc g mp u cui to thnh hnh trn. Cc l thng trn vnh dng lp cc chn t phn x (cc chn t t song song vi nhau). * Thanh ging: Thanh ging c ni vi phn ko di t u ni cc vnh bng cc bulng(to ra hnh ch nht). N c bt vo nhau ti tm phn x bng tm phng ch L. C hai bulng c nh chng vi nhau. Ngoi ra cn mt tm phng hn vi thanh ging trn c cc l c bc nha gi cc chn t phn x. * Chn t phn x: C 16 i chn t phn x c ghp li thnh hnh pa rabol chnh xc, cc ng nhm c nh du ging nhau bng cc s u cui (bt u t s mt pha gia an ten). * a phn x: a phn x l tm phng hnh trn c b mt phn x c lp vo pha trc ti tm ca an ten. Mu ny c dng cho tn s > 1000MHz. a phn x khi lp rp yu cu phi chnh xc. b, Phn ng phng. ng phng bao gm mt thanh kim loi cng, u c chn t tch cc(tnh t tm an ten tr ra), c cc bulng bt cht hai gi gi cho ng phng v gi an ten vng chc. c, Phn khung an ten: 182

Khung an ten bao gm mt gi trn v mt gi di(mt thanh st ch L) v mt thanh lin kt gia gi trn v gi di ca an ten, c mt thanh chnh tm theo phng thng ng. Tt c u l kim loi st m km. Bc 1: Gi an ten pha trn. Gi an ten pha trn gm mt thanh st vung, mi u c mt tay n to vi thanh st mt gc nhn, ti u cui ca mi tay n c mt tm kim loi c bt cht vi cc thanh ging bng bulng ch U, bulng ch U c tc dng cho an ten quay hng ln trn hoc xung di. C mt tm phng (pha trn thanh ging) dng bt cht ng ph na ten bng cc bulng ch V. Bc 2: Gi an ten pha di. Gi an ten pha di bao gm mt thanh st gc dng bt cht ng ph an ten bng bulng ch V v c mt thanh ging ni gi an ten pha di vi gi an ten pha trn. Bc 3: Thanh chnh tm . Thanh chnh tm c bt vi gi di ca an ten bng mt cu, mt u c bt vi thanh ging thng ng ca an ten bng mt thanh ngang (c ren) c hn chc chn. Bc 4: Thanh ging. Thanh ging l mt thanh st gc ni gi trn vi gi di ca an ten to ra mt gc nhn vi thanh chnh tm xa v phng thng ng. Ngoi cc b phn c bn trn ,khi lp t cn ch n phn cc an ten. Thit lp h thng phn cc phi da vo vic lp khung an ten. Phn cc ca an ten c th thay i bng cch xoay khung an ten, s dng cc l c sn ca gi an ten vi thanh ging an ten. Ch khng c thay i gi an tenbt k cc trng hp no. 3, Lp rp khung an ten. Khi lp t khung an ten cn chun b trc mt bng lp an ten di t v chun b mt bng ko dy ln cao, cc bc lp an ten nh sau : Bc 1: B tr ra bn ngoi 4 vnh anten to ra mt vng trn. Ch : - n cc l lp chn t , cc u ni di v cc ngn vnh an ten. 183

- Cc vnh trn t cho nhau c cng vch mu. * An ten c lp t rt chc chn trn ct chuyn dng c cao khong 100m tr ln. C th cng tc lp t an ten nh sau: + Gia cng b gi an ten thch hp kt cu ca thp an ten v loi an ten c s dng. cc chi tit, b gi gia cng phi c tnh chu lc ln m bo an ton trong iu kin mi trng khc nghit nh gi bo, tng ng vi chi tit k thut cho, Cc vt liu gia cng phi t cht lng tt, m bo bn theo thi gian, cn thit phi s dng loi thp tt. Sau phi m km bo v mt ngoi. Nn s dng cc bulng bng thp khng r. + Cc loi an ten phi c lp rp k lng, ng k thut nht l an ten loi c chiu rng 1,8m tr ln. (xem bi 1). 4-Thc hin treo an ten. Bc 1: Treo rng rc ln cao thch hp, nu s dng an ten v cp ln cn thit phi s dng hai rng rc (trn v di), b tr dy cp, dy li thch hp bo m an ton trong thi cng. Ch chn hng mang dy ko ln thp. Bc 2: Treo b gi an ten cao nh trc, kho cht b gi vo ct. Bc 3: Treo an ten vo b gi an ten. Bc 4: Lp rp u ni vo phi . An ten RFS c u ni N ci(female), do u ni lp vo fi pha an ten gi l N c, v pha thit b l N ci. Cc bc lp rp u ni fi phi c thc hin ng hng dn, chc chn m bo tip xc tt. chng nc vo cc u ni(s dng keo Plast 2000 cung cp). Bc 5: S dng r ko cp ko dy fi , vi loi fi 7/8ca hng RFS c quy nh khong cch r ko cp 60m. Bc 6: Sau khi ko fi n ct cao nh trc, treo mc r vo im ta chc chn thp an ten, tip theo dng loi kp cp c nh fi vo ct an ten vi khoanghr cch 1m/kp. Bc 7: bo v an ten chnh st, cn thit phi tip t tt c hai u cui fi . Sau khi lp t xong phi kim tra li ng hng ca an ten cha bng bn v la bn (cng vic lp t an ten do ni cung cp thit b lm m ta ch kim tra li). 184

Sau khi lp t an ten tip theo lp t dy thu li, dy t bo v an ten, cc loi dy trn khi kim tra da vo tiu chun ca ngnh. 5- Lp t dy fi. Dy fi dng trong thit b RMD-1504 gm c hai on, vi tr khng ca dy fi l 50 . - on 1: c di khong 150m, c k hiu 7/8. on dy fi c u ni vi ng phng ca an ten,tip gip gia dy fi vi ng phng phi cun ngoi bng cao su non v c bo v rt cn thn chnh nc ma ngn vo gy tiu hao tn hiu. - on 2: c u ni tip theo ca on 1 vo thit b, on ny c chiu di khong 1,5 m n 3 m, v mm hn on 1 un cong, k hiu 1/2. Ch : Khi ko dy fi t an ten xung thit b phi bt kp cp c di khong 1m mt ci gi cho dy fi vng chc. Ch : Cn thn, chnh trm tay vo cc linh kin bn trong cc ngn my.

185

BI II. Xem m phng an ten sng cc ngn. Mc ch: chng minh nhng vn l thuyt hc. Yu cu: Quan st nhn xt khi c s thay i di, hng an ten. Ni dung. 1- o cng sut tn hiu cao tn RF a- S khi.
ng h o cng sut ra

B to dao RF ng B to sng chy bng Gunn it B suy hao c bi i n 35dB

B chia ng

B k cui t

S cng sut ra t hi RF o n u

b Cc bc o cng sut. Bc 1: u ni cc thit b nh trn s khi. Bc 2: u ngun cho thit b (b to dao ng RF) hot ng. Bc 3: u ngun cho thit b (ng h o cng sut) hot ng. Bc 4: iu chnh b suy hao 35 dB xem kt qu o. c trn mn hnh ng h o cng sut. 2- S khi m phng an ten sng cc ngn a- S khi mch in.

186

B to dao RF ng

ng h o m thu c

B to sng chy bng Gunn it

B suy hao c bi i n 35dB

An ten pht

An ten thu

B Tch sng
DETECTOR

Bc 1: u ni cc thit b nh trn s khi. Bc 2: u ngun cho thit b (b to dao ng RF) hot ng. Bc 3: u ngun cho thit b (ng h o mc thu) hot ng. Bc 4: iu chnh b suy hao 35 dB xem kt qu o. c trn mn hnh ng h o cng sut. Bc 5: iu chnh hng v khong cch gia hai an ten xem kt qu o. c trn mn hnh ng h o cng sut. Ch : Khong cch gia hai an ten pht , an ten thu.

r = 40cm

187

Bi 3. Gii thiu cu kinvi ba v h thng vi ba ca tuyn vi ba. Mc ch:Minh ho cc cu kin vi ba v h thng vi ba ca tuyn vi ba. Yu cu: Tm hiu cc cu kin v chc nng ca chng. Ni dung. 1- ng dn sng. a- ng dn sng hnh ch nht.

a b

a, Chiu rng ca ng dn sng. b, Chiu cao ca ng dn sng. 188

b- ng dn sng trn.

g tog n k hr n n

c- Cp ng trc

V n n o ha g i

D d n o y n g i

D d n tron y g

189

2- B ghp ni dng ng dn sng. Hinh dang.

3-B tao sng chy dng i t gunn.

190

Trong : 1- u ni ly tn hiu RF ra. 2- iu chnh mc ra ca tn hiu RF. 3- u ni vo b to tn hiu RF. 4, B khuch i RF. K hiu.
60dBm

Hnh dng.

191

5, B iu chnh suy hao35dB. K hiu.

Hnh dng.

6, u ni RF.

192

6, u kt cui cao tn RF. K hiu

Hnh dng.

193

Cu hi n tp chng. 1. Hy phn tch khi khuch i cng sut PBA trong thit b RMD 1504? 2. Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht trong RMD 1504. 3. Chc nng ca khi i tn trong my thu thit b RMD 1504. 4. Phn tch v nu chc nng khi khuch i trung tn IF ca my thu thit b RMD 1504. 5. Nu chc nng ca khi bng tn c s thu ca RMD 1504? 6. Chc nng khi hin Th ca thu v pht v tuyn trong RMD 1504? 7. Nguyn l hot ng ca ma thu? 8. Chc nng ca b phn hng an ten? 9. Chc nng khi ngun cung cp cho my thu v my pht RMD 1504. 10. Tnh nng k thut ca thit b viba AWA? 11. Kt cu ca thit b RMD - 1504? 12. Chc nng v nguyn l lm vic ca cc khi trong my pht? 13. Chc nng v nguyn l lm vic ca cc khi trong my thu? 1- Nu tnh nng k tht ca thit b DM2G - 1000? 2- S khi ca my pht v chc nng cc khi? 3- S khi ca my thu v chc nng cc khi? 4- Nu nguyn l lm vic ca my pht v my thu? 5- Chc nng ca khi B- U/U- B v nguyn l lm vic? 6- Chc nng v nguyn l lm vic cu khi knh nghip v DSC? 7- Chc nng ca khi hin Th DSPL v ngha ca cc n LED, nt n? 8- Chc nng v nguyn l lm vic ca khi logc gim st 1 ( SV LGC1). 9- Chc nng, nhim v v ngha ca cc LED, bin tr, chuyn mch khi cung cp PS? 10- S khc nhau c bn ca ch tiu k thut v kt cu bn ngoi, bn trong ca DM2G - 1000 4x 2Mbt/s vi 8x 2Mbt/s?

194

11- S khc nhau v s khi ca my thu v my pht gia 2 thit b DM2G - 1000 4x 2 Mbt v DM2G - 1000 8x 2 Mbt/s.

Cc k hiu vit tt AD PCM: AGC MAN AIS signal AIS REC AIS SND ALC MAN ALM ALRA AMI AMP ATT A/O converter) BEF BER BER DET BP LSI BR NET BR NRTWK BWB BZ OFF iu ch xung m vi sai t thch nghi (Adaotive differebtat pulse code modulation) iu chnh in p t iu lng (Autoaticgia control manual) Tn hiu chThcnhbo (Alarni indication Thu tn hiu AIS (AIS reeciving) Pht tn hiu cnh bo AIS (AIS sending) iu chnh trc t ng (Automatic level control manual) Cnh bo (Alarn) Ch cnh bo thu (A narn recive altention) M a du xen k (Altemate mark iversion) B khuch i (Ampiler). B suy gim (Attentralor) B khuch i tng t s (Analog to digital B lc chn di (Band climination filler) T s bt li (Bit error radio defecctor) B t d bt li (Bit eror radio defecctor) B x l bng gc (Baschnd processor LSI) Mch phn nhnh ( Bandchinh networ) Mch phn nhnh mng (bandching networ) Tm dy phi sau (Back wired board) Tt chung cnh bo (Buzzcro off) 195

BU BIN BOUT CCITT CK CLK COM RAM CPU CW CWON DADE DBM DIF DIG CON conneetion) DSPL DM DMAC DMUX DO DP RAM DRV DSC3 DSC INTF DSTF

B chuyn i lng cc sang n cc (Bipolar to mipolar converter) Tn hiu vo lng cc (Bipolar input) Tn hiu ra lng cc (Bipolar ouput T chc t vn in thoi in bo quc t (Internationnal Telegrph and Telephone Consuitavive) Xung ng h (Clock) Xung ng h (Clock) B nh truy nhp ngu nhin chung (Commn random access menmory) B x l trung tm (Carrier wave) Sng mang (Carrive wave) Pht sng mang (Carrive wave ON) Cn hng thi gian tr vi sai tuyt i (Differentinal ab sotule delay time cquatlizantion) B trn cn bng kp (Double balanced mixer) M ho vi sai (Differntial coding) Mch ni tip tn hiu s (Digital dignal

Hin Th (Display) Thi gian suy gim (Dgaded minutes) B iu khin truy nhp trc tip (Direct memory access controller) B tch knh (De- multiplexer) D liu ra (Date out) B nh truy nhp ngu nhin cng kp (Dual port randon access memory) iu khin (Driver) Knh nghip v s 3 (Digital service channel 3 unit) Giao tip knh nghip v s (DSC interface) Chn bt ngu nhin (De- stuffing) 196

DTMF EC EM EQI EQPTNO ERRMS EX BI SVD EX BI SVA EXEC EXTTEL EXSA EX SVD telephone) EXLOW orderwwire) FALM FF FG FGEN HDB3

Tn hiu kp a tn (Duat tone multi lrequency) Thi gian li (Error count) B nh n hi (Elastic memory) B hiu chnh (Equalezer) S thit b (Equimenl number) Xung li (Errored second) D liu s gim st EX lng cc (EX bipolar suppervisory digital date) D liu gim st EX lng cc (EX bipolar suppervisory anlog data) Thc hin (EXecution) Knh thoi ngoi (EXternal supervisory) D liu gim st tng t bn ngoi (EXtermal supervisory analog data) D liu bm st s bn Thoi nghip v bn ngoi (E xternal ngoi (E xternal

Cnh bo ng h khung (F rame sychronronizzation) B dao ng kt bp bnh (Flip - Elop) Gi t (Frame grount) B to bt ng b khung (Frame synch ronzonizzation bt generator) M ng mt cao (Hight density bipolar

197

198

Chia n ln

199