n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

TRNG HKTCN
KHOA IN T

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

N MN HC
Mn hc:

H thng nhng

B Mn:

K thut My tnh

Lp: K43KDT
Ngnh:
S :
Ngy giao : 16/03/2011
Ngy hon thnh: .
1.Tn ti: Thit k v xy dng h thng iu khin n giao thng
2. Ni dung thuyt minh tnh ton
-

Kho st v phn tch bi ton: Tm hiu v kho st thc t v cc linh kin,

cc loi IC, v hot ng ca h thng n giao thng

La chn gii php: Chn gii php cng ngh, gii php thit k, cc yu
cu v gii hn cho h thng

Thit k nguyn l: S tng qut, s c t, la chn v tng quan v

linh kin

Thit k k thut:

Xy dng h thng: S mch, chng trnh demo, module chng trnh

3. Cc bn v, chng trnh v th
-

Cc s thit k, Mch h thng

Chng trnh iu khin

a CD cha cc s thit k gc, bo co, m ngun, chng trnh demo.

Nhn a ghi r: H tn + lp + tn ti (tm tt) + GV hng dn + Ngy
thng.

Thng qua phn

Xc nh yu cu

Thng qua phn

Thit k

Thng qua phn

Xy dng h thng

ng cho bo v

Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn

...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

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Ngy

Thng

Nm 20...

Gio Vin hng dn

(K ghi r h tn)

Nhn xt ca gio vin chm

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Ngy

Thng

Nm 20...

Gio Vin hng dn

(K ghi r h tn)

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

LI CM N
Li u tin chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Tin Duy cng
thy c b mn khoa in T Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Nghip Thi
Nguyn.
Trong qu trnh thc hin n nhm chng em gp khng t kh khn v
thiu st .Nhng c s hng dn v ch dy nhit tnh ca qu thy c gip
chng em khc phc c nhng thiu st v c th hon thnh c ti ng
thi hn, gip chng em hc tt hn.
Do kin thc ca nhm chng em cn hn ch nn trong n cn nhiu sai
xt chng em rt mong c s thng cm ca qu thy c. Chng Em xin chn
thnh cm n.

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

MC LC
1.3. CC GII PHP V XC NH BI TON ................................................................7
1.3.1.Cc gii php.............................................................................................................7
1.3.2. Xc nh bi ton v gii hn ca ti...................................................................7
2.2. S KHI (CALL GRAPH)..................................................................................9
2.3. S C T CA H THNG..............................................................................9
2.4. CC MODULE TRONG H THNG.........................................................................10
2.4.1.Module iu khin trung tm....................................................................................10
2.4.3. Module khi ngun.................................................................................................13
2.5.1.Cc linh kin trong khi iu khin trung tm..........................................................15
2.5.3. Cc linh kin trong b hin th.................................................................................27

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

LI NI U
Ngy nay, khi nim k thut s tr thnh quen thuc vi nhiu ngi, bi
v s pht trin ca ngnh k thut s ny c nh hng rt ln n ngnh kinh
t ton cu. C ngi nu ln tng gi nn kinh t ca thi i chng ta l
nn kinh t k thut s , s ha gn nh vt khi ranh gii ca mt thut
ng k thut . Nh c u im ca x l s nh tin cy trong truyn dn, tnh a
thch nghi v kinh t ca nhiu phn mm khc nhau, tnh tin li trong iu khin
v khai thc mng.
S ha ang l xu hng pht trin tt yu ca nhiu lnh vc k thut v kinh
t khc nhau. Khng ch trong lnh vc thng tin lin lc v tin hc. Ngy nay, k
tht s v ang thm nhp mnh m vo K thut in t, iu khin t ng,
pht thanh truyn hnh, y t, nng nghipv ngay c trong cc dng c sinh hot
gia nh.
Ngay t nhng ngy u khai sinh, k thut s ni ring v ngnh in t ni
chung to ra nhiu bc t ph mi m cho cc ngng kinh t khc v cn m
bo c yu cu ca ngi dng c v cht lng v dch v. ng thi kin thc
v k thut s l khng th thiu i vi mi sinh vin, nht l sinh vin in t.
V nh mi ngi nhn thy rng, ngy nay trt t giao thng nc ta ang ri
ren. V vy vic s dng n giao thng ti nhng giao l l rt cn thit v hiu
r hn v nguyn l hot ng v mun pht trin thm v m hnh ny, chng em
chn ti cho n mn hc 1 l nghin cu v n Giao Thng .
Ni dung chnh ca bi bo co c chia thnh cc phn chnh sau:
Li ni u
Chng 1 : Phn tch v yu cu ca n v cc gii php
a ra thc hin.
Chng 2 : Thit k h thng
Chng 3 : Xy dng h thng
Kt lun v cc hng pht trin hon thin ti
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti c th khng trnh c cc thiu st v mc
hon thnh ti, mong qu thy c xem xt v c th a ra nhn xt chng
em c th khc phc c nhng thiu st v c th hon thin cng nh m
rng ti sau ny

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

CHNG 1: PHN TCH H THNG

1.1. GII THIU H THNG MCH IU KHIN N GIAO THNG
1.1.1. tng thit k h thng iu khin n giao thng
H thng n giao thng ca chng em thit k hot ng c cc ch trong
ngy: (Gi cao im, bnh thng v thp im, hin th thi gian ca cc ch
ln LED 7 on).
- Cao im: n xanh 47s, n 50s, n vng 3s.
- Bnh thng: n xanh 20s, n 23s, n vng 3s.
- Thp im: n vng sng.
- C 4 LED 7 on n: 2 LED hin th m ngc cho 1 ln ng.
- H thng LED n hin th cho cc n xanh, n vng, n .
- H thng nt nhn, gm 3 nt: nt chuyn ch cao im, bnh thng, thp
im.
1.1.2. Yu cu ca mch iu khin n giao thng
- Mch phi n gin, d thit k, d lp t, d dng sa cha.
- Mch phi chy n nh, chnh xc, d vn hnh.
- Chi ph thit k phi r.
1.2. GII THIU H THNG IU KHIN N GIAO THNG
Mt s sn phm thc t

Hnh 1: Hnh nh h thng n giao thng trong thc t.

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

1.3. CC GII PHP V XC NH BI TON

1.3.1.Cc gii php
C rt nhiu phng php thit k mt mch iu khin h thng n giao
thng. Tuy nhin, ty theo yu cu ca tng bi ton, ty theo tng thit k ca
mi ngi m ta c nhng gii php ring. y nhm chng em thit k h
thng iu khin n giao thng s dng vi iu khin vi nhng u im sau:
- Mch c th thay i cc ch hot ng hot ng linh hot.
- S linh kin s dng trong mch t, cch thc b tr linh kin d dng.
- Mch n gin, d thc thi.
- Lp trnh n gin.
1.3.2. Xc nh bi ton v gii hn ca ti
a. Xc nh bi ton
M hnh n giao thng gm c:
u vo

X l

u ra

u nhp d liu vo l bn phm, gm cc phm chc nng v

phm nhp thi gian, iu chnh cc ch hot ng ca n
giao thng.
Khi vi x l gm c: mch vi x l vi vi iu khin pic16F877A lm
nhim v x l chnh, b ngun cung cp in p 5VDC.
u d liu ra ( hin th) gm:
- Led n: hin th tn hiu n giao thng.
- Led 7 on: hin th thi gian sng ca n.

b. Gii hn ca ti
Mch thc hin cha chy t ng cc ch hot ng theo gi nh, mun
chuyn ch hot ng ca h thng n giao thng yu cu ngi iu khin phi
n nt iu chnh trn khi bn phm iu khin cc ch hot ng theo gi.

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

CHNG 2 : THIT K H THNG

2.1. S KHI CA H THNG
Bao gm cc khi sau: Khi u vo, khi iu khin, khi gii m, khi hin
th, khi ngun:

Hnh 2. S khi h thng n giao thng.

Khi hin th: Hin th chnh xc thi gian trn led 7 on v tn hiu n giao
thng trn led n

Khi u vo: Gm bn phm iu chnh cc ch hot ng theo gi ca

h thng n tn hiu giao thng.
Khi iu khin trung tm: iu khin mi s hot ng ca h thng, thc
hin chng trnh, x l cc iu khin vo/ra v truyn thng vi cc thit b
bn ngoi.

Khi gii m: s dng IC74LS247 thc hin vic gii m BCD sang thp
phn v hin th cc trng thi thp phn trn LED 7 thanh.

Khi ngun: Cung cp in p cho ton b h thng v m bo s n nh

in p.

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.2. S KHI (CALL GRAPH)

Controller
Software

Led
Display
Controller

Keypad
Routines

7
Segm
ent
Controller

Led
Display

Keypad

7
Segm
ent

Hnh 3. S khi h thng n giao thng (call graph).

2.3. S C T CA H THNG

Hnh 4. S c t ca h thng n giao thng.

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.4. CC MODULE TRONG H THNG

2.4.1.Module iu khin trung tm
S dng vi iu khin PIC16F877A
a. S PIC16F877A
S chn ca vi iu khin PIC 16F877A: 40 pins. 5 cng vo ra s
RA,RB,RC,RD,RE.

10

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Hnh 5: S chn vi iu khin PIC16F877A .

b. c im ca PIC 16F877A
Cng ngh CMOS c c tnh: cng sut thp, cng ngh b nh Flash/EEPROM
c tc cao.in p hot ng t 2V n 5,5V v tiu tn nng nng thp. ph
hp vi nhit lm vic trong cng nghip v trong thng mi.
-Tc hot ng :
11

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

+ DC 20MHz ng vo xung clock
+ DC 200ns chu k lnh
-Dung lng ca b nh chng trnh Flash l 8K x 14words.
-Dung lng ca b nh d liu RAM l 368x8Bytes.
-Dung lng ca b nh d liu EEPROM l 256x8 Bytes.
+ B nh d liu EEPROM cho php xa v ghi 1.000.000 ln.
+ B nh EEPROM c th lu gi d liu hn 40 nm v c th t
lp trnh li c di s iu khin ca phn mm.

12

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.4.2.Module khi hin th

Khi hin th c chc nng a ra thng tin hin th tng ng vi trng thi
hin thi ca h thng. Khi ny gm 2 phn: n hin th tn hiu n giao thng
v ng h.
n hin th tn hiu n giao thng bao gm: n dnh cho cc phng tin
tham gia giao thng: xanh, , vng.
ng h dng cc LED 7 thanh to thnh cc b hin th t 00 n 99.
y ta dng loi Anode chung (ph hp vi IC 74LS247), cu trc ca n nh sau:

Hnh 6: S LED thanh.

tch kim chn cho vi iu khin ta ni cc chn a, b, c, d, e, f, g, trn hai
led vi nhau. Cc vi x l x l cc d liu l s nh phn 0 v 1 nn cn c s gii
m t s nh phn sang s thp phn, v vy ta ni cc chn ca led 7 thanh vo
chn ca b gii m 74LS247.
2.4.3. Module khi ngun
Khi ngun l khi cn thit cho s n nh ca in p,m bo in p ng
thit k cung cp cho ton b mch. Khi ngun c thit k theo s nh
sau:

Hnh 7. S khi cp ngun.

13

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

u tin, in p AC5V c a vo mch chnh lu cu diode cho in p

mt chiu. Tuy nhin, in p ny s c lc bt nhp nh (ripple) nh t
1000uF, qua , c th nng cao mc volt trung bnh cp cho tng tip theo. Hai t
104 trong mch c nhim v dp hin tng dao ng t kch c trong IC7805C,
cng nh lc tn s cao. Nhnh mch c in tr 330 Ohm ni tip vi Led-5V l
nhm bo hiu tnh trng ng ra c in p 5V hay cha.
2.4.4. Module u vo:
Dng iu chnh cc ch hot ng ca h thng n giao thng trong
ngy: (gi cao im, gi thp im ).

Hnh 8. S khi bn phm.

14

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.5. LA CHN LINH KIN

2.5.1.Cc linh kin trong khi iu khin trung tm
2.5.1.1 Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A
a. S chn vi iu khin PIC16F877A.

Hnh 9: S chn vi iu khin PIC16F877A .

b. Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin PIC16F877A.
y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC16Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c di
14 bit.
Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc hot ng ti
a cho php l 20 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh chng trnh 8Kx14
bit, b nh d liu 368x8 byte RAM v b nh d liu EEPROM vi dung lng
256x8 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 33 pin I/O.
Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
- Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit.
- Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc nng m
da vo xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch
sleep.
- Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler.
- Hai b Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung.
- Cc chun giao tip ni tip SSP (Synchronous Serial Port), SPI v I2C.
- Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9 bit a ch.
- Cng giao tip song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) vi cc chn iu khin RD,
WR,CS bn ngoi.
Cc c tnh Analog:
15

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit.

Hai b so snh.
Bn cnh l mt vi c tnh khc ca vi iu khin nh:
- B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln.
- B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln.
- D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm.
- Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm.
- Np c chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit Serial
Programming) thng qua 2 chn.
- Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong.
- Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh.
- Ch Sleep.
- C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.

16

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

c. S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A

Hnh 10. S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A.

17

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

d. T chc b nh
Cu trc b nh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A bao gm b nh chng trnh
(Programmemory) v b nh d liu (Data Memory).
B nh chng trnh
B nh chng trnh ca vi iu khin
PIC16F877A l b nh flash, dung lng b
nh 8K word (1 word = 14 bit) v c phn
thnh nhiu trang (t page0 n page 3) .
Nh vy b nh chng trnh c kh nng
cha c 8*1024 = 8192 lnh (v mt lnh
sau khi m ha s c dung lng 1 word (14
bit).
m ha c a ch ca 8K word
b nh chng trnh, b m chng trnh c
dung lng 13 bit (PC<12:0>).
Khi vi iu khin c reset, b m
chng trnh s ch n a ch 0000h (Reset
vector). Khi c ngt xy ra, b m chng
trnh s ch n a ch 0004h (Interrupt
vector).
Hnh 11. B nh chng trnh PIC.
B nh d liu
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm nhiu
bank. i viPIC16F877A b nh d liu c chia ra lm 4 bank. Mi bank
c dung lng 128 byte, baogm cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFG
(Special Function Register) nm cc vnga ch thp v cc thanh ghi mc
ch chung GPR (General Purpose Register) nm vnga ch cn li trong
bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR thng xuyn c s dng (v d nh thanh ghi
STATUS) s c t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip thun tin
trong qutrnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. S c th
ca b nh d liu
PIC16F877A nh sau:

18

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Hnh 12.S b nh d liu PIC16F877A.

19

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

e. Cng xut nhp

Cng xut nhp (I/O port) chnh l phng tin m vi iu khin dng tng
tc vi th gii bn ngoi. S tng tc ny rt a dng v thng qua qu trnh
tng tc , chc nng ca vi iu khin c th hin mt cch r rng.
Mt cng xut nhp ca vi iu khin bao gm nhiu chn (I/O pin), ty theo
cch b tr v chc nng ca vi iu khin m s lng cng xut nhp v s lng
chn trong mi cng c th khc nhau. Bn cnh , do vi iu khin c tch hp
sn bn trong cc c tnh giao tip ngoi vi nn bn cnh chc nng l cng xut
nhp thng thng, mt s chn xut nhp cn c thm cc chc nng khc th
hin s tc ng ca cc c tnh ngoi vi nu trn i vi th gii bn ngoi. Chc
nng ca tng chn xut nhp trong mi cng hon ton c th c xc lp v iu
khin c thng qua cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n chn xut nhp .
Vi iu khin PIC16F877A c 5 cng xut nhp, bao gm PORTA, PORTB,
PORTC, PORTD v PORTE.
PORTA
PORTA (RPA) bao gm 6 I/O pin. y l cc chn hai chiu (bidirectional
pin), ngha l c th xut v nhp c. Chc nng I/O ny c iu khin bi
thanh ghi TRISA (a ch 85h). Mun xc lp chc nng ca mt chn trong
PORTA l input, ta set bit iu khin tng ng vi chn trong thanh ghi
TRISA v ngc li, mun xc lp chc nng ca mt chn trong PORTA l
output, ta clear bit iu khin tng ng vi chn trong thanh ghi TRISA.
Thao tc ny hon ton tng t i vi cc PORT v cc thanh ghi iu khin
tng ng TRIS (i vi PORTA l TRISA, i vi PORTB l TRISB, i vi
PORTC l TRISC, i vi PORTD l TRISD vi vi PORTE l TRISE). Bn
cnh PORTA cn l ng ra ca b ADC, b so snh, ng vo analog ng vo
xung clock ca Timer0 v ng vo ca b giao tip MSSP (Master Synchronous
Serial Port).
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTA bao gm:
PORTA (a ch 05h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTA.
TRISA (a ch 85h) : iu khin xut nhp.
CMCON (a ch 9Ch): thanh ghi iu khin b so snh.
CVRCON (a ch 9Dh) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh in p
ADCON1 (a ch 9Fh): thanh ghi iu khin b ADC
PORTB
PORTB (RPB) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISB. Bn cnh mt s chn ca PORTB cn c s dng trong qu trnh
np chng trnh cho vi iu khin vi cc ch np khc nhau. PORTB cn lin
quan n ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0. PORTB cn c tch hp chc nng in tr
ko ln c iu khin bi chng trnh.
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTB bao gm:
PORTB (a ch 06h,106h)
: cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTB
20

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

TRISB (a ch 86h,186h)
: iu khin xut nhp
OPTION_REG (a ch 81h,181h) : iu khin ngt ngoi vi v b
Timer0.
PORTC
PORTC (RPC) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISC. Bn cnh PORTC cn cha cc chn chc nng ca b so snh, b
Timer1, b PWM v cc chun giao tip ni tip I2C, SPI, SSP, USART.
Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n PORTC:
PORTC (a ch 07h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTC
TRISC (a ch 87h) : iu khin xut nhp.
PORTD
PORTD (RPD) gm 8 chn I/O, thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISD. PORTD cn l cng xut d liu ca chun giao tip PSP (Parallel Slave
Port).
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTD bao gm:
Thanh ghi PORTD: cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTD.
Thanh ghi TRISD : iu khin xut nhp.
Thanh ghi TRISE : iu khin xut nhp PORTE v chun giao tip PSP.
PORTE
PORTE (RPE) gm 3 chn I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng ng l
TRISE. Cc chn ca PORTE c ng vo analog. Bn cnh PORTE cn l cc
chn iu khin ca chun giao tip PSP.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTE bao gm:
PORTE

: cha gi tr cc chn trong PORTE.

TRISE

: iu khin xut nhp v chun giao tip PSP.

ADCON1 : thanh ghi iu khin khi ADC.

f. TIMER 0
y l mt trong ba b m hoc b nh thi ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A.
Timer0 l b m 8 bit c kt ni vi b chia tn s (prescaler) 8 bit. Cu trc
ca Timer0 cho php ta la chn xung clock tc ng v cnh tch cc ca xung
clock.
Ngt Timer0 s xut hin khi Timer0 b trn. Bit TMR0IE (INTCON<5>) l bit
iu khin ca Timer0. TMR0IE=1 cho php ngt Timer0 tc ng, TMR0IF= 0
khng cho php ngt Timer0 tc ng. S khi ca Timer0 nh sau:

21

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Hnh 13. S khi ca Timer0.

Mun Timer0 hot ng ch Timer ta clear bit TOSC
(OPTION_REG<5>), khi gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s tng theo tng chu k xung
ng h (tn s vo Timer0 bng tn s oscillator). Khi gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 t
FFh tr v 00h, ngt Timer0 s xut hin. Thanh ghi TMR0 cho php ghi v xa
c gip ta n nh thi im ngt Timer0 xut hin mt cch linh ng.
Mun Timer0 hot ng ch counter ta set bit TOSC (OPTION_REG<5>).
Khi xung tc ng ln b m c ly t chn RA4/TOCK1. Bit TOSE
(OPTION_REG<4>) cho php la chn cnh tc ng vo bt m. Cnh tc ng
s l cnh ln nu TOSE=0 v cnh tc ng s l cnh xung nu TOSE=1.
Khi thanh ghi TMR0 b trn, bit TMR0IF (INTCON<2>) s c set. y
chnh l c ngt ca Timer0. C ngt ny phi c xa bng chng trnh trc
khi b m bt u thc hin li qu trnh m. Ngt Timer0 khng th nh thc
vi iu khin t ch sleep.
B chia tn s (prescaler) c chia s gia Timer0 v WDT (Watchdog
Timer). iu c ngha l nu prescaler c s dng cho Timer0 th WDT s
khng c c h tr ca prescaler v ngc li. Prescaler c iu khin bi
thanh ghi OPTION_REG. Bit PSA (OPTION_REG<3>) xc nh i tng tc
ng ca prescaler. Cc bit PS2:PS0 (OPTION_REG<2:0>) xc nh t s chia tn
s ca prescaler. Xem li thanh ghi OPTION_REG xc nh li mt cch chi tit
v cc bit iu khin trn.
Cc lnh tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s xa ch hot ng ca
prescaler. Khi i tng tc ng l Timer0, tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s
xa prescaler nhng khng lm thay i i tng tc ng ca prescaler. Khi i
22

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

tng tc ng l WDT, lnh CLRWDT s xa prescaler, ng thi prescaler s

ngng tc v h tr cho WDT.
Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n Timer0 bao gm:
TMR0 (a ch 01h, 101h) : cha gi tr m ca Timer0.
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot ng (GIE v
PEIE).
OPTION_REG (a ch 81h, 181h): iu khin prescaler.
g. TIMER1
Timer1 l b nh thi 16 bit, gi tr ca Timer1 s c lu trong hai thanh ghi
(TMR1H:TMR1L). C ngt ca Timer1 l bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). Bit iu khin
ca Timer1 s l TMR1IE (PIE<0>).
Tng t nh Timer0, Timer1 cng c hai ch hot ng: ch nh thi
(timer) vi xung kch l xung clock ca oscillator (tn s ca timer bng tn s
ca oscillator) v ch m (counter) vi xung kch l xung phn nh cc s kin
cn m ly t bn ngoi thng qua chn RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (cnh tc ng l
cnh ln). Vic la chn xung tc ng (tng ng vi vic la chn ch hot
ng l timer hay counter) c iu khin bi bit TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). Sau y
l s khi ca Timer1:

Hnh 14. S khi ca Timer1.

Ngoi ra Timer1 cn c chc nng reset input bn trong c iu khin bi
mt trong hai khi CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM)
Khi bit T1OSCEN (T1CON<3>) c set, Timer1 s ly xung clock t hai chn
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 v RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI lm xung m. Timer1 s bt u m
sau cnh xung u tin ca xung ng vo. Khi PORTC s b qua s tc ng
ca hai bit TRISC<1:0> v PORTC<2:1> c gn gi tr 0. Khi clear bit
T1OSCEN, Timer1 s ly xung m t oscillator hoc t chn C0/T1OSO/T1CKI.
Timer1 c hai ch m l ng b (Synchronous) v bt ng b
(Asynchronous).Ch m c quyt nh bi bit iu khin T1SYNC

23

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

(T1CON<2>).
Khi T1SYNC =1 xung m ly t bn ngoi s khng c ng b ha vi
xung clock bn trong, Timer1 s tip tc qu trnh m khi vi iu khin ang ch
sleep v ngt do Timer1 to ra khi b trn c kh nng nh thc vi iu khin.
ch m bt ng b, Timer1 khng th c s dng lm ngun xung
clock cho khi CCP (Capture/Compare/Pulse width modulation).
Khi T1SYNC =0 xung m vo Timer1 s c ng b ha vi xung clock
bn trong. ch ny Timer1 s khng hot ng khi vi iu khin ang ch
sleep.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer1 bao gm:
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot ng
(GIE v PEIE).
PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer1 (TMR1IF).
PIE1( a ch 8Ch): cho php ngt Timer1 (TMR1IE).
TMR1L (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit thp ca b m Timer1.
TMR1H (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit cao ca b m Timer1.
T1CON (a ch 10h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer1
h. TIMER2
Timer2 l b nh thi 8 bit v c h tr bi hai b chia tn s prescaler v
postscaler. Thanh ghi cha gi tr m ca Timer2 l TMR2. Bit cho php ngt
Timer2 tc ng l TMR2ON (T2CON<2>). C ngt ca Timer2 l bit TMR2IF
(PIR1<1>). Xung ng vo (tn s bng tn s oscillator) c a qua b chia
tn s prescaler 4 bit (vi cc t s chia tn s l 1:1, 1:4 hoc 1:16 v c iu
khin bi cc bit T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>)).

Hnh 15. S khi ca Timer2

Timer2 cn c h tr bi thanh ghi PR2. Gi tr m trong thanh ghi TMR2 s
tng t 00h n gi tr cha trong thanh ghi PR2, sau c reset v 00h. Khi
reset thanh ghi PR2 c nhn gi tr mc nh FFh.
Ng ra ca Timer2 c a qua b chia tn s postscaler vi cc mc chia t
1:1 n 1:16. Postscaler c iu khin bi 4 bit T2OUTPS3:T2OUTPS0. Ng ra
24

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

ca postscaler ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic iu khin c ngt.

Ngoi ra ng ra ca Timer2 cn c kt ni vi khi SSP, do Timer2 cn
ng vai tr to ra xung clock ng b cho khi giao tip SSP.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer2 bao gm:
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ton b cc ngt (GIE
v PEIE).
PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer2 (TMR2IF).
PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit iu khin Timer2 (TMR2IE).
TMR2 (a ch 11h): cha gi tr m ca Timer2.
T2CON (a ch 12h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer2.
PR2 (a ch 92h): thanh ghi h tr cho Timer2.
2.5.1.2.B to dao ng thch anh

C1
OSC1
22pF

C2

X1
CRYSTAL
OSC2

Hnh 16. B22pF

to dao ng thch anh.
B dao ng ong vai tro nhac trng lam nhim vu ng b hoa hoat ng cua
tt ca cac mach bn trong vi iu khin. No thng c tao bi thach anh hoc
gm n inh tn s. Cac lnh khng c thc thi theo tc cua b dao ng
ma thng chm hn, bi vi mi cu lnh c thc hin qua nhiu bc. Mi loai
vi iu khin cn co s chu ki khac nhau thc hin lnh. u vo ca b dao
ng thch anh c ni vi chn 13 ca vi iu khin, u ra c ni vi chn
14.
2.5.2. Khi gii m
Khi gii m nhn tn hiu iu khin t khi iu khin, sau
gii m a n hin th trn cc ng h m ngc. Vi chc
nng trn th khi ny chnh l khi gii m cho n LED 7 thanh.
V cc ng h c hin th bng cc n LED 7 thanh nn ta s s
dng b gii m l cc IC 74LS247. S chn ra v s khi
chc nng nh sau:

25

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Hnh 17.S chn ra v s khi chc nng ca IC 74LS247.

Cc u ra (t a n f) ni n cc chn tng ng ca LED 7
thanh. Ta thy cc u ra u c mc tch cc l mc thp. Do ,
loi LED 7 thanh cn s dng l loi Anode chung. LED 7 thanh s
ghp ni vi IC ny theo bng chn l sau:

Hnh 18. Bng chn l ca IC 74LS247.

26

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.5.3. Cc linh kin trong b hin th

ng h dng cc LED 7 thanh to thnh cc b hin th t
00 n 99. y ta dng loi Anode chung (ph hp vi IC
74LS247), cu trc ca n nh sau:

Hnh 19. Cu trc bn trong ca LED 7 thanh Anode chung.

Hnh 20. Ghp ni 74LS247 n LED 7 thanh.

27

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.6. S NGUYN L CA MCH

28

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Hnh 21. S nguyn l ca h thng iu khin n giao thng.

2.7. NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH

29

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

Mch n giao thng hot ng da trn ni dung lp trnh cho pic16F877A,

khi c tc ng t cc nt iu khin mch hot ng theo ng thi gian yu cu.
PIC16F877A a d liu n cc LED xanh, , vng iu khin cc LED ny
ng, m. Ngoi ra, n cn xut d liu n cc BJT tng dng cho cc LED 7
on, cc BJT s iu khin vic ng m cc LED 7 on. LED 7 on cn nhn
d liu t vi iu khin trung tm thc hin vic m li thi gian.
Nh vy mi khi mch bt u thc hin m li, nu trc l bn ny n xanh
hoc vng sng th trc l bn kia n sng v ngc li. B phn iu khin
PIC16F877A l cc nt nhn khi bn phm. Ty theo thi gian yu cu m ta
iu khin cc trc giao thng sng PIC16F877A s xut ra cc cng I/O nhng
xung mc cao hoc mc thp iu khin cc BJT t iu khin cc n hin
th. Khi PIC16F877A nhn tn hiu iu khin t cc phm nhn, n s qut v tm
ra chng trnh c m ha ph hp vi tn hiu iu khin hot ng.
2.8. S THUT TON IU KHIN
2.8.1. Gin thi gian cc ch hot ng ca h thng.
H thng iu khin n giao thng hot ng cc ch :
- Cao im: n xanh 47s, n 50s, n vng 3s.
- Bnh thng: n xanh 20s, n 23s, n vng 3s.
- Thp im: n vng sng.
-

Hnh 22. Gin thi gian cc ch hot ng

30

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.8.2. S thut ton ton h thng

Hnh 23. S thut ton ton h thng.

31

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

2.8.3. S thut ton cc ch

a. S gii thut ch thp im

Hnh 24. S gii thut ch thp im.

32

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

b. S gii thut ch cao im

Hnh 25. S gii thut ch cao im.

c. S gii thut ch rnh (FREE)

Hnh 26. S gii thut ch rnh.

33

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

CHNG 3: XY DNG CHNG TRNH H THNG

3.1.M NGUN IU KHIN H THNG N GIAO THNG
#include <16F877A.h>
#FUSES NOWDT, HS, NOPUT, NOPROTECT, NODEBUG, NOBROWNOUT, LVP
#use delay(clock=12000000)
//cac khai bao ,dinh nghia chan vi dieu khien //
//*****************************
*******
#byte PORTA
= 0x05
//cac port tu portA den portE
co dia
#byte PORTB
= 0x06
// chi tu 05h den 09h.
#byte PORTC
= 0x07
#byte PORTD
= 0x08
#byte TRISA
= 0x85
//cac thanh ghi trisA,B,C,D,E co
dia chi
#byte TRISB
= 0x86
// tu 85h den 89h
#byte TRISC
= 0x87
#byte TRISD
= 0x88
//*********************************
*****
#bit A5
= 0x05.5
// cac khai bao nay co tac dung
thay the
#bit A4
= 0x05.4
//cac bit tuong ung o cac port
tuong ung.
#bit A3
= 0x05.3
//Trong chuong trinh chi can
dung cac ki
#bit A2
= 0x05.2
//nhu A5,C1,D4... de thay the
cho cac
#bit A1
= 0x05.1
//bit tuong ung nhu da khai
bao.
#bit A0
= 0x05.0
//***********************************
**8
#bit B7
= 0x06.7
#bit B6
= 0x06.6
#bit B5
= 0x06.5
#bit B4
= 0x06.4
#bit B3
= 0x06.3
#bit B2
= 0x06.2
#bit B1
= 0x06.1
#bit B0
= 0x06.0
#bit C7

= 0x07.7

34

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit

C6
C5
C4
C0
C1
C2
C3

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0x07.6
0x07.5
0x07.4
0x07.0
0x07.1
0x07.2
0x07.3

#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit
#bit

D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0x08.7
0x08.6
0x08.5P
0x08.4
0x08.3
0x08.2
0x08.1
0x08.0

//cac chuong trinh con dung trong chuong trinh//

void program1();
void program2();
void normal();
//chuong trinh chay binh thuong(gio thap
diem)//
void caodiem();
//chuong trinh chay gio cao diem //
void freetime();
//chuong trinh chay gio ranh(ban dem)//
void tach_led();
//chuong trinh tach lay phan chuc,phan
don vi tu cac so dem giay //
void quet_led();
//chuong trinh dua led ra cac 7 segments
led //
void a_xanh();
//chuong trinh sang den do,xanh cua lan
duong 1 //
void a_vang();
//chuong trinh sang den vang cua lan
duong 1 //
void b_xanh();
//chuong trinh sang den do,xanh cua lan
duong 2 //
void b_vang();
//chuong trinh sang den vang cua lan
duong 2 //
//khai bao bien//
int8 i,mode;
int8 a,b;
int8 chuca,dvia,chucb,dvib;
int8 temp1,temp2,temp3,temp4;
//ngat ngoai vi//
#int_ext
35

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

void ext_isr()
{
mode++;
if (mode==2) mode=0;
}
//cac ham chuong trinh con//
void tach_led()
{
chuca=a/10;
//tach lay so hang chuc
dvia=a%10;
//tach lay so hang don vi
chucb=b/10;
dvib=b%10;
}
void quet_led()
{
while(true)
{
for(i=0;i<=68;i=i+1)
{
porta=chuca;
//dua so hang chuc ra led 7
thanh
d0=1;
//bat led o vi tri hang chuc
delay_ms(3);
//delay khoang 3ms
d0=0;
//tat led o vi tri hang chuc
porta=dvia;
//tuong tu nhu tren.
d1=1;
delay_ms(3);
d1=0;
porta=chucb;
d2=1;
delay_ms(3);
d2=0;
porta=dvib;
d3=1;
delay_ms(3);
d3=0;
}
a=a-1;
//thuc hien dem lui thoi gian
b=b-1;
//thuc hien dem lui thoi gian
break;
}
}
36

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

void a_xanh()
{
a=temp1;
//gan cho a bien tam temp1
b=temp2;
//gan cho b bien tam temp2. Cac bien tam nay
dung de luu gia tri thoi gian hien thi .
while(true)
{
c2=1;
//mo den xanh cua lan duong 1 danh cho xe
c3=1;
//bat den do cua lan duong 2 danh cho xe
if(a==0)
{
c2=0;
//khi thoi gian dem lui het thi tat cac den bao
d6=0;
break;
}
else
tach_led();
//goi chuong trinh con tach thoi chuyen so
BCD thanh so HEX cho led 7 doan
quet_led(); //goi chuong trinh con dua du lieu ra led 7
doan de hien thi
}
}
void a_vang()
{
a=3;
//cai dat thoi gian den vang la 3s
b=3;
while(true)
{
c1=1;
d7=1;
if(a==0)
{
c1=0;
c3=0;
d5=0;
d6=0;
break;
}
else
tach_led();
quet_led();
}

37

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

}
void b_xanh()
{
a=temp3;
b=temp4;
while(true)
{
c5=1;
c0=1;
d4=1;
d7=1;
if(b==0)
{
c5=0;
d4=0;
break;
}
else
tach_led();
quet_led();
}
}
void b_vang()
{
a=3;
b=3;
while(true)
{
c4=1;
d5=1;
if(b==0)
{
c4=0;
d5=0;
c0=0;
d7=0;
break;
}
else
tach_led();
quet_led();
38

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

}

}
void normal()
{
while(1)
{
temp1=20; //thoi gian sang den xanh luc binh thuong la
20s
temp2=23; //thoi gian sang den do luc binh thuong la 23s
temp3=23;
temp4=20;
a_xanh(); //goi chuong trinh con sang den xanh,do cua lan
duong 1
a_vang(); //goi chuong trinh con sang den vang cua lan
duong 1
b_xanh(); //goi chuong trinh con sang den xanh,do cua lan
duong 2
b_vang(); //goi chuong trinh con sang den vang cua lan
duong 2
}
}
void caodiem()
{
while(1)
{
temp1=47;
//thoi gian sang den xanh luc cao diem la 47s
temp2=50;
//thoi gian sang den do luc cao diem la 50s
temp3=50;
temp4=47;
a_xanh();
a_vang();
b_xanh();
b_vang();
}
}
void freetime()
{
while(1)
{
portc=0x00;
c1=1;
//bat den vang
c4=1;
delay_ms(500);
//delay 0,5s
39

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

c1=0;
c4=0;
delay_ms(500);

//tat den vang

//delay 0,5s

}
}
void program1()
{
if(!B5)
{
delay_ms(100);
portc=0x00;portb=0xe1;portd=0x00;
b1=1;c2=1;c3=1;;c6=1;
d7=0;d4=0;d6=1;d5=1;
}
if(!B6)
{
delay_ms(100);
portc=0x00;portb=0xe1;portd=0x00;
b2=1;c5=1;c0=1;c6=1;
d7=1;d4=1;d6=0;d5=0;
}
if(!B7)
{
delay_ms(100);
portc=0x00;
portb=0xe1;
b3=1;d4=0;d7=0;d5=0;d6=0;
freetime();
}
}
void program2()
{
if(!B5)
{
delay_ms(100);
porta=0x00;portb=0xe1;
portc=0x00;portd=0x0f;
b1=1;c7=1;
normal();
}
if(!B6)
40

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

{
delay_ms(100);
porta=0x00;portb=0xe1;
portd=0x0f;portc=0x00;
b2=1;c7=1;
caodiem();
}
if(!B7)
{
delay_ms(100);
delay_ms(100);
portc=0x00;
portb=0xe1;
b3=1;d4=0;d7=0;
freetime();
}

}
//ham setup//
void setup()
{
portb=0xE1;
chan ngat cho portb//
while(1)
{
switch (mode)
{
case 0:
c7=1;
c6=0;
program2();
break;
case 1:
c6=1;
c7=0;
program1();
break;
}
}
}
//khu vuc chuong trinh chinh//
void main()
{

//cau hinh cac

//che do auto

//che do manual

41

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

trisa=0x00;trisc=0x00;trisd=0x00;trisb=0xe1;
bao cac thanh ghi//
portd=0x00;portc=0x00;porta=0;portb=0xe1;
//cac khai bao ngat//
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
enable_interrupts(INT_EXT);
ext_int_edge(0,H_TO_L);
while(1)
{
setup();
}
}

//khai

42

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

43

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

3.2. KT QU M PHNG
3.2.1.Mch iu khin giao thng chay ch gi thp im(BT)

Hnh 27. Kt qu m phng ca mch ch gi thp im.

3.2.2.Mch iu khin giao thng chay ch gi cao im (CD)

Hnh 28. Kt qu m phng ca mch ch gi cao im.

44

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

3.2.3.Mch iu khin giao thng chay ch gi ban m (FREE)

Hnh 29. Kt qu m phng ca mch ch free.

NH GI V KT LUN
Sau thi gian thc hin, ti c nhng kt qu nht nh, em xy
dng c m n giao thng ( nh hnh) vi nhng tnh nng nh sau:
Hin th chnh xc thi gian trn led 7 on v tn hiu n giao thng
trn led n
C kh nng ci t li thi gian hin th ca n v n xanh, v
ci t thi gian hin ti thng qua bn phm ma trn.
Ngoi ra n cn c ch iu khin bng tay thng qua nt nhn
Manual mode, s dng khi kt ng. Ch hin th n vng trong
khong thi gian t 23h n 5h sng hm sau.

45

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

HNG PHT TRIN CA TI

Do thi gian thc hin ti c gii hn , v vy em khng th a ra
mt m hnh n giao thng hon chnh, nhiu tng v hng pht trin
ca ti cha th thc hin c. Em nu di y nhng kh nng m em
d nh pht trin ti, rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy c v cc
bn ti thm hon chnh.
Hin nay nhiu trc ng c tn hiu n giao thng, vn xy ra tnh
trng ngi tham gia giao thng u phng tin trn vch ng dnh cho
ngi i b trong thi gian ch n . Theo em nn t h thng cm bin
pht hin v bo ng trong trng hp phng tin tham gia giao thng
u qu vch ng dnh cho ngi i b. ng thi tn dng thi gian n
, n giao thng s t ng chiu ln mt mn nh trong sut cc hnh nh
v trt t an ton giao thng nng cao thc i ng ca ngi iu
khin phng tin.
Ch n vng c t t 23h m n 5h sng hm sau. Tuy nhin
trong thi gian vn s c phng tin tham gia giao thng. V vy em
ngh cn thit phi t h thng cm bin cch xa n mt on v cho cm
bin hot ng trong ch n vng pht hin phng tin ang i ti.
Cm bin s tc ng ln vi x l tt ch n vng v chuyn sang ch
nhy t ng.
Trong nhng iu kin cn thit cc ct n giao thng c th lm vic
c lp vi nhau. Cc ct n giao thng trn cng tuyn ng c th c
ni vi nhau cng nhn mt tn hiu iu khin trong nhng trng hp
cn thit ( ng mt chiu, hay nhng khi t chc cc s kin quan
trng).

46

n mn hc: H Thng Nhng

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Gio trnh Vi X L-Vi iu Khin ca trng i hc i hc K
Thut Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn, bin son: B Mn K Thut My
Tnh.
[2]. Gio trnh H Thng Nhng ca trng i hc i hc K Thut
Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn, bin son: B Mn K Thut My Tnh.
[3]. S chn linh kin in t- Dng Minh Tr.
[4]. Mt s ti liu trn mng Internet.

47